International expert committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes

Diabetes Care

Volumn 32, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 1327-1334

  Nathan, David M ^a   Balkau, Beverly ^a   Bonora, Enzo ^a   Borch Johnsen, Knut ^a   Buse, John B ^a   Colagiuri, Stephen ^a   Davidson, Mayer B ^a   DeFronzo, Ralph ^a   Genuth, Saul ^a   Holman, Rury R ^a   Ji, Linong ^a   Kirkman, Sue ^a   Knowler, William C ^a   Schatz, Desmond ^a   Shaw, Jonathan ^a   Sobngwi, Eugene ^a   Steffes, Michael ^a   Vaccaro, Olga ^a   Wareham, Nick ^a   Zinman, Bernard ^a   Kahn, Richard ^a   more..

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE;

DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DISEASE COURSE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OPHTHALMOSCOPY; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; RETINOPATHY; REVIEW;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS;

EID: 67650094848     PISSN: 01495992     EISSN: 19355548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2337/dc09-9033     Document Type: Review

References (64)

1. Moyer JH, Womack CR. Glucose tolerance: comparison of four types of diagnostic tests in 103 control subjects and 26 patients with diabetes. Am J Med 1950;219:161-173
2. Mosenthal HO, Barre E. Criteria for and interpretation of normal glucose tolerance test. Ann Intern Med 1950;33:1175-1194
3. Fajans SS, Conn JW. The early recognition of diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1959;82:208-218
4. Hayner NS, Kjelsberg MD, Epstein FH, Francis T. Carbohydrate tolerance and diabetes in a total community, Tecumseh, Michigan: effects of age, sex, and test conditions on one-hour glucose tolerance in adults. Diabetes 1965;14:413-423
5. Sisk CW, Burnham CE, Steward J, McDonald GW. Comparison of the 50 and 100 gram oral glucose tolerance test. Diabetes 1970;19:852-862
6. West KM. Substantial differences in the diagnostic criteria used by diabetes experts. Diabetes 1975;24:641-644
7. Rushforth NB, Bennett PH, Steinberg AG, Burch TA, Miller M. Diabetes in the Pima Indians: evidence of bimodality in glucose tolerance distributions. Diabetes 1971;20:756-765
8. Rushforth NB, Bennett PH, Steinberg AG, Miller M. Comparison of the value of the two- and one-hour glucose levels of the oral GTT in the diagnosis of diabetes in Pima Indians. Diabetes 1975;24:538-546
9. Gorden T. Glucose Tolerance of Adults. Series 11, No. 2. National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. Public Health Service, 1964
10. Zimmet P, Whitehouse S. Bimodality of fasting and two-hour glucose tolerance distributed in a Micronesian population. Diabetes 1978;27:793-800
11. Rushforth NB, Miller M, Bennett PH. Fasting and two-hour post-load glucose levels for the diagnosis of diabetes: the relationship between glucose levels and complications of diabetes in the Pima Indians. Diabetologia 1979;16:373-379
12. National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979;28:1039-1057
13. Jarrett RJ, Keen H. Hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1976;1:1009-1011
14. Sayegh HAI, Jarrett RJ. Oral glucose tolerance tests and the diagnosis of diabetes: results of a prospective study based on the Whitehall Survey. Lancet 1979;2:431-433
15. Pettitt DJ, Knowler WC, Lisse, Bennett PH. Development of retinopathy and proteinuria in relation to plasma-glucose concentrations in Pima Indians. Lancet 1980;2:1050-1052
16. World Health Organization. World Health Organization Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus: Second Report. Geneva, World Health Org., 1980 (Tech. Rep. Ser., no. 646)
17. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1183-1197
18. Abdul-Ghani MA, Jenkinson C, Richardson D, Tripathy D, DeFronzo RA. Insulin secretion and insulin action in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: results from the Veterans Administration Genetic Epidemiology Study. Diabetes 2006;55:1430-1435
19. Tuomilehto J. Point: a glucose tolerance test is important for clinical practice. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1880-1882
20. Davidson MB. Counterpoint: the oral glucose tolerance test is superfluous. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1883-1885
21. The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3160-3167
22. World Health Organization. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Geneva, World Health Org., 1999
23. World Health Organization. Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycemia: Report of a WHO/IDF Consultation. Geneva, World Health Org., 2006
24. van Leiden HA, Dekker JM, Moll AC. Risk factors for incident retinopathy in a diabetic and nondiabetic population: the Hoorn study. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:245-251
25. Tapp RJ, Tikellis G, Wong TY, Harper C, Zimmet PZ, Shaw JE. Longitudinal association of glucose metabolism with retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1349-1354
26. Sabanayagam C, Liew G, Tai ES, Shankar A, Lim SC, Subramaniam T, Wong TY. Relationship between glycated hemoglobin and microvascular complications: is there a natural cut-off point for the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetologia. 22 April 2009 [Epub ahead of print]
27. Wong TY, Liew G, Tapp RJ, Schmidt MI, Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Klein R, Klein BEK, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Relation between fasting glucose and retinopathy for diagnosis of diabetes: three population based cross-sectional studies. Lancet 2008;371:736-743
28. DCCT Research Group. The association between glycemic exposure and long-term diabetes complications in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1995;44:968-983
29. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, Matthews DR, Manley SE, Cull CA, Hadden D, Turner RC, Holman RR. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes: prospective observational study (UKPDS 35). BMJ 2000;321:405-412
30. Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, Heine RJ, Holman RR, Sherwin R, Zinman B. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. Diabetologia 2009;52:17-30
31. Nathan DM, Turgeon H, Regan S. Relationship between glycated haemoglobin levels and mean glucose levels over time. Diabetologia 2007;50:2239-2244
32. Nathan DM, Kuenen J, Borg R, Zheng H, Schoenfeld D, Heine RJ, the A1c-Derived Average Glucose (ADAG) Study Group. Translating the A1C assay into estimated average glucose values. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1473-1478
33. Little RR, Rohlfing CL, Wiedmeyer HM, Myers GL, Sacks DB, Goldstein DE. The national glycohemoglobin standardization program: a five year progress report. Clin Chem 2001;47:1985-1992
34. Gambino R. Glucose: a simple molecule that is not simple to quantify. Clin Chem 2007;53:2040-2041
35. Miller WG, Myers GL, Ashwood ER, Killeen AA, Wang E, Ehlers GW, Hassemer D, Lo SF, Secombe D, Siekmann L, Thienpont LM. State of the art in trueness and interlaboratory harmonization for 10 analytes in general clinical chemistry. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008;132:838-846
36. Lin YL, Smith CH, Dietzler DN. Stabilization of blood glucose by cooling with ice: an effective procedure for preservation of samples from adults and newborns. Clin Chem 1976;22:2031-2033
37. Murphy JM, Browne RW, Hill L, Bolelli GF, Abagnato C, Berrino F, Freudenheim J, Trevisan M, Muti P. Effects of transportation and delay in processing on the stability of nutritional and metabolic biomarkers. Nutr Cancer 2000;37:155-160
38. Gambino R, Piscitelli J, Ackattupathil TA, Theriault JL, Andrin RD, Sanfilippo ML, Etienne M. Acidification of blood is superior to sodium fluoride alone as an inhibitor of glycolysis. Clin Chem 2009;55:1019-1021
39. Bruns DE, Knowler WC. Stabilization of glucose in blood samples: why it matters. Clin Chem 2009;55:850-852
40. Little RR, Rohlfing CL, Tennill AL, Connolly S, Hanson S. Effects of sample storage conditions on glycated hemoglobin measurement: evaluation of five different high performance liquid chromatography methods. Diabetes Technol Ther 2007;9:36-42
41. Hoelzel W, Weykamp C, Jeppsson JO, Miedema K, Barr JR, Goodall I, Hoshino T, John WG, Kobold U, Little R, Mosca A, Mauri P, Paroni R, Susanto F, Takei I, Theinpont L, Umemoto M, Wiedmeyer HM, the IFCC Working Group on HbA1c Standardization. IFCC reference system for measurement of hemoglobin A1C in human blood and the national standardization schemes in the United States, Japan, and Sweden: a method-comparison study. Clin Chem 2004;50:166-174
42. Consensus Committee. Consensus statement on the worldwide standardization of the hemoglobin A1C measurement: American Diabetes Association, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, and the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2399-2400
43. Weykamp C, John WG, Mosca A, Hoshino T, Little R, Jeppsson J-O, Goodall I, Miedema K, Myers G, Reinauer H, Sacks DB, Slingerland R, Siebelder C. The IFCC reference measurement system for HbA1c: a 6-year progress report. Clin Chem 2008;54:240-248
44. Rohlfing C, Wiedmeyer HM, Little R, Grotz VL, Tennill A, England J, Madsen R, Goldstein D. Biological variation of glycohemoglobin. Clin Chem 2002;48:1116-1118
45. Ollerton RL, Playle R, Ahmed K, Dunstan FD, Luzio SD, Owens DR. Day-to-day variability of fasting plasma glucose in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 1999;22:394-398
46. Sacks DB, Bruns DE, Goldstein DE, Maclaren NK, McDonald JM, Parrott M. Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. Clin Chem 2002;48:436-472
47. Petersen PH, Jorgensen LG, Brandslund I, Olivarius DF, Stahl M. Consequences of bias and imprecision in measurements of glucose and HbA1c for the diagnosis and prognosis of diabetes mellitus. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 2005;240:51-60
48. Colagiuri S, Borch-Johnsen K. DETECT-2: early detection of type 2 diabetes and IGT. Diabetes Voice 2003;48:11-13
49. Roberts WL, Safa-Pour S, De BK, Rohlfing CL, Weykamp CW, Little RR. Effects of hemoglobin C and S traits on glycohemoglobin measurements by eleven methods. Clin Chem 2005;51:776-778
50. Pani LN, Korenda L, Meigs JB, Driver C, Chamany S, Fox CS, Sullivan L, D'Agostino RB, Nathan DM. Effects of aging on A1C levels in individuals without diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1991-1996
51. Herman WH, Ma Y, Uwaifo G, Haffner S, Kahn SE, Horton ES, Lachin JM, Montez MG, Brenneman T, Barrett-Conner E, the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Differences in A1C by race and ethnicity among patients with impaired glucose tolerance in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care 2007;30:2756-2758
52. Gabir M, Hanson RL, Dabelea D, Imperatore G, Roumain J, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. The 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for hyperglycemia in the diagnosis and prediction of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1108-1112
53. Meigs JB, Muller DC, Nathan DM, Blake DR, Andres R. The natural history of progression from normal glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Diabetes 2003;52:1475-1484
54. Bonora E, Kiechl S, Willeit J, Oberhollenzer F, Egger G, Meigs JB, Bonadonna RC, Muggeo M. Population-based incidence rates and risk factors for type 2 diabetes in caucasians: the Bruneck Study. Diabetes 2004;53:1782-1789
55. Tirosh A, Shai I, Tekes-Manova DT, Israeli E, Pereg D, Shochat T, Kochba I, Rudich A. Normal fasting plasma glucose levels and type 2 diabetes in young men. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1454-1462
56. Nichols GA, Hillier TA, Brown JB. Normal fasting plasma glucose and risk of type 2 diabetes diagnosis. Am J Med 2008;121:519-524
57. Piche M-E, Arcand-Bosse J-F, Despres J-P, Peruse L, Lemieux S, Weisnagel SJ. What is a normal glucose value? Differences in indexes of plasma glucose homeostasis in subjects with normal fasting glucose. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2470-2477
58. Meigs JB, Nathan DM, Wilson PWF, Cupples LA, Singer DE. Metabolic risk factors worsen continuously across the spectrum of nondiabetic glucose tolerance. The Framingham Offspring Study. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:524-533
59. 1c in predicting progression to diabetes in French men and women: data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR). Diabetes Care 2006;29:1619-1625
60. Edelman D, Olsen MK, Dudley TK, Harris AC, Oddone EZ. Utility of hemoglobin A1c in predicting diabetes risk. J Gen Intern Med 2004;19:1175-1180
61. Little RR, England JD, Wiedemeyer HM, Madsen RW, Pettitt DJ, Knowler WC, Goldstein DE. Glycated haemoglobin predicts progression to diabetes mellitus in Pima Indians with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetologia 1994;37:252-256
62. 1c predicts the progression to diabetes in Chinese subjects. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1770-1773
63. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hämäläinen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Rastas M, Salminen V, Uusitupa M; Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1343-1350
64. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler S, Hamman R, Lachin J, Walker E, Nathan DM, the DPP Research Group. Reduction in incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346:393-403