Pharmacokinetics of veterinary drugs in laying hens and residues in eggs: A review of the literature

Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 34, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 521-556

  Goetting, V ^a   Lee, K A ^a   Tell, L A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPICILLIN; APRAMYCIN; CEFALEXIN; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPROFLOXACIN; COLISTIN; DANOFLOXACIN; DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN; DRUG RESIDUE; ENROFLOXACIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUMEQUINE; FURALTADONE; FURAZOLIDONE; GENTAMICIN; JOSAMYCIN; KANAMYCIN; KITASAMYCIN; NEOMYCIN; NITROFURAL; NITROFURANTOIN; NORDIFLOXACIN; OLEANDOMYCIN; PEFLOXACIN; SPECTINOMYCIN; SPIRAMYCIN; THIAMPHENICOL; TYLOSIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VETERINARY DRUG;

AGE; DRUG ACCUMULATION; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG DETERMINATION; EGG LAYING; HEN; LIMIT OF DETECTION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT DURATION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS; CHICKENS; EGGS; FOOD CONTAMINATION; VETERINARY DRUGS;

GALLUS GALLUS;

EID: 80054117119     PISSN: 01407783     EISSN: 13652885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2011.01287.x     Document Type: Review

References (278)

1. Abbassy, M.A., El-Nawawy, A.S. & El-Din, M. (1981) Toxicity and residues from feeding single oral doses of chlorpyrifos and pirimifos-methyl to Fayoumi laying hens. Mededelingen Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 46, 377-386.
2. Abou-Donia, M.B., Makkawy, H.A. & Graham, D.G. (1982) Coumaphos: delayed neurotoxic effect following dermal administration in hens. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 10, 87-99.
3. Abu-Basha, E.A., Idkaidek, N.M. & Al-Shunnaq, A.F. (2007a) Comparative pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and oral administration in broiler chickens. Veterinary Research Communications, 31, 765-773.
4. Abu-Basha, E.A., Idkaidek, N.M. & Al-Shunnaq, A.F. (2007b) Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin (provitil powder and pulmotil liquid AC) oral formulations in chickens. Veterinary Research Communications, 31, 477-485.
5. Aerts, M.M.L., Beek, W.M.J., Kan, C.A. & Nouws, J.F.M. (1986) Detection of sulfaguanidine residues in eggs with a fully automated liquid chromatographic method using post-column derivatization - drug depletion study in eggs after a single oral dose to laying hens. Archiv Fur Lebensmittelhygiene, 37, 142-145.
6. Aerts, R.M.L., Egberink, I.M., Kan, C.A., Keukens, H.J. & Beek, W.M.J. (1991) Liquid-chromatographic multicomponent method for determination of resides of ipronidazole, ronidazole, and dimetridazole and some relevant metabolites in eggs, plasma, and feces and its use in depletion studies in laying hens. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 74, 46-55.
7. Afifi, N.A. & Ramadan, A. (1997) Kinetic disposition, systemic bioavailability and tissue distribution of apramycin in broiler chickens. Research in Veterinary Science, 62, 249-252.
8. Ahmed, A.A., El-Leboudy, A.A., Nazem, A.M. & Amer, A.A. (1998) Residues of quinolone group of antibiotics in table eggs. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 39, 258-267.
9. Akhtar, M.H. & Foster, T.S. (1981) Tetrachlorvinphos metabolism in laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 29, 766-771.
10. Akhtar, M.H., Hamilton, R.M.G. & Trenholm, H.L. (1985) Metabolism, distribution, and excretion of deltamethrin by leghorn hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 33, 610-617.
11. Akhtar, M.H., Hamilton, R.M.G. & Trenholm, H.L. (1987) Excretion, distribution and depletion of [C-14]cypermethrin and cis-isomers and trans-isomers of 1-(2, 2-dichlorovinyl)-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid administered orally to laying hens. Pesticide Science, 20, 53-73.
12. Akhtar, M.H., Trenholm, H.L. & Hamilton, R.M.G. (1989) Metabolism of fenvalerate in laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 37, 190-196.
13. Akhtar, M.H., El-Sooud, A. & Shehata, M.A.A. (1996a) Concentrations of salinomycin in eggs and tissues of laying chickens fed medicated feed for 14days followed by withdrawal for 3days. Food Additives and Contaminants, 13, 897-907.
14. Akhtar, M.H., ElSooud, K.A., Shehata, A.M. & Anwar-ul-Haq (1996b) Fate and residues of C-14-chloramphenicol in laying chickens. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B-Pesticides Food Contaminants and Agricultural Wastes, 31, 1061-1084.
15. Alam, M., Yadava, K.P. & Banerjee, N.C. (1987) Pharmacokinetics of amprolium in white leghorn chickens. Indian Veterinary Journal, 64, 922-926.
16. Al-Saleh, I.A. (1994) Pesticides: a review article. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 13, 151-161.
17. Anadon, A. & Reeve-Johnson, L. (1999) Macrolide antibiotics, drug interactions and microsomal enzymes: implications for veterinary medicine. Research in Veterinary Science, 66, 197-203.
18. Anadon, A., Martínez-Larrañaga, M.R., Velez, C., Diaz, M.J. & Bringas, P. (1992) Pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin and its N-desethyl- and oxo-metabolites in broiler chickens. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 2084-2089.
19. Anadon, A., Bringas, P., Martínez-Larrañaga, M.R. & Diaz, M.J. (1994a) Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and residues of chloramphenicol in the chicken. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 17, 52-58.
20. Anadon, A., Martínez-Larrañaga, M.R., Diaz, M.J., Bringas, P., Fernandez, M.C., Fernandezcruz, M.L., Iturbe, J. & Martinez, M.A. (1994b) Phamracokinetics of doxycyline in broiler chickens. Avian Pathology, 23, 79-90.
21. Anadon, A., Martínez-Larrañaga, M.R., Iturbe, J., Martinez, M.A., Diaz, M.J., Frejo, M.T. & Martinez, M. (2001) Pharmacokinetics and residues of ciprofloxacin and its metabolites in broiler chickens. Research in Veterinary Science, 71, 101-109.
22. Anadon, A., Martínez-Larrañaga, M.R., Diaz, M.J., Martinez, M.A., Frejo, M.T., Martinez, M., Tafur, M. & Castellano, V.J. (2002) Pharmacokinetic characteristics and tissue residues for marbofloxacin and its metabolite N-desmethyl-marbofloxacin in broiler chickens. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 63, 927-933.
23. Anadon, A., Martinez, M.A., Martinez, M., De La Cruz, C., Diaz, M.J. & Martínez-Larrañaga, M.R. (2008a) Oral bioavailability, tissue distribution and depletion of flumequine in the food producing animal, chicken for fattening. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 662-670.
24. Anadon, A., Martinez, M.A., Martinez, M., Rios, A., Caballero, V., Ares, I. & Martínez-Larrañaga, M.R. (2008b) Plasma and tissue depletion of florfenicol and florfenicol-amine in chickens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56, 11049-11056.
25. 14C carbaryl in laying chickens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 20, 608-617.
26. Atef, M., Ramadan, A., Youssef, S.A.H. & Elsooud, K.A. (1993) Kinetic disposition, systemic bioavailability and tissue distribution of salinomycin in chickens. Research in Veterinary Science, 54, 179-183.
27. Atta, A.H. & El-zeini, S.A. (2001) Depletion of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine from eggs of laying hens receiving trimethoprim/sulphadiazine combination. Food Control, 12, 269-274.
28. Axtell, R.C. & Arends, J.J. (1990) Ecology and management of arthropod pests of poultry. Annual Review of Entomology, 35, 101-126.
29. Baert, K., De Baere, S., Croubels, S. & De Backer, P. (2003) Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim in broiler chickens. Veterinary Research Communications, 27, 301-309.
30. Barragry, T. (1984a) Anthelmintics - review 2. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 32, 191-199.
31. Barragry, T. (1984b) Anthelmintics - a review. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 32, 161-164.
32. Beek, W.M.J. & Aerts, M.M.L. (1985) Determination of furazolidone residues in eggs by HPLC followed by confirmation with a diode array UV VIS detector. Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung, 180, 211-214.
33. Bennett, M., Elliott, J., Sommerville, L.M. & Taylor, M.A. (2001) Drugs used in the treatment of bacterial, fungal, viral, and protozoal infections. In The Veterinary Formulary, 5th edn. Ed. Bishop, Y., pp. 135-218. Pharmaceutical Press, Cambridge.
34. Bishop, Y. (2001) The Veterinary Formulary, 5th edn, p 692. Pharmaceutical Press, London.
35. Blagburn, B.L. & Lindsay, D.S. (2001) Ectoparasiticides. In Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Ed. Adams, H.R., pp. 1017-1039. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
36. Blom, L. (1975) Plasma half-lives and excretion into egg white and egg yolk of three sulfonamides and pyrimethamine after medication of laying hens. Acta Pharmacologica Et Toxicologica, 37, 79-93.
37. Bogialli, S., Ciampanella, C., Curini, R., Di Corcia, A. & Lagana, A. (2009a) Development and validation of a rapid assay based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determining macrolide antibiotic residues in eggs. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 6810-6815.
38. Bogialli, S., D'Ascenzo, G., Di Corcia, A., Lagana, A. & Tramontana, G. (2009b) Simple assay for monitoring seven quinolone antibacterials in eggs: extraction with hot water and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry Laboratory validation in line with the European Union Commission Decision 657/2002/EC. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, 794-800.
39. Botsoglou, N.A. & Fletouris, D.J. (2001) Drug Residues in Food. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY.
40. Botsoglou, N.A., Kufidis, D., Spais, A.B. & Vassilopoulos, V.N. (1989) Furazolidone in eggs following feeding trials to laying hens. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde, 53, 163-168.
41. Boyer, A.C., Lee, P.W. & Potter, J.C. (1992) Characterization of fenvalerate residues in dairy cattle and poultry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 914-918.
42. Braun, H.E., Surgeoner, G.A., Stanek, J. & Ralley, W.E. (1981) Efficacy and dissipation of permethrin for the control of the northern fowl mite in hens. Canadian Veterinary Journal-Revue Veterinaire Canadienne, 22, 291-294.
43. Brown, S.A. & Riviere, J.E. (1991) Comparative pharmacokinetics of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 14, 1-35.
44. Buhs, R.P., Polin, D., Beattie, J.O., Beck, J.L., Smith, J.L., Speth, O.C. & Trenner, N.R. (1966) Metabolism of ethopabate in chickens. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 154, 357.
45. Cala, P.C., Buhs, R.P., Smith, J.L., Trenner, N.R., Vandenhe, W.J. & Downing, G.V. (1972) Gas-chromatographic determination of pyrimethamine in tissue. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 20, 337.
46. Cameron, B.D., Chasseaud, L.F. & Hawkins, D.R. (1975) Metabolic fate of clopidol after repeated oral administration to rabbits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 23, 269-274.
47. Canga, A.G., Prieto, A.M.S., Liebana, M.J.D., Martinez, N.F., Vega, M.S. & Vieitez, J.J.G. (2009) The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ivermectin in domestic animal species. Veterinary Journal, 179, 25-37.
48. Cannavan, A., Ball, G. & Kennedy, D.G. (2000) Nicarbazin contamination in feeds as a cause of residues in eggs. Food Additives and Contaminants, 17, 829-836.
49. Castanon, J.I.R. (2007) History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds. Poultry Science, 86, 2466-2471.
50. Catherman, D.R., Szabo, J., Batson, D.B., Cantor, A.H., Tucker, R.E. & Mitchell, G.E. (1991) Metabolism of narasin in chickens and Japanese quail. Poultry Science, 70, 120-125.
51. Cavaliere, C., Curini, R., Di Corcia, A., Nazzari, M. & Samperi, R. (2003) A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmatory method for analyzing sulfonamide antibacterials in milk and egg. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 558-566.
52. Chopra, I. & Roberts, M. (2001) Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology, and epidemiology of bacterial resistance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 65, 232-260.
53. Chu, P.S., Donoghue, D.J. & Sheikh, B. (2000) Determination of total C-14 residues of sarafloxacin in eggs of laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 6409-6411.
54. Companyo, R., Granados, M., Guiteras, J. & Prat, M.D. (2009) Antibiotics in food: legislation and validation of analytical methodologies. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 395, 877-891.
55. Cooper, K.M., Le, J., Kane, C. & Kennedy, D.G. (2008) Kinetics of semicarbazide and nitrofurazone in chicken eggs and egg powders. Food Additives and Contaminants, 25, 684-692.
56. Craine, E.M. & Ray, W.H. (1972) Metabolites of furazolidone in urine of chickens. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61, 1495-1497.
57. 14C administered orally to chickens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 19, 1228-1233.
58. Csiko, G., Banhidi, G., Semjen, G., Fekete, J., Laczay, P. & Lehel, J. (1995) Data on the applicability of albendazole in domestic fowl .3. Studies on tissular and egg residues. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja, 50, 867-870.
59. Csiko, G.Y., Banhidi, G.Y., Semjen, G., Laczay, P., Sandor, G.V., Lehel, J. & Fekete, J. (1996) Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of albendazole after oral administration to chickens. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 19, 322-325.
60. Cuerpo, L. & Livingston, R.C. (1994) Spectinomycin. In Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
61. Davis, J.L., Smith, G.W., Baynes, R.E., Tell, L.A., Webb, A.I. & Riviere, J.E. (2009) Update on drugs prohibited from extralabel use in food animals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 235, 528-534.
62. De Ruyck, H., De Ridder, H., Van Renterghem, R. & Van Wambeke, F. (1999) Validation of HPLC method of analysis of tetracycline residues in eggs and broiler meat and its application to a feeding trial. Food Additives and Contaminants, 16, 47-56.
63. Delaporte, J., Froyman, R., Ganiere, J.-P. & Florent, J.-M. (1994) Distribution of enrofloxacin within hatching eggs during drinking water treatment with Baytril 10% oral solution in breeder turkeys. In Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ed. Lees, P., pp. 235-236, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England.
64. Dewdney, J.M., Maes, L., Raynaud, J.P., Blanc, F., Scheid, J.P., Jackson, T., Lens, S. & Verschueren, C. (1991) Risk assessment of antibiotic residues of beta-lactams and macrolides in food products with regard to their immunoallergic potential. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 29, 477-483.
65. Ding, H.Z., Zeng, Z.L., Fung, K.F., Chen, Z.L. & Qiao, G.L. (2001) Pharmacokinetics of sarafloxacin in pigs and broilers following intravenous, intramuscular, and oral single-dose applications. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24, 303-308.
66. Donoghue, D.J. (2003) Antibiotic residues in poultry tissues and eggs: human health concerns? Poultry Science, 82, 618-621.
67. Donoghue, D.J. (2005) Modelling risks from antibiotic and other residues in poultry and eggs. In Food Safety Control in the Poultry Industry. Ed. Mead, G.C., pp. 83-96. Woodhead Publishing Limited, Boca Raton, FL.
68. Donoghue, D.J. & Hairston, M. (1999) Oxytetracycline transfer into chicken egg yolk or albumen. Poultry Science, 78, 343-345.
69. Donoghue, D.J. & Schneider, M.J. (2003) Comparison between a bioassay and liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry for the determination of incurred enrofloxacin in whole eggs. Journal of Aoac International, 86, 669-674.
70. Donoghue, D.J., Hairston, H., Henderson, M., McDonald, M., Gaines, S. & Donoghue, A.M. (1997) Modeling drug residue uptake by eggs: yolks contain ampicillin residues even after drug withdrawal and nondetectability in the plasma. Poultry Science, 76, 458-462.
71. Donoho, A.L. (1984) Biochemical studies on the fate of monensin in animals and in the environment. Journal of Animal Science, 58, 1528-1539.
72. Dorough, H.W., Brady, U.E., Arthur, B.W. & Timmerman, J.A. (1961) Residues in tissues and eggs of poultry dusted with Co-Ral (Bayer 21/199). Journal of Economic Entomology, 54, 25-30.
73. Dorrestein, G.M., Vangogh, H. & Rinzema, J.D. (1984) Pharmacokinetic aspects of penicillins, aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol in birds compared to mammals - a review. Veterinary Quarterly, 6, 216-224.
74. Dowling, P.M. (2006) Miscellaneous antimicrobials: Ionophores, nitrofurans, nitroimidazoles, rifamycins, oxazolidones, and others. In Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Eds Giguere, S., Prescott, J.F., Baggot, J.D., Walker, R.D. & Dowling, P.M., pp. 285-300. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA.
75. Durbin, C.G., DiLorenzo, J.J., Randall, W.A. & Wilner, J. (1953) Antibiotic concentration and duration in animal tissues and fluids. II. Chicken blood, tissue, and eggs. Antibiotics Annual, 1953-1954, 428-432.
76. Edwards, D.I. (1993) Nitroimidazole drugs - action and resistance mechanisms: 1. Mechanisms of action. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 31, 9-20.
77. EFSA (2010) Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Koffogran (nicarbazin) as a feed additive for chickens for fattening. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Journal, 8, 1-40.
78. El-Kholy, H. & Kemppainen, B.W. (2005) Levarnisole residues in chicken tissues and eggs. Poultry Science, 84, 9-13.
79. Elsasser, T.H. (1984) Potential interactions of ionophore drugs with divalent cations and their function in the animal body. Journal of Animal Science, 59, 845-853.
80. El-Sayed, M.G.A., El-Aziz, M.I., El-Komy, A.A.A. & El-Din, H.S. (1995) Serum concentrations and tissue residues of spectinomycin in chickens. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 102, 446-450.
81. EMEA (1996) Diclazuril summary report (1), EMEA/MRL/086/96-Final. The European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products, Committee for veterinary medicinal products.
82. EMEA (1998a) Oxolinic Acid Summary Report, EMEA/MRL/501/98-FINAL. European Medicines Agency, Committee for veterinary medicinal products.
83. EMEA (1998b) Toltrazuril summary report. The European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products, Committee for veterinary medicinal products.
84. EMEA (1999) Flubendazole (extension to turkeys), EMEA/MRL/576/99-FINAL. The European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products, Committee for veterinary medicinal products.
85. EMEA (2004) Lasalocid Sodium Summary Report, EMEA/MRL/912/04-FINAL. European Medicines Agency, Committee for veterinary medicinal products.
86. EMEA (2006) Flubendazole (extrapolation to poultry), EMEA/CVMP/33128/2006-FINAL. The European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products, Committee for veterinary medicinal products.
87. EMEA (2009) Status of MRL Procedures: MRL assessments in the context of Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2377/90. EMEA/CVMP/765/99-Rev.23. The European agency for the evaluation of medicinal products, Committee for veterinary medicinal products.
88. Etches, R.J. (1996) Reproduction in Poultry. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
89. European Commission (2009) Commission Regulation (EU) No. 37/2010 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin. In Official Journal of the European Union. L15.
90. FAO/WHO (1990) Ipronidazole. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods, 41/2.
91. FAO/WHO (1991) Levamisole. Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods, 41/3.
92. FAO/WHO (2008) Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food: Seventieth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Geneva. FAO JEFCA Monograph #6.
93. FAO/WHO (2009) Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. WHO Food Additives Series, 61.
94. Fellig, J., Marusich, W.L., Walsh, M.J. & Westheim, J. (1971) Tissue clearance of Rofenaid in chickens and turkeys. Poultry Science, 50, 1777-1783.
95. Filazi, A., Sireli, U.T. & Cadirci, O. (2005) Residues of gentamicin in eggs following medication of laying hens. British Poultry Science, 46, 580-583.
96. Filer, C.W., Hiscock, D.R. & Parnell, E.W. (1969) Decoquinate: I. - an absorption and elimination study in broiler chickens using 14C-labelled decoquinate. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 20, 65-69.
97. Francis, P.G. (1997) Thiamphenicol. In Residues of Some Veterinary Drugs in Animals and Foods. 47th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Rome.
98. Frazier, D.L., Jones, M.P. & Orosz, S.E. (1995) Pharmacokinetic considerations of the renal system in birds: part II. Review of drugs excreted by renal pathways. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 9, 104-121.
99. Fricke, J.A., Clark, C.R., Boison, J.O., Chirino-Trejo, M., Inglis, T.E.S. & Dowling, P.M. (2008) Pharmacokinetics and tissue depletion of tilmicosin in turkeys. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 31, 591-594.
100. Friedrich, A., Hafez, H.M. & Woernle, H. (1984) Einfluß der Haltungsform auf die Nicarbazinausscheidung in Eiern und im Kot (Studies on the excretion of nicarbazin in eggs and feces of cage- and deep litter-reared birds). Tierarztliche Umschau, 39, 764-772.
101. Friedrich, A., Hafez, H.M. & Woernle, H. (1985) Nicarbazin-Rückstände in Eiern und Kot vot Käfig- und Bodenhennen infolge einer Shadstoffübertragung auf das Futter (The occurrence of nicarbazin residues in egg yolks and feces after feeding, nicarbazin contaminated (2ppm) feed due to carry over). Tierarztliche Umschau, 40, 190-199.
102. Frieser, J., Gedek, W. & Dorn, P. (1986) Zum Nachweis und zur Bedeutung von Tetracylin-Rückständen im Ei (The detection and significance of tetracycline residues in eggs). Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 93, 17-20.
103. Furusawa, N. & Mukai, T. (1995) Transfer of dietary sulfamonomethoxine and sulfadimethoxine into various tissues of laying hens. British Poultry Science, 36, 313-316.
104. Furusawa, N., Mukai, T. & Yoshida, M. (1994) Easiness of transfer of dietary sulfadimethoxine into eggs and its disappearance pattern from eggs. Japanese Poultry Science, 31, 168-180.
105. Furusawa, N., Tsuzukida, Y. & Yamaguchi, H. (1998) Decreasing profile of residual sulphaquinoxaline in eggs. British Poultry Science, 39, 241-244.
106. Gaughan, L.C., Robinson, R.A. & Casida, J.E. (1978) Distribution and metabolic fate of trans-permethrin and cis-permethrin in laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 26, 1374-1380.
107. Geertsma, M.F., Nouws, J.F.M., Grondel, J.L., Aerts, M.M.L., Vree, T.B. & Kan, C.A. (1987) Residues of sulphadimidine and its metabolites in eggs following oral sulphadimidine medication of hens. The Veterinary Quarterly, 9, 67-75.
108. Giguere, S. (2006) Macrolides, azalides, and ketolides. In Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Eds Giguere, S., Prescott, J.F., Baggot, J.D., Walker, R.D. & Dowling, P.M., pp. 191-206. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA.
109. Giorgi, M. & Soldani, G. (2008) Pharmacokinetic study of clazuril (Appertex®) in eggs and plasma from laying hens after single or multiple treatments, using a new HPLC method for detection. British Poultry Science, 49, 609-618.
110. Giorgi, M., Romani, M., Bagliacca, M. & Mengozzi, G. (2000) Determination of thiamphenicol residues in albumin and yolk of hen eggs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 23, 397-399.
111. Gorla, N., Chiostri, E., Ugnia, L., Weyers, A., Giacomelli, N., Davicino, R. & Ovando, H.G. (1997) HPLC residues of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in eggs of laying hens. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 8, 253-256.
112. Goudah, A., El-Sooud, A. & Abd El-Aty, A.M. (2004) Pharmacokinetics and tissue residue profiles of erythromycin in broiler chickens after different routes of administration. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 111, 162-165.
113. 32P in Gallus domesticus. Toxicology, 7, 169-177.
114. Hafez, H.M., Woernle, H. & Friedrich, A. (1988) Meticlorpindol residues in eggs from caged and deep litter-reared hens. Tierarztliche Umschau, 43, 126-131.
115. Hamamoto, K., Koike, R. & Machida, Y. (2000) Bioavailability of amprolium in fasting and nonfasting chickens after intravenous and oral administration. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 23, 9-14.
116. Hamamoto, K., Koike, R. & Machida, Y. (2001) The effect of soybean oil refuse powder used as vehicle on the absorption of oxolinic acid in chickens under fasting and nonfasting conditions and the correlation with in vitro dissolution. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 24, 333-341.
117. Hamscher, G., Priess, B., Hartung, J., Nogossek, M.I., Glunder, G. & Nau, H. (2003) Determination of propoxur residues in eggs by liquid chromatography-diode array detection after treatment of stocked housing facilities for the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). Analytica Chimica Acta, 483, 19-26.
118. Hamscher, G., Limsuwan, S., Tansakul, N. & Kietzmann, M. (2006) Quantitative analysis of tylosin in eggs by high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: residue depletion kinetics after administration via feed and drinking water in laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 9017-9023.
119. Hamscher, G., Priess, B. & Nau, H. (2007) Determination of phoxim residues in eggs by using high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection after treatment of stocked housing facilities for the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae). Analytica Chimica Acta, 586, 330-335.
120. Heitzman, R.J. (1997) Cypermethrin, first draft. In Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. 41/9 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
121. Heitzman, R.J. (2000) Deltamethrin, first draft. In Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. 41/12 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
122. Henri, J., Burel, C., Sanders, P. & Laurentie, M. (2009) Bioavailability, distribution and depletion of monensin in chickens. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 32, 451-456.
123. Herman, J., Vermeersch, H., Remon, J.P. & Debacker, P. (1989) Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ronidazole from a prolonged release tablet in the homing pigeon (Columba livia). Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 12, 46-49.
124. Herranz, S., Moreno-Bondi, M.C. & Marazuela, M.D. (2007) Development of a new sample pretreatment procedure based on pressurized liquid extraction for the determination of fluoroquinolone residues in table eggs. Journal of Chromatography A, 1140, 63-70.
125. Hicks, B.W., Dorough, H.W. & Davis, R.B. (1970) Fate of carbofuran in laying hens. Journal of Economic Entomology, 63, 1108-1111.
126. Hofacre, C.L. (2006) Antimicrobial drug use in poultry. In Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Eds Giguere, S., Prescott, J.F., Baggot, J.D., Walker, R.D. & Dowling, P.M., pp. 545-554. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA.
127. Huang, J.F., Lin, B., Yu, Q.W. & Feng, Y.Q. (2006) Determination of fluoroquinolones in eggs using in-tube solid-phase microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 384, 1228-1235.
128. Hunt, L.M., Gilbert, B.N. & Lemeilleur, C.A. (1979) Distribution and depletion of radioactivity in hens treated dermally with C-14-labeled permethrin. Poultry Science, 58, 1197-1201.
129. Hutson, D.H. & Stoydin, G. (1987) Excretion and residues of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in laying hens. Pesticide Science, 18, 157-168.
130. Iritani, Y., Hidaka, D., Kitabatake, T. & Sasaki, S. (1976) Tylosin levels in egg of laying hen given medicated drinking water. Japanese Poultry Science, 13, 248-249.
131. Ivey, M.C., Hoffman, R.A., Claborn, H.V. & Hogan, B.F. (1969) Residues of Gardona in body tissues and eggs of laying hens exposed to treated litter and dust boxes for control of external arthropod parasites. Journal of Economic Entomology, 62, 1003-1005.
132. Ivey, M.C., Devaney, J.A., Ivie, G.W. & Beerwinkle, K.R. (1982) Residues of stirofos (Rabon) in eggs of laying hens treated for northern fowl mite control by dipping. Poultry Science, 61, 443-446.
133. Ivey, M.C., Ivie, G.W., Devaney, J.A. & Beerwinkle, K.R. (1984) Residues of carbaryl and 2 of its metabolites in eggs of laying hens treated with Sevin for Northern fowl mite control by dipping. Poultry Science, 63, 61-65.
134. Ivona, K., Mate, D., Hussein, K., Katarina, R., Marcinak, S. & Pavlina, J. (2004) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of sulfadimidine residues in eggs. Acta Veterinaria-Beograd, 54, 427-435.
135. Johnson, D.P., Arthur, B.W. & Critchfield, F.E. (1963) Determination of sevin insecticide and its metabolites in poultry tissues and eggs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 11, 77-80.
136. Kalaiselvi, L., Sriranjani, D., Ramesh, S., Sriram, P. & Mathuram, L.N. (2006) Pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin in broiler chicken. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 29, 185-189.
137. Kan, C.A. & Petz, M. (2000) Residues of veterinary drugs in eggs and their distribution between yolk and white. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 48, 6397-6403.
138. Kan, C.A., Vanleeuwen, W. & Vangend, H.W. (1989) Amprolium residues in eggs following administration of amprolium ethopabate to laying hens and rearing hens. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde, 114, 76-82.
139. Kan, C.A., van Gend, H.W. & Aerts, M.M.L. (1990) The carry-over of low levels of coccidiostats from layers feed to eggs. In Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food: Proceedings of the Euroresidue Conference. Eds Haagsma, N., Ruiter, A. & Czedik-Eysenberg, P.B., pp. 231-234. Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands.
140. Kan, C.A., Keukens, H.J. & Tomassen, M.J.H. (1998) Flubendazole residues in eggs after oral administration to laying hens: determination with reversed phase liquid chromatography. Analyst, 123, 2525-2527.
141. Katz, S.E., Dowling, J.J. & Fassbend, Ca. (1972) Chlortetracycline residues in eggs from hens on chlortetracycline-supplemented diets. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 55, 128-133.
142. Katz, S.E., Fassbend, C.A. & Dowling, J.J. (1973) Oxytetracycline residues in tissue, organs, and eggs of poultry fed supplemented rations. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 56, 77-81.
143. Keles, O., Bakirel, T., Sener, S., Baktir, G., Dagoglu, G. & Ozkan, O. (2001) Pharmacokinetics and tissue levels of tilmicosin in fowls. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, 25, 629-634.
144. Kennedy, D.G., Blanchflower, W.J., Hughes, P.J. & McCaughey, W.J. (1996) The incidence and cause of lasalocid residues in eggs in Northern Ireland. Food Additives and Contaminants, 13, 787-794.
145. Kennedy, D.G., Hughes, P.J. & Blanchflower, W.J. (1998a) Ionophore residues in eggs in Northern Ireland: incidence and cause. Food Additives and Contaminants, 15, 535-541.
146. Kennedy, D.G., McCracken, R.J., Hewitt, S.A. & McEvoy, J.D.G. (1998b) Metabolism of chlortetracycline: drug accumulation and excretion in the hen's egg. Analyst, 123, 2443-2447.
147. Kennedy, D.G., Cannavan, A. & McCracken, R.J. (2000) Regulatory problems caused by contamination, a frequently overlooked cause of veterinary drug residues. Journal of Chromatography A, 882, 37-52.
148. Keukens, H.J., Kan, C.A., van Rhijn, J.A. & van Dijk, J. (2000) Ivermectin residues in eggs of laying hens and in muscle and liver of broilers after administration of feeds containing low levels of ivermectin. In Proceedings of the EuroResidue IV Conference. eds van Ginkel, L.A. & Ruiter, A., pp. 678-682. Veldhoven, the Netherlands.
149. Kitagawa, T., Gotoh, Y., Uchihara, K., Kohri, Y., Kinoue, T., Fujiwara, K. & Ohtani, W. (1988) Sensitive enzyme-immunoassay of cephalexin residues in milk, hen tissues, and eggs. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 71, 915-920.
150. Kouba, R.F., Ray, W.H. & Craine, E.M. (1972) Presence of residues in eggs laid by chickens receiving decoquinate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 20, 589-592.
151. Krieg, R. (1966) Sulphonamide content of eggs, blood and organs of White Leghorns during and after treatment with Subnet (sulphadimidine). I. Eggs. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde, 30, 299-308.
152. Krieg, R. (1972) Passage of furazolidone into the egg after therapeutic administration. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde, 36, 171-174.
153. Kumar, L., Toothill, J.R. & Ho, K.B. (1994) Determination of nitrofuran residues in poultry muscle tissues and eggs by liquid chromatography. Journal of Aoac International, 77, 591-595.
154. Laurencot, H.J., Schlosser, A. & Hempstead, J.L. (1972) Deposition and clearance of Rofenaid in chicken and turkey eggs. Poultry Science, 51, 1181-1187.
155. van Leeuwen, F.X.R. (1991) Tylosin. In Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. 29 The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
156. Lewicki, J., Reeves, P.T. & Swan, G.E. (2008) Tylosin. Residue Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drugs, 70th meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 243-279.
157. Lindsay, D.S. & Blagburn, B.L. (2001) Antiprotozoan drugs. In Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Ed. Adams, H.R., pp. 993-1016. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
158. Lolo, M., Pedreira, S., Fente, C., Vazquez, B.I., Franco, C.M. & Cepeda, A. (2005) Study of enrofloxacin depletion in the eggs of laying hens using diphasic dialysis extraction/purification and determinative HPLC-MS analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 2849-2852.
159. Loscher, W., Fassbender, C.P., Weissing, M. & Kietzmann, M. (1990) Drug plasma levels following administration of trimethoprim and sulfonamide combinations to broilers. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 13, 309-319.
160. 32P-labeled malathion in the laying hen, white mouse, and American cockroach. Journal of Economic Entomology, 49, 185-195.
161. 14C-tylosin in tissues and eggs of laying hens. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 221, 64.
162. Martinez, M.N. (1998) Use of pharmacokinetics in veterinary medicine - article III: physicochemical properties of pharmaceuticals. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 213, 1274-1277.
163. Martinez, M., McDermott, P. & Walker, R. (2006) Pharmacology of the fluoroquinolones: a perspective for the use in domestic animals. Veterinary Journal, 172, 10-28.
164. Mattern, E.M., Kan, C.A. & Vangend, H.W. (1990) An automated HPLC determination of meticlorpindol in eggs with UV absorbance detection, using online dialysis and pre-concentration as sample cleanup-occurrence in and carry-over to eggs. Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung, 190, 25-30.
165. Maxwell, R.J., Cohen, E. & Donoghue, D.J. (1999) Determination of sarafloxacin residues in fortified and incurred eggs using on-line microdialysis and HPLC programmable fluorescence detection. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 47, 1563-1567.
166. McCay, C.F. & Arthur, B.W. (1962) Sevin residues in poultry products. Journal of Economic Entomology, 55, 936-938.
167. McCracken, R.J., Spence, D.E., Floyd, S.D. & Kennedy, D.G. (2001) Evaluation of the residues of furazolidone and its metabolite, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), in eggs. Food Additives and Contaminants, 18, 954-959.
168. McKellar, Q.A. & Jackson, F. (2004) Veterinary anthelmintics: old and new. Trends in Parasitology, 20, 456-461.
169. McQuistion, T.E. & McDougald, L.R. (1979) Eimeria tenella: anticoccidial action of drugs in birds with surgically closed ceca. Zeitschrift fur Parasitenkunde, 59, 107-113.
170. McReynolds, J.L., Caldwell, D.Y., McElroy, A.P., Hargis, B.M. & Caldwell, D.J. (2000) Antimicrobial residue detection in chicken yolk samples following administration to egg-producing chickens and effects of residue detection on competitive exclusion culture (PREEMPT) establishment. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 6435-6438.
171. Mitchell, G.E., Batson, D.B., Catherman, D.R., Tucker, R.E., Seman, D.H., Matsui, T., Cantor, A.H., Ely, D.G., Szabo, J. & Muntifering, R.B. (1988) Comparative drug depletion in domestic animals and birds. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 30 (Suppl. 1), 20-22.
172. Moro, C.V., De Luna, C.J., Tod, A., Guy, J.H., Sparagano, O.A.E. & Zenner, L. (2009) The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae): a potential vector of pathogenic agents. Experimental and Applied Acarology, 48, 93-104.
173. Mortier, L., Huet, A.C., Daeseleire, E., Huyghebaert, G., Fodey, T., Elliott, C., Delahaut, P. & Van Peteghem, C. (2005) Deposition and depletion of five anticoccidials in eggs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 7142-7149.
174. Morton, D.M., Fuller, D.M. & Green, J.N. (1973) Antiparasitic nitroimidazoles. 6. Metabolism and excretion of some 2-styryl-5-nitroimidazoles. Xenobiotica, 3, 257-266.
175. Mulder, P.P.J., Balzer-Rutgers, P., Brinke, E.M.T., Bolck, Y.J.C., Berendsen, B.J.A., Gercek, H., Schat, B. & van Rhijn, J.A. (2005) Deposition and depletion of the coccidiostats toltrazuril and halofuginone in eggs. Analytica Chimica Acta, 529, 331-337.
176. Nagata, T., Saeki, M., Iida, T., Kataoka, M. & Ino, R. (1989) Transfer of dietary sulfadimethoxine and sulfamonomethoxine into eggs and their disappearance from eggs. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan, 30, 375-383.
177. Nagata, T., Saeki, M., Iida, T., Kataoka, M. & Ino, R. (1990) Residue studies in egg on pyrimethamine given with feed. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan, 31, 297-302.
178. Nagata, T., Saeki, M., Iida, T., Kataoka, M. & Shikano, S. (1991) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of trimethoprim residues in egg yolk and albumin in a feeding experiment. British Veterinary Journal, 147, 346-351.
179. Nagata, T., Saeki, M., Ida, T. & Waki, M. (1992a) Sulfadimethoxine and sulfamonomethoxine residue studies in chicken tissues and eggs. In Sulfadimethoxine and Sulfamonomethoxine Residue Studies in Chicken Tissues and Eggs. pp. 173-185. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
180. Nagata, T., Saeki, M., Iida, T., Kataoka, M. & Shikano, S. (1992b) Determination of pyrimethamine and sulfadimethoxine residues in eggs by high-performance liquid chromatography. British Poultry Science, 33, 953-961.
181. Nagy, J., Sokol, J., Turek, P., Korimova, L. & Rozanska, H. (1997) Residues of oxytetracycline in egg white and yolk after medication of laying hens. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy, 41, 141-147.
182. Needham, M.L., Webb, A.I., Baynes, R.E., Riviere, J.E., Craigmill, A.L. & Tell, L.A. (2007) Current update on drugs for game bird species. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 231, 1506-1508.
183. Nogawa, H., Nagura, S., Tsuchiya, M. & Yonezawa, S. (1981) Residues of tetracycline antibiotics in eggs laid by hens given drinking water medicated. Annual Report of the National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, 18, 25-30.
184. Nose, N., Hoshino, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Masaki, H., Horie, S. & Kawauchi, S. (1982) Residues of synthetic antibacterial feed additives in tissues and eggs of chickens. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi, 23, 246-252.
185. Nouws, J.F.M., Geertsma, M.F., Grondel, J.L., Aerts, M.M.L., Vree, T.B. & Kan, C.A. (1988) Plasma disposition and renal clearance of sulfadimidine and its metabolites in laying hens. Research in Veterinary Science, 44, 202-207.
186. Oikawa, H., Nakamoto, K., Hirota, K. & Katagiri, K. (1977) Clearance of sulfamethoxazole in eggs and tissues of chickens. Poultry Science, 56, 813-821.
187. Oishi, Y. & Oda, T. (1989) Studies on residues of nicarbazin in eggs of laying hens. Journal of the Food Hygienic Society of Japan, 30, 542-547.
188. Omija, B., Mitema, E.S. & Maitho, T.E. (1994) Oxytetracycline residue levels in chicken eggs after oral administration of medicated drinking water to laying chickens. Food Additives and Contaminants, 11, 641-647.
189. Onodera, T., Inoue, S.I., Kasahara, A. & Oshima, Y. (1970) Experimental studies on sulfadimethoxine in fowls. 3. Egg and other tissue levels of sulfonamides. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science, 32, 275-283.
190. Palermo, D. & Gentile, G. (1975) Nitrofurazone residues in muscle, internal organs and eggs of fowl. Archivio Veterinario Italiano, 26, 81-85.
191. Pan, H.P. & Fouts, J.R. (1978) Drug metabolism in birds. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 7, 1-253.
192. Pang, G.F., Cao, Y.Z., Fan, C.L., Zhang, J.J., Li, X.M. & Zhang, Z.Y. (2001) Determination of clopidal residues in chicken tissues by liquid chromatography: Part II. Distribution and depletion of clopidal in chicken tissues. Journal of Aoac International, 84, 1343-1346.
193. Papich, M.G. & Riviere, J.E. (2001) Chloramphenicols and derivatives, macrolides, lincosamides, and miscellaneous antimicrobials. In Veterinary Phamacology and Therapeutics, 8th edn. Ed. Adams, H.R., pp. 868-917. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
194. Paulson, G.D. & Feil, V.J. (1969) Fate of a single oral dose of carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) in chicken. Poultry Science, 48, 1593-1597.
195. Paulson, G.D., Zaylskie, R.G., Jacobsen, A.M. & Docktor, M.M. (1972) Isopropyl carbanilate (Propham) metabolism in chicken-balance studies and isolation and identification of excreted metabolites. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 20, 867-876.
196. Petz, M. (1984) Residues in eggs after treatment of laying hens with chloramphenicol and furazolidone. Archiv Fur Lebensmittelhygiene, 35, 51-54.
197. Petz, M. (1993) Distribution of sulfaquinoxaline and three nitrofurans between yolk and egg white during medication and depletion. In EuroResidue II. Eds Haagsma, N., Ruiter, A. & Czedik-Eysenberg, P.B., pp. 528-532. Veldhoven, the Netherlands.
198. Petz, M., Thier, H.P. & Vogt, H. (1980) Residues of the coccidiostat amprolium in meat and eggs - gas-chromatographic method for the determination and results of residue analyses. Zeitschrift Fur Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung, 170, 329-333.
199. Pitois, M., Bosio, P. & Lavallee, G. (1973a) Detectable residues in the meat, fat, and eggs of hens housed in places treated with tetrachlorvinphos dust. Recueil de Medecine Veterinaire de l'Ecole d'Alfort, 149, 5-11.
200. Pitois, M., Bosio, P. & Lavallee, G. (1973b) Etude des résidus détectables dans la viande, la graisse et les oeufs de poules hébergées dans des locaux traités en pulvérisation avec du tétrachlorvinphos. Recueil de médecine vétérinaire, 149, 5-11.
201. 14. Poultry Science, 46, 88-93.
202. Polin, D., Ott, W.H., Wynosky, E.R. & Porter, C.C. (1968) Yolk amprolium levels produced by giving chickens amprolium in feed or water. Poultry Science, 47, 795-799.
203. Polzer, J., Stachel, C. & Gowik, P. (2004) Treatment of turkeys with nitroimidazoles impact of the selection of target analytes and matrices on an effective residue control. Analytica Chimica Acta, 521, 189-200.
204. Posyniak, A., Semeniuk, S., Zmudzki, J., Niedzielska, J. & Biernacki, B. (1996a) Residues of dimetridazole in eggs after treatment of laying hens. Veterinary Research Communications, 20, 167-174.
205. Posyniak, A., Semeniuk, S., Zmudzki, J., Niedzielska, J. & Biernacki, B. (1996b) Tissue concentration of dimetridazole in laying hens. Food Additives and Contaminants, 13, 871-877.
206. Prescott, J.F. (2006) Beta-lactam antibiotics: penam penicillins. In Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Eds Giguere, S., Prescott, J.F., Baggot, J.D., Walker, R.D. & Dowling, P.M., pp. 121-137. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA.
207. Queralt, J. & Castells, I. (1985) Phamacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim association in hens. Poultry Science, 64, 2362-2367.
208. Raica, N., Heywang, B.W. & Kemmerer, A.R. (1956) Antibiotic concentration in eggs from hens on chlortetracycline supplemented diets. Poultry Science, 35, 884-888.
209. Rana, R., Akhtar, M.S. & Nawaz, M. (1993) Residues of sulfaquinoxaline in poultry products. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 13, 161-166.
210. Riberzani, A., Fedrizzi, G. & Espositi, S. (1993) Presence of flumequine in eggs: experimental results of a simulated field trial. In EuroResidue II. Eds Haagsma, N., Ruiter, A. & Czedik-Eysenberg, P.B., pp. 576-580. Veldhoven, the Netherlands.
211. Righter, H.F., Worthing, J.M., Zimmerma, H.E. & Mercer, H.D. (1970) Tissue residue depletion of sulfaquinoxaline in poultry. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 31, 1051-1054.
212. Riviere, J.E. & Spoo, J.W. (2001) Dermatopharmacology: drugs acting locally on the skin. In Veterinary Phamacology and Therapeutics, 8th edn. Ed. Adams, H.R., pp. 1084-1104. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
213. Rokka, M., Eerola, S., Perttila, U., Rossow, L., Venalainen, E., Valkonen, E., Valaja, J. & Peltonen, K. (2005) The residue levels of narasin in eggs of laying hens fed with unmedicated and medicated feed. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 49, 38-42.
214. Rolinski, Z., Kowalski, C. & Wlaz, P. (1997) Distribution and elimination of norfloxacin from broiler chicken tissues and eggs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 20 (Suppl. 1), 200-201.
215. Romvary, A. & Horvay, M.S. (1976) Pharmacokinetics of sulfonamide-trimethoprim combination orally administered to geese. Acta Veterinaria Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 26, 173-182.
216. Romvary, A. & Simon, F. (1992) Sulfonamide residues in eggs. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 40, 99-106.
217. Romvary, A., Kovacsics-Acs, L. & Benesch, L. (1988) Residue studies in eggs. In Abstracts of the 4th Congress of the European Association for Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology. Ed. Simon, F., p. 231. University of Veterinary Science, Budapest.
218. Romvary, A., Kovacsics, L.A. & Ferenc, S. (1991) Aprimycin drug residuum in eggs. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja, 46, 611-614.
219. Rosenblum, C., Wolf, D.E., Trenner, N.R., Buhs, R.P., Hiremath, C.B. & Koniuszy, F.R. (1972) Metabolism of ronidazole (1-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-2-ylmethyl carbamate). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 20, 360-371.
220. Roudaut, B. (1989a) Depletion of colistin in eggs following medication of laying hens. Veterinary Quarterly, 11, 183-185.
221. Roudaut, B. (1989b) Residues of aminoglycosides antibiotics in eggs after medication of laying hens. British Poultry Science, 30, 265-271.
222. Roudaut, B. (1998) Elimination of oxolinic acid in eggs after oral treatment of laying hens. British Poultry Science, 39, 47-52.
223. Roudaut, B. & Garnier, M. (2002) Sulphonamide residues in eggs following drug administration via the drinking water. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19, 373-378.
224. Roudaut, B. & Moretain, J.P. (1990) Residues of macrolide antibiotics in eggs following medication of laying hens. British Poultry Science, 31, 661-675.
225. Roudaut, B., Moretain, J.P. & Boisseau, J. (1987a) Excretion of oxytetracycline in eggs after medication of laying hens. Food Additives and Contaminants, 4, 297-307.
226. Roudaut, B., Moretain, J.P. & Boisseau, J. (1987b) Residues of ampicillin in eggs after oral and parenteral administration. Recueil de médecine vétérinaire, 163, 43-47.
227. Roudaut, B., Moretain, J.P. & Boisseau, J. (1989) Excretion of tetracycline and chlortetracycline in eggs after oral medication of laying hens. Food Additives and Contaminants, 6, 71-78.
228. Sakano, T., Masuda, S. & Amano, T. (1981) Determination of residual diaveridine and sulfaquinoxaline in hens' egg, chicken plasma and tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29, 2290-2295.
229. Saleh, M.A., Ibrahim, N.A., Soliman, N.Z. & Elsheimy, M.K. (1986) Persistence and distribution of cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and fenvalerate in laying chickens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 34, 895-898.
230. Samaha, I., Ebrecht, A., Ellerbroek, L., Matthes, S. & Wenzel, S. (1991) Flumequine residues in eggs. Archiv Fur Lebensmittelhygiene, 42, 37-39.
231. Samouris, G., Nathanael, B., Tsoukalipapadopoulou, H. & Papadimitriou, N. (1993) Determination of chloramphenicol residues in eggs by high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC). Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 35, 406-409.
232. Samouris, G., Tsoukali-Papadopoulou, H., Nathanael, B. & Mirtsou-Fidani, V. (1998) Chlorampenicol residues in albumen and yolk of hen's eggs after experimental administration. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde, 62, 83-85.
233. Scherk, F. & Agthe, O. (1986) Examinations of hens eggs on residues of chloramphenicol using a radioimmunoassay. Archiv Fur Lebensmittelhygiene, 37, 146-147.
234. Schlenker, F.S. & Simmons, B.K. (1950) The absorption, distribution, and excretion of sulfaquinoxaline in poultry. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 11, 291-295.
235. Schneider, M.J. & Donoghue, D.J. (2000) Multiresidue determination of fluoroquinolones in eggs. Journal of Aoac International, 83, 1306-1312.
236. Schwarzer, C. & Dorn, P. (1987) Chloramphenicol resildues in egg yolk after treatment of young and adult laying chickens. Tierarztliche Umschau, 42, 897-902.
237. 14C decoquinate in chickens, quail and sheep. Veterinary and Human Toxicology, 28, 325-327.
238. Seman, D.H., Catherman, D.R., Matsui, T., Hayek, M.G., Batson, D.B., Cantor, A.H., Tucker, R.E., Muntifering, R.B., Westendorf, M.L. & Mitchell, G.E. (1989) Metabolism of decoquinate in chickens and Japanese quail. Poultry Science, 68, 670-675.
239. Shah, A.H., Khan, M.N., Iqbal, Z. & Sajid, M.S. (2004) Tick infestation in poultry. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6, 1162-1165.
240. 14C-residue of some selected poultry drugs in egg albumen and yolk. In Euroresidue IV. Eds van Ginkel, L.A. & Ruiter, A., pp. 1018-1023. Veldhoven, the Netherlands.
241. Shaikh, B., Rummel, N. & Donoghue, D. (1999) Determination of sulfamethazine and its major metabolites in egg albumin and egg yolk by high performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies, 22, 2651-2662.
242. Shaw, F.R., Fischang, W.J., Anderson, D.L., Hurny, J., Ziener, W.H. & Smith, C.T. (1964) Effects of coumaphos on poultry and its residues in tissue and eggs. Journal of Economic Entomology, 57, 516-518.
243. Shen, J.Z., Li, H.Y., Jiang, H.Y., Zhou, D.G., Xu, F., Li, J.C. & Ding, S.Y. (2008) Simultaneous determination of 13 quinolones in eggs using column high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and depletion of pefloxacin methanesulfonate in eggs. Journal of Aoac International, 91, 1499-1506.
244. Sherman, M. & Herrick, R.B. (1971) Fly control, chronic toxicity, and residues from feeding rabon to laying hens. Journal of Economic Entomology, 64, 1159-1164.
245. Sherman, M., Herrick, R.B. & Beck, J. (1972) Chronic toxicity and residues from feeding nemacide [o-(2, 4-dichlorophenyl)o, o-diethyl phosphorothioate] to laying hens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 20, 617-624.
246. Silva, R.G.d., Reyes, F.G.R., Sartori, J.R. & Rath, S. (2006) Enrofloxacin assay validation and pharmacokinetics following a single oral dose in chickens. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 29, 365-372.
247. Šinigoj-Gačnik, K. & Rojs, O.Z. (2008) Salinomycin concentration in eggs and tissues of laying hens. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 77, 423-429.
248. Sisodia, C.S. & Dunlop, R.H. (1972) Chloramphenicol residue in eggs. Canadian Veterinary Journal-Revue Veterinaire Canadienne, 13, 279-282.
249. Smith, G.N. (1964) Pathways for metabolism of 3, 5-dinitro-o-toluamide (Zoalene) in chickens. Analytical Biochemistry, 7, 461-471.
250. Smith, G.N. (1969) Metabolism of 36-Cl-clopidol (3, 5-dichloro-2, 6-dimethyl-4-pyridinol) in chickens. Poultry Science, 48, 420-436.
251. Smith, G.N., Ludwig, P.D. & Thiegs, B.J. (1963) Metabolism of 3, 5-dinitro-0-toluamide-C14 (Zoalene) in chickens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 11, 247-251.
252. Stachel, C., Bock, C., Hamann, F. & Gowik, P. (2006) Residues of several nitrofurans in egg. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 29 (Suppl. 1), 143-144.
253. Staiger, L.E., Quistad, G.B., Duddy, S.K. & Schooley, D.A. (1982) Metabolism of fluvalinate by laying hens. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 184, 36.
254. Stecklair, K.P., Hamburger, D.R., Egorin, M.J., Parise, R.A., Covey, J.M. & Eiseman, J.L. (2001) Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of halofuginone (NSC 713205) in CD2F1 mice and Fischer 344 rats. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 48, 375-382.
255. Sweeney, D.J., Kennington, A. & Donoho, A.L. (1996) Tissue residues and metabolism of narasin in chicken. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44, 2829-2834.
256. Tansakul, N., Niedorf, F. & Kietzmann, M. (2007) A sulfadimidine model to evaluate pharmacokinetics and residues at various concentrations in laying hen. Food Additives and Contaminants, 24, 598-604.
257. Tomasi, L., Giovannetti, L., Rondolotti, A., DellaRocca, G. & Stracciari, G.L. (1996) Depletion of the residues of colistin and amoxicillin in turkeys following simultaneous subcutaneous administration. Veterinary Research Communications, 20, 175-182.
258. Vaden, S.L. & Riviere, J.E. (2001) Penicillins and related beta-lactam antibiotics. In Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Ed. Adams, H.R., pp. 818-827. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
259. Varia, R.D., Patel, J.H., Patel, U.D., Bhavsar, S.K. & Thaker, A.M. (2009) Disposition of levofloxacin following oral administration in broiler chickens. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 64, 118-121.
260. Vass, M., Hruska, K. & Franek, M. (2008) Nitrofuran antibiotics: a review on the application, prohibition and residual analysis. Veterinarni Medicina, 53, 469-500.
261. Wasti, S.S. & Shaw, F.R. (1971) Residues of encapsulated rabon in tissues and eggs of poultry. Journal of Economic Entomology, 64, 224-225.
262. Wells, R.J. (1999) Nicarbazin. In Residues of some veterinary drugs in animals and foods. 41/11 Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.
263. Whittow, G.C. (2000) Sturkie's Avian Physiology. Sturkie's Avian Physiology, 5th edn. Academic Press, London.
264. Xie, K., Zhang, J., Gong, D., Wang, Z., Chen, G. & Sun, S. (2005) Elimination rule on residues of ciprofloxacin in eggs of laying hens. Journal of Yangzhou University, Agricultural and Life Sciences Edition, 26, 23-26.
265. Yadava, C.P. & Shaw, F.R. (1970) Residues of Rabon in tissues and egg yolks of poultry. Journal of Economic Entomology, 63, 1097-1099.
266. Yakkundi, S., Cannavan, A., Young, P.B., Elhott, C.T. & Kennedy, D.G. (2002) Halofuginone contamination in feeds as a cause of residues in eggs. Analytica Chimica Acta, 473, 177-182.
267. Yamamoto, H., Yamaoka, R. & Kohanawa, M. (1979) Sulfonamide residue in fowls given sulfadimethoxine sodium in drinking water. Annual Report of the National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, 16, 47-51.
268. Yang, G.X., Dong, A.G., Zeng, Z.L., Huang, X.H. & Chen, Z.L. (2006) Study of danofloxacin depletion in eggs of laying hens after oral administration. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 28, 128-131.
269. Yoshida, M., Kubota, D., Yonezawa, S., Nakamura, H., Azechi, H. & Terakado, N. (1971) Transfer of dietary spiramycin into the eggs and its residue in the liver of laying hens. Japanese Poultry Science, 8, 103-110.
270. Yoshida, M., Kubota, D., Yonezawa, S., Nakamura, H., Yamaoka, R. & Yoshimura, H. (1973a) Transfer of dietary tylosin into the eggs and its residue in the liver of laying hen. Japan Poultry Science, 10, 29-36.
271. Yoshida, M., Kubota, D., Yonezawa, S., Nakamura, H., Yamaoka, R. & Yoshimura, H. (1973b) Tranfer of dietary oxytetracycline into eggs and its disappearance from eggs. Japanese Poultry Science, 10, 254-260.
272. Yoshida, M., Kubota, D., Yonezawa, S., Nakamura, H., Yamaoka, R. & Yoshimura, H. (1973c) Transer of dietary chlortetracycline into eggs and its disappearance from eggs and from the liver. Japanese Poultry Science, 10, 261-268.
273. Yoshida, M., Kubota, D., Yonezawa, S., Nogawa, H., Yoshimura, H. & Ito, O. (1976) Transfer of dietary kanamycin into eggs and its disappearance from eggs and from the liver and bile. Japanese Poultry Science, 13, 129-135.
274. Yoshimura, H., Itoh, O., Kondo, K., Yonezawa, S. & Nagura, S. (1978) Residues of macrolide antibiotics in eggs laid by hen given medicated drinking water. Annual Report of the National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, 15, 43-48.
275. Yoshimura, H., Osawa, N., Rasa, F.S.C., Hermawati, D., Werdiningsih, S., Isriyanthi, N.M.R. & Sugimori, T. (1991) Residues of doxycycline and oxytetracycline in eggs after medication via drinking water to laying hens. Food Additives and Contaminants, 8, 65-69.
276. Ziv, G., Neumann, J., Fridman, J., Ziv, E., Singer, N. & Meshorer, A. (1979) Effects of probenecid on blood levels and tissue distribution of ampicillin in fowls and turkeys. Avian Diseases, 23, 927-939.
277. Zulalian, J., Champagne, D.A., Wayne, R.S. & Blinn, R.C. (1975) Absorption, excretion, and metabolism of 1, 3-bis(parachlorobenzylideneamino)guanidine hydrochloride (Robenz-Robenidine hydrochloride) in chicken. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 23, 724-730.
278. Zurhelle, G., Petz, M., Mueller-Seitz, E. & Siewert, E. (2000) Metabolites of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline and their distribution in egg white, egg yolk, and hen plasma. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48, 6392-6396.