Curcumin has bright prospects for the treatment of multiple sclerosis

International Immunopharmacology

Volumn 11, Issue 3, 2011, Pages 323-330

  Xie, Lin ^a,b   Li, Xiao Kang ^a   Takahara, Shiro ^b  

^a NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR CHILD HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT   (Japan)

^b OSAKA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Autoimmune disease; Chemokine; Curcumin; Cytokine; Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Interleukin 17; Multiple sclerosis; NF kB; Th17 cells

Indexed keywords

CURCUMIN;

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; DRUG EFFECT; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TH17 CELL;

EID: 79952100122     PISSN: 15675769     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.013     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Bennett JL, Stuve O. Update on inflammation, neurodegeneration, and immunoregulation in multiple sclerosis: therapeutic implications. Clin Neuropharmacol 2009;32:121-32.
2. Brereton CF, Sutton CE, Lalor SJ, Lavelle EC, Mills KH. Inhibition of ERK MAPK suppresses IL-23- and IL-1-driven IL-17 production and attenuates autoimmune disease. J Immunol 2009;183:1715-23.
3. Shudo K, Fukasawa H, Nakagomi M, Yamagata N. Towards retinoid therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2009;6:302-11.
4. McFarland HF, Martin R. Multiple sclerosis: a complicated picture of autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2007;8:913-9.
5. Roodhooft JM. Ocular problems in early stages of multiple sclerosis. Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 2009:65-8.
6. Conway D, Cohen JA. Combination therapy in multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol 2010:299-308.
7. Oki S, Yamamura T. Identification of a possible therapeutic target through pathogenic T cell analysis of multiple sclerosis. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi 2009;32:214-22.
8. Fujino M, Funeshima N, Kitazawa Y, Kimura H, Amemiya H, Suzuki S, et al. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats by FTY720 treatment. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;305:70-7. (Pubitemid 36378136)
9. Leipe J, Skapenko A, Schulze-Koops H. Th17 cells-a new proinflammatory T cell population and its role in rheumatologic autoimmune diseases. Z Rheumatol 2009;68:405-8.
10. Tesmer LA, Lundy SK, Sarkar S, Fox DA. Th17 cells in human disease. Immunol Rev 2008;223:87-113. (Pubitemid 351986173)
11. Vojdani A, Lambert J. The role of Th17 in neuroimmune disorders: target for CAM therapy. Part II. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2009:1-7.
12. Vojdani A, Lambert J. The role of Th17 in neuroimmune disorders: target for CAM therapy. Part I. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2009:1-8.
13. Bengmark S, Mesa MD, Gil A. Plant-derived health: the effects of turmeric and curcuminoids. Nutr Hosp 2009;24:273-81.
14. Kidd PM. Bioavailability and activity of phytosome complexes from botanical polyphenols: the silymarin, curcumin, green tea, and grape seed extracts. Altern Med Rev 2009;14:226-46.
15. Ray B, Lahiri DK. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: different molecular targets and potential therapeutic agents including curcumin. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009;9:434-44.
16. Cole GM, Teter B, Frautschy SA. Neuroprotective effects of curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007;595:197-212.
17. Hamaguchi T, Ono K, Yamada M. Curcumin and Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010. [Epub ahead of print].
18. Jurenka JS. Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, a major constituent of Curcuma longa: a review of preclinical and clinical research. Altern Med Rev 2009;14:141-53.
19. Xie L, Li XK, Funeshima-Fuji N, Kimura H, Matsumoto Y, Isaka Y, et al. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by curcumin treatment through inhibition of IL-17 production. Int Immunopharmacol 2009;9:575-81.
20. Charil A, Filippi M. Inflammatory demyelination and neurodegeneration in early multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2007;259:7-15. (Pubitemid 47031196)
21. Leray E, Yaouanq J, Le Page E, Coustans M, Laplaud D, Oger J, et al. Evidence for a two-stage disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2010;133:1900-13.
22. Steinman L. Multiple sclerosis: a two-stage disease. Nat Immunol 2001;2:762-4.
23. Tzartos JS, Friese MA, Craner MJ, Palace J, Newcombe J, Esiri MM, et al. Interleukin-17 production in central nervous system-infiltrating T cells and glial cells is associated with active disease in multiple sclerosis. Am J Pathol 2008;172: 146-55. (Pubitemid 351186376)
24. Edwards LJ, Robins RA, Constantinescu CS. Th17/Th1 phenotype in demyelinating disease. Cytokine 2010;50:19-23.
25. Sharma RA, Gescher AJ, Steward WP. Curcumin: the story so far. Eur J Cancer 2005;41:1955-68. (Pubitemid 41557681)
26. Jovanovic SV, Boone CW, Steenken S, Trinoga M, Kaskey RB. How curcumin works preferentially with water soluble antioxidants. J Am Chem Soc 2001;123:3064-8. (Pubitemid 32879574)
27. Wang YJ, Pan MH, Cheng AL, Lin LI, Ho YS, Hsieh CY, et al. Stability of curcumin in buffer solutions and characterization of its degradation products. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997;15:1867-76.
28. Jacob A, Wu R, Zhou M, Wang P. Mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin: PPAR-gamma activation. PPAR Res 2007;2007:89369.
29. Ireson C, Orr S, Jones DJ, Verschoyle R, Lim CK, Luo JL, et al. Characterization of metabolites of the chemopreventive agent curcumin in human and rat hepatocytes and in the rat in vivo, and evaluation of their ability to inhibit phorbol ester-induced prostaglandin E2 production. Cancer Res 2001;61:1058-64. (Pubitemid 32174425)
30. Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK, Hsu MM, Ho YF, Shen TS, et al. Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions. Anticancer Res 2001;21:2895-900.
31. Sharma RA, Euden SA, Platton SL, Cooke DN, Shafayat A, Hewitt HR, et al. Phase I clinical trial of oral curcumin: biomarkers of systemic activity and compliance. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:6847-54. (Pubitemid 39383033)
32. Garcea G, Berry DP, Jones DJ, Singh R, Dennison AR, Farmer PB, et al. Consumption of the putative chemopreventive agent curcumin by cancer patients: assessment of curcumin levels in the colorectum and their pharmacodynamic consequences. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2005;14:120-5. (Pubitemid 40165291)
33. Alessandro Menozzi CP, Poli Enzo, Martelli Mario, Martelli Laura, Zullian Chiara, Bertini Simone. Effects of oral curcumin on indomethacin-induced small intestinal damage in the rat. Drug Discov Ther 2009;3:71-6.
34. Shoba G, Joy D, Joseph T, Majeed M, Rajendran R, Srinivas PS. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Med 1998;64:353-6. (Pubitemid 28234275)
35. Bisht S, Feldmann G, Soni S, Ravi R, Karikar C, Maitra A. Polymeric nanoparticleen-capsulated curcumin ("nanocurcumin"): a novel strategy for human cancer therapy. J Nanobiotechnol 2007;5:1-18.
36. Li L, Braiteh FS, Kurzrock R. Liposome-encapsulated curcumin: in vitro and in vivo effects on proliferation, apoptosis, signaling, and angiogenesis. Cancer 2005;104: 1322-31. (Pubitemid 41282806)
37. Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Gantait A, Saha BP, Mukherjee PK. Curcumin-phospholipid complex: preparation, therapeutic evaluation and pharmacokinetic study in rats. Int J Pharm 2007;330:155-63. (Pubitemid 46097368)
38. Marczylo TH, Verschoyle RD, Cooke DN, Morazzoni P, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. Comparison of systemic availability of curcumin with that of curcumin formulated with phosphatidylcholine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007;60:171-7. (Pubitemid 46742531)
39. Baum L, Lam CW, Cheung SK, Kwok T, Lui V, Tsoh J, et al. Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;28:110-3.
40. Chandra V, Pandav R, Dodge HH, Johnston JM, Belle SH, DeKosky ST, et al. Incidence of Alzheimer's disease in a rural community in India: the Indo-US study. Neurology 2001;57:985-9. (Pubitemid 32880190)
41. Kurd SK, Smith N, VanVoorhees A, Troxel AB, Badmaev V, Seykora JT, et al. Oral curcumin in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris: a prospective clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58:625-31.
42. Buonocore S, Ahern PP, Uhlig HH, Ivanov II, Littman DR, Maloy KJ, et al. Innate lymphoid cells drive interleukin-23-dependent innate intestinal pathology. Nature 2010;464:1371-5.
43. Park C, Moon DO, Choi IW, Choi BT, Nam TJ, Rhu CH, et al. Curcumin induces apoptosis and inhibits prostaglandin E(2) production in synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Med 2007;20:365-72.
44. Epstein J, Docena G, MacDonald TT, Sanderson IR. Curcumin suppresses p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, reduces IL-1beta and matrix metalloproteinase-3 and enhances IL-10 in the mucosa of children and adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Br J Nutr 2010;103:824-32.
45. Csaki C, Mobasheri A, Shakibaei M. Synergistic chondroprotective effects of curcumin and resveratrol in human articular chondrocytes: inhibition of IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB-mediated inflammation and apoptosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2009;11:R165.
46. Hsu CH, Cheng AL. Clinical studies with curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007;595: 471-80.
47. Wongcharoen W, Phrommintikul A. The protective role of curcumin in cardiovascular diseases. Int J Cardiol 2009;133:145-51.
48. Jain SK, Rains J, Croad J, Larson B, Jones K. Curcumin supplementation lowers TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion in high glucose-treated cultured monocytes and blood levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, MCP-1, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic rats. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009;11:241-9.
49. Vareed SK, Kakarala M, Ruffin MT, Crowell JA, Normolle DP, Djuric Z, et al. Pharmacokinetics of curcumin conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2008;17:1411-7.
50. Sakano K, Kawanishi S. Metal-mediated DNA damage induced by curcumin in the presence of human cytochrome P450 isozymes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002;405: 223-30. (Pubitemid 35191736)
51. Johnson JJ, Mukhtar H. Curcumin for chemoprevention of colon cancer. Cancer Lett 2007;255:170-81. (Pubitemid 47268637)
52. Aggarwal BB, Shishodia S, Takada Y, Banerjee S, Newman RA, Bueso-Ramos CE, et al. Curcumin suppresses the paclitaxel-induced nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in breast cancer cells and inhibits lung metastasis of human breast cancer in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:7490-8. (Pubitemid 41507710)
53. Noseworthy JH, Lucchinetti C, Rodriguez M, Weinshenker BG. Multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2000;343:938-52.
54. Yan J, NF-kappa Greer JM. NF-kappa B, a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2008;7:536-57.
55. Kebir H, Kreymborg K, Ifergan I, Dodelet-Devillers A, Cayrol R, Bernard M, et al. Human TH17 lymphocytes promote blood-brain barrier disruption and central nervous system inflammation. Nat Med 2007;13:1173-5. (Pubitemid 47530640)
56. Banks WA. The blood-brain barrier as a regulatory interface in the gut-brain axes. Physiol Behav 2006;89:472-6. (Pubitemid 44634576)
57. Maes M, Kubera M, Leunis JC. The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2008;29:117-24.
58. Maes M, Coucke F, Leunis JC. Normalization of the increased translocation of endotoxin from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) is accompanied by a remission of chronic fatigue syndrome. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2007;28:739-44.
59. Kim JV, Dustin ML. Innate response to focal necrotic injury inside the blood-brain barrier. J Immunol 2006;177:5269-77. (Pubitemid 44527599)
60. Engelhardt B, Ransohoff RM. The ins andouts of T-lymphocyte trafficking to theCNS: anatomical sites and molecular mechanisms. Trends Immunol 2005;26:485-95. (Pubitemid 41139258)
61. Aloisi F, Ria F, Adorini L. Regulation of T-cell responses by CNS antigen-presenting cells: different roles for microglia and astrocytes. Immunol Today 2000;21:141-7.
62. Huppert J, Closhen D, Croxford A, White R, Kulig P, Pietrowski E, et al. Cellular mechanisms of IL-17-induced blood-brain barrier disruption. FASEB J 2010;24: 1023-34.
63. Kimura K, Teranishi S, Fukuda K, Kawamoto K, Nishida T. Delayed disruption of barrier function in cultured human corneal epithelial cells induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a manner dependent on NF-kappaB. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49:565-71.
64. Ma TY, Iwamoto GK, Hoa NT, Akotia V, Pedram A, Boivin MA, et al. TNF-alpha-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability requires NFkappa B activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004;286:G367-76.
65. Balasubramanyam M, Koteswari AA, Kumar RS, Monickaraj SF, Maheswari JU, Mohan V. Curcumin-induced inhibition of cellular reactive oxygen species generation: novel therapeutic implications. J Biosci 2003;28:715-21. (Pubitemid 37522778)
66. Chan WH, Wu HJ, Hsuuw YD. Curcumin inhibits ROS formation and apoptosis in methylglyoxal-treated human hepatoma G2 cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1042: 372-8.
67. Carlson T, Kroenke M, Rao P, Lane TE, Segal B. The Th17-ELR+ CXC chemokine pathway is essential for the development of central nervous system autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 2008;205:811-23.
68. Kroenke MA, Carlson TJ, Andjelkovic AV, Segal BM. IL-12- and IL-23-modulated T cells induce distinct types of EAE based on histology, CNS chemokine profile, and response to cytokine inhibition. J Exp Med 2008;205:1535-41. (Pubitemid 351962016)
69. Natarajan C, Bright JJ. Curcumin inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by blocking IL-12 signaling through Janus kinase-STAT pathway in T lymphocytes. J Immunol 2002;168:6506-13. (Pubitemid 34620077)
70. Bachmeier BE, Mohrenz IV, Mirisola V, Schleicher E, Romeo F, Hohneke C, et al. Curcumin downregulates the inflammatory cytokines CXCL1 and -2 in breast cancer cells via NFkappaB. Carcinogenesis 2008;29:779-89. (Pubitemid 351494166)
71. Kamohara H, Takahashi M, Ishiko T, Ogawa M, Baba H. Induction of interleukin-8 (CXCL-8) by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and leukemia inhibitory factor in pancreatic carcinoma cells: impact of CXCL-8 as an autocrine growth factor. Int J Oncol 2007;31:627-32.
72. Bobrovnikova-Marjon EV, Marjon PL, Barbash O. Vander Jagt DL, Abcouwer SF. Expression of angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8/CXCL8 is highly responsive to ambient glutamine availability: role of nuclear factor-kappaB and activating protein-1. Cancer Res 2004;64: 4858-69. (Pubitemid 38924530)
73. Choi KH, Park JW, Kim HY, Kim YH, Kim SM, Son YH, et al. Cellular factors involved in CXCL8 expression induced by glycated serum albumin in vascular smooth muscle cells. Atherosclerosis 2010;209:58-65.
74. Shen F, Gaffen SL. Structure-function relationships in the IL-17 receptor: implications for signal transduction and therapy. Cytokine 2008;41:92-104.
75. Skarica M, Wang T, McCadden E, Kardian D, Calabresi PA, Small D, et al. Signal transduction inhibition of APCs diminishes th17 and Th1 responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2009;182:4192-9.
76. Das Sarma J, Ciric B, Marek R, Sadhukhan S, Caruso ML, Shafagh J, et al. Functional interleukin-17 receptor A is expressed in central nervous system glia and upregulated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2009;6:14.
77. Kang Z, Altuntas CZ, Gulen MF, Liu C, Giltiay N, Qin H, et al. Astrocyte-restricted ablation of interleukin-17-induced Act1-mediated signaling ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunity 2010;32:414-25.
78. McQuillan K, Lynch MA, Mills KH. Activation ofmixed glia by A beta-specific Th1 and Th17 cells and its regulation by Th2 cells. Brain Behav Immun 2010;24:598-607.
79. Murphy AC, Lalor SJ, Lynch MA, Mills KH. Infiltration of Th1 and Th17 cells and activation of microglia in the CNS during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Behav Immun 2010;24:641-51.
80. Quintana A, Muller M, Frausto RF, Ramos R, Getts DR, Sanz E, et al. Site-specific production of IL-6 in the central nervous system retargets and enhances the inflammatory response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 2009;183:2079-88.
81. Gertsch J, Guttinger M, Heilmann J, Sticher O. Curcumin differentially modulates mRNA profiles in Jurkat T and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2003;11:1057-63. (Pubitemid 36287067)
82. OonoH, Nakagawa M, Miyamoto A, Ishiguro S, Nishio A.Mechanisms underlying the enhanced elevation of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha mRNA levels following endotoxin challenge in rat alveolar macrophages cultured with low-Mg2+ medium. Magnes Res 2002;15:153-60.
83. Shogi T, Miyamoto A, Ishiguro S, Nishio A. Enhanced release of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha following endotoxin challenge from rat alveolar macrophages cultured in low-mg(2+) medium. Magnes Res 2003;16:111-9.
84. Hong J, Bose M, Ju J, Ryu JH, Chen X, Sang S, et al. Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by curcumin and related beta-diketone derivatives: effects on cytosolic phospholipase A(2), cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase. Carcinogenesis 2004;25:1671-9.
85. Rao CV. Regulation of COX and LOX by curcumin. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007;595: 213-26.
86. Aranami T, Yamamura T. Th17 cells and autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE/MS). Allergol Int 2008;57:115-20. (Pubitemid 351897665)
87. Segal BM. Th17 cells in autoimmune demyelinating disease. Semin Immunopathol 2010;32:71-7.
88. Soumelis V, Volpe E. TH17 differentiation, a complex process in mouse and man. Med Sci (Paris) 2008;24:925-7. (Pubitemid 352772923)
89. Ifergan I, Kebir H, Bernard M, Wosik K, Dodelet-Devillers A, Cayrol R, et al. The blood-brain barrier induces differentiation of migrating monocytes into Th17-polarizing dendritic cells. Brain 2008;131:785-99. (Pubitemid 351294709)
90. Kim GY, Kim KH, Lee SH, Yoon MS, Lee HJ, Moon DO, et al. Curcumin inhibits immunostimulatory function of dendritic cells: MAPKs and translocation of NF-kappa B as potential targets. J Immunol 2005;174:8116-24.
91. Khanna S, Park HA, Sen CK, Golakoti T, Sengupta K, Venkateswarlu S, et al. Neuroprotective and antiinflammatory properties of a novel demethylated curcuminoid. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009;11:449-68.
92. Shirley SA, Montpetit AJ, Lockey RF, Mohapatra SS. Curcumin prevents human dendritic cell response to immune stimulants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;374:431-6.
93. Yoshimura A, Wakabayashi Y, Mori T. Cellular and Molecular Basis for the Regulation of Inflammation by TGF-{beta}. J Biochem 2010;147:781-92.
94. Hu Y, Liang H, Du Y, Zhu Y, Wang X. Curcumin inhibits transforming growth factor-beta activity via inhibition of Smad signaling in HK-2 cells. Am J Nephrol 2010;31: 332-41.
95. Gaedeke J, Noble NA, Border WA. Curcumin blocks multiple sites of the TGF-beta signaling cascade in renal cells. Kidney Int 2004;66:112-20. (Pubitemid 38870087)
96. Chaudhry A, Rudra D, Treuting P, Samstein RM, Liang Y, Kas A, et al. CD4+regulatory T cells control TH17 responses in a Stat3-dependent manner. Science 2009;326: 986-91.
97. Bharti AC, Donato N, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive and IL-6-inducible STAT3 phosphorylation in human multiple myeloma cells. J Immunol 2003;171:3863-71. (Pubitemid 37254592)
98. Bharti AC, Donato N, Singh S, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) downregulates the constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and IkappaBalpha kinase in human multiple myeloma cells, leading to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Blood 2003;101:1053-62. (Pubitemid 36139379)
99. Miljkovic D, Cvetkovic I, Momcilovic M, Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Stosic-Grujicic S, Trajkovic V. Interleukin-17 stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase-dependent toxicity in mouse beta cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005;62:2658-68. (Pubitemid 41721237)
100. Miljkovic D, Cvetkovic I, Vuckovic O, Stosic-Grujicic S. Mostarica Stojkovic M, Trajkovic V. The role of interleukin-17 in inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003;60:518-25. (Pubitemid 36459530)
101. Miljkovic D, Trajkovic V. Inducible nitric oxide synthase activation by interleukin-17. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2004;15:21-32. (Pubitemid 38121288)
102. Trajkovic V, Stosic-Grujicic S, Samardzic T, Markovic M, Miljkovic D, Ramic Z, et al. Interleukin-17 stimulates inducible nitric oxide synthase activation in rodent astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2001;119:183-91. (Pubitemid 32918325)
103. Kawanokuchi J, Shimizu K, Nitta A, Yamada K, Mizuno T, Takeuchi H, et al. Production and functions of IL-17 in microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2008;194:54-61.
104. Bailey SL, Schreiner B, McMahon EJ, Miller SD. CNS myeloid DCs presenting endogenous myelin peptides 'preferentially' polarize CD4+ T(H)-17 cells in relapsing EAE. Nat Immunol 2007;8:172-80.
105. Tomizawa T, Kaneko Y, Saito Y, Ohnishi H, Okajo J, Okuzawa C, et al. Resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and impaired T cell priming by dendritic cells in Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase substrate-1 mutant mice. J Immunol 2007;179:869-77.
106. Barry J, Fritz M, Brender JR, Smith PE, Lee DK, Ramamoorthy A. Determining the effects of lipophilic drugs on membrane structure by solid-state NMR spectroscopy: the case of the antioxidant curcumin. J Am Chem Soc 2009;131:4490-8.
107. Aggarwal BB, Harikumar KB. Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin, the antiinflammatory agent, against neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009;41:40-59.
108. Kim HY, Park EJ, Joe EH, Jou I. Curcumin suppresses Janus kinase-STAT inflammatory signaling through activation of Src homology 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 in brain microglia. J Immunol 2003;171:6072-9. (Pubitemid 37467228)
109. Ambegaokar SS, Wu L, Alamshahi K, Lau J, Jazayeri L, Chan S, et al. Curcumin inhibits dose-dependently and time-dependently neuroglial cell proliferation and growth. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2003;24:469-73. (Pubitemid 38035100)