Mushrooms as a source of anti-inflammatory agents

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 125-141

  García Lafuente, Ana ^a   Moro, Carlos ^a   Villares, Ana ^a   Guillamón, Eva ^a   Rostagno, Mauricio A ^a   Arrigo, Matilde D ^a   Martínez, José Alfredo ^a,b  

^a INIA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NAVARRA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Anti inflammatory effect; Antioxidants; Immunomodulatory effect; Mushrooms; Polysaccharides

Indexed keywords

AGROCYBIN; ALBACONOL; ALVEOLARIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ANTIVIRUS AGENT; BETA GLUCAN; ERGOSTEROL; ERYNGIN; EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE; FUCOGALACTAN; FUNGAL EXTRACT; GALACTOMANNAN; GANODERIC ACID METHYL ESTER; GANODERMIN; GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID; HYPSIN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; KRESTIN; LENTINAN; PLEUROSTRIN; POLYSACCHARIDE; POLYSACCHARIDE PEPTIDE; PROTEOGLYCAN; TERPENOID; TRICHOGIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; DENDRITIC CELL; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; FUNGAL STRAIN; HUMAN; IMMUNOMODULATION; INNATE IMMUNITY; MACROPHAGE; MUSHROOM; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; PROTEIN LIPID INTERACTION; T LYMPHOCYTE;

EID: 79955590948     PISSN: 18715230     EISSN: 1875614X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152310791110643     Document Type: Article

References (184)

1. Chang, S. T.; Miles, P. G. Mushrooms biology- a new discipline. Mycologist, 1992, 6, 64-65.
2. Lindequist, U.; Niedermeyer, T. H. J.; Jülich, W. D. The pharma- cological potential of mushooms. ECAM, 2005, 2(3), 285-299.
3. Wang, J.; Wang, H. X.; Ng, T. B. A peptide with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity from the medicinal mushroom Rus-sula paludosa. Peptides, 2007, 28(3), 560-565.
4. Borchers, A. T.; Keen, C. L.; Gershwin, M. E. Mushrooms, tumors and immunity: an update. Exp. Biol. Med., 2004, 229, 393-406.
5. Wasser, S. P. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2002, 60, 258-274.
6. Yadomae, T.; Ohno, N. Structure-activity relationship of immuno-modulating 1,3-beta-D-glucans. Recent Res. Dev. Chem. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 1, 22-23.
7. Sletmoen, M.; Stokke, B. T. Higher order structure of (1,3)-beta-D-glucans and its influence on their biological activities and com-plexation abilities. Biopolymers, 2008, 89(4), 310-321.
8. Ishibashi, K.; Miura, N. N.; Adachi, Y.; Ohno, N.; Yadomae, T. Relationship between solubility of grifolan, a fungal 1,3-beta-D-glucan, and production of tumor necrosis factor by macrophages in vitro. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2001, 65(9), 1993-2000.
9. Lam, S. K.; Ng, T. B. Hypsin, a novel thermostable ribosome-inactivating protein with antifungal and antiproliferative activities from fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Hypsizigus mar-moreus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 2001, 285(4), 1071-1075.
10. Ngai, P. H.; Ng, T. B. Lentin, a novel and potent antifungal protein from shitake mushroom with inhibitory effects on activity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase and proliferation of leukemia cells. Life Sci., 2003, 73(26), 3363-3374.
11. Wang, H.; Ng, T. B.; Liu, Q. Alveolarin, a novel antifungal polypeptide from the wild mushroom Polyporus alveolaris. Peptides, 2004, 25(4), 693-696.
12. Wang, H. X.; Ng, T. B. Eryngin, a novel antifungal peptide from fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii. Peptides, 2004, 25(1), 1-5.
13. Chu, K. T.; Xia, L.; Ng, T. B. Pleurostrin, an antifungal peptide from the oyster mushroom. Peptides, 2005, 26(11), 2098-2103.
14. Guo, Y.; Wang, H.; Ng, T. B. Isolation of trichogin, an antifungal protein from fresh fruiting bodies of the edible mushroom Tricholoma giganteum. Peptides, 2005, 26(4), 575-580.
15. Ngai, P. H.; Zhao, Z.; Ng, T. B. Agrocybin, an antifungal peptide from the edible mushroom Agrocybe cylindracea. Peptides, 2005, 26, 191-196.
16. Wang, H.; Ng, T. B. Ganodermin, an antifungal protein from fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Peptides, 2006, 27(1), 27-30.
17. Fisher, M.; Yang, L. X. Anticancer effects and mechanisms of polysaccharide-K (PSK): implications of cancer immunotherapy. Anticancer Res., 2002, 22(3), 1737-1754.
18. Kidd, P. M. The use of mushroom glucans and proteoglycans in cancer treatment. Altern. Med. Rev., 2000, 5(1), 4-27.
19. Wang, H. X.; Ng, T. B.; Ooi, V. E. Lectins from mushrooms. My-col. Res., 1998, 102, 897-906.
20. Ho, J. C. K.; Sze, S. C. W.; Shen, W. Z.; Liu, W. K. Mitogenic activity of edible musrhooms lectins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2004, 1671, 9-17.
21. Pohleven, J.; Obermajer, N.; Sabotic, J.; Anzlovar, S.; Sepcic, K.; Kos, J.; Kralj, B.; Strukelj, B.; Brzin, J. Purification, characterization and cloning of a ricin B-like lectin from mushroom Clitocybe nebularis with antiproliferative activity against human leukemic T cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2009, 1790(3), 173-181.
22. Jeurink, P. V.; Noguera, C. L.; Savelkoul, H. F. J.; Wichers, H. J. Immunomodulatory capacity of fungal proteins on the cytokine production of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Int. Im-munopharmacol, 2008, 8, 1124-1133.
23. Chen, G.; Luo, Y. C; Li, B. P.; B., L.; Guo, Y.; Li, Y.; Su, W.; Xiao, Z. L. Effect of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula on blood lipid metabolism and lipoprotein lipase activity of ICR mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. J. Food Sci., 2008, 73(6), H103-8.
24. Kino, K.; Yamashita, A.; Yamaoka, K.; Watanabe, J.; Tanaka, S.; Ko, K.; Shimizu, K.; Tsunoo, H. Isolation and characterization of a new immunomodulatory protein, ling zhi-8 (LZ-8), from Ganoderma lucidium. J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264(1), 472-8.
25. Lin, W. H.; Hung, C. H.; Hsu, C. I.; Lin, J. Y. Dimerization of the N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix domain of the fungal immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma tsugae (Fip-gts) defined by a yeast two-hybrid system and site-directed mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272(32), 20044-8.
26. Ko, J. L.; Hsu, C; Lin, R. H.; Kao, C. L.; Lin, J. Y. A new fungal immunomodulatory protein, FIP-fve isolated from the edible mushroom, Flammulina velutipes and its complete amino acid sequence. Eur. J. Biochem., 1995, 228(2), 244-9.
27. Hsu, H. C; Hsu, C. I.; Lin, R. H.; Kao, C. L.; Lin, J. Y. Fip-vvo, a new fungal immunomodulatory protein isolated from Volvariella volvacea. Biochem. J., 1997, 323(Pt 2), 557-65.
28. Moradali, M. F.; Mostafavi, H.; Ghods, S.; Hedjaroude, G. A. Immunomodulating and anticancer agents in the realm of macro-mycetes fungi (macrofungi). Int. Immunopharmacol, 2007, 7, 701-724.
29. Yasukawa, K.; Aoki, T.; Takido, M.; Ikekawa, T.; Saito, H.; Ma-Tsuzawa, T. Inhibitory effects of ergosterol isolated from the edible mushroom Hypsizigus marmoreus on TPA-induced inflammatory ear oedema and tumor promotion in mice. Phytoter. Res., 1994, 8, 10-13.
30. Takei, T.; Yoshida, M.; Ohnishi-Kameyama, M.; Kobori, M. Ergosterol peroxide, an apoptosis-inducing component isolated from Sarcodon aspratus (Berk.) S. Ito. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2005, 69(1), 212-5.
31. Takaku, T.; Kimura, Y.; Okuda, H. Isolation of an antitumor compound from Agaricus blazei Murill and its mechanism of action. J. Nutr., 2001, 131, 1409-1413.
32. Zhang, Y.; Mills, G. L.; Nair, M. G. Cyclooxygenase inhibitory and antioxidant compounds from the mycelia of the edible mushroom Grifola frondosa. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50(26), 7581-7585.
33. Tang, W.; Liu, J. W.; Zhao, W. M.; Wei, D. Z.; Zhong, J. J. Gano-deric acid T from Ganoderma lucidum mycelia induces mitochondria mediated apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Life Sci., 2006, 80(3), 205-211.
34. Wang, G.; Zhao, J.; Liu, J.; Huang, Y.; Zhong, J. J.; Tang, W. Enhancement of IL-2 and IFN-gamma expression and NK cells activity involved in the anti-tumor effect of ganoderic acid Me in vivo. Int. Immunopharmacol, 2007, 7(6), 864-870.
35. Wasser, S. P.; Weis, A. L. Therapeutic effects of substances occurring in higher basidiomycetes mushrooms:a modern perspective. Crit. Rev. Immunol, 1999, 19, 65-96.
36. Kavanagh, F.; Hervey, A.; Robbins, W. J. Antibiotic substances from Basidiomycetes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1950, 36,102-106.
37. Rosa, L. H.; Machado, K. M.; Jacob, C. C; Capelari, M.; Rosa, C. A.; Zani, C. L. Screening of Brazilian basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activity. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz., 2003, 98(7), 967-974.
38. Hearst, R.; Nelson, D.; McCollum, G.; Millar, B. C; Maeda, Y.; Goldsmith, C. E.; Rooney, P. J.; Loughrey, A.; Rao, J. R.; Moore, J. E. An examination of antibacterial and antifungal properties of constituents of Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushrooms. Complement Ther. Clin. Pract, 2009, 15(1), 5-7.
39. Ishikawa, N. K.; Fukushi, Y.; Yamaji, K.; Tahara, S.; Takahashi, K. Antimicrobial cuparene-type sesquiterpenes, enokipodins C and D, from a mycelial culture of Flammulina velutipes. J. Nat. Prod., 2001, 64(7), 932-934.
40. Mothana, R. A.; Jansen, R.; Jülich, W. D.; Lindequist, U. Ganomy-cins A and B, new antimicrobial farnesyl hydroquinones from the basidiomycete Ganoderma pfeifferi. J. Nat. Prod., 2000, 63(3), 416-418.
41. Chu, K. K.; Ho, S. S.; Chow, A. H. Coriolus versicolor: a medicinal mushroom with promising immunotherapeutic values. J. Clin. Pharmacol, 2002, 42, 976-984.
42. Wang, H. X.; Ng, T. B. Examination of lectins, polysaccharopep-tide, polysaccharide, alkaloid, coumarin and tripsin inhibitors for inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and glycohydrolases. Planta Med., 2001, 67, 669-672.
43. Li, Y. R.; Liu, Q. H.; Wang, H. X.; Ng, T. B. A novel lectin with potent antitumor, mitogenic and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitory activities from the edible mushroom Pleurotus citrinopileatus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2008, 1780(1), 51-57.
44. Wang, H. X.; Ng, T. B. Isolation of a novel ubiquitin-like protein from Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom with anti-human immunodeficiency virus, translation-inhibitory, and ribonuclease activities. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 2000, 276, 587-593.
45. Brandt, C. R.; Piraino, F. Mushroom antivirals. Recent, Res. Dev. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 2000, 4, 11-26.
46. Lucas, E. H. Tumor inhibitors in Boletus edulis and other Ho-mobasidiomycetes. Antibiot. Chemotherapy, 1957, 7, 1-4.
47. Mattila, P.; Suonpää, K.; Piironen, V. Functional properties of edible musrhooms. Nutrition, 2000, 16(7/8), 694-696.
48. Ho, C. Y.; Kim, C. F.; Leung, K. N.; Fung, K. P.; Tse, T. F.; Chan, H.; Lau, C. B. Coriolus versicolor (Yunzhi) extract attenuates growth of human leukemia xenografts and induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. Oncol Rep., 2006, 16(3), 609-16.
49. Harhaji, L.; Mijatovic, S.; Maksimovic-Ivanic, D.; Stojanovic, I.; Momcilovic, M.; Maksimovic, V.; Tufegdzic, S.; Marjanovic, Z.; Mostarica-Stojkovic, M.; Vucinic, Z.; Stosic-Grujicic, S. Antitumor effect of Coriolus versicolor methanol extract against mouse B16 melanoma cells: in vitro and in vivo study. Food Chem. Toxicol, 2008, 46(5), 1825-1833.
50. Lavi, I.; Friesem, D.; Geresh, S.; Hadar, Y.; Schwartz, B. An aqueous polysaccharide extract from the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus induces anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on HT-29 colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett, 2006, 244, 61-70.
51. Li, G.; Kim, D. H.; Kim, T. D.; Park, B. J.; Park, H. D.; Park, J. I.; Na, M. K.; Kim, H. C; N.D., H.; Lim, K.; Hwang, B. D.; Yoon, W. H. Protein-bound polysaccharide from Phellinus linteus induces G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in SW480 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett, 2004, 216(2), 175-181.
52. Kaneda, T.; Tokuda, S. Effect of various mushroom preparations on cholesterol levels in rats. J. Nutr., 1966, 90(4), 371-376.
53. Opletal, L.; Jahodar, L.; Chobot, V.; Zdansky, P.; Lukes, J.; Brátová, M.; Solichová, D.; Blunden, G.; Dacke, C. G.; Patel, A. V. Evidence for the anti-hyperlipidaemic activity of the edible fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Br. J. Biomed. Sci., 1997, 54(4), 240-243.
54. Bobek, P.; Ozdín, L.; Galbavy, S. Dose- and time-dependent hypo-cholesterolemic effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in rats. Nutrition, 1998, 14(3), 282-286.
55. Bobek, P.; Galbavy, S. Hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic effect of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) in rabbits. Nahrung., 1999, 43(5), 339-342.
56. Berger, A.; Rein, D.; Kratky, E.; Monnard, I.; Hajjaj, H.; Meirim, I.; Piguet-Welsch, C; Hauser, J.; Mace, K.; Niederberger, P. Cholesterol-lowering properties of Ganoderma lucidum in vitro, ex vivo, and in hamsters and minipigs. Lipids Health Dis., 2004, 18, 3:2.
57. Cheng, H. H.; Hou, W. C; Lu, M. L. Interactions of lipid metabolism and intestinal physiology with Tremella fuciformis Berk edible mushroom in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet with or without Neba-citin. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50(25), 7438-7443.
58. Hu, S. H.; Liang, Z. C; Chia, Y. C; Lien, J. L.; Chen, K. S.; Lee, M. Y.; Wang, J. C. Antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of extracts from Pleurotus citrinopileatus. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54(6), 2103-2110.
59. Fukushima, M.; Ohashi, T.; Fujiwara, Y.; Sonoyama, K.; Nakano, M. Cholesterol-lowering effects of maitake (Grifola frondosa) fiber, shiitake (Lentinus edodes) fiber, and enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) fiber in rats. Exp. Biol. Med., 2001, 226(8).
60. Gunde-Cimerman, N.; Plemenitas, A.; Cimerman, A. Pleurotus fungi produce mevinolin, an inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 1993, 113(3), 333-337.
61. Hajjaj, H.; Macé, C; Roberts, M.; Niederberger, P.; Fay, L. B. Effect of 26-oxygenosterols from Ganoderma lucidum and their activity as cholesterol synthesis inhibitors. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 2005, 71(7), 3653-3658.
62. Khatun, K.; Mahtab, H.; Khanam, P. A.; Sayeed, M. A.; Khan, K. A. Oyster mushroom reduced blood glucose and cholesterol in diabetic subjects. Mymensingh Med J., 2007, 16(1), 94-99.
63. Kajaba, I.; Simoncic, R.; Frecerova, K.; Belay, G. Clinical studies on the hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of selected natural substances. Bratisl Lek Listy, 2008, 109(6), 267-272.
64. Sies, H. Oxidative stress: from basic research to clinical application. Am. J. Med., 1991, 91, 31S-38S.
65. Nishikawa, M. Reactive oxygen species in tumor metastasis. Cancer Lett, 2008, 266, 53-59.
66. Willcox, J. K.; Ash, S. L.; Catignani, G. L. Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 2004, 44, 275-295.
67. Puttaraju, N. G.; Upparahalli, V.; Dharmesh, S. M.; Urs, S. M. N.; Somasundaram, R. Antioxidant activity of indigenous edible mushrooms. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2006, 54, 9764-9772.
68. Mau, J. L.; Lin, H. C; Chen, C. C. Antioxidant properties of several medicinal mushrooms. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50, 6072-6077.
69. Hsiao, G.; Shen, M. Y.; Lin, K. H.; Lan, M. H.; Wu, L. Y.; Chou, D. S.; Lin, C. H.; Su, C. H.; Sheu, J. R. Antioxidative and hepato-protective effects of Antrodia camphorata extract. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51(11), 3302-3308.
70. Ferreira, I. C; Barros, L.; Abreu, R. M. Antioxidants in wild mushrooms. Curr. Med. Chem., 2009, 16(12), 1543-1560.
71. Kim, M. Y.; Seguin, P.; Ahn, J. K.; Kim, J. J.; Chun, S. C; Kim, E. H.; Seo, S. H.; Kang, E. Y.; Kim, S. L.; Park, Y. J.; Ro, H. M.; Chung, I. M. Phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities of edible and medicinal mushrooms from Korea. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008, 56(16), 7265-7270.
72. Barros, L.; Ferreira, M. J.; Queiró s, B.; Ferreira, I. C; Baptista, P. Total phenols, ascorbic acid, b-carotene and lycopene in Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem., 2007, 103, 413-419.
73. Song, T.-Y.; Yen, G.-C. Antioxidant properties of Antrodia cam-phorata in submerged culture. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50, 3322-3327.
74. Bobek, P.; Galbavy, S. Effect of pleuran (beta-glucan from Pleuro-tus ostreatus) on the antioxidant status of the organism and on di-methylhydrazine-induced precancerous lesions in rat colon. Br. J. biomed. Sci., 2001, 58(3), 164-168.
75. Hu, H.; Zhang, Z.; Lei, Z.; Yang, Y.; Sugiura, N. Comparative study of antioxidant activity and antiproliferative effect of hot water and ethanol extracts from the mushroom Inonotus obliquus. J. Biosci. Bioeng., 2009, 107(1), 42-48.
76. Barros, L.; Baptista, P.; Correia, D. M.; Morais, J. S.; Ferreira, I. C. Effects of conservation treatment and cooking on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of portuguese wild edible mushrooms. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2007, 55(4781-4788).
77. Murcia, M. A.; Martínez-Tomé, M.; Jiménez, A. M.; Vera, A. M.; Honrubia, M.; Parras, P. Antioxidant activity of edible fungi (truffles and mushrooms): losses during industrial processing. J. Food Prot., 2002, 65(10), 1614-1622.
78. Lull, C; Wichers, H. J.; Savelkoul, H. F. J. Antiinflammatory and immunomodulating properties of fungal metabolites. Mediators In-flamm., 2005, 2, 63-80.
79. Borchers, A. T.; Krishnamurthy, A.; Keen, C. L.; Meyers, F. J.; Gershwin, M. E. The immunobiology of mushrooms. Exp. Biol. Med., 2008, 233, 259-276.
80. Wang, H. X.; Ng, T. B.; Liu, W. K.; Ooi, V. E. C; Chang, S. T. Polysaccharide-peptide complexes from the cultured mycelia of the mushroom Coriolus versicolor and their culture medium activate mouse lymphocytes and macrophages. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol, 1996, 28, 601-607.
81. Duncan, C. J. G.; Pugh, N.; Pasco, D. S.; Ross, S. A. Isolation of a galactomannan that enhances macrophage activation from the edible fungus Morchella esculenta. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2002, 50, 5683-5685.
82. Sarangi, I.; Ghosh, D.; Bhutia, S. K.; Mallick, S. K.; Maiti, T. K. Anti-tumor and immunomodulating effects of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia-derived proteoglycans. Int. Immunopharmacol, 2006, 6, 1287-1297.
83. Kodama, N.; Murata, Y.; Nanba, H. Administration of a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa stimulates immune function of normal mice. J. Med. Food, 2004, 7(2), 141-145.
84. Kodama, N.; Harada, N.; Nanba, H. A polysaccharide, extract from Grifola frondosa, induces Th-1 dominant responses in carcinoma-bearing BALB/c mice. Jpn. J. Pharmacol, 2002, 90(4), 357-360.
85. Inoue, A.; Kodama, N.; Nanba, H. Effect of maitake (Grifola frondosa) D-fraction on the control of the T lymph node Th-1/Th-2 proportion. Biol. Pharm. Bull, 2002, 25(4), 536-540.
86. Masuda, Y.; Murata, Y.; Hayashi, M.; Nanba, H. Inhibitory effect of MD-Fraction on tumor metastasis: involvement of NK cell activation and suppression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in lung vascular endothelial cells. Biol Pharm Bull, 2008, 31(6), 1104-1108.
87. Kim, G. Y.; Shin, B. C; Shin, Y. I.; Park, Y. C; Ahn, S. C; Lee, J. D.; Bae, Y. S.; Kwak, J. Y.; Park, Y. M. Proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus inhibits tumor growth through mechanisms leading to an activation of CD11c+CD8+ DC and type I helper T cell-dominant immune system. FEBS Lett., 2004, 576(3), 391-400.
88. Kim, G. Y.; Oh, Y. H.; Park, Y. M. Acidic polysaccharide isolated from Phellinus linteus induces nitricoxide-mediated tumoricidal activity of macrophages through protein tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 2003, 309, 399-407.
89. Han, S. B.; Lee, C. W.; Kang, J. S.; Yoon, Y. D.; Lee, K. H.; Lee, K.; Park, S. K.; Kim, H. M. Acidic polysaccharide from phellinus linteus inhibits melanoma cell metastasis by blocking cell adhesion and invasion. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2006, 6, 697-702.
90. Zheng, R.; Jie, S.; Hanchuan, D.; Moucheng, W. Characterization and immunomodulating activities of polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2005, 5, 811-820.
91. Zhou, L. D.; Zhang, Q. H.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, J.; Cao, Y. M. The shiitake mushroom-derived immunostimulant lentinan protects againts murine malaria blood-stage infection by evoking adaptative immune-responses. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2009, 9(4), 455-462.
92. Lee, H. H.; Lee, J. S.; Cho, J. Y.; Kim, Y. E.; Hong, E. K. Study on immunostimulating activity of macrophage treated with purified polysaccharides from liquid culture and fruiting body of Lentinus edodes. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 2009, 19(6), 566-572.
93. Lee, J. Y.; Kim, J. Y.; Lee, Y. G.; Rhee, M. H.; Hong, E. K.; Cho, J. Y. Molecular mechanism of macrophage activation by Exopoly-saccharides from liquid culture of Lentinus edodes. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 2008, 18(2), 355-364.
94. Nozaki, H.; Itonori, S.; Sugita, M.; Nakamura, K.; Ohba, K.; Suzuki, A.; Kushi, Y. Mushroom acidic glycosphingolipid induction of cytokine secretion from murine T cells and proliferation of NK1.1 a/b TCR-double positive cells in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 2008, 373, 435-439.
95. Mizuno, M.; Morimoto, M.; Minato, K.; Tsuchida, H. Polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei stimulate lymphocyte T-cell subsets in mice. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 1998, 62(3), 434-437.
96. Kim, G. Y.; Lee, M. Y.; Lee, H. J.; Moon, D. O.; Lee, C. M.; Jin, C. Y.; Choi, Y. H.; Jeong, Y. K.; Chung, K. T.; Lee, J. Y.; Choi, I. H.; Park, Y. M. Effect of water-soluble proteoglycan isolated from Agaricus blazei on the maturation of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Int. Immunopharmacol, 2005, 5(10), 1523-1532.
97. Gao, Y.; Tang, W.; Dai, X.; Gao, H.; Chen, G.; Ye, J.; Chan, E.; Koh, H. L.; Li, X.; Zhou, S. Effects of water-soluble Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the immune functions of patients with advanced lung cancer. J. Med. Food, 2005, 8(2), 159-168.
98. Gao, Y.; Zhou, S.; Jiang, W.; Huang, M.; Dai, X. Effects of ganop-oly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) on the immune functions in advanced-stage cancer patients. Immunol. Invest, 2003,32(3), 201-215.
99. Gao, Y.; Gao, H.; Chan, E.; Tang, W.; Xu, A.; Yang, H.; Huang, M.; Lan, J.; Li, X.; Duan, W.; Xu, C; Zhou, S. Antitumor activity and underlying mechanisms of ganopoly, the refined polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum, in mice. Immunol. Invest, 2005, 34(2), 171-198.
100. Lin, Y. L.; Liang, Y. C; Lee, S. S.; Chiang, B. L. Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum induced activation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by the NF-kappaB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. J. Leukoc. Biol, 2005, 78(2), 533-543.
101. Cao, L. Z.; Lin, Z. B. Regulation on maturation and function of dendritic cells by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Immunol. Lett, 2002, 83(3), 163-169.
102. Lin, Y. L.; Lee, S. S.; Hou, S. M.; Chiang, B. L. Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum induces gene expression changes in human dendritic cells and promotes T helper 1 immune response in BALB/c mice. Mol. Pharmacol, 2006, 70(2), 637-644.
103. Hsu, H. Y.; Hua, K. F.; Lin, C. C; Lin, C. H.; Hsu, J.; Wong, C. H. Extract of Reishi polysaccharides induces cytokine expression via TLR4-modulated protein kinase signaling pathways. J Immunol, 2004,173(10), 5989-5999.
104. Hua, K. F.; Hsu, H. Y.; Chao, L. K.; Chen, S. T.; Yang, W. B.; Hsu, J.; Wong, C. H. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides enhance CD 14 endocytosis of LPS and promote TLR4 signal transduction of cytokine expression. J. Cell Physiol, 2007, 212(2), 537-550.
105. Chan, W. K.; Law, H. K.; Lin, Z. B.; Lau, Y. L.; Chan, G. C. Response of human dendritic cells to different immunomodulatory polysaccharides derived from mushroom and barley. Int Immunol, 2007, 19(7), 891-899.
106. Mizuno, M.; Shiomi, Y.; Minato, K.; Kawakami, S.; Ashida, H.; Tsuchida, H. Fucogalactan isolated from Sarcodon aspratus elicits release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide from murine macrophages. Immunopharmacology, 2000, 46(2), 113-121.
107. Liu, Q.; Shu, X.; Sun, A.; Sun, Q.; Zhang, C; An, H.; Liu, J.; Cao, X. Plant-derived small molecule albaconol suppresses LPS-triggered proinflammatory cytokine production and antigen presentation of dendritic cells by impairing NF-kB activation. Int. Immunopharmacol, 2008, 8, 1103-1111.
108. Sorimachi, K.; Akimoto, K.; Ikehara, Y.; Inafuku, K.; Okubo, A.; Yamazaki, S. Secretion of TNF-alpha, IL-8 and nitric oxide by macrophages activated with Agaricus blazei Murill fractions in vitro. Cell Struct. Funct., 2001, 26(2), 103-108.
109. Nakajima, A.; Ishida, T.; Koga, M.; Takeuchi, T.; Mazda, O.; Takeuchi, M. Effect of hot water extract from Agaricus blazei Mur-ill on antibody-producing cells in mice. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2002, 2(8), 1205-1211.
110. Ellertsen, L. K.; Hetland, G.; Johnson, E.; Grinde, B. Effect of a medicinal extract from Agaricus blazei Murill on gene expression in a human monocyte cell line as examined by microarrays and immuno assays. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2006, 6, 133-143.
111. Jin, M.; Jung, H. J.; Choi, J. J.; Jeon, H.; Oh, J. H.; Kim, B.; Shin, S. S.; Lee, J. K.; Yoon, K.; Kim, S. Activation of selective transcription factors and cytokines by water-soluble extract from Lentinus lepideus. Exp. Biol. Med., 2003, 228, 749-758.
112. Son, C. G.; Shin, J. W.; Cho, J. H.; Cho, C. K.; Yun, C. H.; Han, S. H. Induction of murine interleukin-1 beta expression by water-soluble components from Hericium erinaceum. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2006, 27(8), 1058-1064.
113. Son, C. G.; Shin, J. W.; Cho, J. H.; Cho, C. K.; Yun, C. H.; Chung, W.; Han, S. H. Macrophage activation and nitric oxide production by water soluble components of Hericium erinaceum. Int. Immuno-pharmacol., 2006, 6(8), 1363-1369.
114. Volman, J. J.; Ramakers, J. D.; Plat, J. Dietary modulation of immune functions by beta-glucans. Physiol. Behav., 2008, 94, 276-284.
115. Akramiene, D.; Kondrotas, A.; Didziapetriene, J.; Kèvelaitis, E. Effects of beta-glucans on the immune system. Medicina (Kaunas), 2007, 43(8), 597-606.
116. Adachi, Y.; Okazaki, M.; Ohno, N.; Yadomae, T. Enhancement of cytokine production by macrophages stimulated with (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan, grifolan (GRN), isolated from Grifola frondosa. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 1994, 17(12), 1554-1560.
117. Sanzen, I.; Imanishi, N.; Takamatsu, N.; Konosu, S.; Mantani, N.; Terasawa, K.; Tazawa, K.; Odaira, Y.; Watanabe, M.; Takeyama, M.; Ochiai, H. Nitric oxide-mediated antitumor activity induced by the extract from Grifola frondosa (Maitake mushroom) in a macro-phage cell line, RAW 264.7. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res., 2001, 20(4), 591-597.
118. Ohno, N.; Egawa, Y.; Hashimoto, T.; Adachi, Y.; Yadomae, T. Effect of beta-glucans on the nitric oxide synthesis by peritoneal macrophage in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 1996, 19(4), 608-612.
119. Liu, M.; Li, J.; Kong, F.; Lin, J.; Gao, Y. Induction of immuno-modulating cytokines by a new polysaccharide-peptide complex from culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes. Immunopharmacology, 1998, 40, 187-198.
120. Wang, H. X.; Ng, T. B.; Ooi, V. E.; Liu, W. K.; Chang, S. T. A polysaccharide-peptide complex from cultured mycelia of the mushroom Tricholoma mongolicum with immunoenhancing and antitumor activities. Biochem. Cell Biol., 1996, 74, 95-100.
121. Wang, H. X.; Liu, W. K.; Ng, L. T.; Ooi, V. E.; Chang, S. T. Im-munomodulatory and antitumor activities of a polysaccharide-peptide complex from a mycelial culture of Tricholoma sp., a local edible mushroom. Life Sci., 1995, 57(3), 268-281.
122. Ngai, P. H.; Wang, H. X.; Ng, T. B. Purification and characterization of a ubiquitin-like peptide with macrophage stimulating, anti-proliferative and ribonuclease activities from the mushroom Agro-cybe cylindracea. Peptides, 2003, 24(5), 639-645.
123. Wang, H. X.; Liu, W. K.; Ng, T. B.; Ooi, V. E.; Chang, S. T. The immunomodulatory and antitumor activities of lectins from the mushroom Tricholoma mongolicum. Immunopharmacol., 1996, 31, 205-211.
124. Wu, J.; Lanier, L. L. Natural killer cells and cancer. Adv. Cancer Res., 2003, 90, 127-156.
125. Takimoto, H.; Wakita, D.; Kawaguchi, K.; Kumazawa, Y. Potentia-tion of cytotoxic activity in naïve and tumor-bearing mice by oral administration of hot-water extracts from Agaricus brazei fruiting bodies. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2004, 27(3), 404-406.
126. Zhong, M.; Tai, A.; Yamamoto, I. In vitro augmentation of natural killer activity and interferon-gamma production in murine spleen cells with Agaricus blazei fruiting body fractions. Biosci. Biotech-nol. Biochem., 2005, 69(12), 2466-2469.
127. Yuminamochi, E.; Koike, T.; Takeda, K.; Horiuchi, I.; Okumura, K. Interleukin-12- and interferon-gamma-mediated natural killer cell activation by Agaricus blazei Murill. Immunology, 2007, 121(2), 197-206.
128. Wu, D.; Pae, M.; Ren, Z.; Guo, Z.; Smith, D.; Meydani, S. N. Dietary supplementation with white button mushroom enhances natural killer cell activity in C57BL/6 mice. J. Nutr., 2007, 137, 1472-1477.
129. Hishida, I.; Nanba, H.; Kuroda, H. Antitumor activity exhibited by orally administered extract from fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake). Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1988, 36(5), 1819-1827.
130. Kodama, N.; Komuta, K.; Nanba, H. Effect of maitake (Grifola frondosa) D-fraction on the activation of NK cells in cancer patients. J. Med. Food, 2003, 6(4), 371-377.
131. Kodama, N.; Komuta, K.; Sakai, N.; Nanba, H. Effects of D-Fraction, a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa on tumor growth involve activation of NK cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2002, 25(12), 1647-1650.
132. Kodama, N.; Asakawa, A.; Inui, A.; Masuda, Y.; Nanba, H. Enhancement of cytotoxicity of NK cells by D-Fraction, a polysaccha-ride from Grifola frondosa. Oncol. Rep., 2005, 13(3), 497-502.
133. Banchereau, J.; Briere, F.; Caux, C.; Davoust, J.; Lebecque, S.; Liu, Y. J.; Pulendran, B.; Palucka, K. Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2000, 18, 767-811.
134. Ren, Z.; Guo, Z.; Meydani, S. N.; Wu, D. White button mushroom enhances maduration of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and their antigen presenting function in mice. J. Nutr., 2008, 138, 544-550.
135. Cao, L. Z.; Lin, Z. B. Regulatory effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on cytotoxic T-lymphocytes induced by dendritic cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 2003, 24(4), 321-326.
136. Kim, S. K.; Im, J.; Yun, C. H.; Son, C. G.; Park, D. K.; Han, S. H. Armillariella mellea induces maduration of human dendritic cells without induction of cytokine expression. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2008, 119(1), 153-159.
137. Kim, G. Y.; Han, M. G.; Song, Y. S.; Shin, B. C.; Shin, Y. I.; Lee, H. J.; Moon, D. O.; Lee, C. M.; Kwak, J. Y.; Bae, Y. S.; Lee, J. D.; Park, Y. M. Proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus induces toll-like receptors 2- and 4-mediated maturation of murine dendritic cells via activation of ERK, p38, and NF-kappaB. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2004, 27(10), 1656-1662.
138. Plat, J.; Mensink, R. P. Food components and immune function. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2005, 16(1), 31-37.
139. Kidd, P. Th1/Th2 balance: the hypothesis, its limitations, and implications for health and disease. Altern. Med. Rev., 2003, 8, 223-246.
140. Suzuki, Y.; Adachi, Y.; Ohno, N.; Yadomae, T. Th1/Th2-Balancing immunomodulating activity of gel-forming (1-->3)-beta-glucans from fungi. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2001, 24(7), 811-819.
141. Wang, J. C.; Hu, S. H.; Su, C. H.; Lee, T. M. Antitumor and immu-noenhancing activities of polysaccharide from culture broth of Her-incium spp. Kaohsiung. J.Med. Sci., 2001, 17(9), 461-467.
142. Harada, N.; Kodama, N.; Nanba, H. Relationship between dendritic cells and the D-fraction-induced Th-1 dominant response in BALB/c tumor-bearing mice. Cancer Lett., 2003, 192(2), 181-187.
143. Kodama, N.; Murata, Y.; Asakawa, A.; Inui, A.; Hayashi, M.; Sakai, N.; Nanba, H. Maitake D-Fraction enhances antitumor effects and reduces immunosuppression by mitomycin-C in tumor-bearing mice. Nutrition, 2005, 21(5), 624-629.
144. Wang, P. H.; Hsu, C. I.; Tang, S. C.; Huang, Y. L.; Lin, J. Y.; Ko, J. L. Fungal immunomodulatory protein from Flammulina veluti-pes induces interferon-gamma production through p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase signaling pathway. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52, 2721-272.
145. Kim, G. Y.; Park, S. K.; Lee, M. K.; Lee, S. H.; Oh, Y. H.; Kwak, J. Y.; Yoon, S.; Lee, J. D.; Park, Y. M. Proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus activates murine B lymphocytes via protein kinase C and protein tyrosine kinase. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2003, 3(9), 1281-1292.
146. Bao, X.; Wang, X. S.; Dong, Q.; Fang, J. N.; Li, X. Y. Structural features of immunologically active polysaccharides from Gano-derma lucidum. Phytochemistry, 2002, 59(2), 175-181.
147. Zhang, J.; Tang, Q.; Zimmerman-Kordmann, M.; Reutter, W.; Fan, H. Activation of B lymphocytes by GLIS, a bioactive proteoglycan from Ganoderma lucidum. Life Sci., 2002, 71(6), 623-638.
148. Bao, X.; Fang, J.; Li, X. Structural characterization and immuno-modulating activity of a complex glucan from spores of Gano-derma lucidum. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 2001, 65(11), 2384-2391.
149. Hsieh, K. Y.; Hsu, C. I.; Lin, J. Y.; Tsai, C. C.; Lin, R. H. Oral administration of an edible-mushroom-derived protein inhibits the development of food-allergic reactions in mice. Clin Exp Allergy., 2003, 33(11), 1595-1602.
150. Liu, F.; Ooi, V. E.; Fung, M. C. Analysis of immunomodulating cytokine mRNAs in the mouse induced by mushroom polysaccharides. Life Sci., 1999, 64(12), 1005-1011.
151. García-Lafuente, A.; Guillamón, E.; Villares, A.; Rostagno, M. A.; Martínez, J. A. Flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: implications in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Inflamm. Res., 2009, 58(9), 537-552.
152. Dudhgaonkar, S.; Thyagarajan, A.; Sliva, D. Suppression of the inflammatory response by triterpenes isolated from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Int. Immunopharmacol, 2009, 9(11), 1272-1280.
153. Song, Y. S.; Kim, S.-H.; Sa, J.-H.; Jin, C; Lim, C. J.; Park, E. H. Anti-angiogenic and inhibitory activity on inducible nitric oxide production of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. J. Ethnophar-macol, 2004, 90, 17-20.
154. Ajith, T. A.; Janardhanan, K. K. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of Phellinus rimosus (Berk) Pilat. Indian J. Exp. Biol, 2001, 39, 1166-1169.
155. Kim, H. G.; Yoon, D. H.; Kim, C. H.; Shrestha, B.; Chang, W. C; Lim, S. Y.; Lee, W. H.; Han, S. G.; Lee, J. O.; Lim, M. H.; Kim, G. Y.; Choi, S.; Song, W. O.; Sung, J. M.; Hwang, K. C; Kim, T. W. Ethanol extracts of Inonotus obliquus inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. J. Med. Food, 2007, 10(1), 80-89.
156. Park, Y. M.; Won, J. H.; Kim, Y. H.; Choi, J. W.; Park, H. J.; Lee, K. T. In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of the methanol extract of Inonotus obliquus. J. Ethnophar-macol, 2005, 101, 120-128.
157. Pereira, S. G.; Oakley, F. Nuclear factor-kappa B1: regulation and function. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2008, 40(8), 1425-1430.
158. Lakshmi, B.; Ajith, T. A.; Sheena, N.; Gunapalan, N.; Janardhanan, K. K. Antiperoxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities of ethanol extract of mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum occurring in South India. Teratogenesis, Carcinogen. Mutag. Suppl, 2003, 1, 85-97.
159. Wu, S.-J.; Tsai, J.-Y.; Lai, M.-N.; Ng, L.-T. Armillariella mellea shows anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of NO, iNOS, COX-2 and cytokines in THP-1 cells. Am. J. Chin. Med., 2007, 35(3), 507-416.
160. Jose, N.; Ajith, T. A.; Janardhanan, K. K. Methanol extract of the oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida, inhibits inflammation and platelet aggregation. Phytother. Res., 2004, 18, 43-46.
161. Hseu, Y.-C; Wu, F.-Y.; Wu, J.-J.; Chen, J.-Y.; Chang, W.-H.; Lu, F.-J.; Lai, Y.-C; Ynag, H.-L. Anti-inflammatory potential of An-trodia Camphorata through inhibition of iNOS, COX-2 and cytokines via NF-kB pathway. Int. Immunopharmacol, 2005, 5, 1914-1925.
162. Padilha, M. M.; Avila, A. A.; Sousa, P. J.; Cardoso, L. G.; Perazzo, F. F.; Carvalho, J. C. Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and alkaline extracts from mushrooms (Agaricus blazei Murill). J. Med. Food, 2009, 12(2), 359-364.
163. Kim, B.; Choi, J. W.; Hong, H. Y.; Lee, S. A.; Hong, S.; Park, E. H.; Kim, S. J.; Lim, C. J. Heme oxygenase-1 mediates the antiinflammatory effect of mushroom Phellinus linteus in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2006, 106, 364-371.
164. Kim, B. C; Jeon, W. K.; Hong, H. Y.; Jeon, K. B.; Hahn, J. H.; Kim, Y. M.; Numazawa, S.; Yosida, T.; Park, E. H.; Lim, C. J. The anti-inflammatory activity of Phellinus linteus (Berk & M.A. Curt.) is mediated through the PKC delta/ Nrf2/ARE signaling to up-regulation of heme-oxygenase-1. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2007, 113, 240-247.
165. Kim, S. H.; Song, Y. S.; Kim, S. K.; Kim, B. C; Lim, C. J.; Park, E. H. Anti-inflammatory and related pharmacological activities of the n-BuOH subfraction of mushroom Phellinus linteus. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2004, 93(1), 141-146.
166. Guerra Dore, C. M. P.; Azevedo, T. C. G.; de Souza, M. C. R.; Rego, L. A.; de Dantas, J. C. M.; Silva, F. R. F.; Rocha, H. A. O.; Baseia, I. G.; Leite, E. L. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic actions of beta-glucan-rich extract from Geastrum saccatum mushroom. Int. Immunopharmacol, 2007, 7, 1160-1169.
167. Kobori, M.; Yoshida, M.; Ohnishi-Kameyama, M.; Shinmoto, H. Ergosterol peroxide from a edible mushroom suppresses inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages and growth of HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. Br. J. Pharmacol, 2007, 150, 209-219.
168. Li, H.; Lu, X.; Zhang, S.; Lu, M.; Liu, H. Anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharide from Pholiota nameko. Biochemistry, 2008, 73(6), 669-675.
169. Liu, Q.; Shu, X.; Wang, L.; Sun, A.; Liu, J.; Cao, X. Albaconol, a plant-derived small molecule, inhibits macrophage function by suppressing NF-kappa B activation and enhancing SOCS1 expression. Cell Mol. Immunol, 2008, 5(4), 271-278.
170. Kim, G. Y.; Kim, S. H.; Hwang, S. Y.; Kim, H. Y.; Park, Y. M.; Park, S. K.; Lee, T. H.; Lee, J. D. Oral administration of proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus in the prevention and treatment of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull, 2003, 26(6), 823-831.
171. Lee, Y. G.; Lee, W. M.; Kim, J. Y.; Lee, J. Y.; Lee, I. K.; Yun, B. S.; Rhee, M. H.; Cho, J. Y. Src kinase-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of davallialactone from Inonotus xeranticus in lipopolysac-charide-activated RAW 264.7 cells. Br. J. Pharmacol, 2008, 154, 852-863.
172. Nosálová, V.; Bobek, P.; Cerná, S.; Galbavy, S.; Stvrtina, S. Effects of pleuran (beta-glucan isolated from Pleurotus ostreatus) on experimental colitis in rats. Physiol. Res., 2001, 50, 575-581.
173. Kohno, K.; Miyake, M.; Sano, O.; Tanaka-Kataoka, M.; Yama-moto, S.; Koya-Miyata, S.; Arai, N.; Fujii, M.; Watanabe, H.; Ushio, S.; Iwak, i. K.; Fukuda, S. Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of 2-Amino-3Hphenoxazin-3-one. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2008, 31(10), 1938-1945.
174. Fujiwara, N.; Kobayashi, K. Macrophages in inflammation. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm. Allergy, 2005, 4(3), 281-6.
175. Woo, C. W.; Man, R. Y.; Siow, Y. L.; Choy, P. C; Wan, E. W.; Lau, C. S.; O, K. Ganoderma lucidum inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in macrophages. Mol. Cell Biochem., 2005, 275(1-2), 165-171.
176. Süleyman, H.; Demircan, B.; Karagöz, Y. Anti-inflammatory and side effects of cyclooxigenase inhibitors. Pharmacol. Rep., 2007, 59, 247-258.
177. Khanapure, S. P.; Garvey, D. S.; Janero, D. R.; Letts, L. G. Eicosa-noids in inflammation: biosynthesis, pharmacology and therapeutic frontiers. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2007, 7, 311-340.
178. Kim, H. G.; Yoon, D. H.; Won, H. L.; Han, S. K.; Shrestha, B.; Kim, C. H.; Lim, M. H.; Chang, W.; Lim, S.; Choi, S.; Song, W. O.; Sung, J. M.; Hwang, K. C; Kim, T. W. Phellinus linteus inhibits inflammatory mediators by suppressing redox-based NF-kappa B and MAPKs activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2007, 114, 307-315.
179. Onose, J. I.; Xie, C; Ye, Y. Q.; Sugaya, K.; Takahashi, S.; Ko-shino, H.; Yanusaga, K.; Abe, N.; Yoshikawa, K. Vialinin A, a novel potent inhibitor of TNF-alpha production from RBL-2H3 cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull, 2008, 31(5), 831-833.
180. Smirderle, F. R.; Olsen, L. M.; Carbonero, E. R.; Baggio, C. H.; Freitas, C. S.; Marcon, R.; Santos, A. R. S.; Gorin, P. A. J.; Ia-comini, M. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in a rodent model of a (1-3),(1-6)-linked beta-glucan isolated from Pleurotus pulmonarius. Eur. J. Pharmacol, 2008, 597, 86-91.
181. Kim, G. Y.; Roh, S. I.; Park, S. K.; Ahn, S. C; Oh, Y. H.; Lee, J. D.; Park, Y. M. Alleviation of experimental septic shock in mice by acidic polysaccharide isolated from the medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus. Biol. Pharm. Bull, 2003, 26, (10), 1418-1423.
182. Bobek, P.; Nosálová, V.; Cerná, S. Effect of pleuran (beta-glucan from Pleurotus ostreatus) in diet or drinking fluid on colitis in rats. Nahrung, 2001, 45(5), 360-363.
183. Lin, J. Y.; Chen, M. L.; Chiang, B. L.; Lin, B. F. Ganoderma tsugae supplementation alleviates bronchoalveolar inflammation in an airway sensitization and challenge mouse model. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2006, 6, 241-251.
184. Yu, S.; Weaver, V.; Martin, K.; Cantorna, M. T. The effects of whole mushrooms during inflammation. BMC Immunol, 2009, 10, 12.