Glycated haemoglobin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk)

BMJ

Volumn 322, Issue 7277, 2001, Pages 15-

  Khaw, Kay Tee ^a   Wareham, Nicholas ^a   Luben, Robert ^a   Bingham, Sheila ^b   Oakes, Suzy ^a   Welch, Ailsa ^a   Day, Nicholas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MARKER; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR;

AGED; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CAUSE OF DEATH; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; MALE; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK;

EID: 0035814611     PISSN: 09598138     EISSN: 14685833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.322.7277.15     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1414–1431.
2. Amos AF, McCarty DJ, Zimmet P. The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. Diabet Med 1997; 14(suppl 5): S1–85.
3. American Diabetes Association. Screening for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23(suppl 1): S20–S23.
4. National Diabetes Data Group. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance. Diabetes 1979; 28: 1039–1057.
5. Report of a WHO Study Group. Diabetes mellitus. World Health Org Tech Rep Ser 1985; 727: 9–17.
6. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provision report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 539–553.
7. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1183–1197.
8. McCance DR, Hanson RL, Charles M-A, Jacobsson LTH, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH, et al. Comparison of tests for glycated hemoglobin and fasting and two hour plasma glucose concentrations as diagnostic methods for diabetes. BMJ 1994; 308: 1323–1328.
9. Haffner SM, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Lakkso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 229–234.
10. 1c measurements—a consensus statement. Diabet Med 2000; 17: 5–6.
11. Day NE, Oakes S, Luben R, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. EPIC-Norfolk: study design and characteristics of the cohort. Br J Cancer 1999; 80(suppl 1): 95–103.
12. Gregory J, Foster K, Tyler H, Wiseman M. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults. London: HMSO, 1990.
13. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Frederickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without the use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499–502.
14. Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 1959; 22: 719–748.
15. Cox DR. Regression models and life tables. J R Stat Soc B 1972; 34: 187–220.
16. Kannel WB, McGee DL. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: the Framingham Study. Diabetes Care 1979; 2: 120–126.
17. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors and 12 year cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 434–444.
18. Wingard DL, Barrett-Connor E. Heart disease and diabetes. In: National Diabetes Data Group,ed. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1995: 429–448. (NIH publication No 95-1468.)
19. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK, Meuer MS. The association of glycemia and cause-specific mortality in a diabetic population. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 2473–2479.
20. Krolewski AS, Laffel LMB, Krolewski M, Quinn M, Warram JH. Glycosylated hemoglobin and the risk of microalbuminuria in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1251–1255.
21. Brownlee M. Glycation and diabetic complications. Diabetes 1994; 43: 836–841.
22. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977–986.
23. 1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes 1995; 44: 968–983.
24. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The absence of a glycemic threshold for the development of long term complications: the perspective of the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes 1996; 45: 1289–1298.
25. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837–853.
26. Donahue RP, Abbott RD, Reed DM, Yano K. Post challenge glucose level and coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry. Diabetes 1987; 36: 689–692.
27. Butler WJ, Ostrander Jr LD, Carman WJ, Lamphiear DE. Mortality from coronary heart disease in the Tecumseh study: long-term effect of diabetes mellitus, glucose tolerance and other risk factors. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121: 541–547.
28. Eschwege E, Richard JL, Thibult N, Ducimetiere P, Warner JM, Claude JR, et al. Coronary heart disease mortality in relation with diabetes, blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations. The Paris prospective study, ten years later. Horm Metab Res 1985; 15(suppl series): 41–45.
29. Pyorala K, Savolainen E, Kaukola S, Haapgoski J. Plasma insulin as a coronary heart disease risk factor: relationship to other risk factors and predictive value during 91/2 year follow up of the Helsinki policemen study population. Acta Med Scand 1985; 701(suppl): 38–52.
30. Ohlson LO, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Eriksson H, Wilhelmsen L, Tibblin G, et al. Fasting blood glucose and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and all cause mortality: a 17 year follow up study of men born in 1913. Diabet Med 1986; 3: 33–37.
31. Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarrett RJ, Keen H. Coronary heart disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance. The Whitehall study. Lancet 1980; 1: 1373–1376.
32. Scheidt-Nave C, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL, Cohn BA, Edelstein SL. Sex differences in fasting glycemia as a risk factor of ischemic heart disease death. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 565–576.
33. Gerstein HC. Glucose: a continuous risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Diabet Med 1997; 14: S25–S31.
34. Coutinho M, Gerstein HC, Wang Y, Yusuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 233–240.
35. 1c with prevalent cardiovascular disease in the original cohort of the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes 1992; 41: 202–208.
36. Vitelli LL, Shahar E, Heiss G, McGovern PG, Brancati FL, Eckfeldt JH, et al. Glycosylated hemoglobin level and carotid intimal-medial thickening in non-diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 1454–1458.
37. Park S, Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL, Shan J, Edelstein S. Ghb is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than fasting or postchallenge plasma glucose in women without diabetes. The Rancho Bernardo study. Diabetes Care 1996; 19: 450–456.
38. De Vegt F, Dekker JM, Ruhe HG, Stehouwer CD, Nijpels G, Bouter LM, et al. Hyperglycaemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 926–931.
39. Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking and death from coronary heart disease. Overall findings and differences by age for 316099 white men. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 56–64.
40. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837–853.
41. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 38) BMJ 1998; 317: 703–713.
42. Wood DA, DE Backer G, Faergeman O, Graham J, Mancia G, Pyorala K. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the second joint task force of the European Society of Cardiology, European Atherosclerosis Society, and European Society of Hypertension. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1434–1503.
43. British Cardiac Society, British Hyperlipidaemia Association, British Hypertension Society. Joint British recommendations on prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Heart 1998; (suppl 2): S1–29.
44. DECODE Study Group, on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet 1999; 354: 617–621.
45. Barzilay JI, Speikerman CF, Wahl PH, Kuller LH, Cushman M, Furberg CD, et al. Cardiovascular disease in older adults with glucose disorders: comparison of American Diabetes Association criteria for diabetes mellitus with WHO criteria. Lancet 1999; 354: 622–625.
46. Shaw JE, Hodge AM, de Gurter M, Chitson P, Zimmet PZ. Isolated post-challenge hyperglycaemia confirmed as a risk factor for mortality. Diabetologia 1999; 42: 1050–1054.
47. Hamman RF. Genetic and environmental determinants of non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes Metab Rev 1992; 8: 287–338.
48. Pan XR, Cao HB, Li GW, Hu YH, Wang JX, Yang WY, et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 537–544.
49. Rose G. Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease. BMJ 1981; 282: 1847–1851.
50. Sargeant L, Wareham N, Bingham S, Day N, Luben R, Oakes S, et al. Vitamin C and glucose tolerance in a EPIC-Norfolk: a population study. Diabetes Care 2000; 23: 726–732.
51. Williams DE, Wareham NE, Cox BD, Byrne CD, Hales CN, Day NE. Frequent salad consumption is associated with a reduction in the risk of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Epidemiol 1999; 52: 329–335.
52. Wareham NJ, Wong MY, Day NE. Glucose intolerance and physical inactivity: the relative importance of low habitual energy expenditure and cardiorespiratory fitness. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152: 132–139.