Block copolymer strategies for solar cell technology

Journal of Polymer Science, Part B: Polymer Physics

Volumn 49, Issue 16, 2011, Pages 1131-1156

  Topham, Paul D ^a   Parnell, Andrew J ^b   Hiorns, Roger C ^c  

^a ASTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE PAU ET DES PAYS DE L'ADOUR   (France)

Author keywords

block copolymers; nanotechnology; organic photovoltaics; photophysics; self assembly; solar cells

Indexed keywords

CHARGE COLLECTION; CURRENT TECHNOLOGY; FLEXIBLE SUBSTRATE; LONG TERM STABILITY; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES; ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAICS; PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS; RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE; SELF-ASSEMBLY SOLAR CELLS; SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY; SOLID-STATE MORPHOLOGY; STRUCTURAL STABILITIES;

BLOCK COPOLYMERS; COPOLYMERIZATION; FOSSIL FUELS; PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECTS; PLASTIC PRODUCTS; SELF ASSEMBLY; STABILITY;

SOLAR POWER GENERATION;

EID: 79960498932     PISSN: 08876266     EISSN: 10990488     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/polb.22302     Document Type: Review

References (218)

1. IPCC 4th Assessment Report: Climate Change. Available at:. Accessed on March 23, 2011.
2. Lewis, N. S.,;, Nocera, D. G., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 15729-15735.
3. Dennler, G.,;, Scharber, M. C.,;, Brabec, C., J. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1323-1338.
4. http://www.solarbuzz.com Accessed on March 15, 2011.
5. Liang, Y. Y.,;, Xu, Z.,;, Xia, J. B.,;, Tsai, S. T.,;, Wu, Y.,;, Li, G.,;, Ray, C.,;, Yu, L. P., Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, E135.
6. Accessed on March 15, 2011.
7. Gunes, S.,;, Neugebauer, H.,;, Sariciftci, N. S., Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 1324-1338.
8. Thompson, B. C.,;, Frechet, J. M. J., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 58-77.
9. Powell, C.,;, Bender, T.,;, Lawryshyn, Y., Solar Energy 2009, 83, 1977-1984.
10. Barnham, K. W. J.,;, Mazzer, M.,;, Clive, B., Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 161-164.
11. Brabec, C. J.,;, Gowrisanker, S.,;, Halls, J. J. M.,;, Laird, D.,;, Jia, S. J.,;, Williams, S. P., Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3839-3856.
12. OPV's with efficiencies of 10% "OE-A Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics," 3rd ed., 2009; Availabe at:. Accessed on May 3, 2011.
13. Nakajima, K.,;, Usami, N., Crystal Growth of Si for Solar Cells; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009.
14. Jorgensen, M.,;, Norrman, K.,;, Krebs, F. C., Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 2008, 92, 686-714.
15. Cheng, Y. J.,;, Yang, S. H.,;, Hsu, C. S., Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 5868-5923.
16. Inganas, O.,;, Zhang, F. L.,;, Tvingstedt, K.,;, Andersson, L. M.,;, Hellstrom, S.,;, Andersson, M. R., Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, E100-E116.
17. Park, H. J.,;, Kang, M. G.,;, Ahn, S. H.,;, Guo, L. J., Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, E247.
18. Hoth, C. N.,;, Schilinsky, P.,;, Choulis, S. A.,;, Brabec, C. J., Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 2806-2813.
19. Kirova, N., Polym. Int. 2008, 57, 678-688.
20. Dkhissi, A., Synthetic Met. 2011, DOI: 10.1016/j.synthmet. 2011.1004.1003.
21. Yang, X.,;, Loos, J., Macromolecules 2007, 40, 1353-1362.
22. Sariciftci, N. S.,;, Smilowitz, L.,;, Heeger, A. J.,;, Wudl, F., Science 1992, 258, 1474-1476.
23. Deibel, C.,;, Dyakonov, V., Rep. Prog. Phys. 2010, 73.
24. Clarke, T. M.,;, Durrant, J. R., Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6736-6767.
25. Jaiswal, M.,;, Menon, R., Polym. Int. 2006, 55, 1371-1384.
26. Scharber, M. C.,;, Wuhlbacher, D.,;, Koppe, M.,;, Denk, P.,;, Waldauf, C.,;, Heeger, A. J.,;, Brabec, C. L., Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 789-794.
27. Mozer, A. J.,;, Sariciftci, N. S., Comptes Rendus Chim. 2006, 9, 568-577.
28. Moliton, A.,;, Hiorns, R. C., Polym. Int. 2004, 53, 1397-1412.
29. Germack, D. S.,;, Chan, C. K.,;, Hamadani, B. H.,;, Richter, L. J.,;, Fischer, D. A.,;, Gundlach, D. J.,;, DeLongchamp, D. M., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 94.
30. Brabec, C. J., Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 2004, 83, 273-292.
31. Park, S. H.,;, Roy, A.,;, Beaupre, S.,;, Cho, S.,;, Coates, N.,;, Moon, J. S.,;, Moses, D.,;, Leclerc, M.,;, Lee, K.,;, Heeger, A. J., Nat. Photon. 2009, 3, U295-U297.
32. Watkins, P. K.,;, Walker, A. B.,;, Verschoor, G. L. B., Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1814-1818.
33. Botiz, I.,;, Darling, S. B., Mater. Today 2010, 13, 42-51.
34. Darling, S. B., Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 1266-1273.
35. Segalman, R. A.,;, McCulloch, B.,;, Kirmayer, S.,;, Urban, J. J., Macromolecules 2009, 42, 9205-9216.
36. Sommer, M.,;, Huettner, S.,;, Thelakkat, M. J., Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 10788-10797.
37. Liu, C. L.,;, Lin, C. H.,;, Kuo, C. C.,;, Lin, S. T.,;, Chen, W. C., Prog. Polym. Sci. 2011, 36, 603-637.
38. de Cuendias, A.,;, Hiorns, R. C.,;, Cloutet, E.,;, Vignau, L.,;, Cramail, H., Polym. Int. 2010, 59, 1452-1476.
39. Liang, Y. Y.,;, Wang, H. B.,;, Yuan, S. W.,;, Lee, Y. G.,;, Yu, L. P., J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 2183-2194.
40. Tseng, Y.-C.,;, Darling, S. B., Polymers 2010, 2, 470-489.
41. Boudreault, P. L. T.,;, Najari, A.,;, Leclerc, M., Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 456-469.
42. Bundgaard, E.,;, Krebs, F. C., Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 2007, 91, 954-985.
43. Zhan, X. W.,;, Zhu, D. B., Polym. Chem. 2010, 1, 409-419.
44. Sariciftci, N. S.,;, Braun, D.,;, Zhang, C.,;, Srdanov, V. I.,;, Heeger, A. J.,;, Stucky, G.,;, Wudl, F., Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993, 62, 585-587.
45. Nunzi, J. M., Comptes Rendus Phys. 2002, 3, 523-542.
46. Sariciftci, N. S.,;, Heeger, A. J., Regents of the University of California (Oakland, CA), U.S. Patent 5,454,880, 1995.
47. Yu, G.,;, Gao, J.,;, Hummelen, J. C.,;, Wudl, F.,;, Heeger, A. J., Science 1995, 270, 1789-1791.
48. Yu, G.,;, Heeger, A. J., J. Appl. Phys. 1995, 78, 4510-4515.
49. Halls, J. J. M.,;, Walsh, C. A.,;, Greenham, N. C.,;, Marseglia, E. A.,;, Friend, R. H.,;, Moratti, S. C.,;, Holmes, A. B., Nature 1995, 376, 498-500.
50. Wang, T.,;, Dunbar, A. D. F.,;, Staniec, P. A.,;, Pearson, A. J.,;, Hopkinson, P. E.,;, Macdonald, J. E.,;, Lilliu, S.,;, Pizzey, C.,;, Terrill, N. J.,;, Donald, A. M.,;, Ryan, A. J.,;, Jones, R. A. L.,;, Lidzey, D. G., Soft Matter 2010, 6, 4128.
51. Lilliu, S.,;, Agostinelli, T.,;, Pires, E.,;, Hampton, M.,;, Nelson, J.,;, Macdonald, J. E., Macromolecules 2011, 44, 2725-2734.
52. Hoppe, H.,;, Glatzel, T.,;, Niggemann, M.,;, Hinsch, A.,;, Lux-Steiner, M. C.,;, Sariciftci, N. S., Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 269-274.
53. Berson, S.,;, De Bettignies, R.,;, Bailly, S.,;, Guillerez, S., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 1377-1384.
54. Muller, C.,;, Ferenczi, T. A. M.,;, Campoy-Quiles, M.,;, Frost, J. M.,;, Bradley, D. D. C.,;, Smith, P.,;, Stingelin-Stutzmann, N.,;, Nelson, J., Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 3510-3515.
55. Nguyen, L. H.,;, Hoppe, H.,;, Erb, T.,;, Gunes, S.,;, Gobsch, G.,;, Sariciftci, N. S., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 1071-1078.
56. Clarke, T. M.,;, Ballantyne, A. M.,;, Nelson, J.,;, Bradley, D. D. C.,;, Durrant, J. R., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 4029-4035.
57. Marsh, R. A.,;, Hodgkiss, J. M.,;, Albert-Seifried, S.,;, Friend, R. H., Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 923-930.
58. Erb, T.,;, Zhokhavets, U.,;, Gobsch, G.,;, Raleva, S.,;, Stuhn, B.,;, Schilinsky, P.,;, Waldauf, C.,;, Brabec, C. J., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1193-1196.
59. van Bavel, S. S.,;, Barenklau, M.,;, de With, G.,;, Hoppe, H.,;, Loos, J., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 1458-1463.
60. Kim, Y.,;, Cook, S.,;, Tuladhar, S. M.,;, Choulis, S. A.,;, Nelson, J.,;, Durrant, J. R.,;, Bradley, D. D. C.,;, Giles, M.,;, McCulloch, I.,;, Ha, C. S.,;, Ree, M., Nat. Mater. 2006, 5, 197-203.
61. Ballantyne, A. M.,;, Chen, L.,;, Dane, J.,;, Hammant, T.,;, Braun, F. M.,;, Heeney, M.,;, Duffy, W.,;, McCulloch, I.,;, Bradley, D. D. C.,;, Nelson, J., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008, 18, 2373-2380.
62. Schilinsky, P.,;, Asawapirom, U.,;, Scherf, U.,;, Biele, M.,;, Brabec, C. J., Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 2175-2180.
63. Hiorns, R. C.,;, De Bettignies, R.,;, Leroy, J.,;, Bailly, S.,;, Firon, M.,;, Sentein, C.,;, Khoukh, A.,;, Preud'homme, H.,;, Dagron-Lartigau, C., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 2263-2273.
64. Urien, M.,;, Wantz, G.,;, Cloutet, E.,;, Hirsch, L.,;, Tardy, P.,;, Vignau, L.,;, Cramail, H.,;, Parniex, J. P., Org. Electron. 2007, 8, 727-734.
65. Virkar, A. A.,;, Mannsfeld, S.,;, Bao, Z. A.,;, Stingelin, N., Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 3857-3875.
66. Zhao, J.,;, Swinnen, A.,;, Van Assche, G.,;, Manca, J.,;, Vanderzande, D.,;, Van Mele, B., J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 1587-1591.
67. Yang, X. N.,;, Loos, J.,;, Veenstra, S. C.,;, Verhees, W. J. H.,;, Wienk, M. M.,;, Kroon, J. M.,;, Michels, M. A. J.,;, Janssen, R. A. J., Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 579-583.
68. Hoppe, H.,;, Sariciftci, N. S. J., Mater. Chem. 2006, 16, 45-61.
69. Ma, W. L.,;, Yang, C. Y.,;, Gong, X.,;, Lee, K.,;, Heeger, A. J., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15, 1617-1622.
70. Moule, A. J.,;, Meerholz, K., Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 240-245.
71. Chen, L. M.,;, Hong, Z. R.,;, Li, G.,;, Yang, Y., Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 1434-1449.
72. Geiser, A.,;, Fan, B.,;, Benmansour, H.,;, Castro, F.,;, Heier, J.,;, Keller, B.,;, Mayerhofer, K. E.,;, Nuesch, F.,;, Hany, R., Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 2008, 92, 464-473.
73. Lungenschmied, C.,;, Dennler, G.,;, Neugebauer, H.,;, Sariciftci, S. N.,;, Glatthaar, M.,;, Meyer, T.,;, Meyer, A., Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 2007, 91, 379-384.
74. Manceau, M.,;, Bundgaard, E.,;, Carle, J. E.,;, Hagemann, O.,;, Helgesen, M.,;, Sondergaard, R.,;, Jorgensen, M.,;, Krebs, F. C., J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 4132-4141.
75. Yokozawa, T.,;, Yokoyama, A., Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 5595-5619.
76. Osaka, I.,;, McCullough, R. D., Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1202-1214.
77. Hummelen, J. C.,;, Knight, B. W.,;, LePeq, F.,;, Wudl, F.,;, Yao, J.,;, Wilkins, C. L. J., Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 532-538.
78. Ruoff, R. S.,;, Tse, D. S.,;, Malhotra, R.,;, Lorents, D. C., J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 3379-3383.
79. Liang, Y. Y.,;, Wu, Y.,;, Feng, D. Q.,;, Tsai, S. T.,;, Son, H. J.,;, Li, G.,;, Yu, L. P., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 56-57.
80. Wienk, M. M.,;, Kroon, J. M.,;, Verhees, W. J. H.,;, Knol, J.,;, Hummelen, J. C.,;, van Hal, P. A.,;, Janssen, R. A. J., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3371-3375.
81. Lenes, M.,;, Wetzelaer, G.,;, Kooistra, F. B.,;, Veenstra, S. C.,;, Hummelen, J. C.,;, Blom, P. W. M., Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 2116-2119.
82. He, Y. J.,;, Chen, H. Y.,;, Hou, J. H.,;, Li, Y. F., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 1377-1382.
83. Hsieh, C. H.,;, Cheng, Y. J.,;, Li, P. J.,;, Chen, C. H.,;, Dubosc, M.,;, Liang, R. M.,;, Hsu, C. S., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4887-4893.
84. Cheng, Y. J.,;, Hsieh, C. H.,;, Li, P. J.,;, Hsu, C. S., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011, DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201002502.
85. Barrau, S.,;, Heiser, T.,;, Richard, F.,;, Brochon, C.,;, Ngov, C.,;, van de Wetering, K.,;, Hadziioannou, G.,;, Anokhin, D. V.,;, Ivanov, D. A., Macromolecules 2008, 41, 2701-2710.
86. Gholamkhass, B.,;, Peckham, T. J.,;, Holdcroft, S., Polym. Chem. 2010, 1, 708-719.
87. Hiorns, R. C.,;, Cloutet, E.,;, Ibarboure, E.,;, Vignau, L.,;, Lemaitre, N.,;, Guillerez, S.,;, Absalon, C.,;, Cramail, H., Macromolecules 2009, 42, 3549-3558.
88. Howard, I. A.,;, Laquai, F.,;, Keivanidis, P. E.,;, Friend, R. H.,;, Greenham, N. C., J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 21225-21232.
89. Li, J. L.,;, Dierschke, F.,;, Wu, J. S.,;, Grimsdale, A. C.,;, Mullen, K., J. Mater. Chem. 2006, 16, 96-100.
90. Alam, M. M.,;, Jenekhe, S. A., Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, 4647-4656.
91. Brunetti, F. G.,;, Gong, X.,;, Tong, M.,;, Heeger, A. J.,;, Wudl, F., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 532-536.
92. Kim, Y.,;, Ballantyne, A. M.,;, Nelson, J.,;, Bradley, D. D. C., Org. Electron. 2009, 10, 205-209.
93. Brabec, C. J.,;, Dyakonov, V.,;, Scherf, U., Organic Photovoltaics: Materials, Device Physics, and Manufacturing Technologies; Wiley: Weinheim, 2008.
94. Campoy-Quiles, M.,;, Ferenczi, T.,;, Agostinelli, T.,;, Etchegoin, P. G.,;, Kim, Y.,;, Anthopoulos, T. D.,;, Stavrinou, P. N.,;, Bradley, D. D. C.,;, Nelson, J., Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 158-164.
95. Parnell, A. J.,;, Dunbar, A. D. F.,;, Pearson, A. J.,;, Staniec, P. A.,;, Dennison, A. J. C.,;, Hamamatsu, H.,;, Skoda, M. W. A.,;, Lidzey, D. G.,;, Jones, R. A. L., Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 2444-2447.
96. Leibler, L., Macromolecules 1980, 13, 1602-1617.
97. Matsen, M. W.,;, Bates, F. S., Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1091-1098.
98. Flory, P. J., Principles of Polymer Chemistry; Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York, 1953.
99. deGennes, P.-G., Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics; Cornell University Press: Ithaca, New York, 1979.
100. Bates, F. S., Science 1991, 251, 898-905.
101. Fried, H.,;, Binder, K. J., Chem. Phys. 1991, 94, 8349-8366.
102. Wang, Z. G.,;, Safran, S. A., J. Chem. Phys. 1991, 94, 679-687.
103. Meuler, A. J.,;, Hillmyer, M. A.,;, Bates, F. S., Macromolecules 2009, 42, 7221-7250.
104. Wu, P. T.,;, Ren, G. Q.,;, Li, C. X.,;, Mezzenga, R.,;, Jenekhe, S. A., Macromolecules 2009, 42, 2317-2320.
105. Reenders, M.,;, ten Brinke, G., Macromolecules 2002, 35, 3266-3280.
106. Olsen, B. D.,;, Segalman, R. A., Macromolecules 2005, 38, 10127-10137.
107. Olsen, B. D.,;, Segalman, R. A., Macromolecules 2007, 40, 6922-6929.
108. Williams, D. R. M.,;, Fredrickson, G. H., Macromolecules 1992, 25, 3561-3568.
109. Scherf, U.,;, Gutacker, A.,;, Koenen, N., Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1086-1097.
110. Wu, P. T.,;, Ren, G. Q.,;, Kim, F. S.,;, Li, C. X.,;, Mezzenga, R.,;, Jenekhe, S. A., J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2010, 48, 614-626.
111. Verduzco, R.,;, Botiz, I.,;, Pickel, D. L.,;, Kilbey, S. M.,;, Hong, K. L.,;, Dimasi, E.,;, Darling, S. B., Macromolecules 2011, 44, 530-539.
112. Charvet, R.,;, Acharya, S.,;, Hill, J. P.,;, Akada, M.,;, Liao, M. Y.,;, Seki, S.,;, Honsho, Y.,;, Saeki, A.,;, Ariga, K., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 18030.
113. Leclere, P.,;, Surin, M.,;, Jonkheijm, P.,;, Henze, O.,;, Schenning, A.,;, Biscarini, F.,;, Grimsdale, A. C.,;, Feast, W. J.,;, Meijer, E. W.,;, Mullen, K.,;, Bredas, J. L.,;, Lazzaroni, R., Eur. Polym. J. 2004, 40, 885-892.
114. Fasolka, M. J.,;, Mayes, A. M., Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 2001, 31, 323-355.
115. Segalman, R. A., Mater. Sci. Eng. R-Rep. 2005, 48, 191-226.
116. Han, E.,;, Stuen, K. O.,;, Leolukman, M.,;, Liu, C. C.,;, Nealey, P. F.,;, Gopalan, P., Macromolecules 2009, 42, 4896-4901.
117. Jeong, U.,;, Ryu, D. Y.,;, Kho, D. H.,;, Kim, J. K.,;, Goldbach, J. T.,;, Kim, D. H.,;, Russell, T. P., Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 533-536.
118. Ahn, D. U.,;, Sancaktar, E., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2006, 16, 1950-1958.
119. Albert, J. N. L.,;, Epps, T. H., Mater. Today 2010, 13, 24-33.
120. Urien, M.,;, Erothu, H.,;, Cloutet, E.,;, Hiorns, R. C.,;, Vignau, L.,;, Cramail, H., Macromolecules 2008, 41, 7033-7040.
121. Zhang, C.,;, Choi, S.,;, Haliburton, J.,;, Cleveland, T.,;, Li, R.,;, Sun, S. S.,;, Ledbetter, A.,;, Bonner, C. E., Macromolecules 2006, 39, 4317-4326.
122. Tu, G. L.,;, Li, H. B.,;, Forster, M.,;, Heiderhoff, R.,;, Balk, L. J.,;, Scherf, U., Macromolecules 2006, 39, 4327-4331.
123. Hiorns, R. C.,;, Cloulet, E.,;, Ibarboure, E.,;, Khoukh, A.,;, Bejbouji, H.,;, Vignau, L.,;, Cramail, H., Macromolecules 2010, 43, 6033-6044.
124. Miyanishi, S.,;, Zhang, Y.,;, Tajima, K.,;, Hashimoto, K., Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 6723-6725.
125. Iovu, M. C.,;, Sheina, E. E.,;, Gil, R. R.,;, McCullough, R. D., Macromolecules 2005, 38, 8649-8656.
126. Sheina, E. E.,;, Liu, J. S.,;, Iovu, M. C.,;, Laird, D. W.,;, McCullough, R. D., Macromolecules 2004, 37, 3526-3528.
127. Yokoyama, A.,;, Miyakoshi, R.,;, Yokozawa, T., Macromolecules 2004, 37, 1169-1171.
128. Liu, J. S.,;, Sheina, E.,;, Kowalewski, T.,;, McCullough, R. D., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 329-332.
129. de Cuendias, A.,;, Le Hellaye, M.,;, Lecommandoux, B.,;, Cloutet, E.,;, Cramail, H. J., Mater. Chem. 2005, 15, 3264-3267.
130. Brochon, C.,;, Sary, N.,;, Mezzenga, R.,;, Ngov, C.,;, Richard, F.,;, May, M.,;, Hadziioannou, G., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008, 110, 3664-3670.
131. Lee, J. U.,;, Cirpan, A.,;, Emrick, T.,;, Russell, T. P.,;, Jo, W. H., J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 1483-1489.
132. Tao, Y. F.,;, McCulloch, B.,;, Kim, S.,;, Segalman, R. A., Soft Matter 2009, 5, 4219-4230.
133. Iovu, M. C.,;, Craley, C. R.,;, Jeffries-El, M.,;, Krankowski, A. B.,;, Zhang, R.,;, Kowalewski, T.,;, McCullough, R. D., Macromolecules 2007, 40, 4733-4735.
134. Iovu, M. C.,;, Zhang, R.,;, Cooper, J. R.,;, Smilgies, D. M.,;, Javier, A. E.,;, Sheina, E. E.,;, Kowalewski, T.,;, McCullough, R. D., Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2007, 28, 1816-1824.
135. Yang, C.,;, Lee, J. K.,;, Heeger, A. J.,;, Wudl, F. J., Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 5416-5423.
136. Stalmach, U.,;, de Boer, B.,;, Videlot, C.,;, van Hutten, P. F.,;, Hadziioannou, G. J., Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 5464-5472.
137. de Boer, B.,;, Stalmach, U.,;, Melzer, C.,;, Hadziioannou, G., Synthetic Met. 2001, 121, 1541-1542.
138. de Boer, B.,;, Stalmach, U.,;, van Hutten, P. F.,;, Melzer, C.,;, Krasnikov, V. V.,;, Hadziioannou, G., Polymer 2001, 42, 9097-9109.
139. van der Veen, M. H.,;, de Boer, B.,;, Stalmach, U.,;, van de wetering, K. I.,;, Hadziioannou, G., Macromolecules 2004, 37, 3673-3684.
140. Heiser, T.,;, Adamopoulos, G.,;, Brinkmann, M.,;, Giovanella, U.,;, Ould-Saad, S.,;, Brochon, C.,;, van de Wetering, K.,;, Hadziioannou, G., Thin Solid Films 2006, 511, 219-223.
141. Van De Wetering, K.,;, Brochon, C.,;, Ngov, C.,;, Hadziioannou, G., Macromolecules 2006, 39, 4289-4297.
142. Richard, F.,;, Brochon, C.,;, Leclerc, N.,;, Eckhardt, D.,;, Heiser, T.,;, Hadziioannou, G., Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2008, 29, 885-891.
143. Zhang, Q. L.,;, Cirpan, A.,;, Russell, T. P.,;, Emrick, T., Macromolecules 2009, 42, 1079-1082.
144. Dai, C. A.,;, Yen, W. C.,;, Lee, Y. H.,;, Ho, C. C.,;, Su, W. F., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 11036.
145. Higashihara, T.,;, Liu, C. L.,;, Chen, W. C.,;, Ueda, M., Polymers 2011, 3, 236-251.
146. Boudouris, B. W.,;, Frisbie, C. D.,;, Hillmyer, M. A., Macromolecules 2008, 41, 67-75.
147. Yagci, Y.,;, Tasdelen, M. A., Prog. Polym. Sci. 2006, 31, 1133-1170.
148. Webster, O. W., New Synthetic Methods 2004, 167, 1-34.
149. Moad, G.,;, Rizzardo, E.,;, Thang, S. H., Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41, 1133-1142.
150. Hong, K. L.,;, Uhrig, D.,;, Mays, J. W., Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1999, 4, 531-538.
151. Braunecker, W. A.,;, Matyjaszewski, K., Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32, 93-146.
152. Lindner, S. M.,;, Kaufmann, N.,;, Thelakkat, M., Org. Electron. 2007, 8, 69-75.
153. Chen, X. L.,;, Jenekhe, S. A., Macromolecules 1996, 29, 6189-6192.
154. Guntner, R.,;, Asawapirom, U.,;, Forster, M.,;, Schmitt, C.,;, Stiller, B.,;, Tiersch, B.,;, Falcou, A.,;, Nothofer, H. G.,;, Scherf, U., Thin Solid Films 2002, 417, 1-6.
155. Krebs, F. C.,;, Hagemann, O.,;, Jorgensen, M., Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 2004, 83, 211-228.
156. Asawapirom, U.,;, Guntner, R.,;, Forster, M.,;, Scherf, U., Thin Solid Films 2005, 477, 48-52.
157. Maria, S.,;, Susha, A. S.,;, Sommer, M.,;, Talapin, D. V.,;, Rogach, A. L.,;, Thelakkat, M., Macromolecules 2008, 41, 6081-6088.
158. Sommer, M.,;, Huttner, S.,;, Wunder, S.,;, Thelakkat, M., Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 2523-2527.
159. Ohshimizu, K.,;, Ueda, M., Macromolecules 2008, 41, 5289-5294.
160. Zhang, Y.,;, Tajima, K.,;, Hirota, K.,;, Hashimoto, K., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 7812.
161. Lai, Y.-C.,;, Ohshimizu, K.,;, Takahashi, A.,;, Hsu, J.-C.,;, Higashihara, T.,;, Ueda, M.,;, Chen, W.-C., J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2011, 49, 2577-2587.
162. Izuhara, D.,;, Swager, T. M., Macromolecules 2011, 44, 2678-2684.
163. Krebs, F. C.,;, Jorgensen, M.,;, Norrman, K.,;, Hagemann, O.,;, Alstrup, J.,;, Nielsen, T. D.,;, Fyenbo, J.,;, Larsen, K.,;, Kristensen, J., Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 2009, 93, 422-441.
164. http://www.basf.com/group/corporate/en/brand/STYROLUX-SBC (Accessed on March 15, 2011).
165. Nelson, J.,;, Kirkpatrick, J.,;, Ravirajan, P., Phys. Rev. B 2004, 69, 035337.
166. Sary, N.,;, Richard, F.,;, Brochon, C.,;, Leclerc, N.,;, Leveque, P.,;, Audinot, J. N.,;, Berson, S.,;, Heiser, T.,;, Hadziioannou, G.,;, Mezzenga, R., Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 763-768.
167. Sun, S. S., Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells 2003, 79, 257-264.
168. Sun, S.,;, Fan, Z.,;, Wang, Y.,;, Haliburton, J. J., Mater. Sci. 2005, 40, 1429-1443.
169. Hiorns, R. C.,;, Iratcabal, P.,;, Begue, D.,;, Khoukh, A.,;, De Bettignies, R.,;, Leroy, J.,;, Firon, M.,;, Sentein, C.,;, Martinez, H.,;, Preud'homme, H.,;, Dagron-Lartigau, C. J., Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 2009, 47, 2304-2317.
170. Gratt, J. A.,;, Cohen, R. E., J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 91, 3362-3368.
171. Sun, S.,;, Fan, Z.,;, Wang, Y.,;, Haliburton, J. J., Mater. Sci. 2005, 40, 1429-1443.
172. Sun, S. S.,;, Zhang, C.,;, Ledbetter, A.,;, Choi, S.,;, Seo, K.,;, Bonner, C. E.,;, Drees, M.,;, Sariciftci, N. S., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 90, 043117.
173. Dante, M.,;, Yang, C.,;, Walker, B.,;, Wudl, F.,;, Nguyen, T. Q., Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 1835-1839.
174. Van den Bergh, K.,;, Willot, P.,;, Cornelis, D.,;, Verbiest, T.,;, Koeckelberghs, G., Macromolecules 2011, 44, 728-735.
175. Botiz, I.,;, Schaller, R. D.,;, Verduzco, R.,;, Darling, S. B., J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, DOI: 10.1021/jp201344p.
176. McNeill, C. R.,;, Westenhoff, S.,;, Groves, C.,;, Friend, R. H.,;, Greenham, N. C. J., Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 19153-19160.
177. Lindner, S. M.,;, Thelakkat, M., Macromolecules 2004, 37, 8832-8835.
178. Lindner, S. M.,;, Huttner, S.,;, Chiche, A.,;, Thelakkat, M.,;, Krausch, G., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 3364-3368.
179. Sivula, K.,;, Ball, Z. T.,;, Watanabe, N.,;, Frechet, J. M. J., Adv. Mater. 2006, 18, 206-210.
180. Rajaram, S.,;, Armstrong, P. B.,;, Kim, B. J.,;, Frechet, J. M., J. Chem. Mater. 2009, 21, 1775-1777.
181. Sommer, M.,;, Huttner, S.,;, Steiner, U.,;, Thelakkat, M., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 183308.
182. Sommer, M.,;, Lang, A. S.,;, Thelakkat, M., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47, 7901-7904.
183. King, S.,;, Sommer, M.,;, Huettner, S.,;, Thelakkat, M.,;, Haque, S. A., J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 5436-5441.
184. Cravino, A., Polym. Int. 2007, 56, 943-956.
185. Cravino, A.,;, Sariciftci, N. S., Nat. Mater. 2003, 2, 360-361.
186. Ruzette, A. V.,;, Leibler, L., Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 19-31.
187. Jones, R. A. L., Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1997, 2, 673-677.
188. Ruiz-Perez, L.,;, Royston, G. J.,;, Fairclough, J. P. A.,;, Ryan, A. J., Polymer 2008, 49, 4475-4488.
189. Park, C.,;, Yoon, J.,;, Thomas, E. L., Polymer 2003, 44, 6725-6760.
190. Kiel, J. W.,;, Eberle, A. P. R.,;, Mackay, M. E., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2010, 105.
191. Lee, J. U.,;, Jung, J. W.,;, Emrick, T.,;, Russell, T. P.,;, Jo, W. H., Nanotechnology 2010, 21, 105201.
192. Laiho, A.,;, Ras, R. H. A.,;, Valkama, S.,;, Ruokolainen, J.,;, Osterbacka, R.,;, Ikkala, O., Macromolecules 2006, 39, 7648-7653.
193. Coakley, K. M.,;, McGehee, M. D., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 3380-3382.
194. Sun, Z. C.,;, Cheng, Y. J.,;, Lechmann, M.,;, Li, J. L.,;, Li, J. X.,;, Wu, J. S.,;, Grimsdale, A.,;, Mullen, K.,;, Butt, H. J.,;, Gutmann, J. S., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2009, 11, 1604-1609.
195. Botiz, I.,;, Martinson, A. B. F.,;, Darling, S. B., Langmuir 2010, 26, 8756-8761.
196. Crossland, E. J. W.,;, Nedelcu, M.,;, Ducati, C.,;, Ludwigs, S.,;, Hillmyer, M. A.,;, Steiner, U.,;, Snaith, H. J., Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2813-2819.
197. Darling, S. B., Surf. Sci. 2007, 601, 2555-2561.
198. Takahashi, A.,;, Rho, Y.,;, Higashihara, T.,;, Ahn, B.,;, Ree, M.,;, Ueda, M., Macromolecules 2010, 43, 4843-4852.
199. Yen, W. C.,;, Lee, Y. H.,;, Lin, J. F.,;, Dai, C. A.,;, Jeng, U. S.,;, Su, W. F., Langmuir 2011, 27, 109-115.
200. Crossland, E. J. W.,;, Kamperman, M.,;, Nedelcu, M.,;, Ducati, C.,;, Wiesner, U.,;, Smilgies, D. M.,;, Toombes, G. E. S.,;, Hillmyer, M. A.,;, Ludwigs, S.,;, Steiner, U.,;, Snaith, H. J., Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2807-2812.
201. Botiz, I.,;, Darling, S. B., Macromolecules 2009, 42, 8211-8217.
202. Choi, S. Y.,;, Lee, J. U.,;, Lee, J. W.,;, Lee, S.,;, Song, Y. J.,;, Jo, W. H.,;, Kim, S. H., Macromolecules 2011, DOI: 10.1021/ma102424e.
203. Darling, S. B., Prog. Polym. Sci. 2007, 32, 1152-1204.
204. Krebs, F. C.,;, Tromholt, T.,;, Jorgensen, M., Nanoscale 2010, 2, 873-886.
205. Krebs, F. C.,;, Fyenbo, J.,;, Jorgensen, M. J., Mater. Chem. 2010, 20, 8994-9001.
206. Müller, C.,;, Goffri, S.,;, Breiby, D. W.,;, Andreasen, J. W.,;, Chanzy, H. D.,;, Janssen, R. A. J.,;, Nielsen, M. N.,;, Radano, C. P.,;, Sirringhaus, H.,;, Smith, P.,;, Stingelin-Stutzmann, N., Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 2674-2679.
207. Segalman, R. A.,;, Yokoyama, H.,;, Kramer, E., J. Adv. Mater. 2001, 13, 1152-1155.
208. Welander, A. M.,;, Kang, H. M.,;, Stuen, K. O.,;, Solak, H. H.,;, Muller, M.,;, de Pablo, J. J.,;, Nealey, P. F., Macromolecules 2008, 41, 2759-2761.
209. Keller, A.,;, Pedemont, E.,;, Willmout, F., Nature 1970, 225, 538.
210. Parnell, A. J.,;, Tzokova, N.,;, Pryke, A.,;, Howse, J. R.,;, Mykhaylyk, O. O.,;, Ryan, A. J.,;, Panine, P.,;, Fairclough, J. P. A., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 3179-3186.
211. Angelescu, D. E.,;, Waller, J. H.,;, Adamson, D. H.,;, Deshpande, P.,;, Chou, S. Y.,;, Register, R. A.,;, Chaikin, P. M., Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 1736-1740.
212. Thurn-Albrecht, T.,;, Schotter, J.,;, Kastle, C. A.,;, Emley, N.,;, Shibauchi, T.,;, Krusin-Elbaum, L.,;, Guarini, K.,;, Black, C. T.,;, Tuominen, M. T.,;, Russell, T. P., Science 2000, 290, 2126-2129.
213. Zhang, X. J.,;, Harns, K. D.,;, Wu, N. L. Y.,;, Murphy, J. N.,;, Buriak, J. M., ACS Nano 2010, 4, 7021-7029.
214. Bu, L. J.,;, Guo, X. Y.,;, Yu, B.,;, Qu, Y.,;, Xie, Z. Y.,;, Yan, D. H.,;, Geng, Y. H.,;, Wang, F. S., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 13242.
215. Blom, P. W. M.,;, Mihailetchi, V. D.,;, Koster, L. J. A.,;, Markov, D. E., Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 1551-1566.
216. Peet, J.,;, Heeger, A. J.,;, Bazan, G. C., Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 1700-1708.
217. Chen, D.,;, Liu, F.,;, Wang, C.,;, Nakahara, A.,;, Russell, T. P., Nano Lett. 2011, 10.1021/nl200552r.
218. Gu, Z.,;, Tan, Y.,;, Tsuchiya, K.,;, Shimomura, T.,;, Ogino, K., Polymers 2011, 3, 558-570.