Nanomaterial interactions with and trafficking across the lung alveolar epithelial barrier: Implications for health effects of air-pollution particles

Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 65-78

  Yacobi, Nazanin R ^a,c   Fazllolahi, Farnoosh ^a,c   Kim, Yong Ho ^a,b   Sipos, Arnold ^a,b   Borok, Zea ^a,b   Kim, Kwang Jin ^a,b,c   Crandall, Edward D ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c University of Southern California   (United States)

Author keywords

Air pollution; Epithelial transport; Lung injury; Nanoparticle trafficking; Pulmonary toxicity; Ultrafine particles

Indexed keywords

ANATOMY; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; HEALTH IMPACT; INJURY; LITERATURE REVIEW; MAMMAL; NANOTECHNOLOGY; POLLUTION EFFECT; RESPIRATION; RESPIRATORY DISEASE;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 79951727259     PISSN: 18739318     EISSN: 18739326     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11869-010-0098-z     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. Adson A, Raub TJ, Burton PS et al (1994) Quantitative approaches to delineate paracellular diffusion in cultured epithelial cell monolayers. J Pharm Sci 83: 1529-1536.
2. Anglin EJ, Cheng L, Freeman WR et al (2008) Porous silicon in drug delivery devices and materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60: 1266-1277.
3. 60 fullerene nanoparticles and microparticles. Toxicol Sci 101: 122-131.
4. Bakry R, Vallant RM, Najam-ul-Haq M et al (2007) Medicinal applications of fullerenes. Int J Nanomedicine 2: 639-649.
5. Bakshi MS, Zhao L, Smith R et al (2008) Metal nanoparticle pollutants interfere with pulmonary surfactant function in vitro. Biophys J 94: 855-868.
6. Beckett WS, Chalupa DF, Pauly-Brown A et al (2005) Comparing inhaled ultrafine versus fine zinc oxide particles in healthy adults: a human inhalation study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171: 1129-1135.
7. Berry JP, Arnoux B, Stanislas G et al (1977) A microanalytic study of particles transport across the alveoli: role of blood platelets. Biomedicine 27: 354-357.
8. Borm P, Klaessig FC, Landry TD et al (2006a) Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, part V: role of dissolution in biological fate and effects of nanoscale particles. Toxicol Sci 90: 23-32.
9. Borm PJ, Robbins D, Haubold S et al (2006b) The potential risks of nanomaterials: a review carried out for ECETOC. Part Fibre Toxicol 3: 11.
10. Bosi S, Feruglio L, Da Ros T et al (2004) Hemolytic effects of water-soluble fullerene derivatives. J Med Chem 47: 6711-6715.
11. Bottini M, D'Annibale F, Magrini A et al (2007) Quantum dot-doped silica nanoparticles as probes for targeting of T-lymphocytes. Int J Nanomedicine 2: 227-233.
12. Brown JS, Zeman KL, Bennett WD (2002) Ultrafine particle deposition and clearance in the healthy and obstructed lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166: 1240-1247.
13. Brunner TJ, Wick P, Manser P et al (2006) In vitro cytotoxicity of oxide nanoparticles: comparison to asbestos, silica, and the effect of particle solubility. Environ Sci Technol 40: 4374-4381.
14. 60 from malonates. JCS Perkin Trans 1: 1595-1596.
15. Card JW, Zeldin DC, Bonner JC et al (2008) Pulmonary applications and toxicity of engineered nanoparticles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295: L400-L411.
16. Cheek JM, Evans MJ, Crandall ED (1989a) Type I cell-like morphology in tight alveolar epithelial monolayers. Exp Cell Res 184: 375-387.
17. Cheek JM, Kim KJ, Crandall ED (1989b) Tight monolayers of rat alveolar epithelial cells: bioelectric properties and active sodium transport. Am J Physiol 256: C688-C693.
18. Cho SJ, Maysinger D, Jain M et al (2007) Long-term exposure to CdTe quantum dots causes functional impairments in live cells. Langmuir 23: 1974-1980.
19. Choi HS, Liu W, Misra P et al (2007) Renal clearance of quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 25: 1165-1170.
20. Cohen MS, Stern JM, Vanni AJ et al (2007) In vitro analysis of a nanocrystalline silver-coated surgical mesh. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 8: 397-403.
21. Conner SD, Schmid SL (2003) Regulated portals of entry into the cell. Nature 422: 37-44.
22. 60 nanoparticles by protein adsorption and its implications for toxicity studies. Chem Res Toxicol 20: 854-858.
23. Derfus AM, Chan WCW, Bhatia SN (2004) Intracellular delivery of quantum dots for live cell labeling and organelle tracking. Adv Materials 16: 961-969.
24. Dick CA, Brown DM, Donaldson K et al (2003) The role of free radicals in the toxic and inflammatory effects of four different ultrafine particle types. Inhal Toxicol 15: 39-52.
25. Doherty GJ, McMahon HT (2009) Mechanisms of endocytosis. Annu Rev Biochem 78: 857-902.
26. Donaldson K, Tran L, Jimenez LA et al (2005) Combustion-derived nanoparticles: a review of their toxicology following inhalation exposure. Part Fibre Toxicol 2: 10.
27. Donaldson K, Aitken R, Tran L et al (2006) Carbon nanotubes: a review of their properties in relation to pulmonary toxicology and workplace safety. Toxicol Sci 92: 5-22.
28. Eichmann SL, Anekal SG, Bevan MA (2008) Electrostatically confined nanoparticle interactions and dynamics. Langmuir 24: 714-721.
29. Erogbogbo F, Yong KT, Roy I et al (2008) Biocompatible luminescent silicon quantum dots for imaging of cancer cells. ACS Nano 2: 873-878.
30. Evans SA, Al-Mosawi A, Adams RA et al (2006) Inflammation, edema, and peripheral blood changes in lung-compromised rats after instillation with combustion-derived and manufactured nanoparticles. Exp Lung Res 32: 363-378.
31. Ferin J, Oberdorster G, Penney DP (1992) Pulmonary retention of ultrafine and fine particles in rats. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 6: 535-542.
32. Frampton MW (2001) Systemic and cardiovascular effects of airway injury and inflammation: ultrafine particle exposure in humans. Environ Health Perspect 109(Suppl 4): 529-532.
33. Frampton MW, Utell MJ, Zareba W et al. (2004) Effects of exposure to ultrafine carbon particles in healthy subjects and subjects with asthma. Res Rep Health Eff Inst (126): discussion 49-63.
34. 2 to a freshwater microalga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata): the importance of particle solubility. Environ Sci Technol 41: 8484-8490.
35. Furuyama A, Kanno S, Kobayashi T et al (2009) Extrapulmonary translocation of intratracheally instilled fine and ultrafine particles via direct and alveolar macrophage-associated routes. Arch Toxicol 83: 429-437.
36. Geiser M, Kreyling WG (2010) Deposition and biokinetics of inhaled nanoparticles. Part Fibre Toxicol 7: 2.
37. Geiser M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Kapp N et al (2005) Ultrafine particles cross cellular membranes by nonphagocytic mechanisms in lungs and in cultured cells. Environ Health Perspect 113: 1555-1560.
38. Geiser M, Casaulta M, Kupferschmid B et al (2008) The role of macrophages in the clearance of inhaled ultrafine titanium dioxide particles. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38: 371-376.
39. Geys J, Nemmar A, Verbeken E et al (2008) Acute toxicity and prothrombotic effects of quantum dots: impact of surface charge. Environ Health Perspect 116: 1607-1613.
40. 60 fullerene is a powerful antioxidant in vivo with no acute or subacute toxicity. Nano Lett 5: 2578-2585.
41. Gojova A, Guo B, Kota RS et al (2007) Induction of inflammation in vascular endothelial cells by metal oxide nanoparticles: effect of particle composition. Environ Health Perspect 115: 403-409.
42. Gold DR, Litonjua A, Schwartz J et al (2000) Ambient pollution and heart rate variability. Circulation 101: 1267-1273.
43. Goldberg MS, Bailar JC III, Burnett RT et al (2000) Identifying subgroups of the general population that may be susceptible to short-term increases in particulate air pollution: a time-series study in Montreal, Quebec. Res Rep Health Eff Inst 97: 7-113, discussion 115-120.
44. Goodman CM, McCusker CD, Yilmaz T et al (2004) Toxicity of gold nanoparticles functionalized with cationic and anionic side chains. Bioconjug Chem 15: 897-900.
45. Gurr JR, Wang AS, Chen CH et al (2005) Ultrafine titanium dioxide particles in the absence of photoactivation can induce oxidative damage to human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicology 213: 66-73.
46. Hamoir J, Nemmar A, Halloy D et al (2003) Effect of polystyrene particles on lung microvascular permeability in isolated perfused rabbit lungs: role of size and surface properties. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 190: 278-285.
47. Hardman R (2006) A toxicologic review of quantum dots: toxicity depends on physicochemical and environmental factors. Environ Health Perspect 114: 165-172.
48. Heckel K, Kiefmann R, Dorger M et al (2004) Colloidal gold particles as a new in vivo marker of early acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287: L867-L878.
49. Hefland RB, Schwarzel PE, Johansen BV et al (2001) Silica-induced cytokine release from A549 cells: importance of surface area versus size. Hum Exp Toxicol 20: 46-55.
50. Helland A, Wick P, Koehler A et al (2007) Reviewing the environmental and human health knowledge base of carbon nanotubes. Environ Health Perspect 115: 1125-1131.
51. Helland A, Wick P, Koehler A et al (2008) Reviewing the environmental and human health knowledge base of carbon nanotubes. Ciên Saúde Colet 13: 441-452.
52. Henneberger A, Zareba W, Ibald-Mulli A et al (2005) Repolarization changes induced by air pollution in ischemic heart disease patients. Environ Health Perspect 113: 440-446.
53. Hoet PH, Nemmar A, Nemery B (2004) Health impact of nanomaterials? Nat Biotechnol 22: 19.
54. Hong S, Bielinska AU, Mecke A et al (2004) Interaction of poly(amidoamine) dendrimers with supported lipid bilayers and cells: hole formation and the relation to transport. Bioconjug Chem 15: 774-782.
55. Hong S, Hessler JA, Banaszak Holl MM et al (2006a) Physical interactions of nanoparticles with biological membranes: the observation of nanoscale hole formation. Chem Health Saf 13: 16-20.
56. Hong S, Leroueil PR, Jnaus EK et al (2006b) Interaction of polycationic polymers with supported lipid bilayers and cells: nanoscale hole formation and enhanced membrane permeability. Bioconjugate Chem 17: 728-734.
57. Hurt RH, Monthioux M, Kane A (2006) Toxicology of carbon nanomaterials: status, trends, and perspectives on the special issue. Carbon 44: 1028-1033.
58. Hussain SM, Hess KL, Gearhart JM et al (2005) In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells. Toxicol In Vitro 19: 975-983.
59. Isakovic A, Markovic Z, Todorovic-Markovic B et al (2006) Distinct cytotoxic mechanisms of pristine versus hydroxylated fullerene. Toxicol Sci 91: 173-183.
60. -/- mice. Part Fibre Toxicol 6: 2.
61. Jeng HA, Swanson J (2006) Toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles in mammalian cells. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 41: 2699-2711.
62. Jia G, Wang H, Yan L et al (2005) Cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials: single-wall nanotube, multi-wall nanotube, and fullerene. Environ Sci Technol 39: 1378-1383.
63. Kam NWS, Jessop TC, Wender PA et al (2004) Nanotube molecular transporters: internalization of carbon nano-tube-protein conjugates into mammalian cells. J Am Chem Soc 126: 6850-6851.
64. Karabanovas V, Zakarevicius E, Sukackaite A et al (2008) Examination of the stability of hydrophobic (CdSe)ZnS quantum dots in the digestive tract of rats. Photochem Photobiol Sci 7: 725-729.
65. Karlsson HL, Nygren J, Moller L (2004) Genotoxicity of airborne particulate matter: the role of cell-particle interaction and of substances with adduct-forming and oxidizing capacity. Mutat Res 565: 1-10.
66. Karlsson HL, Nilsson L, Moller L (2005) Subway particles are more genotoxic than street particles and induce oxidative stress in cultured human lung cells. Chem Res Toxicol 18: 19-23.
67. Karlsson HL, Ljungman AG, Lindbom J et al (2006) Comparison of genotoxic and inflammatory effects of particles generated by wood combustion, a road simulator and collected from street and subway. Toxicol Lett 165: 203-211.
68. Karlsson HL, Cronholm P, Gustafsson J et al (2008a) Copper oxide nanoparticles are highly toxic: a comparison between metal oxide nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. Chem Res Toxicol 21: 1726-1732.
69. Karlsson HL, Holgersson A, Moller L (2008b) Mechanisms related to the genotoxicity of particles in the subway and from other sources. Chem Res Toxicol 21: 726-731.
70. Kato T, Yashiro T, Murata Y et al (2003) Evidence that exogenous substances can be phagocytized by alveolar epithelial cells and transported into blood capillaries. Cell Tissue Res 311: 47-51.
71. 99mTc-Technegas. Kaku Igaku (Japan) 27: 725-733.
72. Kemp SJ, Thorley AJ, Gorelik J et al (2008) Immortalization of human alveolar epithelial cells to investigate nanoparticle uptake. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 39: 591-597.
73. Kim KJ, Crandall ED (1983) Heteropore populations of bullfrog alveolar epithelium. J Appl Physiol 54: 140-146.
74. Kim KJ, Crandall ED (1996) Models for investigation of peptide and protein transport across cultured mammalian respiratory epithelial barriers. Pharm Biotechnol 8: 325-346.
75. Kim KJ, Malik AB (2003) Protein transport across the lung epithelial barriers. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 284: L247-L259.
76. Kim KJ, Matsukawa Y, Yamahara H et al (2003) Absorption of intact albumin across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 284: L458-L465.
77. Kim KJ, Fandy TE, Lee VH et al (2004) Net absorption of IgG via FcRn-mediated transcytosis across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287: L616-L622.
78. Kleinstreuer C, Zhang Z, Donohue JF (2008) Targeted drug-aerosol delivery in the human respiratory system. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 10: 195-220.
79. Knol AB, de Hartog JJ, Boogaard H et al (2009) Expert elicitation on ultrafine particles: likelihood of health effects and causal pathways. Part Fibre Toxicol 6: 19.
80. Konig MF, Lucocq JM, Weibel ER (1993) Demonstration of pulmonary vascular perfusion by electron and light microscopy. J Appl Physiol 75: 1877-1883.
81. Kreyling WG, Semmler M, Erbe F et al (2002) Translocation of ultrafine insoluble iridium particles from lung epithelium to extrapulmonary organs is size dependent but very low. J Toxicol Environ Health A 65: 1513-1530.
82. Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Moller W (2006a) Health implications of nanoparticles. J Nanopart Res 8: 543-562.
83. Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Moller W (2006b) Ultrafine particle-lung interactions: does size matter? J Aerosol Med 19: 74-83.
84. Kreyling WG, Semmler-Behnke M, Seitz J et al (2009) Size dependence of the translocation of inhaled iridium and carbon nanoparticle aggregates from the lung of rats to the blood and secondary target organs. Inhal Toxicol 21(Suppl 1): 55-60.
85. 60-Buckminsterfullerene. Nature 318: 162-163.
86. Lam HF, Chen LC, Ainsworth D et al (1988) Pulmonary function of guinea pigs exposed to freshly generated ultrafine zinc oxide with and without spike concentrations. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 49: 333-341.
87. Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R et al (2004) Pulmonary toxicity of single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice 7 and 90 days after intratracheal instillation. Toxicol Sci 77: 126-134.
88. Lam CW, James JT, McCluskey R et al (2006) A review of carbon nanotube toxicity and assessment of potential occupational and environmental health risks. Crit Rev Toxicol 36: 189-217.
89. Law WC, Yong KT, Roy I et al (2009) Aqueous-phase synthesis of highly luminescent CdTe/ZnTe core/shell quantum dots optimized for targeted bioimaging. Small 5: 1302-1310.
90. Lewinski N, Colvin V, Drezek R (2008) Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. Small 4: 26-49.
91. Li D, He Q, Cui Y et al (2007) Immobilization of glucose oxidase onto gold nanoparticles with enhanced thermostability. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 355: 488-493.
92. Liao D, Creason J, Shy C et al (1999) Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly. Environ Health Perspect 107: 521-525.
93. Lin P, Chen JW, Chang LW et al (2008) Computational and ultrastructural toxicology of a nanoparticle, Quantum Dot 705, in mice. Environ Sci Technol 42: 6264-6270.
94. Lok CN, Ho CM, Chen R et al (2007) Silver nanoparticles: partial oxidation and antibacterial activities. J Biol Inorg Chem 12: 527-534.
95. Lovric J, Bazzi HS, Cuie Y et al (2005a) Differences in subcellular distribution and toxicity of green and red emitting CdTe quantum dots. J Mol Med 83: 377-385.
96. Lovric J, Cho SJ, Winnik FM et al (2005b) Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death. Chem Biol 12: 1227-1234.
97. Male KB, Lachance B, Hrapovic S et al (2008) Assessment of cytotoxicity of quantum dots and gold nanoparticles using cell-based impedance spectroscopy. Anal Chem 80: 5487-5493.
98. Matsukawa Y, Lee VH, Crandall ED et al (1997) Size-dependent dextran transport across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. J Pharm Sci 86: 305-309.
99. McIntosh CM, Esposito EA 3 rd, Boal AK et al (2001) Inhibition of DNA transcription using cationic mixed monolayer protected gold clusters. J Am Chem Soc 123: 7626-7629.
100. Mecke A, Majoros IJ, Patri AK et al (2005) Lipid bilayer disruption by polycationic polymers: the roles of size and chemical functional group. Langmuir 21: 10348-10354.
101. Mehta D, Bhattacharya J, Matthay MA et al (2004) Integrated control of lung fluid balance. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287: L1081-L1090.
102. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC (2001) Capture of stealth nanoparticles by the body's defences. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 18: 527-550.
103. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC (2001) Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice. Pharmacol Rev 53: 283-318.
104. Moghimi SM, Hunter AC, Murray JC (2005) Nanomedicine: current status and future prospects. FASEB J 19: 311-330.
105. Monteiro-Riviere NA, Tran CL (2007) Nanotoxicology: characterization, dosing, and health effects. Informa Healthcare, New York.
106. Moon MH, Kang D, Jung J et al (2004) Separation of carbon nanotubes by frit inlet asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation. J Sep Sci 27: 710-717.
107. Muhlfeld C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Blank F et al (2008) Interactions of nanoparticles with pulmonary structures and cellular responses. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 294: L817-L829.
108. Muller J, Huaux F, Moreau N et al (2005) Respiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 207: 221-231.
109. Muller J, Decordier I, Hoet PH et al (2008a) Clastogenic and aneugenic effects of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 29: 427-433.
110. Muller J, Huaux F, Fonseca A et al (2008b) Structural defects play a major role in the acute lung toxicity of multiwall carbon nanotubes: toxicological aspects. Chem Res Toxicol 21: 1698-1705.
111. Mutlu GM, Green D, Bellmeyer A et al (2007) Ambient particulate matter accelerates coagulation via an IL-6-dependent pathway. J Clin Invest 117: 2952-2961.
112. Mutlu GM, Budinger GR, Green AA et al (2010) Biocompatible nanoscale dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes minimizes in vivo pulmonary toxicity. Nano Lett 10(5): 1664-1667.
113. Nel A, Xia T, Madler L et al (2006) Toxic potential of materials at the nanolevel. Science 311: 622-627.
114. Nemmar A, Vanbilloen H, Hoylaerts MF et al (2001) Passage of intratracheally instilled ultrafine particles from the lung into the systemic circulation in hamster. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 1665-1668.
115. Nemmar A, Hoet PH, Vanquickenborne B et al (2002) Passage of inhaled particles into the blood circulation in humans. Circulation 105: 411-414.
116. Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH et al (2003) Size effect of intratracheally instilled particles on pulmonary inflammation and vascular thrombosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 186: 38-45.
117. Nemmar A, Hoylaerts MF, Hoet PH et al (2004) Possible mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of inhaled particles: systemic translocation and prothrombotic effects. Toxicol Lett 149: 243-253.
118. Niemeyer CM, Mirkin CA (2004) Nanobiotechnology. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
119. Oberdorster G (2000) Acute pulmonary effects of ultrafine particles in rats and mice. Health Effects Institute, Cambridge.
120. Oberdorster G (2001) Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 74: 1-8.
121. Oberdorster G (2002) Toxicokinetics and effects of fibrous and nonfibrous particles. Inhal Toxicol 14: 29-56.
122. Oberdorster G, Ferin J, Gelein R et al (1992) Role of the alveolar macrophage in lung injury: studies with ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 97: 193-199.
123. Oberdorster G, Ferin J, Lehnert BE (1994) Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury. Environ Health Perspect 102(Suppl 5): 173-179.
124. Oberdorster G, Gelein RM, Ferin J et al (1995) Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: involvement of ultrafine particles? Inhal Toxicol 7: 111-124.
125. Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V et al (2002) Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats. J Toxicol Environ Health A 65: 1531-1543.
126. Oberdorster G, Sharp Z, Atudorei V et al (2004) Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain. Inhal Toxicol 16: 437-445.
127. Oberdorster G, Maynard A, Donaldson K et al (2005a) Principles for characterizing the potential human health effects from exposure to nanomaterials: elements of a screening strategy. Part Fibre Toxicol 2: 8.
128. Oberdorster G, Oberdorster E, Oberdorster J (2005b) Nanotoxicology: an emerging discipline evolving from studies of ultrafine particles. Environ Health Perspect 113: 823-839.
129. Orr G, Panther DJ, Cassens KJ et al (2009) Syndecan-1 mediates the coupling of positively charged submicrometer amorphous silica particles with actin filaments across the alveolar epithelial cell membrane. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 236: 210-220.
130. Park S, Lee YK, Jung M et al (2007) Cellular toxicity of various inhalable metal nanoparticles on human alveolar epithelial cells. Inhal Toxicol 19(Suppl 1): S59-S65.
131. 60 fullerene derivatives into nanoscale supramolecular structures. J Nanobiotechnology 5: 6.
132. Peters A, Liu E, Verrier RL et al (2000) Air pollution and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia. Epidemiology 11: 11-17.
133. Peters A, Frohlich M, Doring A et al (2001) Particulate air pollution is associated with an acute phase response in men; results from the MONICA-Augsburg Study. Eur Heart J 22: 1198-1204.
134. Pietropaoli AP, Frampton MW, Hyde RW et al (2004) Pulmonary function, diffusing capacity, and inflammation in healthy and asthmatic subjects exposed to ultrafine particles. Inhal Toxicol 16(Suppl 1): 59-72.
135. Politis M, Pilinis C, Lekkas TD (2008) Ultrafine particles (UFP) and health effects. Dangerous. Like no other PM? Review and analysis. Global NEST J 10: 439-452.
136. 60 by human monocyte macrophages, its localization and implications for toxicity: studied by high resolution electron microscopy and electron tomography. Acta Biomater 2: 409-419.
137. Porter AE, Gass M, Bendall JS et al (2009) Uptake of noncytotoxic acid-treated single-walled carbon nanotubes into the cytoplasm of human macrophage cells. ACS Nano 3: 1485-1492.
138. Rejman J, Oberle V, Zuhorn IS et al (2004) Size-dependent internalization of particles via the pathways of clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Biochem J 377: 159-169.
139. Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA (2007a) Surface coatings determine cytotoxicity and irritation potential of quantum dot nanoparticles in epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 127: 143-153.
140. Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA (2007b) Variables influencing interactions of untargeted quantum dot nanoparticles with skin cells and identification of biochemical modulators. Nano Lett 7: 1344-1348.
141. Sauer UG (2009) Animal and non-animal experiments in nanotechnology-the results of a critical literature survey. ALTEX 26: 109-128.
142. Sayes CM, Fortner JD, Guo W et al (2004) The differential cytotoxicity of water-soluble fullerenes. Nano Lett 4: 1881-1887.
143. 60 cytotoxicity is due to lipid peroxidation. Biomaterials 26: 7587-7595.
144. 60 water suspensions in rats: few differences in fullerene toxicity in vivo in contrast to in vitro profiles. Nano Lett 7: 2399-2406.
145. Sayes CM, Reed KL, Warheit DB (2007b) Assessing toxicity of fine and nanoparticles: comparing in vitro measurements to in vivo pulmonary toxicity profiles. Toxicol Sci 97: 163-180.
146. Schlesinger PA, Stillman MT, Peterson L (1982) Polyarthritis with birefringent lipid within synovial fluid macrophages: case report and ultrastructural study. Arthritis Rheum 25: 1365-1368.
147. 60, its suspension in water, and its uptake by human keratinocytes. J Am Chem Soc 116: 4517-4518.
148. Semmler-Behnke M, Takenaka S, Fertsch S et al (2007) Efficient elimination of inhaled nanoparticles from the alveolar region: evidence for interstitial uptake and subsequent reentrainment onto airway epithelium. Environ Health Perspect 115: 728-733.
149. Shiohara A, Hoshino A, Hanaki K et al (2004) On the cyto-toxicity caused by quantum dots. Microbiol Immunol 48: 669-675.
150. Shvedova AA, Castranova V, Kisin ER et al (2003) Exposure to carbon nanotube material: assessment of nanotube cytotoxicity using human keratinocyte cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A 66: 1909-1926.
151. Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Mercer R et al (2005) Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289: L698-L708.
152. Shvedova AA, Fabisiak JP, Kisin ER et al (2008) Sequential exposure to carbon nanotubes and bacteria enhances pulmonary inflammation and infectivity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 38: 579-590.
153. Silva VM, Corson N, Elder A et al (2005) The rat ear vein model for investigating in vivo thrombogenicity of ultrafine particles (UFP). Toxicol Sci 85: 983-989.
154. Singh R, Pantarotto D, Lacerda L et al (2006) Tissue biodistribution and blood clearance rates of intravenously administered carbon nanotube radiotracers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 3357-3362.
155. Smart SK, Cassady AI, Lu GQ et al (2006) The biocompatibility of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 44: 1034-1047.
156. Soto K, Garza KM, Murr LE (2007) Cytotoxic effects of aggregated nanomaterials. Acta Biomater 3: 351-358.
157. 60 fullerene: a powerful antioxidant or a damaging agent? The importance of an in-depth material characterization prior to toxicity assays. Environ Pollut 157: 1134-1139.
158. Stern ST, Zolnik BS, McLeland CB et al (2008) Induction of autophagy in porcine kidney cells by quantum dots: a common cellular response to nanomaterials? Toxicol Sci 106: 140-152.
159. Storm G, Belliot SO, Daemen T et al (1995) Surface modification of nanoparticles to oppose uptake by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 17: 31-48.
160. Su Y, He Y, Lu H et al (2009) The cytotoxicity of cadmium based, aqueous phase-synthesized, quantum dots and its modulation by surface coating. Biomaterials 30: 19-25.
161. Takenaka S, Karg E, Roth C et al (2001) Pulmonary and systemic distribution of inhaled ultrafine silver particles in rats. Environ Health Perspect 109(Suppl 4): 547-551.
162. Takenaka S, Karg E, Kreyling WG et al (2004) Fate and toxic effects of inhaled ultrafine cadmium oxide particles in the rat lung. Inhal Toxicol 16(Suppl 1): 83-92.
163. Takenaka S, Karg E, Kreyling WG et al (2006) Distribution pattern of inhaled ultrafine gold particles in the rat lung. Inhal Toxicol 18: 733-740.
164. Timonen KL, Vanninen E, de Hartog J et al (2006) Effects of ultrafine and fine particulate and gaseous air pollution on cardiac autonomic control in subjects with coronary artery disease: the ULTRA study. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 16: 332-341.
165. Tokuyama H, Yamago S, Nakamura E et al (1993) Photoinduced biochemical activity of fullerene carboxylic acid. J Am Chem Soc 115: 7918-7919.
166. 60 exposure elicits an oxidative stress response in embryonic zebrafish. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 229: 44-55.
167. Wagner AJ, Bleckmann CA, Murdock RC et al (2007) Cellular interaction of different forms of aluminum nanoparticles in rat alveolar macrophages. J Phys Chem B 111: 7353-7359.
168. Wallace WE, Keane MJ, Murray DK, et al (2007) Phospholipid lung surfactant and nanoparticle surface toxicity: lessons from diesel soots and silicate dusts. J Nanopart Res 9: 23-38.
169. Wang H, Wang J, Deng X et al (2004) Biodistribution of carbon single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 4: 1019-1024.
170. Wang L, Wang K, Santra S et al (2006) Watching silica nanoparticles glow in the biological world. Anal Chem 78: 646-654.
171. Wang Y, Camargo PH, Skrabalak SE et al (2008) A facile, water-based synthesis of highly branched nanostructures of silver. Langmuir 24: 12042-12046.
172. Warheit DB (2006) What is currently known about the health risks related to carbon nanotube exposures? Carbon 44: 1064-1069.
173. Warheit DB, Sayes CM, Reed KL et al (2008) Health effects related to nanoparticle exposures: environmental, health and safety considerations for assessing hazards and risks. Pharmacol Ther 120: 35-42.
174. Wick P, Manser P, Limbach LK et al (2007) The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 168: 121-131.
175. Widera A, Beloussow K, Kim KJ et al (2003a) Phenotype-dependent synthesis of transferrin receptor in rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Cell Tissue Res 312: 313-318.
176. Widera A, Kim KJ, Crandall ED et al (2003b) Transcytosis of GCSF-transferrin across rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers. Pharm Res 20: 1231-1238.
177. 2+ resembles that of NO-mediated nitrosative stress, and is protected by MT-1 overexpression. Am J Physiol 291: C555-C568.
178. Wright EM, Pietras RJ (1974) Routes of nonelectrolyte permeation across epithelial membranes. J Membr Biol 17: 293-312.
179. Xia T, Kovochich M, Brant J et al (2006) Comparison of the abilities of ambient and manufactured nanoparticles to induce cellular toxicity according to an oxidative stress paradigm. Nano Lett 6: 1794-1807.
180. Xia T, Kovochich M, Liong M et al (2008) Cationic polystyrene nanosphere toxicity depends on cell-specific endocytic and mitochondrial injury pathways. ACS Nano 2: 85-96.
181. Xia T, Li N, Nel AE (2009) Potential health impact of nanoparticles. Annu Rev Public Health 30: 137-150.
182. Xu Z, Hu PA, Wang S et al (2008) Biological functionalization and fluorescent imaging of carbon nanotubes. Appl Surf Sci 254: 1915-1918.
183. Yacobi NR, Phuleria HC, Demaio L et al (2007) Nanoparticle effects on rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayer barrier properties. Toxicol In Vitro 21: 1373-1381.
184. Yacobi NR, Demaio L, Xie J et al (2008) Polystyrene nanoparticle trafficking across alveolar epithelium. Nanomedicine 4: 139-145.
185. Yacobi NR, Malmstadt N, Fazlollahi F et al (2010) Mechanisms of alveolar epithelial translocation of a defined population of nanoparticles. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 42: 604-614.
186. 14C labeling, absorption, distribution, excretion and acute toxicity. Chem Biol 2: 385-389.
187. Yamawaki H, Iwai N (2006) Cytotoxicity of water-soluble fullerene in vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 290: C1495-C1502.
188. Yang W, Peters JI, Williams RO 3rd (2008) Inhaled nanoparticles-a current review. Int J Pharm 356: 239-247.
189. Zhang T, Stilwell JL, Gerion D et al (2006) Cellular effect of high doses of silica-coated quantum dot profiled with high throughput gene expression analysis and high content cellomics measurements. Nano Lett 6: 800-808.