Handbook of Diabetes

Handbook of Diabetes

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages

  Bilous, Rudy ^a,b   Donnelly, Richard ^c,d  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b South Tees Acute Trust   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^d DERBY HOSPITALS NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856602696     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444391374     Document Type: Book

References (283)

1. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas, 4th edn. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2009.
2. Bliss M. The Discovery of Insulin. Toronto: McLelland and Stewart, 1982.
3. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (Suppl 1): S62-S69.
4. Arky RA. 'Doctor, is my sugar normal?' N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1511-1513.
5. Avenell A, Broom J, Brown TJ, et al. Screening for type 2 diabetes: literature review and economic modelling. Health Technol Assess 2007; 11: 1-125.
6. Bloomgarden Z. A1c: Recommendations, debates and questions. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: e141-e147.
7. Cowie CC, Rust KF, Boyd-Holt DD, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and high risk for diabetes using A1c criteria in the US population in 1988-2006. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 562-568.
8. Christensen DL, Witte DR, Kaduka L, et al. Moving to an A1c-based diagnosis of diabetes has a different impact on prevalence in different ethnic groups. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 580-582.
9. Eddy DM, Schlessinger L, Kahn R. Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of strategies for managing people at high risk for diabetes. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143: 251-264.
10. Florez JC, Jablonski K, Bayley N, et al. TCF7L2 polymorphisms and progression to diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 241-250.
11. Gillies CL, Lambert P, Abrams K, et al. Different strategies for screening and prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ 2008; 336: 1180-1184.
12. Glumer C, Yuyun M, Griffin S, et al. What determines the cost-effectiveness of diabetes screening?. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1536-1544.
13. Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn T, et al. Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 years before clinical diagnosis. Diabet Care 1992; 15: 815-819.
14. International Expert Committee Report (ADA-EASD-IDF) on the role of the A1c assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1327-1334.
15. Alexander GC, Sehgal N, Moloney R, Stafford R. National trends in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1994-2007. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 2088-2094.
16. Bolen S. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 386-399.
17. Currie CJ, Peters JR, Tynan A, et al. Survival as a function of HbA 1c in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2010; 375: 481-489.
18. Chowdhury T, Hitman GA. Diabetes care for South Asian patients: a special case. Lancet 2008; 371: 1728-1729.
19. Genuth S. The UKPDS and its global impact. Diabet Med 2008; 25 (Suppl 2): 57-62.
20. Goyder EC. Screening for and prevention of type 2 diabetes. BMJ 2008; 336: 1140-1141.
21. Gray AM, Clarke P. The economic analyses of the UK Prospective Diabetes study. Diabetic Med 2008; 25 (Suppl 2): 47-51.
22. Jee SH, Sull J, Park J, et al. Body-mass index and mortality in Korean men and women. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 779-787.
23. McKinlay J, Marceau L. US public health and the 21 st century: diabetes mellitus. Lancet 2000; 356: 757-761.
24. Selvin E, Steffes MW, Zhu H, et al. Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes and cardiovascular risk in nondiabetic adults. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 800-811.
25. Trogdon JG, Hylands T. Nationally representative medical costs of diabetes by time since diagnosis. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 2307-2311.
26. Danial NN, Walensky L, Zhang C, et al. Dual role of proapoptotic BAD in insulin secretion and beta cell survival. Nat Med 2008; 14: 144-153.
27. Gauthier BR, Wollheim CB. MicroRNAs:'ribo-regulators'of glucose homeostasis. Nat Med 2006; 12: 36-38.
28. Hou JC, Min L, Pessin J. Insulin granule biogenesis, trafficking and exocytosis. Vitam Horm 2009; 80: 473-506.
29. Kahn A. Converting hepatocytes to beta cells-a new approach for diabetes. Nat Med 2000; 6: 505-506.
30. Mello CC. Micromanaging insulin secretion. Nat Med 2004; 10: 1297-1298.
31. Moore A. Advances in beta cell imaging. Eur J Radiol 2009; 70: 254-257.
32. Rhodes CJ. Type 2 diabetes-a matter of β-cell life and death?. Science 2005; 307: 380-384.
33. Tuttle RL, Gill N, Pugh W, et al. Regulation of pancreatic beta cell growth and survival by the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt1/PKBalpha. Nat Med 2001; 7: 1133-1137.
34. Wang Z, et al. Mechanisms of biphasic insulin-granule exocytosis-roles of the cytoskeleton, small GTPases and SNARE proteins. J Cell Science 2009; 122: 893-903.
35. Daneman D. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2006; 367: 847-858.
36. Gale EAM. The discovery of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2001; 50: 217-226.
37. Gale EAM. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: a guide for the perplexed. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 2195-2199.
38. Gale EAM. Maternal age and diabetes in childhood. BMJ 2010; 340: 436.
39. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas, 4th edn. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2009.
40. No authors listed. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes: less apart than apparent? Proceedings of the Sixth Servier-IGIS Symposium. Diabetes 2005; 54 (Suppl 2): S1-S159.
41. Patterson CC, Dahlquist GG, Gyurus E, Green A, Soltesz G and the EURODIAB Study Group. Incidence trends for childhood type 1 diabetes in Europe during 1989-2003 and predicted new cases 2005-20: a multicentre prospective registration study. Lancet 2009; 373: 2027-2033.
42. Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome-a new world-wide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetic Med 2006; 23: 469-480.
43. Expert Panel On Detection, Evaluation And Treatment Of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Executive summary of the 3rd report of the National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486-2497.
44. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas, 4th edn. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2009.
45. Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2289-2304.
46. Li S, Shin HJ, Ding EL, van Dam RM. Adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2009; 302: 179-188.
47. Maleciki MT. Genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Res Clin Pract 2005; 68 (Suppl 1): S10-S21.
48. Nomi SL, Kansagara D, Bougatsos C, Fu R, US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening adults for type 2 diabetes: a review of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 855-868.
49. Sparso T, Grarup N, Andreasen C, et al. Combined analysis of 19 common validated type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene variants shows moderate discriminative value and no evidence of gene-gene interaction. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 1308-1314.
50. Waugh N, Scotland G, McName P, et al. Screening for type 2 diabetes: literature review and economic modelling. Health Technol Assess 2007; 11: 1-125.
51. Whincup PH, Kaye SJ, Owen CG, et al. Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2008; 300: 2886-2897.
52. Adler AI, Shine BSF, Chamnan P, Haworth CS, Bilton D. Genetic determinance and epidemiology of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: results from a British cohort of children and adults. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1789-1794.
53. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (Suppl 1): S62-S69.
54. Garg A. Acquired and inherited lipodystrophies. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1220-1234.
55. Maleciki MT. Genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Res Clin Pract 2005; 68 (Suppl 1): S10-S21.
56. McCarthy MI, Hattersley AT. Learning from molecular genetics. Diabetes 2008; 57: 2889-2898.
57. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (Suppl 1): S1-S100.
58. American Diabetes Association, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, and International Diabetes Federation. Consensus statement on the world-wide standardisation of the HbA 1c measurement. Diabetologia 2007; 50: 2042-2043.
59. Collier A, Ghosh D, Davidson DF, Kilpatrick ES. HbA 1c:'the old order changeth'. Diabetic Med 2009; 26: 573-576.
60. DAFNE Study Group. Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2002; 325: 746-751.
61. Goldstein D, Little RR, Lorenz RA, et al. Tests of glycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1761-1773.
62. Khera PJ, Joiner CH, Carruthers A, et al. Evidence for individual heterogeneity in the glucose gradient across the human red blood cell membrane and its relationship to hemoglobin glycation. Diabetes 2008; 57: 2445-2452.
63. Nathan DM, Kunen J, Borg R, Zheng H, Schoenfeld D, Heine RJ, for the A1C Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) Study Group. Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1473-1478.
64. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Type 1 Diabetes in Adults. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2006.
65. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Type 2 Diabetes. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2008.
66. Oliver NS, Toumazou C, Cass AEG, Johnston DG. Glucose sensors: a review of current and emerging technology. Diabetic Med 2009; 26: 197-210.
67. Reynolds TM, Smellie WSA, Twomey PJ. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA 1c) monitoring. BMJ 2006; 333: 586-588.
68. Welschen LMC, Bloemendal E, Nijpels G, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 3: CD005060.
69. Alejandro R, Barton FB, Hering BJ, Wease S. 2008 update from the Collaborative Islet Transplant Registry. Transplantation 2008; 86: 1783-1788.
70. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (Suppl 1): S1-S100.
71. Daneman D. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2006; 367: 847-858.
72. Pickup JC, Sutton AJ. Severe hypoglycaemia and glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of multiple daily insulin injections versus continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetic Med 2008; 25: 765-774.
73. Richter B, Neises G. 'Human'insulin versus animal insulin in people with diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; 3: CD003816.
74. Siebenhofer A, Plank J, Berghold A, et al. Short acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 3: CD003287.
75. Aschner P. Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2632-2637.
76. Bohannon N. Overview of the gliptin class (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors) in clinical practice. Postgrad Med 2009; 121: 40-45.
77. Bunck MC, Diamant M, Corner A, et al. One-year treatment with exenatide improves beta-cell function, compared to insulin glargine, in metformin treated type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (5): 762-768.
78. Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G, et al. Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6). Lancet 2009; 374: 39-47.
79. Butler PC, Matveyenko AV, Dry S. Glucagon-like peptide-1 therapy and the exocrine pancreas: innocent bystander or friendly fire? Diabetologia 2010; 53: 1-6.
80. Idris I, Donnelly R. DPP-4 inhibitors: a major new class of oral antidiabetic drugs. Diabet Obes Metab 2007; 9: 153-165.
81. Malone J. Trautmann M, Wilhelm K, et al. Exenatide once weekly for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 2009; 18: 359-367.
82. Monami M, Marchionni M, Mannucci E. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160 (6): 909-917.
83. Nathan DM, Buse J, Davidson M, et al. Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. A consensus statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1-11.
84. Parks M, Rosebraugh C. Weighing risks and benefits of liraglutide. The FDAs review of a new antidiabetic therapy. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 744-777.
85. Retnakaran R, Zinman B. Thiazolidinediones and clinical outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2009; 373: 2088-2089.
86. Richelsen B, Tonstad S, Rossner S, et al. Effect of orlistat on weight regain and cardiovascular risk factors following a very-low-energy diet in abdominally obese patients. Diabetes Care 2007; 30: 27-32.
87. Angus VC, Waugh N. Hospital admission patterns subsequent to diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children: a systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res 2007; 7: 199. Available from: www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/7/199.
88. Joint British Diabetes Societies Inpatient Care Group. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Available at: www.diabetes.nhs.uk
89. English P, Williams G. Hyperglycaemic crises and lactic acidosis in diabetes mellitus. Postgrad Med J 2004; 80: 253-261.
90. Kitabchi AE, Miles JM, Umpierrez GE, Fisher JW. Hyperglycaemic crises in adult patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1335-1343.
91. Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Kitabchi AE. Narrative review: ketosis prone type 2 diabetes mellitus: Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 350-357.
92. American Diabetes Association Working Group on Hypoglycaemia. Defining and reporting hypoglycaemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 533-538.
93. Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycaemia in diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57: 3169-3176.
94. Cryer PE, Davis S, Shamoon H. Hypoglycaemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1902-1912.
95. Fatourechi MM, Kudva Y, Murad M, et al. Clinical review: hypoglycaemia with intensive insulin therapy: a systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised trials of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 729-740.
96. Gough SC. A review of human and analogue insulin trials. Diabet Res Clin Pract 2007; 77: 1-15.
97. Hoe FM. Hypoglycaemia in infants and children. Adv Paediatr 2008; 55: 367-384.
98. McAulay V, Deary I, Frier B. Symptoms of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes. Diabetic Med 2001; 18: 690-705.
99. Murad MH, Coto-Yglesias F, Wang A, et al. Clinical review: drug-induced hypoglycaemia: a systematic Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94: 741-745.
100. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Guidance on the Use of Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion for Diabetes. Technology Appraisal Guidance No. 57. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.
101. Smith SA, Murad M. Review: long-acting insulin analogues do not improve glycaemic control but reduce nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Evid Based Med 2008; 13: 79.
102. Tibaldi J. Initiating and intensifying insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 2008; 121: S20-S29.
103. Buse MG. Hexosamines, insulin resistance and the complications of diabetes: current status. Am J Physiol Metab 2006; 290: e1-8.
104. Clarke M, Dodson P. PKC inhibition and diabetic microvascular complications. Best Practice Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 21: 573-586.
105. DCCT Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-986.
106. DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2002; 287: 2563-2569.
107. DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Sustained effective intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. JAMA 2003; 290: 2159-2167.
108. Forbes JM, Coughlan MT, Cooper ME. Oxidative stress is a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57: 1440-1454.
109. Goh S-Y, Cooper ME. The role of advanced glycation end products in progression and complications of diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 1143-1152.
110. Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, Matthews DR, Neil HAW. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1577-1589.
111. Khaw K-T, Wareham N, Luben R, et al. Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes and mortality in men in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). BMJ 2001; 322: 1-6.
112. Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, et al. Intensive glycaemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE and VA Diabetes Trials. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 187-192.
113. Srivastava SK, Ramana KV, Bhatnagar A. Role of aldose reductase and oxidative damage in diabetes and the consequent potential for therapeutic options. Endo Rev 2005; 26: 380-392.
114. Stratton IM, Cull CA, Adler AI, Matthews DR, Neil HAW, Holman RR. Additive effects of glycaemia and blood pressure exposure on risk of complications in type 2 diabetes: a prospective observational study (UKPDS 75). Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1761-1769.
115. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type II diabetes (UKPDS 33.) Lancet 1998; 352: 837-853.
116. Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neil HAW, et al. Association of systolic blood pressure with microvascular and macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 36. BMJ 2000; 321: 412-419.
117. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (Suppl 1): S1-S100.
118. DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Effect of intensive therapy on the microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2002; 287: 2563-2569.
119. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-986
120. Jaganathan VS, Wang JJ, Wong TY. Ocular associations of diabetes other than diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1905-1912.
121. Mitchell P, Wong TY. DIRECT new treatments for diabetic retinopathy. Lancet 2008; 372: 1361-1363.
122. Mohammed Q, Gillies MC, Wong TY. Management of diabetic retinopathy. A systematic review. JAMA 2007; 298: 902-916.
123. Sharp PF, Olson J, Strachan F, et al. The value of digital imaging in diabetic retinopathy. Health Technol Assess 2003; 7: 1-132.
124. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type II diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837-853.
125. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (Suppl 1): S1-S100.
126. Ansell D, Feehally J, Fogarty D, et al. UK Renal Registry, 11 th Annual Report Bristol: UK Renal Registry, 2008.
127. Bilous R. Microvascular disease: what does the UKPDS tell us about diabetic nephropathy? Diabetic Med 2008; 25 (Suppl 2): 25-29.
128. Bilous R, Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, et al. Effect of candesartan on microalbuminuria and albumin excretion rate in diabetes: 3 randomised trials. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151: 11-20.
129. DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Sustained effect of intensive treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus on development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. JAMA 2003: 290: 2159-2167.
130. Forbes JM, Coughlan MT, Cooper ME. Oxidative stress as a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57: 1446-1454.
131. Gaede P, Lund-Andersen H, Parving H-H, Pedersen O. Effect of multifactorial interventions on mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 580-591
132. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas, 4th edn. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2009.
133. Joint Specialty Committee on Renal Medicine of the Royal College of Physicians and the Renal Association, and the Royal College of General Practitioners. Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults: UK Guidelines for Identification, Management And Referral. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2006.
134. Levey AS, Stephens LA, Schmid CH, et al. CKD-Epi (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration). A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 604-612.
135. Matsuo S, Imai E, Horio M, et al. Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan. Am J Kid Dis 2009; 53: 982-992.
136. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Type 1 Diabetes in Adults: National Clinical Guideline for Diagnosis and Management in Primary and Secondary Care. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2004. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg015_fullguideline_adults_development_section.pdf.
137. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Anaemia Management in People with Chronic Kidney Disease. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2006.
138. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Type 2 Diabetes: National Clinical Guideline for Management in Primary and Secondary Care (update). London: Royal College of Physicians, 2008. Available at: www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/cg66fullguideline0509.pdf.
139. National Kidney Foundation. KDOQI ™. Clinical practice guidelines in clinical practice. Recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kid Dis 2007; 49 (Suppl 2): S1-S180.
140. Prigent A. Monitoring renal function and limitation of renal function tests. Semin Nucl Med 2008; 38: 32-46.
141. Robertson LM, Waugh N, Robertson A. Protein restriction for diabetic renal disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 2: CD002181.
142. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352 (9131): 837-853.
143. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-713.
144. US Renal Data System. USRDS 2008 Annual Data Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2008.
145. White SA, Shaw JA, Sutherland DER. Pancreas transplantation. Lancet 2009; 373: 1808-1817.
146. Boulton AJ, Vinik A, Arezzo J, et al, for the American Diabetes Association. Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 956-962.
147. Boulton AJ, Malik R, Arrezo J, Sosenko J. Diabetic somatic neuropathies. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1458-1486.
148. Boulton AJ, Vileikyte L, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet 2005; 366: 1719-1724.
149. Caterina MJ, Schumacher M, Tominaga M, et al. The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 1997; 389: 816-824.
150. Obrosova IG. Diabetes and the peripheral nerve. Biochim Biophys Acta 2009: 1792 (10): 931-940.
151. Polydefkis M, Griffin J, McArthur J. New insights into diabetic polyneuropathy. JAMA 2003; 290: 1371-1376.
152. Shy ME, Frohman E, So Y, et al. Quantitative sensory testing. Neurology 2003; 602: 898-906.
153. Spruce MC, Potter J, Coppini D. The pathogenesis and management of painful diabetic neuropathy: a review. Diabetic Med 2003; 20: 88-98.
154. Sumner CJ, Sheth S, Griffin J, et al. The spectrum of neuropathy in diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. Neurology 2003; 60: 108-111.
155. Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton S, et al. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 341-350.
156. Veves A, Backonja M, Malik R. Painful diabetic neuropathy: epidemiology, natural history, early diagnosis and treatment options. Pain Med 2008; 9: 660-674.
157. Abramson J, Wright J. Are lipid-lowering guidelines evidence-based? Lancet 2007; 369: 168-169.
158. American Diabetes Association. Clinical practice recommendations 2009. Diabetes Care 2009; 32 (Suppl 1): S1-S98.
159. Assmann E. The Prospective Cardiovscular Munster (PROCAM) study: prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in persons with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus and the relationship to coronary heart disease. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 1713-1724.
160. Betteridge DJ. Treating dyslipidaemia in the patient with type 2 diabetes. Eur Heart J 2004; 6 (Suppl C): C28-C33.
161. Brousseau ME, Schaefer E, Wolfe M, et al. Effects of an inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein on HDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1505-1515.
162. Brunzell JD. Clinical practice: hypertriglyceridaemia. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1009-1017.
163. FIELD Study Investigators. Effects of longterm fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1849-1861.
164. Ginsberg HN. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 453-458.
165. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Lifetime cost-effectiveness of simvastatin in a range of risk groups and age groups derived from a randomised trial of 20,536 people. BMJ 2006; 333: 1145-1148.
166. Howard BV, Roman M, Devereux R, et al. Effect of lower targets for BP and LDL-cholesterol on atherosclerosis in diabetes: the SANDS randomised trial. JAMA 2008; 299: 1678-1689.
167. Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanan P, et al. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 1687-1697.
168. Rajpathak SN, Kumbhani DJ, Crandall J, et al. Statin therapy and risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1924-1929.
169. ACE Inhibitors in Diabetic Nephropathy Trialist Group. Should all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 370-379.
170. Adler AI, Stratton IM, Neal HAW, et al. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36) A prospective observational study. BMJ 2000; 321: 412-419.
171. ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (The ADVANCE Trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 829-840.
172. ALLHAT Officers and Co-ordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomised to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker versus diuretic. The Anti-hypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002; 288: 2981-2997.
173. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care 2010; 33 (Suppl 1): S1-S100.
174. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, DeZeeuw D, et al, Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 861-869.
175. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560-2572.
176. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE Study and MICRO-HOPE sub-study. Lancet 2000; 355: 253-259.
177. Kunz R, Friederich C, Wolbers M, Mann JF. Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in renal disease. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 30-48.
178. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD, for the Collaborative Study Group. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1456-1462.
179. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan, in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes, N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 851-860.
180. Mancia G, Grassi G. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure control in anti-hypertensive drug trials. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1461-1464.
181. Mann JFE, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, et al. Renal outcomes with telmasartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (The On Target Study): a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 547-553.
182. McGill JB. Improving microvascular outcomes in patients with diabetes through to management of hypertension. Postgrad Med J 2009; 121 (2): 89-101.
183. National Collaborative Centre for Chronic Conditions. Hypertension Management in Adults in Primary Care: Pharmacological Update. London: Royal College of Physicians, 2006.
184. Parving H-H, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, et al, for the Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 870-878.
185. Poulter NR, Wedel H, Dahlof B, et al. Role of blood pressure and other variables in the differential cardiovascular event rates noted in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA). Lancet 2005; 366: 907-913.
186. Schmieder R, Hilgers KF, Schlaich MP, Schmidt BMW. Renin angiotensin system and cardiovascular disease. Lancet 2007; 369: 1208-1209.
187. Stratton IM, Cull CA, Adler AI, Matthews DR, Neal HAW, Holman RR. Additive effects of glycaemia and blood pressure exposure on risk of complications in type 2 diabetes: a prospective observational study (UKPDS 75). Diabetologia 2006; 49: 1761-1769.
188. Stults B, Jones RE. Management of hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Diabet Spectr 2006; 19: 25-31.
189. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-713.
190. Whelton PK, He J, Appel LJ, et al. Primary prevention of hypertension. JAMA 2002; 288: 1882-1888.
191. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, et al. British Hypertension Society Guidelines for Hypertension Management 2004 (BHS-IV): summary. BMJ 2004; 328: 634-640.
192. World Health Organisation/International Society for Hypertension Writing Group. World Health Organisation/International Society of Hypertension statement on management of hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1983-1892.
193. Antithrombotic Treatment Trialists Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002; 324: 71-86.
194. Belch J, MacCuish A, Campbell I, et al. The prevention of progression of arterial disease and diabetes (POPADAD) trial: factorial randomised placebo controlled trial of aspirin and antioxidants in patients with diabetes and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease. BMJ 2008; 337: 1030-1038.
195. Cubbon RM, Gale C, Rajwani A, et al. Aspirin and mortality in patients with diabetes sustaining acute coronary syndrome. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 363-365.
196. Cubbon RM, Wheatcroft S, Grant P, et al. Temporal trends in mortality of patients with diabetes mellitus suffering acute myocardial infarction: a comparison of over 3000 patients between 1995 and 2003. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 540-545.
197. Currie CJ, Peters JR, Tynan A, et al. Survival as a function of HbA 1c in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2010; 375: 481-489.
198. Danaei G, Lawes CMM, Hoorn SV, et al. Global and regional mortality from ischaemic heart disease and stroke attributable to higher-than-optimum blood glucose concentration: comparative risk assessment. Lancet 2006; 368: 1651-1659.
199. Lee CD, Folsom A, Pankow J, et al. Cardiovascular events in diabetic and nondiabetic adults with or without a history of myocardial infarction. Circulation 2004; 109: 855-860.
200. Elley CR, Kenealy T, Robinson E, Drury P. Glycated haemoglobin and cardiovascular outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes: a large prospective cohort study. Diabetic Med 2008; 25: 1295-1301.
201. Law MR, Morris J, Wald N. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009; 338: 1665.
202. Patel A, ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 370: 829-840.
203. Selvin E, Marinopoulos S, Berkenblit G, et al. Meta-analysis: glycosylated haemoglobin and cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 421-431.
204. Apelqvist J, Bakker K, van Houtum W, et al. Practical guidelines on the management and prevention of the diabetic foot. Diabet Metab Res Rev 2008; 24 (Suppl 1): S181-S187.
205. Boulton AJ. The diabetic foot: grand overview, epidemiology and pathogenesis. Diabet Metab Res Rev 2008; 24 (Suppl. 1): S3-S6.
206. Boulton AJ, Kirsner R, Vileikyte L. Clinical practice: neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 48-55.
207. Boulton AJ, Vileikyte L, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet 2005; 366: 1719-1724.
208. Butalia S, Palda V, Sargeant R, et al. Does this patient with diabetes have osteomyelitis of the lower extremity? JAMA 2008; 299: 806-813.
209. Cavanagh PR, Lipsky B, Bradbury A, Botek G. Treatment for diabetic foot ulcers. Lancet 2005; 366: 1725-1735.
210. Falanga V. Wound healing and its impairment in the diabetic foot. Lancet 2005; 366: 1736-1743.
211. Khanolkar MP, Bain S, Stephens J. The diabetic foot. Q J Med 2008; 101: 685-695.
212. Corona G, Mannucci E, Petrone L, et al. NCEP-ATPIII-defined metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and prevalence of hypogonadism in male patients with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med 2007; 4: 1038-1045.
213. Enzlin P, Mathieu C, van den Bruel A, et al. Prevalence and predictors of sexual dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 409-414.
214. Lauman E, Paik A, Rosen R. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence, predictors and outcomes. JAMA 1999; 281: 537-544.
215. Malavige LS, Levy J. Erectile dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. J Sex Med 2009; 6: 1232-1247.
216. Malavige LS, Jayaratne S, Kathriarachchi S, et al. Erectile dysfunction among men with diabetes is strongly associated with premature ejaculation and reduced libido. J Sex Med 2008; 5: 2125-2134.
217. Penson DF, Latini D, Lubeck D, et al. Do impotent men with diabetes have more severe erectile dysfunction and worse quality of life than the general population of impotent patients? Results from the ExCEED database. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1093-1099.
218. Tomar R, Dhindsa S, Chaudhuri A, et al. Contrasting testosterone concentrations in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 1120-1122.
219. Waldinger MD. The neurobiological approach to premature ejaculation. J Urol 2002; 168: 2359-2367.
220. Bytzer P, Talley MJ, Leeman M, Young LG, Jones MP, Harowitz M. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with diabetes mellitu. A population-based survey of 15,000 adults. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161; 1989-1996.
221. Camilleri M. Diabetic gastroparesis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 820-829.
222. Shakil A, Church RJ, Rao SS. Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes. Am Fam Physician 2008; 77: 1697-1702.
223. Brickman WJ, Binns H, Jovanovic B, et al. Acanthosis nigricans: a common finding in overweight youth. Paediatr Dermatol 2007; 24: 601-606.
224. Bristow IR, Baran R. Topical and oral combination therapy for toenail onychomycosis: an updated review. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2006; 96: 116-119.
225. Ghosh S, Roychowdhury B, Mukhopadhyay S, Chowdhury S. Clearance of acanthosis nigricans associated with insulinoma following surgical resection. Q J Med 2008; 101: 899-900.
226. Harth W. Topical tacrolimus in granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150: 792-794.
227. Lee P, Singh K, Chen R. Unusual appearance of a rare skin lesion in a man with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int Med J 2007; 37: 782-783.
228. Marimuthu S, Menon B. Acanthosis nigricans. Arch Dis Child 2009; 94: 477.
229. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Gavin J, Goldman J. Spectrum of endocrine abnormalities associated with acanthosis nigricans. Am J Med 1987; 83: 719-725.
230. Ali S, Stone MA, Peters JL, Davies MJ, Khunti K. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetic Med 2006; 23: 1165-1173.
231. Barnard KT, Skinner TC, Peveler R. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in type 1 diabetes: a systematic literature review. Diabetic Med 2006; 23: 445-448.
232. Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD. Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes-systematic overview of prospective observational studies. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 2460-2469.
233. Ismail K, Winkley K, Rabe-Hesketh S. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of psychological intervention to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2004; 363: 1589-1597.
234. Kodl C, Seaquist ER. Cognitive dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. Endo Rev 2008; 29: 494-511.
235. Lustman PJ, Clouse RE. Depression in diabetic patients: the relationship between mood and glycaemic control. J Diabet Comps 2005; 19: 113-122.
236. Winkley K, Ismail K, Landau S, Eisler I. Psychological interventions to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ 2006; 333: 65-69.
237. Hanazaki K, Maeda H, Okabayashi T. Relationship between perioperative glycaemic control and postoperative infections. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 4122-4125.
238. Marchant MH Jr, Viens NA, Cook C, et al. The impact of glycaemic control and diabetes mellitus on perioperative outcomes after total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009; 91: 1621-1629.
239. Misra A, Alappan NK, Vikram NK, et al. Effect of supervised progressive resistance-exercise training protocol on insulin sensitivity, glycaemia, lipids and body composition in Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008; 31: 1282-1287.
240. Vadstrup ES, Frolich A, Perrild H, et al. Lifestyle intervention for type 2 diabetes patients: trial protocol of the Copenhagen Type 2 Diabetes Rehabilitation Project. BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 166.
241. Venmans LM, Hak E, Gorter K, Rutten G. Incidence and antibiotic prescription rates for common infections in patients with diabetes in primary care over the years 1995 to 2003. Int J Infect Dis 2009; 13 (6): 344-351.
242. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: S1-S100.
243. Bellamy L, Casas J-P, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes after gestational deiabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2009; 373: 1771-1779.
244. Chu SY, Callaghan WM, Kim SY, et al. Maternal obesity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (8): 2070-2076.
245. Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health. Pregnancy in Women with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in 2002-03: England, Wales and Northern Ireland. London: CEMACH, 2005.
246. Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health. Diabetes in Pregnancy: Are We Providing The Best Care? Findings of a National Enquiry: England, Wales and Northern Ireland. London: CEMACH, 2007.
247. Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, et al. for the ACHOIS Trial Group. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2477-2486.
248. Cutchie WA, Cheung NW, Simmons D. Comparison of international and New Zealand guidelines for the care of pregnant women with diabetes. Diabetic Med 2006; 23: 460-468.
249. Evers I, de Valk H, Visser G. Risk of complications of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes: nationwide prospective study in the Netherlands. BMJ 2004; 328: 915-918.
250. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. Hyperglycaemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1991-2002.
251. International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups Consensus Panel. Recommendations on the diagnosis and classifi-cation of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care 2010; 33: 676-682.
252. Mukhopadhyay A, Farrell T, Fraser RB, Ola B. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs intensive conventional insulin therapy in pregnant diabetic women: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 447-456.
253. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health. Diabetes in Pregnancy. Management of Diabetes and Its Complications from Pre-conception to the Postnatal Period. NICE Clinical Guidance 63. London: Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2008.
254. Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (Suppl 2): S105-S260.
255. Reece EA, Leguizamon G, Wiznitzer A. Gestational diabetes: need for common ground. Lancet 2009; 373: 1789-1797.
256. Taylor R, Davidson JM. Type 1 diabetes and pregnancy. BMJ 2007; 334: 742-745.
257. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for gestational diabetes: a systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 759-765.
258. Daneman D. Type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2006; 367: 847-858.
259. Dunger DB, Todd J. Prevention of type 1 diabetes: what next? Lancet 2008; 372: 1710-1711.
260. Hirsch IB. Insulin analogues. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 174-183.
261. Moltchanova EV, Schreier N, Lammi N, Karvonen M. Seasonal variation of diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children worldwide. Diabetic Med 2009; 26: 673-678.
262. Monami M, Lamanna C, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily insulin injections in type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol 2009, Jun 6 (epub ahead of print).
263. Myers M, Zimmet P. Halting the accelerating epidemic of type 1 diabetes. Lancet 2008; 371: 1730-1731.
264. Neu A, Hofer SE, Karges B, et al. Ketoacidosis at diabetes onset is still frequent in children and adolescents: a multicentre analysis of 14,664 patients from 106 institutions. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1647-1648.
265. Biessels GJ, Deary I, Ryan C. Cognition and diabetes: a lifespan perspective. Lancet Neurol 2008; 7: 184-190.
266. Feldman SM, Rosen R, DeStasio J. Status of diabetes management in the nursing home setting in 2008: a retrospective chart review and epidemiology study of diabetic nursing home residents and nursing home initiatives in diabetes management. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2009; 10: 354-360.
267. Hayashi T, Kawashima S, Itoh H, et al. Low HDL cholesterol is associated with the risk of stroke in elderly diabetic individuals: changes in the risk for atherosclerotic diseases at various stages. Diabetes Care 2009; 32: 1221-1223.
268. Ronnemaa E, Zethelius B, Sundelof J, et al. Glucose metabolism and the risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia: a population-based 12 year follow-up study in 71 year old men. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 1504-1510.
269. Chiolero A, Faeh D, Paccaud F, Cornuz J. Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 801-809.
270. Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 1: CD000146.
271. Willi C, Bodenmann P, Ghali WA, Faris PD, Cornuz J. Active smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta analysis. JAMA 2007; 298: 2654-2664.
272. Beran D, Yudkin J. Diabetes care in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet 2006; 368: 1689-1695.
273. Boulton AJ, Vileikyte L, Ragnarson-Tennvall G, Apelqvist J. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet 2005; 366: 1719-1724.
274. Charlton R. Practice-based commissioning: implications for secondary care. Clin Med 2008; 8: 61-64.
275. Winocour PH, Gosden C, Walton C, et al. Association of British Clinical Diabetologists (ABCD) and Diabetes UK survey of specialist diabetes services in the UK, 2006: the consultant physician perspective. Diabetic Med 2008; 25: 643-650.
276. Alejandro R, Barton FB, Hering BJ, Wease S. 2008 update from the Collaborative Islet Transplant Registry. Transplantation 2008; 86: 1783-1788.
277. Couri C, Oliveira MCB, Stracieri ABPL, et al. C-peptide levels and insulin independence following autologous nonmyeloablative haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2009; 301: 1573-1579.
278. Hampton T. Adult pancreatic cells ' reprogrammed'into rarer insulin-producing cells. JAMA 2008; 300: 1988.
279. Harlan DM. Gene-altered islets for transplant: giant leap or small step? Endocrinology 2004; 145: 463-466.
280. Mimeault M, Batra SK. Recent progress on normal and malignant pancreatic stem/progenitor cell research: therapeutic implications for the treatment of type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus and aggressive pancreatic cancer. Gut 2008; 57: 1456-1468.
281. Prud'homme GJ, Draghia-Akli R, Wang Q. Plasmid-based gene therapy of diabetes mellitus. Gene Ther 2008; 14: 553-564.
282. Saudek CD. Can diabetes be cured? Potential biological and mechanical approaches. JAMA 2009; 301: 1588-1590.
283. White SA, Shaw JA, Sutherlend DER. Pancreas transplantation. Lancet 2009; 373: 1808-1817.