Morphology of polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells

Journal of Materials Chemistry

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 45-61

  Hoppe, Harald ^a   Sariciftci, Niyazi Serdar ^a  

^a JOHANNES KEPLER UNIVERSITY LINZ   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHARGE TRANSPORT; PHASE STRUCTURES; SOLID STATE NANOSCALE MORPHOLOGY;

CHARGE TRANSFER; DIFFUSION; ELECTRODES; FULLERENES; MORPHOLOGY; PHASE SEPARATION; SEMICONDUCTING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS; SOLAR CELLS;

ORGANIC POLYMERS;

EID: 33644647169     PISSN: 09599428     EISSN: 13645501     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/b510618b     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. N. S. Sariciftci L. Smilowitz A. J. Heeger F. Wudl Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene Science 1992 258 1474
2. N. S. Sariciftci D. Braun C. Zhang V. I. Srdanov A. J. Heeger G. Stucky F. Wudl Semiconducting polymer-buckminsterfullerene heterojunctions: Diodes, photodiodes, and photovoltaic cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 1993 62 585
3. G. Yu A. J. Heeger Charge separation and photovoltaic conversion in polymer composites with internal donor/acceptor heterojunctions J. Appl. Phys. 1995 78 4510
4. J. J. M. Halls C. A. Walsh N. C. Greenham E. A. Marseglia R. H. Friend S. C. Moratti A. B. Holmes Efficient photodiodes from interpenetrating polymer networks Nature 1995 376 498
5. G. Yu J. Gao J. C. Hummelen F. Wudl A. J. Heeger Polymer Photovoltaic Cells: Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions Science 1995 270 1789
6. H. Hoppe and N. S. Sariciftci, in Organic Photovoltaics, ed., S.-S. Sun and N. S. Sariciftci, Taylor & Francis, London, 2005, p. 217
7. C. Y. Yang A. J. Heeger Morphology of composites of semiconducting polymers mixed with C60 Synth. Met. 1996 83 85
8. S. E. Shaheen C. J. Brabec N. S. Sariciftci F. Padinger T. Fromherz J. C. Hummelen 2.5% efficient organic plastic solar cells Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001 78 841
9. C. J. Brabec N. S. Sariciftci J. C. Hummelen Plastic Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2001 11 15
10. J. Gao F. Hide H. Wang Efficient photodetectors and photovoltaic cells from composites of fullerenes and conjugated polymers: photoinduced electron transfer Synth. Met. 1997 84 979
11. S. E. Shaheen R. Radspinner N. Peyghambarian G. E. Jabbour Fabrication of bulk heterojunction plastic solar cells by screen printing Appl. Phys. Lett. 2001 79 2996
12. J. Liu Y. Shi Y. Yang Solvation-Induced Morphology Effects on the Performance of Polymer-Based Photovoltaic Devices Adv. Funct. Mater. 2001 11 420
13. J. M. Kroon M. M. Wienk W. J. H. Verhees J. C. Hummelen Accurate efficiency determination and stability studies of conjugated polymer/fullerene solar cells Thin Solid Films 2002 403-404 223
14. T. Munters T. Martens L. Goris V. Vrindts J. Manca L. Lutsen W. D. Ceunick D. Vanderzande L. D. Schepper J. Gelan N. S. Sariciftci C. J. Brabec A comparison between state-of-the-art 'gilch' and 'sulfinyl' synthesised MDMO-PPV/PCBM bulk hetero-junction solar cells Thin Solid Films 2002 403-404 247
15. T. Aernouts W. Geens J. Portmans P. Heremans S. Borghs R. Mertens Extraction of bulk and contact components of the series resistance in organic bulk donor-acceptor-heterojunctions Thin Solid Films 2002 403-404 297
16. V. Dyakonov The polymer-fullerene interpenetrating network: one route to a solar cell approach Physica E (Amsterdam) 2002 14 53
17. M. M. Wienk J. M. Kroon W. J. H. Verhees J. Knol J. C. Hummelen P. A. van Hall R. A. J. Janssen Efficient Methano[70]fullerene/MDMO-PPV Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003 42 3371
18. I. Riedel J. Parisi V. Dyakonov L. Lutsen D. Vanderzande J. C. Hummelen Effect of Temperature and Illumination on the Electrical Characteristics of Polymer-Fullerene Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004 14 38
19. A. Mozer P. Denk M. Scharber H. Neugebauer N. S. Sariciftci P. Wagner L. Lutsen D. Vanderzande Novel Regiospecific MDMO-PPV Copolymer with Improved Charge Transport for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells J. Phys. Chem. B 2004 108 5235
20. M. Al-Ibrahim H. K. Roth S. Sensfuss Efficient large-area polymer solar cells on flexible substrates Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004 85 1481
21. L. S. Roman O. Inganäs T. Granlund T. Nyberg M. Svensson M. R. Andersson J. C. Hummelen Trapping Light in Polymer Photodiodes with Soft Embossed Gratings Adv. Mater. 2000 12 189
22. D. Gebeyehu C. J. Brabec F. Padinger T. Fromherz J. C. Hummelen D. Badt H. Schindler N. S. Sariciftci The interplay of efficiency and morphology in photovoltaic devices based on interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymers with fullerenes Synth. Met. 2001 118 1
23. P. Schilinsky C. Waldauf C. J. Brabec Recombination and loss analysis in polythiophene based bulk heterojunction photodetectors Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002 81 3885
24. N. Camaioni G. Ridolfi G. Casalbore-Miceli G. Possamai M. Maggini The Effect of a Mild Thermal Treatment on the Performance of Poly(3-alkylthiophene)/ Fullerene Solar Cells Adv. Mater. 2002 14 1735
25. F. Padinger R. S. Rittberger N. S. Sariciftci Effects of Postproduction Treatment on Plastic Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2003 13 1
26. C. Waldauf P. Schilinsky J. Hauch C. J. Brabec Material and device concepts for organic photovoltaics: towards competitive efficiencies Thin Solid Films 2004 451-452 503
27. D. Chirvase J. Parisi J. C. Hummelen V. Dyakonov Influence of nanomorphology on the photovoltaic action of polymer-fullerene composites Nanotechnology 2004 15 1317 1323
28. Y. Kim S. A. Choulis J. Nelson D. D. C. Bradley S. Cook J. R. Durrant Device annealing effect in organic solar cells with blends of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) and soluble fullerene Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005 86 063502
29. X. Yang J. Loos S. C. Veenstra W. J. H. Verhees M. M. Wienk J. M. Kroon M. A. J. Michels R. A. J. Janssen Nanoscale Morphology of High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells Nano Lett. 2005 5 579
30. M. Al-Ibrahim O. Ambacher S. Sensfuss G. Gobsch Effects of solvent and annealing on the improved performance of solar cells based on poly(3-hexylthiophene):Fullerene Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005 86 201120
31. M. Reyes-Reyes K. Kim D. L. Carrolla High-efficiency photovoltaic devices based on annealed poly(3-hexylthiophene) and 1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-propyl-1- phenyl-(6,6)C61 blends Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005 87 083506
32. W. Ma C. Yang X. Gong K. Lee A. J. Heeger Thermally Stable, Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with Nanoscale Control of the Interpenetrating Network Morphology Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005 15 1617
33. M. Svensson F. Zhang S. C. Veenstra W. J. H. Verhees J. C. Hummelen J. M. Kroon O. Inganäs M. R. Andersson High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells of an Alternating Polyfluorene Copolymer and a Fullerene Derivative Adv. Mater. 2003 15 988
34. T. Yohannes F. Zhang M. Svensson J. C. Hummelen M. R. Andersson O. Inganäs Polyfluorene copolymer based bulk heterojunction solar cells Thin Solid Films 2004 449 152
35. H. Hoppe D. A. M. Egbe D. Mühlbacher N. S. Sariciftci Photovoltaic action of conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells using novel PPE-PPV-copolymers J. Mater. Chem. 2004 14 3461
36. M. Al-Ibrahim A. Konkin H.-K. Roth D. A. M. Egbe E. Klemm U. Zhokhavets G. Gobsch S. Sensfuss PPE-PPV copolymers: optical and electrochemical characterization, comparison with MDMO-PPV and application in flexible polymer solar cells Thin Solid Films 2005 474 201
37. J. C. Hummelen B. W. Knight F. LePeq F. Wudl J. Yao C. L. Wilkins Preparation and Characterization of Fulleroid and Methanofullerene Derivatives J. Org. Chem. 1995 60 532
38. H. Hoppe M. Niggemann C. Winder J. Kraut R. Hiesgen A. Hinsch D. Meissner N. S. Sariciftci Nanoscale morphology of conjugated polymer/fullerene based bulk-heterojunction solar cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004 14 1005
39. T. Martens J. D'Haen T. Munters Z. Beelen L. Goris J. Manca M. D'Olieslaeger D. Vanderzande L. D. Schepper R. Andriessen Disclosure of the nanostructure of MDMO-PPV PCBM bulk heterojunction organic solar cells by a combination of SPM and TEM Synth. Met. 2003 138 243
40. T. Martens Z. Beelen J. D'Haen T. Munters L. Goris J. Manca M. D'Olieslaeger D. Vanderzande L. D. Schepper R. Andriessen Morphology of MDMO-PPV PCBM bulk hetero-junction organic solar cells studied by AFM, KFM and TEM Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 2003 4801 40
41. H. Hoppe T. Glatzel M. Niggemann A. Hinsch M. C. Lux-Steiner N. S. Sariciftci Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Study on Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Nano Lett. 2005 5 269
42. T. Glatzel H. Hoppe N. S. Sariciftci M. C. Lux-Steiner M. Komiyama Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Study on Conjugated Polymer/Fullerene Organic Solar Cells Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2005 44 5370
43. T. Röder H.-S. Kitzerow J. C. Hummelen Morphology and fluorescence quenching in photovoltaic samples containing fullerene and poly(p-phenylene- vinylene) derivatives Synth. Met. 2004 141 271
44. C. R. McNeill H. Frohne J. L. Holdsworth J. E. Furst B. V. King P. C. Dastoor Direct Photocurrent Mapping of Organic Solar Cells Using a Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscope Nano Lett. 2004 4 219
45. C. R. McNeill H. Frohne J. L. Holdsworth P. C. Dastoor Direct influence of morphology on current generation in conjugated polymer methanofullerene solar cells measured by near-field scanning photocurrent microscopy Synth. Met. 2004 147 101
46. K. O. Sylvester-Hvid S. Rettrup M. A. Ratner Two-Dimensional Model for Polymer-Based Photovoltaic Cells: Numerical Simulations of Morphology Effects J. Phys. Chem. B 2004 108 4296
47. F. Wudl, P.-M. Allemand, G. Srdanov, Z. Ni and D. McBranch, in Materials for Nonlinear Optics: Chemical Perspectives, ed., S. R. Marder, J. E. Sohn and G. D. Stucky, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1991, p. 683
48. M. T. Rispens A. Meetsma R. Rittberger C. J. Brabec N. S. Sariciftci J. C. Hummelen Influence of the solvent on the crystal structure of PCBM and the efficiency of MDMO-PPV PCBM 'plastic' solar cells Chem. Commun. 2003 2116
49. T. Martens, J. D'Haen, T. Munters, L. Goris, Z. Beelen, J. Manca, M. D'Olieslaeger, D. Vanderzande, L. D. Schepper and R. Andriessen, The influence of the microstructure upon the photovoltaic performance of MDMOPPV PCBM bulk hetero-junction organic solar cells, presented at the MRS Spring Meeting, San Francisco, 2002, Materials Research Society, P7.11.1
50. B. Wessling From conductive polymers to organic metals Chem. Innovation 2001 31 34
51. J. K. J. van Duren X. Yang J. Loos C. W. T. Bulle-Lieuwma A. B. Sieval J. C. Hummelen R. A. J. Janssen Relating the Morphology of Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)/Methanofullerene Blends to Solar-Cell Performance Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004 14 425
52. P. Peumans A. Yakimov S. R. Forrest Small molecular weight organic thin-film photodetectors and solar cells J. Appl. Phys. 2003 93 3693
53. H. Hoppe N. Arnold D. Meissner N. S. Sariciftci Modeling the optical absorption within conjugated polymer/fullerene-based bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2003 80 105
54. H. Hoppe T. Glatzel M. Niggemann W. Schwinger F. Schaeffler A. Hinsch M. C. Lux-Steiner N. S. Sariciftci Efficiency limiting morphological factors of MDMO-PPV PCBM plastic solar cells Thin Solid Films 2005
55. A. Haugeneder M. Neges C. Kallinger W. Spirkl U. Lemmer J. Feldmann U. Scherf E. Harth A. Gügel K. Müllen Exciton diffusion and dissociation in conjugated polymer/fullerene blends and heterostructures Phys. Rev. B 1999 59 15346
56. X. Yang J. K. J. van Duren R. A. J. Janssen M. A. J. Michels J. Loos Morphology and Thermal Stability of the Active Layer in Poly(p- phenylenevinylene)/Methanofullerene Plastic Photovoltaic Devices Macromolecules 2004 37 2151
57. H. Becker, Frankfurt, Germany, 2004
58. H. Hoppe N. Arnold D. Meissner N. S. Sariciftci Modeling of optical absorption in conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk-heterojunction plastic solar cells Thin Solid Films 2004 451-452 589
59. J. J. Dittmer E. A. Marseglia R. H. Friend Electron Trapping in Dye/Polymer Blend Photovoltaic Cells Adv. Mater. 2000 12 1270
60. J. J. Dittmer R. Lazzaroni P. Leclere P. Moretti M. Granström K. Petritsch E. A. Marseglia R. H. Friend J. L. Bredas H. Rost A. B. Holmes Crystal network formation in organic solar cells Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2000 61 53
61. Y. Zhao G. X. Yuan P. Roche M. Leclerc Polymer 1995 36 2211
62. M. Berggren G. Gustafsson O. Inganas M. R. Andersson O. Wennerstrom T. Hjertberg Appl. Phys. Lett. 1994 65 1489
63. P. J. Brown D. S. Thomas A. Köhler J. Wilson J. S. Kim C. Ramsdale H. Sirringhaus R. H. Friend Effect of interchain interactions on the absorption and emission of poly(3-hexylthiophene) Phys. Rev. B 2003 67 064203
64. T. Ahn H. L. Sein-HoHa Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002 80 392
65. K. J. Ihn J. Moulton P. Smith Whiskers of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 1993 31 735
66. T. Erb U. Zhokhavets G. Gobsch S. Raleva B. Stühn P. Schilinsky C. Waldauf C. J. Babec Correlation Between Structural and Optical Properties of Composite Polymer Films for Organic Solar Cells Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005 15 1193
67. T. Erb U. Zhokhavets H. Hoppe G. Gobsch M. Al-Ibrahim O. Ambacher Absorption and crystallinity of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene blends in dependence on annealing temperature Thin Solid Films 2005
68. X. Yang J. K. J. van Duren M. T. Rispens J. C. Hummelen R. A. J. Janssen M. A. J. Michels J. Loos Crystalline Organization of a Methanofullerene as Used for Plastic Solar-Cell Applications Adv. Mater. 2004 16 802
69. S. Schuller P. Schilinsky J. Hauch C. J. Brabec Determination of the degradation constant of bulk heterojunction solar cells by accelerated lifetime measurements Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 2004 79 37
70. M. Drees H. Hoppe C. Winder H. Neugebauer N. S. Sariciftci W. Schwinger F. Schäffler C. Topf M. C. Scharber Z. Zhu R. Gaudiana Stabilization of the nanomorphology of polymer/fullerene "bulk heterojunction" blends using a novel polymerizable fullerene derivative J. Mater. Chem. 2005 15 10.1039/b505361g
71. H. Hoppe M. Drees W. Schwinger F. Schäffler N. S. Sariciftci Nano-Crystalline Fullerene Phases in Polymer/Fullerene Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Transmission Electron Microscopy Study Synth. Met. 2005 152 117
72. 60 Phys. Rev. Lett. 1991 66 2911
73. C. W. T. Bulle-Lieuwma W. J. H. van Gennip J. K. J. van Duren P. Jonkheijm R. A. J. Janssen J. W. Niemantsverdriet Characterization of polymer solar cells by TOF-SIMS depth profiling Appl. Surf. Sci. 2003 203-204 547
74. G. Strobl From the melt via mesomorphic and granular crystalline layers to lamellar crystallites: A major route followed in polymer crystallization? Eur. Phys. J. E 2000 3 165
75. N. Camaioni M. Catellani S. Luzzati A. Migliori Morphological characterization of poly(3-octylthiophene) plasticizer C60 blends Thin Solid Films 2002 403-404 489
76. 60- derivative PCBM Synth. Met. 2005 152 109