Hypoxia in the pathogenesis of retinal disease

Retinal Vascular Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 121-138

  Poulaki, Vasiliki ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 79951712338     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-29542-6_7     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Adamis AP, et al. (1996) Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor prevents retinal ischemia-associated iris neovascularization in a nonhuman primate. Arch Ophthal-mol 114(1):66-71
2. Akiyama H., et al. (2004) Inhibition of ocular angiogenesis by an adenovirus carrying the human von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor gene in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(5):1289-96
3. Alon T, et al. (1995) Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as a survival factor for newly formed retinal vessels and has implications for retinopathy of prematurity. Nat Med 1(10):1024-8
4. + transport. J Neu-rosci 12(3):840-53
5. Antonetti DA, et al. (1998) Vascular permeability in experimental diabetes is associated with reduced endothelial occludin content: vascular endothelial growth factor decreases occludin in retinal endothelial cells. Penn State Retina Research Group. Diabetes 47(12):1953-9
6. Azad R, Chandra P (2005) Retinopathy of prematurity. J Indian Med Assoc 103(7):370-2
7. Barnstable CJ, Tombran-Tink J (2004) Neuroprotective and antiangiogenic actions of PEDF in the eye: molecular targets and therapeutic potential. Prog Retin Eye Res 23(5): 561-77
8. Beauchamp MH, et al. (2002) Platelet-activating factor in vasoobliteration of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43(10):3327-37
9. Becerra SP, Amaral J (2002) Erythropoietin-an endogenous retinal survival factor. N Engl J Med 347(24):1968-70
10. Bergeron M, et al. (1999) Induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and its target genes following focal ischae-mia in rat brain. Eur J Neurosci 11(12):4159-70
11. Bhisitkul RB, et al. (2005) An antisense oligodeoxynucleoti-de against vascular endothelial growth factor in a nonhuman primate model of iris neovascularization. Arch Oph-thalmol 123(2):214-9
12. Blancher C, et al. (2000) Relationship of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and HIF-2alpha expression to vascular endothelial growth factor induction and hypoxia survival in human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 60(24): 7106-13
13. Boeri D, Maiello M, Lorenzi M (2001) Increased prevalence of microthromboses in retinal capillaries of diabetic individuals. Diabetes 50(6):1432-9
14. Bohling T, et al. (1996) Expression of growth factors and growth factor receptors in capillary hemangioblastoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 55(5):522-7
15. Bojic L, et al. (1993) The effect of hyperbaric oxygen breathing on the visual field in glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 71(3):315-9
16. Boyd SR, et al. (2002) Correlation of increased vascular endothelial growth factor with neovascularization and permeability in ischemic central vein occlusion. Arch Ophthal-mol 120(12):1644-50
17. Brafman A, et al. (2004) Inhibition of oxygen-induced reti-nopathy in RTP801-deficient mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(10):3796-805
18. Brion LP, Bell EF, Raghuveer TS (2003) Vitamin E supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD003665
19. Brooks SE, et al. (2001) Reduced severity of oxygen-induced retinopathy in eNOS-deficient mice. Invest Oph-thalmol Vis Sci 42(1):222-8
20. Bruick RK (2000) Expression of the gene encoding the pro-apoptotic Nip3 protein is induced by hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97(16):9082-7
21. Calvert JW, Zhou C, Zhang JH (2004) Transient exposure of rat pups to hyperoxia at normobaric and hyperbaric pressures does not cause retinopathy of prematurity. Exp Neu-rol 189(1):150-61
22. Chakrabarti S, et al. (1998) Augmented retinal endothe-lin-1, endothelin-3, endothelinA and endothelinB gene expression in chronic diabetes. Curr Eye Res 17(3):301-7
23. Chen D, et al. (2003) Direct interactions between HIF-1 alpha and Mdm2 modulate p53 function. J Biol Chem 278(16):13595-8
24. Corn PG, et al. (2003) Tat-binding protein-1, a component of the 26S proteasome, contributes to the E3 ubiquitin ligase function of the von Hippel-Lindau protein. Nat Genet 35(3):229-37
25. Czyzyk-Krzeska MF, Meller J (2004) von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor: not only HIF's executioner. Trends Mol Med 10(4):146-9
26. Danis RP, Bingaman DP (1997) Insulin-like growth factor-1 retinal microangiopathy in the pig eye. Ophthalmology 104(10):1661-9
27. Dawson DW, et al. (1999) Pigment epithelium-derived factor: a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Science 285(5425):245-8
28. Dawson TM (2002) Preconditioning-mediated neuroprotection through erythropoietin? Lancet 359(9301):96-7
29. Digicaylioglu M, Lipton SA (2001) Erythropoietin-mediat-ed neuroprotection involves cross-talk between Jak2 and NF-kappaB signalling cascades. Nature 412(6847):641-7
30. Doonan F, Donovan M, Cotter TG (2003) Caspase-indepen-dent photoreceptor apoptosis in mouse models of retinal degeneration. J Neurosci 23(13):5723-31
31. Dreyer EB, et al. (1996) Elevated glutamate levels in the vitreous body of humans and monkeys with glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 114(3):299-305
32. Ellisen LW, et al. (2002) REDD1, a developmentally regulated transcriptional target of p63 and p53, links p63 to regulation of reactive oxygen species. Mol Cell 10(5): 995-1005
33. Ema M, et al. (1999) Molecular mechanisms of transcription activation by HLF and HIF1alpha in response to hyp-oxia: their stabilization and redox signal-induced interaction with CBP/p300. EMBO J 18(7):1905-14
34. Fels DR, Koumenis C (2005) HIF-1alpha and p53: the ODD couple? Trends Biochem Sci 30(8):426-9
35. Ferrara N, et al. (1992) Molecular and biological properties of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of proteins. Endocr Rev 13(1):18-32
36. Finkelstein D (1996) Laser therapy for central retinal vein obstruction. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 7(3):80-3
37. Fisher JW (1997) Erythropoietin: physiologic and pharma-cologic aspects. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 216(3):358-69
38. Fisher JW (2003) Erythropoietin: physiology and pharmacology update. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 228(1):1-14
39. Flamme I, Krieg M, Plate KH (1998) Up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in stromal cells of hemangi-oblastomas is correlated with up-regulation of the transcription factor HRF/HIF-2alpha. Am J Pathol 153(1):25-9
40. Folkman J (2000) Incipient angiogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 92(2):94-5
41. Gerber HP, et al. (1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates endothelial cell survival through the phosphati-dylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. Requirement for Flk-1/KDR activation. J Biol Chem 273 (46):30336-43
42. Grimm C, et al. (2002) HIF-1-induced erythropoietin in the hypoxic retina protects against light-induced retinal degeneration. Nat Med 8(7):718-24
43. Guillemin K, Krasnow MA (1997) The hypoxic response: huffing and HIFing. Cell 89(1):9-12
44. Hatva E, et al. (1996) Vascular growth factors and receptors in capillary hemangioblastomas and hemangiopericyto-mas. Am J Pathol 148(3):763-75
45. Hayashi A, Kim HC, de Juan E, Jr (1999) Alterations in protein tyrosine kinase pathways following retinal vein occlusion in the rat. Curr Eye Res 18(3):231-9
46. 2-dependent degradation domain via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(14):7987-92
47. Ijichi A, Sakuma S, Tofilon PJ (1995) Hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in normal rat astrocyte cultures. Glia 14(2):87-93
48. Inomata Y, et al. (2004) Elevated erythropoietin in vitreous with ischemic retinal diseases. Neuroreport 15(5): 877-9
49. 2 homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha. Genes Dev 12(2):149-62
50. Iyer NV, Leung SW, Semenza GL (1998) The human hypox-ia-inducible factor 1alpha gene: HIF1A structure and evolutionary conservation. Genomics 52(2):159-65
51. Jewell UR, et al. (2001) Induction of HIF-1alpha in response to hypoxia is instantaneous. FASEB J 15(7):1312-4
52. Jiang BH, et al. (1997) Transactivation and inhibitory domains of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. Modulation of transcriptional activity by oxygen tension. J Biol Chem 272(31):19253-60
53. Joussen AM, et al. (2001) In vivo retinal gene expression in early diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42(12):3047-57
54. Joussen AM, et al. (2002) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent early diabetic retinopathy via TNF-alpha suppression. FASEB J 16(3):438-40
55. Joussen AM, et al. (2002) Retinal vascular endothelial growth factor induces intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and initiates early diabetic retinal leukocyte adhesion in vivo. Am J Pathol 160(2):501-9
56. Joussen AM, et al. (2003) Suppression of Fas-FasL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis prevents diabetic blood-retinal barrier breakdown in a model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. FASEB J 17(1):76-8
57. Kallio PJ, et al. (1998) Signal transduction in hypoxic cells: inducible nuclear translocation and recruitment of the CBP/p300 coactivator by the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. EMBO J 17(22):6573-86
58. Kallio PJ, et al. (1999) Regulation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1alpha by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J Biol Chem 274(10):6519-25
59. Kasahara E, et al. (2005) SOD2 protects against oxidation-induced apoptosis in mouse retinal pigment epithelium: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46(9):3426-34
60. Katz ML, Robison WG, Jr (1988) Autoxidative damage to the retina: potential role in retinopathy of prematurity. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser 24(1):237-48
61. Klein R, et al. (1994) The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of diabetic retinopathy. XIV. Ten-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 112(9):1217-28
62. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE (1989) The Wisconsin epidemi-ological study of diabetic retinopathy: a review. Diabetes Metab Rev 5(7):559-70
63. Koizumi K, et al. (2003) Contribution of TNF-alpha to leukocyte adhesion, vascular leakage, and apoptotic cell death in endotoxin-induced uveitis in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44(5):2184-91
64. Koshiji M, et al. (2005) HIF-1alpha induces genetic instability by transcriptionally downregulating MutSalpha expression. Mol Cell 17(6):793-803
65. Kristian T, Siesjo BK (1996) Calcium-related damage in ischemia. Life Sci 59(5-6):357-67
66. Kubasiak LA, et al. (2002) Hypoxia and acidosis activate cardiac myocyte death through the Bcl-2 family protein BNIP3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99(20):12825-30
67. Lee JY, et al. (1998) Loss of heterozygosity and somatic mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene in sporadic cerebellar hemangioblastomas. Cancer Res 58(3):504-8
68. Lemasters JJ (1999) Mechanisms of hepatic toxicity. V. Nec-rapoptosis and the mitochondrial permeability transition: shared pathways to necrosis and apoptosis. Am J Physiol 276(1):G1-6
69. Leske DA, et al. (2004) The role of VEGF and IGF-1 in a hypercarbic oxygen-induced retinopathy rat model of ROP. Mol Vis 10:43-50
70. Levy AP, et al. (1995) Transcriptional regulation of the rat vascular endothelial growth factor gene by hypoxia. J Biol Chem 270(22):13333-40
71. Levy AP, Levy NS, Goldberg MA (1996) Hypoxia-inducible protein binding to vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA and its modulation by the von Hippel-Lindau protein. J Biol Chem 271(41):25492-7
72. Levy AP, Levy NS, Goldberg MA (1996) Post-transcription-al regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor by hyp-oxia. J Biol Chem 271(5):2746-53
73. Lian XY, Stringer JL (2004) Energy failure in astrocytes increases the vulnerability of neurons to spreading depression. Eur J Neurosci 19(9):2446-54
74. Linsenmeier RA, et al. (1998) Retinal hypoxia in long-term diabetic cats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39(9): 1647-57
75. Liu LX, et al. (2002) Stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Bio-chem Biophys Res Commun 291(4):908-14
76. Maher ER, Kaelin WG, Jr (1997) von Hippel-Lindau disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 76(6):381-91
77. Makino Y, et al. (2001) Inhibitory PAS domain protein is a negative regulator of hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Nature 414(6863):550-4
78. Maltepe E, et al. (1997) Abnormal angiogenesis and responses to glucose and oxygen deprivation in mice lacking the protein ARNT. Nature 386(6623):403-7
79. Mazure NM, et al. (1997) Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by hypoxia is modulated by a phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway in Ha-ras-trans-formed cells through a hypoxia inducible factor-1 tran-scriptional element. Blood 90(9):3322-31
80. Mervin K, et al.(1999) Limiting photoreceptor deathanddecon-struction during experimental retinal detachment: the value of oxygen supplementation. Am J Ophthalmol 128(2):155-64
81. Meyer-Schwickerath R, et al. (1993) Vitreous levels of the insulin-like growth factors I and II, and the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 2 and 3, increase in neovas-cular eye disease. Studies in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 92(6):2620-5
82. Mitsiades CS, Mitsiades N, Koutsilieris M (2004) The Akt pathway: molecular targets for anti-cancer drug development. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 4(3):235-56
83. Morita M, et al. (2003) HLF/HIF-2alpha is a key factor in retinopathy of prematurity in association with erythropoi-etin. EMBO J 22(5):1134-46
84. Mukhopadhyay D, et al. (1997) The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene product interacts with Sp1 to repress vascular endothelial growth factor promoter activity. Mol Cell Biol 17(9):5629-39
85. Murata M, Kador PF, Sato S (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) enhances the expression of receptors and activates mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase of dog retinal capillary endothelial cells. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 16(4):383-91
86. Na X, et al. (2003) Identification of the RNA polymerase II subunit hsRPB7 as a novel target of the von Hippel-Lindau protein. EMBO J22(16):4249-59
87. Neely KA, Gardner TW (1998) Ocular neovascularization: clarifying complex interactions. Am J Pathol 153(3): 665-70
88. Neufeld AH, Sawada A, Becker B (1999) Inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase 2 by aminoguanidine provides neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells in a rat model of chronic glaucoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96(17):9944-8
89. Nguyen QD, et al. (2004) Supplemental oxygen improves diabetic macular edema: a pilot study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(2):617-24
90. Niesman MR, Johnson KA, Penn JS (1997) Therapeutic effect of liposomal superoxide dismutase in an animal model of retinopathy of prematurity. Neurochem Res 22(5): 597-605
91. Nork TM, et al. (2000) Protection of ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma by retinal laser photocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 118(9):1242-50
92. Nunes I, et al. (2001) c-abl is required for the development of hyperoxia-induced retinopathy. J Exp Med 193(12):1383-91
93. Palmer EA (2003) Implications of the natural course of reti-nopathy of prematurity. Pediatrics 111(4):885-6
94. Pe'er J, et al. ( 1998) Vascular endothelial growth factor upregulation in human central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 105( 3): 412-6
95. Penn JS, Li S, Naash MI (2000) Ambient hypoxia reverses retinal vascular attenuation in a transgenic mouse model of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthal-mol Vis Sci 41(12):4007-13
96. Poulaki V, et al. (2002) Acute intensive insulin therapy exacerbates diabetic blood-retinal barrier breakdown via hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and VEGF. J Clin Invest 109(6):805-15
97. Poulaki V, et al. (2003) Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by insulin-like growth factor I in thyroid carcinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(11): 5392-8
98. Poulaki V, et al. (2004) Insulin-like growth factor-I plays a pathogenetic role in diabetic retinopathy. Am J Pathol 165(2):457-69
99. Pournaras CJ, et al. (1990) Scatter photocoagulation restores tissue hypoxia in experimental vasoproliferative microangiopathy in miniature pigs. Ophthalmology 97(10):1329-33
100. Provis JM, et al. (1997) Development of the human retinal vasculature: cellular relations and VEGF expression. Exp Eye Res 65(4):555-68
101. Pugh CW, et al. (1997) Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1; definition of regulatory domains within the alpha subunit. J Biol Chem 272(17):11205-14
102. Punglia RS, et al. (1997) Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expression by insulin-like growth factor I. Diabetes 46(10):1619-26
103. Reynolds JD (2001) The management of retinopathy of prematurity. Paediatr Drugs 3(4):263-72
104. Rosenbaum DM, et al. (1998) The role of the p53 protein in the selective vulnerability of the inner retina to transient ischemia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39(11):2132-9
105. Ryan HE, Lo J, Johnson RS (1998) HIF-1 alpha is required for solid tumor formation and embryonic vascularization. EMBO J 17(11):3005-15
106. Sakai T, et al. (2001) The ability of hyperoxia to limit the effects of experimental detachment in cone-dominated retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42(13):3264-73
107. Salceda S, Caro J (1997) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) protein is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system under normoxic conditions. Its stabilization by hypoxia depends on redox-induced changes. J Biol Chem 272(36):22642-7
108. Selak MA, et al. (2005) Succinate links TCA cycle dysfunction to oncogenesis by inhibiting HIF-alpha prolyl hydroxylase. Cancer Cell 7(1):77-85
109. Semenza GL (2000) HIF-1 and human disease: one highly involved factor. Genes Dev 14(16):1983-91
110. Semenza GL (2004) Hydroxylation of HIF-1: oxygen sensing at the molecular level. Physiology (Bethesda) 19: 176-82
111. Semenza GL, et al. (1996) Assignment of the hypoxia-induc-ible factor 1alpha gene to a region of conserved synteny on mouse chromosome 12 and human chromosome 14q. Genomics 34(3):437-9
112. Senger DR, et al. (1983) Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid. Science 219(4587):983-5
113. Sharma J, et al. (2003) Ibuprofen improves oxygen-induced retinopathy in a mouse model. Curr Eye Res 27(5):309-14
114. Shih SC, et al. (2003) Selective stimulation of VEGFR-1 prevents oxygen-induced retinal vascular degeneration in retinopathy of prematurity. J Clin Invest 112(1):50-7
115. Shoshani T, et al. (2002) Identification of a novel hypoxia-inducible factor 1-responsive gene, RTP801, involved in apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 22(7):2283-93
116. Smith LE (2003) Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Semin Neonatol 8(6):469-73
117. Sowter HM, et al. (2001) HIF-1-dependent regulation of hypoxic induction of the cell death factors BNIP3 and NIX in human tumors. Cancer Res 61(18):6669-73
118. Spranger J, et al. (2001) Loss of the antiangiogenic pigment epithelium-derived factor in patients with angio-genic eye disease. Diabetes 50(12):2641-5
119. Staller P, et al. (2003) Chemokine receptor CXCR4 down-regulated by von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor pVHL. Nature 425(6955):307-11
120. Stefansson E (2001) The therapeutic effects of retinal laser treatment and vitrectomy. A theory based on oxygen and vascular physiology. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 79(5):435-40
121. Stone J, et al. (1996) Roles of vascular endothelial growth factor and astrocyte degeneration in the genesis of reti-nopathy of prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37(2):290-9
122. Stone J, et al. (1999) Mechanisms of photoreceptor death and survival in mammalian retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 18(6):689-735
123. Sutter CH, Laughner E, Semenza GL (2000) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha protein expression is controlled by oxygen-regulated ubiquitination that is disrupted by deletions and missense mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(9): 4748-53
124. Tezel G, Wax MB (2000) Increased production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by glial cells exposed to simulated ischemia or elevated hydrostatic pressure induces apopto-sis in cocultured retinal ganglion cells. J Neurosci 20(23): 8693-700
125. Tezel G, Wax MB (2004) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha in the glaucomatous retina and optic nerve head. Arch Ophthalmol 122(9):1348-56
126. Travis GH (1991) Molecular characterization of the retinal degeneration slow (rds) mutation in mouse. Prog Clin Biol Res 362:87-114
127. Tsurumi Y, et al. (1997) Reciprocal relation between VEGF and NO in the regulation of endothelial integrity. Nat Med 3(8):879-86
128. Uchida T, et al. (2004) Prolonged hypoxia differentially regulates hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and HIF-2alpha expression in lung epithelial cells: implication of natural antisense HIF-1alpha. J Biol Chem 279(15): 14871-8
129. Vasquez G, et al. (2004) Role of adenosine transport in ges-tational diabetes-induced L-arginine transport and nitric oxide synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelium. J Physiol 560(1):111-22
130. Vortmeyer AO, et al. (1997) von Hippel-Lindau gene deletion detected in the stromal cell component of a cerebellar hemangioblastoma associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Hum Pathol 28(5):540-3
131. 2 tension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(12): 5510-4
132. Wang GL, Semenza GL (1995) Purification and characterization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1. J Biol Chem 270(3): 1230-7
133. Wangsa-Wirawan ND, Linsenmeier RA (2003) Retinal oxygen: fundamental and clinical aspects. Arch Ophthal-mol 121(4):547-57
134. Wenzel A, et al. (2005) Molecular mechanisms of light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis and neuroprotection for retinal degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 24(2):275-306
135. Wheatley CM, et al. (2002) Retinopathy of prematurity: recent advances in our understanding. Br J Ophthalmol 86(6):696-700
136. Yahata Y, et al. (2003) Nuclear translocation of phosphory-lated STAT3 is essential for vascular endothelial growth factor-induced human dermal microvascular endothelial cell migration and tube formation. J Biol Chem 278(41): 40026-31
137. Yamanouchi I, Igarashi I (1991) Arterial catheters, endo-thelin, and ROP. Pediatrics 88(4):874-5
138. Yokoi M, et al. (2005) Elevations of AGE and vascular endothelial growth factor with decreased total antioxidant status in the vitreous fluid of diabetic patients with reti-nopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 89(6):673-5
139. Yokota T, et al. (2003) Role of protein kinase C on the expression of platelet-derived growth factor and endothe-lin-1 in the retina of diabetic rats and cultured retinal capillary pericytes. Diabetes 52(3):838-45
140. Yu AY, et al. (1998) Temporal, spatial, and oxygen-regulated expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in the lung. Am J Physiol 275(4):L818-26
141. Yu DY, et al. (2000) Intraretinal oxygen levels before and after photoreceptor loss in the RCS rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41(12):3999-4006
142. Zeiss CJ, Neal J, Johnson EA (2004) Caspase-3 in postnatal retinal development and degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 45(3):964-70
143. Zelzer E, et al. (1998) Insulin induces transcription of target genes through the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1alpha/ARNT. EMBO J 17(17):5085-94