A complete process for production of flexible large area polymer solar cells entirely using screen printing-First public demonstration

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

Volumn 93, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 422-441

  Krebs, Frederik C ^a   Jørgensen, Mikkel ^a   Norrman, Kion ^a   Hagemann, Ole ^a   Alstrup, Jan ^a   Nielsen, Torben D ^a   Fyenbo, Jan ^b   Larsen, Kaj ^b   Kristensen, Jette ^b  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^b Mekoprint Electronics   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Air stability; Ambient processing; Fabrication; Modules; Polymer solar cells; Production; Public demonstration; Solution processing; Stability

Indexed keywords

CONVERGENCE OF NUMERICAL METHODS; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; COST REDUCTION; ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS; FABRICATION; PACKAGING MATERIALS; POLYMER SOLAR CELLS; POLYMERS; PRODUCTION; SCREEN PRINTING; SUBSTRATES;

AIR STABILITY; INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS; MODULES; OPERATIONAL STABILITY; PRODUCTION EQUIPMENTS; PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES; SOLAR CELL TECHNOLOGY; SOLUTION-PROCESSING;

SOLAR CELLS;

EID: 60449088983     PISSN: 09270248     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.solmat.2008.12.001     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Brabec C.J., Sariciftci N.S., and Hummelen J.C. Plastic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater. 11 (2001) 15-26
2. Spanggaard H., and Krebs F.C. A brief history of the development of organic and polymeric photovoltaics. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 83 (2004) 125-146
3. Coakley K.M., and McGehee M.D. Conjugated polymer photovoltaic cells. Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) 4533-4542
4. Hoppe H., and Sariciftci N.S. Organic solar cells: an overview. J. Mater. Res. 19 (2004) 1924-1945
5. Winder C., and Sariciftci N.S. Low band gap polymers for photon harvesting in bulk heterojunctions solar cells. J. Mater. Chem. 14 (2004) 1077-1086
6. Bundgaard E., and Krebs F.C. Low band gap polymers for organic photovoltaics. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91 (2007) 954-985
7. Günes S., Neugebauer H., and Sariciftci N.S. Conjugated polymer-based organic solar cells. Chem. Rev. 107 (2007) 1324-1338
8. Jørgensen M., Norrman K., and Krebs F.C. Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 686-714
9. Li G., Shrotriya V., Huang J., Yao Y., Moriarty T., Emery K., and Yang Y. High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends. Nat. Mater. 4 (2005) 864-868
10. Ma W., Yang C., Gong X., Lee K., and Heeger A.J. Thermally stable, efficient polymer solar cells with nanoscale control of the interpenetrating network morphology. Adv. Funct. Mater. 15 (2005) 1617-1622
11. Kim J.Y., Lee K., Coates N.E., Moses D., Nguyen T.-Q., Dante M., and Heeger A.J. Efficient tandem polymer solar cells fabricated by all-solution processing. Science 317 (2007) 222-225
12. Krebs F.C., Alstrup J., Spanggaard H., Larsen K., and Kold E. Production of large-area polymer solar cells by industrial silk screen printing, lifetime considerations and lamination with polyethyleneterephthalate. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 83 (2004) 293-300
13. Krebs F.C., Spanggaard H., Kjær T., Biancardo M., and Alstrup J. Large area plastic solar cell modules. Mater. Sci. En. B 138 (2007) 106-111
14. Lungenschmied C., Dennler G., Neugebauer H., Sariciftci N.S., Glatthaar M., Meyer T., and Meyer A. Flexible, long-lived, large-area, organic solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91 (2007) 379-384
15. Krebs F.C., and Spanggaard H. Significant improvement of polymer solar cell stability. Chem. Mater. 17 (2005) 5235-5237
16. Krebs F.C., and Norrman K. Analysis of the failure mechanism for a stable organic photovoltaic during 10 000 h of testing. Prog. Photovoltaics Res. Appl. 15 (2007) 697-712
17. Yang X., Loos J., Veenstra S.C., Verhees W.J.H., Wienk M.M., Kroon J.M., Michels M.A.J., and Janssen R.A.J. Nanoscale morphology of high-performance polymer solar cells. Nano Lett. 5 (2005) 579-583
18. Katz E.A., Gevorgyan S., Orynbayev M.S., and Krebs F.C. Out-door testing and long-term stability of plastic solar cells. Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 36 (2006) 307-311
19. Hauch J.A., Schilinsky P., Choulis S.A., Childers R., Biele M., and Brabec C.J. Flexible organic P3HT:PCBM bulk-heterojunction modules with more than 1 year outdoor lifetime. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 727-731
20. Krebs F.C. Air stable polymer photovoltaics based on a process free from vacuum steps and fullerenes. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 715-726
21. Krebs F.C., Thomann Y., Thomann R., and Andreasen J.W. A simple nanostructured polymer/ZnO hybrid solar cell-preparation and operation in air. Nanotechnology 19 (2008) 424013
22. Bjerring M., Nielsen J.S., Siu A., and Nielsen N.C. An explanation for the high stability of polycarboxythiophenes in photovoltaic devices-a solid-state NMR dipolar recoupling study. Sol. Energy Mater. 92 (2008) 772-784
23. Liu J.S., Kadnikova E.N., Liu Y.X., McGehee M.D., and Fréchet J.M.J. Polythiophene containing thermally removable solubilizing groups enhances the interface and the performance of polymer-titania hybrid solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 9486-9487
24. Krebs F.C., Nyberg R.B., and Jørgensen M. Influence of residual catalyst on the properties of conjugated polyphenylenevinylene materials: palladium nanoparticles and poor electrical performance. Chem. Mater. 16 (2004) 1313-1318
25. Nielsen K.T., Bechgaard K., and Krebs F.C. Removal of palladium nanoparticles from polymer materials. Macromolecules 38 (2005) 658-659
26. Nielsen K.T., Bechgaard K., and Krebs F.C. Effective removal and quantitative analysis of Pd, Cu, Ni, and Pt catalysts from small-molecule products. Synthesis (2006) 1639-1644
27. 2 type derived from diethylphenylazothioformamide and the metals palladium, platinum, copper and nickel. Acta. Crystallgr. B 63 (2007) 151-156
28. F.C. Krebs, M. Jørgensen, Decomposable vehicles in printing or coating compositions, (filing date 13.04.2007), WO2007118850 A1.
29. Jørgensen M., Hagemann O., Alstrup J., and Krebs F.C. Thermo-cleavable solvents for printing of conjugated polymers: application in polymer solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 93 (2009) 413-421
30. H. Womelsdorf, W. Hoheisel, G. Passing, Nanopartikuläres, redispergierbares fällungsoxid, German Patent (filing date 23.02.1999), DE 19907704 A1.
31. H. Womelsdorf, W. Hoheisel, G. Passing, Process for producing nanoparticulate, redispersible zinc oxide gels, European Patent (filing date 11.02.2000) EP 1157064 B1.
32. H. Womelsdorf, W. Hoheisel, G. Passing, Nanoparticulate, redispersible zinc oxide gels, United States Patent (patent date 23.03.2004) US 6,710,091 B1.
33. Beek W.J.E., Wienk M.M., Kemerink M., Yang X., and Janssen R.A.J. Hybrid zinc oxide conjugated polymer bulk heterojunctions solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. B 109 (2005) 9505-9516
34. Gevorgyan S.A., Jørgensen M., and Krebs F.C. A setup for studying stability and degradation of polymer solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 92 (2008) 736-745
35. Shaheen S.E., Radspinner R., Peyghambarian N., and Jabbour G.E. Fabrication of bulk heterojunction plastic solar cells by screen printing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 2996-2998
36. Aernouts T., Vanlaeke P., Poortmans J., and Heremans P. Polymer solar cells: screen printing as a novel deposition technique. Proc. SPIE 5464 (2004) 252
37. Vickerman J.C., and Briggs D. TOF-SIMS Surface Analysis by Mass Spectrometry (2001), IM Publications and Surface Spectra Limited, West Sussex
38. B. von Roedern, H.S. Ullal, The role of polycrystalline thin-film PV technologies in competitive PV module markets, in: 33rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2008, NREL/CP-520-42494, pp. 1-4.
39. Glatthaar M., Riede M., Keegan N., Sylvester-Hvid K., Zimmermann B., Niggemann M., Hinsch A., and Gombert A. Efficiency limiting factors of organic bulk heterojunction solar cells identified by electrical impedance spectroscopy. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91 (2007) 390-393
40. da Silva Sobrinho A.S., Latrèche M., Czeremuszkin G., Klemberg-Sapieha J.E., and Wertheimer M.R. Transparent barrier coatings on polyethylene terephthalate by single and dual-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 16 (1998) 3190-3198
41. Andersen M., Carlé J.E., Cruys-Bagger N., Lilliedal M.R., Hammond M.A., Winther-Jensen B., and Krebs F.C. Transparent anodes for polymer photovoltaics: oxygen permeability of PEDOT. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 91 (2007) 539-543
42. Aernouts T., Vanlaeke P., Geens W., Poortmans J., Heremans P., Borghs S., Mertens R., Andriessen R., and Leenders L. Printable anodes for flexible organic solar cell modules. Thin Solid Films 451-452 (2004) 22-25
43. Strange M., Plackett D., Kaasgaard M., and Krebs F.C. Biodegradable polymer solar cells. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 92 (2008) 805-813
44. Lee K.-Y., Connor S.T., Cui Y., and Peumans P. Solution-processed metal nanowire mesh transparent electrodes. Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 689-692
45. 〈http://www.roskilde-festival.dk/2008/frontpage〉
46. Niggemann M., Zimmermann B., Haschke J., Glatthaar M., and Gombert A. Organic solar cell modules for specific applications-from energy autonomous systems to large area photovoltaics. Thin Solid Films 516 (2008) 7181-7187
47. In: Krebs F.C. (Ed). Polymer Photovoltaics: A Practical Approach (2008), SPIE Press, Bellingham 71-72
48. Murphy A.R., Liu J., Luscombe C., Kavulak D., Fréchet J.M.J., Kline R.J., and McGehee M.D. Synthesis, characterization, and field-effect transistor performance of carboxylate-functionalized polythiophenes with increased air stability. Chem. Mater. 17 (2005) 4892-4899
49. Verbakel F., Meskers S.C.J., and Janssen R.A.J. Electronic memory effects in diodes from a zinc oxide nanoparticle-polystyrene hybrid material. Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (2006) 102103