Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: Meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 338, Issue 7705, 2009, Pages 1245-

  Law, M R ^a   Morris, J K ^a   Wald, N J ^a  

^a QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; OXPRENOLOL; PINDOLOL; PLACEBO; PROPRANOLOL; SOTALOL; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOSELECTIVITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL STUDY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK REDUCTION; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT INDICATION;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CORONARY DISEASE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; STROKE;

EID: 67650082354     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.b1665     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, Schellenbaum G, Pahor M, Alderman MH, et al. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a network meta-analysis. JAMA 2003;289:2534-44.
2. Kendall MJ, Lynch KP, Hjalmarson Å, Kjekshus J. β-blockers and sudden cardiac death. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:358-67.
3. Elliott WJ, Bandari A. The role of calcium antagonists in stroke prevention. J Clin Hypertens 2005;7:5-8.
4. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events in individuals with and without diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:1410-9.
5. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003;362:1527-35.
6. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2000;355:1955-64.
7. Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. The pleiotropic effects of angiotensin receptor blockers. J Clin Hypertens 2006;8:261-8.
8. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2007;25:951-8.
9. Staessen JA, Wang J-W, Thijs L. Cardiovascular protection and blood pressure reduction: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2001;358:1305-15.
10. Staessen JA, Wang J-G, Thijs L. Cardiovascular prevention and blood pressure reduction: a quantitative overview updated until 1 March 2003. J Hypertens 2003;21:1055-76.
11. Staessen JA, Li Y, Thijs L, Wang J-G. Blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular prevention: an update including the 2003-2004 secondary prevention trials. Hypertens Res 2005;28:385-407.
12. Zhang H, Thijs L, Staessen JA. Blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of stroke. Hypertension 2006;48:187-95.
13. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, Gattobigio R, Bentivoglio M, Thijs L, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calciumchannel blockers for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention. Hypertension 2005;46:386-92.
14. Lindholm LH, Carlberg B, Samuelsson O. Should β blockers remain first choice in the treatment of primary hypertension? A metaanalysis. Lancet 2005;366:1545-53.
15. Carlberg B, Samuelsson O, Lindholm LH. Atenolol in hypertension: is it a wise choice? Lancet 2004;364:1684-9.
16. Wiysonge CS, Bradley H, Mayosi BM, Maroney R, Mbewu A, Opie LH, et al. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;(1):CD002003.
17. Bradley HA, Wiysonge CS, Volmink JA, Mayosi BM, Opie LH. How strong is the evidence of use of beta-blockers as first-line therapy for hypertension? Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2006;24:2131-41.
18. Khan N, McAlister FA. Re-examining the efficacy of β-blockers for the treatment of hypertension: ameta-analysis. CMAJ 2006;12:1737-42.
19. Verma S, Strauss M. Angiotensin receptor blockers and myocardial infarction. BMJ 2004;329:1248-9.
20. Pahor M, Psaty BM, Alderman MH, Applegate WB, Williamson JD, Cavazzini C, et al. Health outcomes associated with calcium antagonists compared with other first-line antihypertensive therapies: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2000;356:1949-54.
21. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Management of hypertension in adults in primary care. NICE clinical guideline 34. London; NICE, Jun 2006.
22. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. NIH Publication No 04-5230. Aug 2004. www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/hypertension/ jnc7full.pdf. 2007.
23. Williams B, Poulter NR, Brown MJ, Davis M, McInnes GT, Potter JF, et al. British Hypertension Society guidelines for hypertension management 2004 (BHS-IV): summary. BMJ 2004;328:634-9.
24. Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2007;25:1105-87.
25. Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002;360:1903-13.
26. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease. Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990;335:765-74.
27. Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration. Blood pressure and cardiovascular disease in the Asia Pacific region. J Hypertens 2003;21:707-16.
28. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, Hebert P, Fiebach NH, Eberlein KA, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990;335:827-38.
29. Witt BJ, Ballman KV, Brown RD, Meverden RA, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL. The incidence of stroke after myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2006;119:354.e1-9.
30. Witt BJ, Gami AS, Ballman KV, Brown RD, Meverden RA, Jacobsen SJ, et al. The incidence of ischemic stroke in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis. J Cardiac Fail 2007;13:489-96.
31. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clin Trials 1986;7:177-88.
32. Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, Jordan RE. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ 2003;326:1427-31.
33. Law M, Wald N, Morris J. Lowering blood pressure to prevent myocardial infarction and strokes: a new preventive strategy. Health Technol Assess 2003;7(31).
34. Duke M. Thiazide-induced hypokalemia association with acute myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation. JAMA 1978;239:43-5.
35. Solomon RJ. Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with myocardial infarction and ischaemia. Drugs 1984;28(suppl 1):66-76.
36. Ruder MA, Flaker GC, Alpert MA, Bertuso J. Hypokalemia as a cause of cardiac arrest: results of electrophysiologic testing and long-term follow-up. Am Heart J 1985;110:490-1.
37. Dargie HJ, Cleland JGF, Leckie BJ, Inglis CG, East BW, Ford I. Relation of arrhythmias and electrolyte abnormalities to survival in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 1987;75(suppl IV):98-107.
38. Singh BN, Hollenberg NK, Poole-Wilson PA, Robertson JIS. Diuretic-induced potassium and magnesium deficiency: relation to druginduced QT prolongation, cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. J Hypertens 1992;10:301-16.
39. Siscovick DS, Raghunathan TE, Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, Wicklund KG, Lin X, et al. Diuretic therapy for hypertension and the risk of primary cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1852-7.
40. Hoes AW, Grobbee ED, Lubsen J, Man in 't Veld AJ, van der Does E, Hofman A. Diuretics, β-blockers, and the risk for sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:481-7.
41. Cooper HA, Dries DL, Davis CE, Shen YL, Domanski MJ. Diuretics and risk of arrhythmic death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 1999;100:1311-5.
42. Law MR, Wald NJ, Rudnicka AR. Quantifying effect of statins on LDL cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003;326:1423-7.
43. Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakrias GL, Dahlof B, Pitt B, Shi V, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high risk patients. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2417-28.
44. Deary AJ, Schumann AL, Murfet H, Haydock S, Foo RS, Brown MJ. Influence of drugs and gender on the arterial pulse wave and natriuretic peptide secretion in untreated patients with essential hypertension. Clin Sci 2002;103:493-9.
45. The CAFÉ Investigators, for the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT) Investigators. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcome. Principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFÉ) Study. Circulation 2006;113:1213-25.
46. Asmar RG, London GM, O'Rourke ME, Safar ME. Improvement in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and wave reflections with a very-low-dose perindopril/indapamide combination in hypertensive patients: a comparison with atenolol. Hypertension 2001;38:922-6.
47. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Effects of different regimens to lower blood pressure on major cardiovascular events in older and younger adults: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2008;336:1121-3.
48. Law M, Morris JK, Jordan R, Wald N. Headaches and the treatment of blood pressure. Results from a meta-analysis of 94 randomized placebo-controlled trials with 24 000 participants. Circulation 2005;112:2301-6.
49. Schrader H, Stovner LJ, Helde G, Sand T, Bovim G. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril): randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. BMJ 2001;322:1-5.
50. Tronvik E, Stovner LJ, Helde G, Sand T, Bovim G. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with an angiotensin II receptor blocker. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;289:65-9.
51. Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Calcium channel blockers and headache. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63:157-8.
52. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE, Wood-Baker R. Cardioselective beta-blockers for reversible airway disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002:(4);CD002992.
53. LaCroix AZ, Ott SM, Ichikawa L, Scholes D, Barlow WE. Low-dose hydrochlorothiazide and preservation of bone mineral density in older adults. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:516-26.
54. Feskanich D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. A prospective study of thiazide use and fractures in women. Osteoporosis Int 1977;7:79-84.
55. Schoofs MWCJ, van der Klift M, Hofman A, de Laet CEDH, Herings RMC, Stijnen T, et al. Thiazide diuretics and the risk for hip fracture. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:476-82.
56. Mann JFE, Yi Q-L, Sleight P, Dagenais GR, Gerstein HC, Lonn EM, et al. Serum potassium, cardiovascular risk, and effects of an ACE inhibitor: results of the HOPE study. Clin Nephrol 2005;63:181-7.
57. Piper JM, Ray WA, Rosa FW. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:429-32.
58. Cooper WO, Hernandez-Diaz S, Arbogast PG, Dudley JA, Dyer S, Gideon PS, et al. Major congenitalmalformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2443-51.
59. Grimm RH, Grandits GA, Prineas RJ, McDonald RH, Lewis CE, Flack JM, et al. Long-term effects on sexual function of five antihypertensive drugs and nutritional hygienic treatment in hypertensive men and women. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Hypertension 1997;29:8-14.
60. Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK, Bestwick JP, Wald NJ. Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am J Med 2009;122:290-300