The impacts of organochlorines and other persistent pollutants on thyroid and metabolic health

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 497-518

  Langer, Pavel ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY   (Slovakia)

Author keywords

Adverse health effects; Diabetes; Organochlorines; Thyroid autoimmunity; Thyroid diseases; Thyroid hormones; Transgenerational transmission

Indexed keywords

1,1 DICHLORO 2,2 BIS(4 CHLOROPHENYL)ETHYLENE; 2,2',4,4' TETRABROMODIPHENYL ETHER; 2,3,7,8 TETRACHLORODIBENZO PARA DIOXIN; CHLOROPHENOL; CHOLESTEROL; DIOXIN; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; GLUCOSE; HERBICIDE; HEXACHLOROBENZENE; IODINE; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZODIOXIN; POLYCHLORINATED DIBENZOFURAN; THYROGLOBULIN ANTIBODY; THYROID ANTIBODY; THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODY; THYROTROPIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AIR POLLUTION INDICATOR; AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS; AUTOIMMUNITY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EMBRYOTOXICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; FOOD INTAKE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GESTATIONAL AGE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEALTH HAZARD; HEARING DISORDER; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOPHYSIS THYROID SYSTEM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; LIOTHYRONINE BLOOD LEVEL; LYMPHOCYTIC INFILTRATION; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; METABOLIC DISORDER; NONHUMAN; PLACENTAL TRANSFER; POPULATION EXPOSURE; PREGNANT WOMAN; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEX DIFFERENCE; SLOVAKIA; THYROID CANCER; THYROID DISEASE; THYROID GLAND; THYROID HYPERPLASIA; THYROXINE BLOOD LEVEL; TOOTH DISEASE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

ANIMALS; AUTOANTIBODIES; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED; MALE; MICE; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE DELAYED EFFECTS; PREVALENCE; RATS; SLOVAKIA; THYROID DISEASES; THYROID GLAND; THYROID HORMONES;

EID: 77958160461     PISSN: 00913022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.08.001     Document Type: Review

References (259)

1. Abdelouahab N., Mergler D., Takser L., Vanier C., St-Jean M., Baldwin M., Spear P.A., Chan H.M. Gender differences in the effects of organochlorines, mercury, and lead on thyroid hormone levels in lakeside communities of Quebec (Canada). Environ. Res. 2008, 107:380-392.
2. Adrees M., Gibney J., El-Saeity N., Boran G. Effects of 18 months of L-T4 replacement in women with subclinical hypothyroidism. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford) 2009, 71:298-303.
3. Ahmed S.A., Hissong B.D., Verthelyi D., Donner K., Becker K., Karpuzoglu-Sahin E. Gender and risk of autoimmune diseases: possible role of estrogenic compounds. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107(Suppl. 5):681-686.
4. Alaluusua S., Lukinmaa P.L. Developmental dental toxicity of dioxin and related compounds - a review. Int. Dent. J. 2006, 56:323-331.
5. Andre P., Balkau B., Born C., Charles M.A., Eschwege E. Three-year increase of gamma-glutamyltransferase level and development of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men and women: the D.E.S.I.R. cohort. Diabetologia 2006, 49:2599-2603.
6. Arzuaga X., Reiterer G., Majkova Z., Kilgore M.W., Toborek M., Hennig B. PPARalpha ligands reduce PCB-induced endothelial activation: possible interactions in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 2007, 7:264-272.
7. Asawasinsopon R., Prapamontol T., Prakobvitayakit O., Vaneesorn Y., Mangklabruks A., Hock B. The association between organochlorine and thyroid hormone levels in cord serum: a study from northern Thailand. Environ. Int. 2006, 32:554-559.
8. Baccarelli A., Mocarelli P., Patterson D.G., Bonzini M., Pesatori A.C., Caporaso N., Landi M.T. Immunologic effects of dioxin: new results from Seveso and comparison with other studies. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110:1169-1173.
9. Baccarelli A., Giacomini S.M., Corbetta C., Landi M.T., Bonzini M., Consonni D., Grillo P., Patterson D.G., Pesatori A.C., Bertazzi P.A. Neonatal thyroid function in Seveso 25 years after maternal exposure to dioxin. PLoS Med. 2008, 5:e161.
10. Badenhoop K., Seidl C. Fine-tuning of T lymphocytes in autoimmunity: genetic association of CTLA-4 variants and Graves' disease revisited. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford) 2003, 59:555-557.
11. Bahn A.K., Mills J.L., Snyder P.J., Gann P.H., Houten L., Bialik O., Hollmann L., Utiger R.D. Hypothyroidism in workers exposed to polybrominated biphenyls. New Engl. J. Med. 1980, 302:31-33.
12. Barter R.A., Klaassen C.D. Reduction of thyroid hormone levels and alteration of thyroid function by four representative UDP-glucuronosyltransferase inducers in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1994, 128:9-17.
13. Bernhoft A., Skaare J.U., Wiig O., Derocher A.E., Larsen H.J. Possible immunotoxic effects of organochlorines in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at Svalbard. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2000, 59:561-574.
14. Bertazzi P.A., Bernucci I., Brambilla G., Consonni D., Pesatori A.C. The Seveso studies on early and long-term effects of dioxin exposure: a review. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106(Suppl. 2):625-633.
15. Bjoro T., Holmen J., Kruger O., Midthjell K., Hunstad K., Schreiner T., Sandnes L., Brochmann H. Prevalence of thyroid disease, thyroid dysfunction and thyroid peroxidase antibodies in a large, unselected population. The health study of Nord-Trondelag (HUNT). Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2000, 143:639-647.
16. Bloom M.S., Weiner J.M., Vena J.E., Beehler G.P. Exploring associations between serum levels of select organochlorines and thyroxine in a sample of New York state sportsmen: the New York state angler cohort study. Environ. Res. 2003, 93:52-66.
17. Bloom M.S., Vena J.E., Olson J.R., Kostyniak P.J. Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, thyroid stimulating hormone, and free thyroxine among New York state anglers. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2009, 212:599-611.
18. Boas M., Feldt-Rasmussen U., Skakkebaek N.E., Main K.M. Environmental chemicals and thyroid function. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006, 154:599-611.
19. Boas M., Main K.M., Feldt-Rasmussen U. Environmental chemicals and thyroid function: an update. Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes. 2009, 16:385-391.
20. Bonefeld-Jorgensen E.C., Andersen H.R., Rasmussen T.H., Vinggaard A.M. Effect of highly bioaccumulated polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on estrogen and androgen receptor activity. Toxicology 2001, 158:141-153.
21. Bonefeld-Jorgensen E.C., Hjelmborg P.S., Reinert T.S., Andersen B.S., Lesovoy V., Lindh C.H., Hagmar L., Giwercman A., Erlandsen M., Manicardi G.C., Spano M., Toft G., Bonde J.P. Xenoestrogenic activity in blood of European and Inuit populations. Environ. Health 2006, 5:12.
22. Braathen M., Mortensen A.S., Sandvik M., Skare J.U., Arukwe A. Estrogenic effects of selected hydroxy polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in primary culture of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) hepatocytes. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2009, 56:111-122.
23. Brenta G., Berg G., Zago V., Muzzio M.L., Schnitman M., Sinay I., Arias P., Schreier L. Proatherogenic mechanisms in subclinical hypothyroidism: hepatic lipase activity in relation to the VLDL remnant IDL. Thyroid 2008, 18:1233-1236.
24. Brouwer A., Longnecker M.P., Birnbaum L.S., Cogliano J., Kostyniak P., Moore J., Schantz S., Winneke G. Characterization of potential endocrine-related health effects at low-dose levels of exposure to PCBs. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107(4):639-649.
25. Brucker-Davis F. Effects of environmental synthetic chemicals on thyroid function. Thyroid 1998, 8:827-856.
26. Burek C.L., Talor M.V. Environmental triggers of autoimmune thyroiditis. J. Autoimmun. 2009, 33:183-189.
27. Byrne J.J., Carbone J.P., Hanson E.A. Hypothyroidism and abnormalities in the kinetics of thyroid hormone metabolism in rats treated chronically with polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated biphenyl. Endocrinology 1987, 121:520-527.
28. Calvert G.M., Sweeney M.H., Deddens J., Wall D.K. Evaluation of diabetes mellitus, serum glucose, and thyroid function among United States workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Occup. Environ. Med. 1999, 56:270-276.
29. Capen C.C., Martin S.L. The effects of xenobiotics on the structure and function of thyroid follicular and C-cells. Toxicol. Pathol. 1989, 17:266-293.
30. Cappola A.R., Fried L.P., Arnold A.M., Danese M.D., Kuller L.H., Burke G.L., Tracy R.P., Ladenson P.W. Thyroid status, cardiovascular risk, and mortality in older adults. JAMA 2006, 295:1033-1041.
31. Carle A., Laurberg P., Knudsen N., Perrild H., Ovesen L., Rasmussen L.B., Jorgensen T., Pedersen I.B. Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin auto-antibodies in patients with newly diagnosed overt hypothyroidism. Autoimmunity 2006, 39:497-503.
32. Cebecauer L., Radikova Z., Rovensky J., Koska, Imrich R., Ksinantova L., Susienkova K., Vigas M., Klimes I., Langer P. Increased prevalence and coincidence of antinuclear and antithyroid antibodies in the population exposed to high levels of polychlorinated pollutants cocktail. Endocr. Regul. 2009, 43:75-81.
33. Centanni M., Gargano L., Canettieri G., Viceconti N., Franchi A., Delle Fave G., Annibale B. Thyroxine in goiter, Helicobacter pylori infection, and chronic gastritis. New Engl. J. Med. 2006, 354:1787-1795.
34. Ceresini G., Milli B., Morganti S., Maggio M., Bacchi-Modena A., Sgarabotto M.P., Chirico C., Di Donato P., Campanati P., Valcavi R., Ceda G.P., Braverman L.E., Valenti G. Effect of estrogen therapy for 1 year on thyroid volume and thyroid nodules in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2008, 15:326-331.
35. Codru N., Schymura M.J., Negoita S., Rej R., Carpenter D.O. Diabetes in relation to serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides in adult native Americans. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:1442-1447.
36. Collins W.T., Capen C.C. Ultrastructural and functional alterations of the rat thyroid gland produced by polychlorinated biphenyls compared with iodide excess and deficiency, and thyrotropin and thyroxine administration. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol. 1980, 33:213-231.
37. Connor K., Ramamoorthy K., Moore M., Mustain M., Chen I., Safe S., Zacharewski T., Gillesby B., Joyeux A., Balaguer P. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as estrogens and antiestrogens: structure-activity relationships. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997, 145:111-123.
38. Cooper G.S., Martin S.A., Longnecker M.P., Sandler D.P., Germolec D.R. Associations between plasma DDE levels and immunologic measures in African-American farmers in North Carolina. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:1080-1084.
39. Costante G., Crocetti U., Schifino E., Ludovico O., Capula C., Nicotera M., Arturi F., Filetti S. Slow growth of benign thyroid nodules after menopause: no need for long-term thyroxine suppressive therapy in post-menopausal women. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 2004, 27:31-36.
40. Cox S., Niskar A.S., Narayan K.M., Marcus M. Prevalence of self-reported diabetes and exposure to organochlorine pesticides among Mexican Americans: hispanic health and nutrition examination survey, 1982-1984. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:1747-1752.
41. Cranmer M., Louie S., Kennedy R.H., Kern P.A., Fonseca V.A. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is associated with hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Toxicol. Sci. 2000, 56:431-436.
42. Crews D., McLachlan J.A. Epigenetics, evolution, endocrine disruption, health, and disease. Endocrinology 2006, 147:S4-10.
43. Crofton K.M., Craft E.S., Hedge J.M., Gennings C., Simmons J.E., Carchman R.A., Carter W.H., DeVito M.J. Thyroid-hormone-disrupting chemicals: evidence for dose-dependent additivity or synergism. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1549-1554.
44. Crofton K.M. Thyroid disrupting chemicals: mechanisms and mixtures. Int. J. Androl. 2008, 31:209-223.
45. Dalla Valle L., Ramina A., Vianello S., Fassina A., Belvedere P., Colombo L. Potential for estrogen synthesis and action in human normal and neoplastic thyroid tissues. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, 83:3702-3709.
46. Dallaire F., Dewailly E., Vezina C., Muckle G., Weber J.P., Bruneau S., Ayotte P. Effect of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on incidence of acute respiratory infections in preschool Inuit children. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:1301-1305.
47. Dalton T.P., Kerzee J.K., Wang B., Miller M., Dieter M.Z., Lorenz J.N., Shertzer H.G., Nerbert D.W., Puga A. Dioxin exposure is an environmental risk factor for ischemic heart disease. Cardiovasc. Toxicol. 2001, 1:285-298.
48. Daniel V., Huber W., Bauer K., Suesal C., Conradt C., Opelz G. Associations of blood levels of PCB, HCHS, and HCB with numbers of lymphocyte subpopulations, in vitro lymphocyte response, plasma cytokine levels, and immunoglobulin autoantibodies. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109:173-178.
49. Davies T.F. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease. Thyroid 2003, 13:3-126.
50. Delange F., Benker G., Caron P., Eber O., Ott W., Peter F., Podoba J., Simescu M., Szybinsky Z., Vertongen F., Vitti P., Wiersinga W., Zamrazil V. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine in European schoolchildren: standardization of values for assessment of iodine deficiency. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1997, 136:180-187.
51. Denison M.S., Nagy S.R. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by structurally diverse exogenous and endogenous chemicals. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2003, 43:309-334.
52. Derwahl M., Studer H. Hyperplasia versus adenoma in endocrine tissues: are they different?. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 13:23-28.
53. DeVito M., Biegel L., Brouwer A., Brown S., Brucker-Davis F., Cheek A.O., Christensen R., Colborn T., Cooke P., Crissman J., Crofton K., Doerge D., Gray E., Hauser P., Hurley P., Kohn M., Lazar J., McMaster S., McClain M., McConnell E., Meier C., Miller R., Tietge J., Tyl R. Screening methods for thyroid hormone disruptors. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107:407-415.
54. DeVito M.J., Birnbaum L.S., Farland W.H., Gasiewicz T.A. Comparisons of estimated human body burdens of dioxinlike chemicals and TCDD body burdens in experimentally exposed animals. Environ. Health Perspect. 1995, 103:820-831.
55. Donato F., Magoni M., Bergonzi R., Scarcella C., Indelicato A., Carasi S., Apostoli P. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls in residents near a chemical factory in Italy: the food chain as main source of contamination. Chemosphere 2006, 64:1562-1572.
56. Donato F., Zani C., Magoni M., Gelatti U., Covolo L., Orizio G., Speziani F., Indelicato A., Scarcella C., Bergonzi R., Apostoli P. Polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid hormone serum concentrations among people living in a highly polluted area: a cross-sectional population-based study. Environ. Res. 2008, 108:380-386.
57. Dultz G., Matheis N., Dittmar M., Rohrig B., Bender K., Kahaly G.J. The protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 C1858T polymorphism is a joint susceptibility locus for immunthyroiditis and autoimmune diabetes. Thyroid 2009, 19:143-148.
58. Duntas L.H. Subclinical thyroid disorders: the menace of the Trojan horse. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 2003, 26:472-480.
59. Esser C., Rannug A., Stockinger B. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor in immunity. Trends Immunol. 2009, 30:447-454.
60. Everett C.J., Frithsen I.L., Diaz V.A., Koopman R.J., Simpson W.M., Mainous A.G. Association of a polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, a polychlorinated biphenyl, and DDT with diabetes in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ. Res. 2007, 103:413-418.
61. Fangstrom B., Athanasiadou M., Grandjean P., Weihe P., Bergman A. Hydroxylated PCB metabolites and PCBs in serum from pregnant Faroese women. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110:895-899.
62. Feldt-Rasmussen U. Analytical and clinical performance goals for testing autoantibodies to thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin, and thyrotropin receptor. Clin. Chem. 1996, 42:160-163.
63. Fierens S., Mairesse H., Heilier J.F., De Burbure C., Focant J.F., Eppe G., De Pauw E., Bernard A. Dioxin/polychlorinated biphenyl body burden, diabetes and endometriosis: findings in a population-based study in Belgium. Biomarkers 2003, 8:529-534.
64. Fisher J.W., Campbell J., Muralidhara S., Bruckner J.V., Ferguson D., Mumtaz M., Harmon B., Hedge J.M., Crofton K.M., Kim H., Almekinder T.L. Effect of PCB 126 on hepatic metabolism of thyroxine and perturbations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in the rat. Toxicol. Sci. 2006, 90:87-95.
65. Foldes O., Langer P., Straussova K., Brozmanova H., Gschwendtova K. Direct quantitative estimation of several iodothyronines in rat bile by radioimmunoassay and basal data on their biliary excretion. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1982, 716:383-390.
66. Frich L., Akslen L.A., Glattre E. Increased risk of thyroid cancer among Norwegian women married to fishery workers - a retrospective cohort study. Br. J. Cancer 1997, 76:385-389.
67. Fujiyoshi P.T., Michalek J.E., Matsumura F. Molecular epidemiologic evidence for diabetogenic effects of dioxin exposure in U.S. Air force veterans of the Vietnam war. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:1677-1683.
68. Fukata H., Omori M., Osada H., Todaka E., Mori C. Necessity to measure PCBs and organochlorine pesticide concentrations in human umbilical cords for fetal exposure assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:297-303.
69. Furlanetto T.W., Nguyen L.Q., Jameson J.L. Estradiol increases proliferation and down-regulates the sodium/iodide symporter gene in FRTL-5 cells. Endocrinology 1999, 140:5705-5711.
70. Gauger K.J., Kato Y., Haraguchi K., Lehmler H.J., Robertson L.W., Bansal R., Zoeller R.T. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) exert thyroid hormone-like effects in the fetal rat brain but do not bind to thyroid hormone receptors. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:516-523.
71. Gauger K.J., Giera S., Sharlin D.S., Bansal R., Iannacone E., Zoeller R.T. Polychlorinated biphenyls 105 and 118 form thyroid hormone receptor agonists after cytochrome P4501A1 activation in rat pituitary GH3 cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:1623-1630.
72. Goncharov A., Haase R.F., Santiago-Rivera A., Morse G., McCaffrey R.J., Rej R., Carpenter D.O. High serum PCBs are associated with elevation of serum lipids and cardiovascular disease in a native American population. Environ. Res. 2008, 106:226-239.
73. Gougelet A., Mueller S.O., Korach K.S., Renoir J.M. Oestrogen receptors pathways to oestrogen responsive elements: the transactivation function-1 acts as the keystone of oestrogen receptor (ER) beta-mediated transcriptional repression of ERalpha. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2007, 104:110-122.
74. Grimalt J.O., Sunyer J., Moreno V., Amaral O.C., Sala M., Rosell A., Anto J.M., Albaiges J. Risk excess of soft-tissue sarcoma and thyroid cancer in a community exposed to airborne organochlorinated compound mixtures with a high hexachlorobenzene content. Int. J. Cancer 1994, 56:200-203.
75. Guo Y.L., Yu M.L., Hsu C.C., Rogan W.J. Chloracne, goiter, arthritis, and anemia after polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning: 14-year follow-up of the Taiwan Yucheng cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107:715-719.
76. Guvenius D.M., Aronsson A., Ekman-Ordeberg G., Bergman A., Noren K. Human prenatal and postnatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorobiphenylols, and pentachlorophenol. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111:1235-1241.
77. Hadj-Kacem H., Rebuffat S., Mnif-Feki M., Belguith-Maalej S., Ayadi H., Peraldi-Roux S. Autoimmune thyroid diseases: genetic susceptibility of thyroid-specific genes and thyroid autoantigens contributions. Int. J. Immunogenet. 2009, 36:85-96.
78. Hagmar L., Bjork J., Sjodin A., Bergman A., Erfurth E.M. Plasma levels of persistent organohalogens and hormone levels in adult male humans. Arch. Environ. Health 2001, 56:138-143.
79. Hagmar L., Rylander L., Dyremark E., Klasson-Wehler E., Erfurth E.M. Plasma concentrations of persistent organochlorines in relation to thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in women. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2001, 74:184-188.
80. Hagmar L. Polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid status in humans: a review. Thyroid 2003, 13:1021-1028.
81. Hamilton T.E., Davis S., Onstad L., Kopecky K.J. Thyrotropin levels in a population with no clinical, autoantibody, or ultrasonographic evidence of thyroid disease: implications for the diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008, 93:1224-1230.
82. Hankinson O. Role of coactivators in transcriptional activation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2005, 433:379-386.
83. Hansen L.G. Stepping backward to improve assessment of PCB congener toxicities. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106(Suppl. 1):171-189.
84. Heilmann C., Grandjean P., Weihe P. Decreased childhood vaccine response in children exposed to PCBs from maternal seafood diet. Organohalogen. Comp. 2003, 63:397-400.
85. Hennemann G., Docter R., Friesema E.C., de Jong M., Krenning E.P., Visser T.J. Plasma membrane transport of thyroid hormones and its role in thyroid hormone metabolism and bioavailability. Endocr. Rev. 2001, 22:451-476.
86. Henriksen G.L., Ketchum N.S., Michalek J.E., Swaby J.A. Serum dioxin and diabetes mellitus in veterans of operation Ranch hand. Epidemiology 1997, 8:252-258.
87. Hertz-Picciotto I., Park H.Y., Dostal M., Kocan A., Trnovec T., Sram R. Prenatal exposures to persistent and non-persistent organic compounds and effects on immune system development. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2008, 102:146-154.
88. Heward J., Gough S.C. Genetic susceptibility to the development of autoimmune disease. Clin. Sci. (London) 1997, 93:479-491.
89. Holladay S.D. Prenatal immunotoxicant exposure and postnatal autoimmune disease. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107(Suppl. 5):687-691.
90. Hollowell J.G., Staehling N.W., Flanders W.D., Hannon W.H., Gunter E.W., Spencer C.A., Braverman L.E. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:489-499.
91. Hoogendoorn E.H., Hermus A.R., de Vegt F., Ross H.A., Verbeek A.L., Kiemeney L.A., Swinkels D.W., Sweep F.C., den Heijer M. Thyroid function and prevalence of anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies in a population with borderline sufficient iodine intake: influences of age and sex. Clin. Chem. 2006, 52:104-111.
92. Hovander L., Linderholm L., Athanasiadou M., Athanassiadis I., Bignert A., Fangstrom B., Kocan A., Petrik J., Trnovec T., Bergman A. Levels of PCBs and their metabolites in the serum of residents of a highly contaminated area in eastern Slovakia. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:3696-3703.
93. Chang H.S., Anway M.D., Rekow S.S., Skinner M.K. Transgenerational epigenetic imprinting of the male germline by endocrine disruptor exposure during gonadal sex determination. Endocrinology 2006, 147:5524-5541.
94. Chauhan K.R., Kodavanti P.R., McKinney J.D. Assessing the role of ortho-substitution on polychlorinated biphenyl binding to transthyretin, a thyroxine transport protein. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2000, 162:10-21.
95. Cheek A.O., Kow K., Chen J., McLachlan J.A. Potential mechanisms of thyroid disruption in humans: interaction of organochlorine compounds with thyroid receptor, transthyretin, and thyroid-binding globulin. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107:273-278.
96. Chen G.G., Vlantis A.C., Zeng Q., van Hasselt C.A. Regulation of cell growth by estrogen signaling and potential targets in thyroid cancer. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 2008, 8:367-377.
97. Chevrier J., Eskenazi B., Bradman A., Fenster L., Barr D.B. Associations between prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in a Mexican-American population, Salinas Valley, California. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:1490-1496.
98. Chovancova J., Kocan A., Jursa S. PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs in food of animal origin (Slovakia). Chemosphere 2005, 61:1305-1311.
99. Ishihara A., Nishiyama N., Sugiyama S., Yamauchi K. The effect of endocrine disrupting chemicals on thyroid hormone binding to Japanese quail transthyretin and thyroid hormone receptor. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2003, 134:36-43.
100. Jacobson D.L., Gange S.J., Rose N.R., Graham N.M. Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1997, 84:223-243.
101. Jan J., Sovcikova E., Kocan A., Wsolova L., Trnovec T. Developmental dental defects in children exposed to PCBs in eastern Slovakia. Chemosphere 2007, 67:S350-S354.
102. Jan J., Reinert K. Dental caries in Faroese children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 25:188-191.
103. Jo S.K., Lee W.Y., Rhee E.J., Won J.C., Jung C.H., Park C.Y., Oh K.W., Park S.W., Kim S.W. Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity predicts future development of metabolic syndrome defined by 2 different criteria. Clin. Chim. Acta 2009, 403:234-240.
104. Jorgensen M.E., Borch-Johnsen K., Bjerregaard P. A cross-sectional study of the association between persistent organic pollutants and glucose intolerance among Greenland Inuit. Diabetologia 2008, 51:1416-1422.
105. Jursa S., Chovancova J., Petrik J., Loksa J. Dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like PCBs in human serum of Slovak population. Chemosphere 2006, 64:686-691.
106. Kasagi K., Takahashi N., Inoue G., Honda T., Kawachi Y., Izumi Y. Thyroid function in Japanese adults as assessed by a general health checkup system in relation with thyroid-related antibodies and other clinical parameters. Thyroid 2009, 19:937-944.
107. Kavlock R.J., Daston G.P., DeRosa C., Fenner-Crisp P., Gray L.E., Kaattari S., Lucier G., Luster M., Mac M.J., Maczka C., Miller R., Moore J., Rolland R., Scott G., Sheehan D.M., Sinks T., Tilson H.A. Research needs for the risk assessment of health and environmental effects of endocrine disruptors: a report of the U.S. EPA-sponsored workshop. Environ. Health Perspect. 1996, 104(Suppl. 4):715-740.
108. Kawabata W., Suzuki T., Moriya T., Fujimori K., Naganuma H., Inoue S., Kinouchi Y., Kameyama K., Takami H., Shimosegawa T., Sasano H. Estrogen receptors (alpha and beta) and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 in thyroid disorders: possible in situ estrogen synthesis and actions. Mod. Pathol. 2003, 16:437-444.
109. Kern P.A., Said S., Jackson W.G., Michalek J.E. Insulin sensitivity following agent orange exposure in Vietnam veterans with high blood levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 89:4665-4672.
110. Kester M.H., Bulduk S., Tibboel D., Meinl W., Glatt H., Falany C.N., Coughtrie M.W., Bergman A., Safe S.H., Kuiper G.G., Schuur A.G., Brouwer A., Visser T.J. Potent inhibition of estrogen sulfotransferase by hydroxylated PCB metabolites: a novel pathway explaining the estrogenic activity of PCBs. Endocrinology 2000, 141:1897-1900.
111. Khan M.A., Lichtensteiger C.A., Faroon O., Mumtaz M., Schaeffer D.J., Hansen L.G. The hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis: a target of nonpersistent ortho-substituted PCB congeners. Toxicol. Sci. 2002, 65:52-61.
112. Kimbrough R.D., Krouskas C.A. Polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzofurans and birth weight and immune and thyroid function in children. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2001, 34:42-52.
113. Kitamura S., Jinno N., Suzuki T., Sugihara K., Ohta S., Kuroki H., Fujimoto N. Thyroid hormone-like and estrogenic activity of hydroxylated PCBs in cell culture. Toxicology 2005, 208:377-387.
114. Kocan A., Petrik J., Drobna B., Chovancova J. Levels of PCBs and some organochlorine pesticides in the human population of selected areas of the Slovak Republic. I. Blood. Chemosphere 1994, 29:2315-2325.
115. Kocan A., Petrik J., Jursa S., Chovancova J., Drobna B. Environmental contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls in the area of their former manufacture in Slovakia. Chemosphere 2001, 43:595-600.
116. Kohrle J. Local activation and inactivation of thyroid hormones: the deiodinase family. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 1999, 151:103-119.
117. Konig A., Bouzan C., Cohen J.T., Connor W.E., Kris-Etherton P.M., Gray G.M., Lawrence R.S., Savitz D.A., Teutsch S.M. A quantitative analysis of fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2005, 29:335-346.
118. Koopman-Esseboom C., Morse D.C., Weisglas-Kuperus N., Lutkeschipholt I.J., Van der Paauw C.G., Tuinstra L.G., Brouwer A., Sauer P.J. Effects of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls on thyroid hormone status of pregnant women and their infants. Pediatr. Res. 1994, 36:468-473.
119. Kortenkamp A. Ten years of mixing cocktails: a review of combination effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115(Suppl. 1):98-105.
120. Kung A.W., Chau M.T., Lao T.T., Tam S.C., Low L.C. The effect of pregnancy on thyroid nodule formation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 87:1010-1014.
121. La'ulu S.L., Slev P.R., Roberts W.L. Performance characteristics of 5 automated thyroglobulin autoantibody and thyroid peroxidase autoantibody assays. Clin. Chim. Acta 2007, 376:88-95.
122. Langer P. Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Epidemic Goitre and Endemic Cretenism 1980, 144-153. John Wiley, New York. J.B. Stanbury, B.S. Helzel (Eds.).
123. Langer P., Tajtakova M., Podoba J., Kost'alova L., Gutekunst R. Thyroid volume and urinary iodine in school children and adolescents in Slovakia after 40 years of iodine prophylaxis. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 1994, 102:394-398.
124. Langer P., Gschwendtova K. Acute changes in biliary excretion of reverse triiodothyronine in rats after insulin-induced hypoglycemia: effect of glucose, verapamil, cycloheximide and actinomycin D. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1995, 132:618-621.
125. Langer P., Tajtakova M., Fodor G., Kocan A., Bohov P., Michalek J., Kreze A. Increased thyroid volume and prevalence of thyroid disorders in an area heavily polluted by polychlorinated biphenyls. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1998, 139:402-409.
126. Langer P., Tajtakova M., Bohov P., Klimes I. Possible role of genetic factors in thyroid growth rate and in the assessment of upper limit of normal thyroid volume in iodine-replete adolescents. Thyroid 1999, 9:557-562.
127. Langer P., Kocan A., Tajtakova M., Petrik J., Chovancova J., Drobna B., Jursa S., Pavuk M., Koska J., Trnovec T., Sebokova E., Klimes I. Possible effects of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorinated pesticides on the thyroid after long-term exposure to heavy environmental pollution. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 45:526-532.
128. Langer P., Tajtakova M., Koska J., Bohov P., Sebokova E., Klimes I. Multimodal distribution versus logarithmic transformation of thyroid volumes in adolescents: detection of subgroup with subclinical thyroid disorders and its impact on the assessment of the upper limit of normal thyroid volumes. Endocr. J. 2003, 50:117-125.
129. Langer P., Kocan A., Tajtakova M., Petrik J., Chovancova J., Drobna B., Jursa S., Radikova Z., Koska J., Ksinantova L., Huckova M., Imrich R., Wimmerova S., Gasperikova D., Shishiba Y., Trnovec T., Sebokova E., Klimes I. Fish from industrially polluted freshwater as the main source of organochlorinated pollutants and increased frequency of thyroid disorders and dysglycemia. Chemosphere 2007, 67:S379-S385.
130. Langer P., Kocan A., Tajtakova M., Radikova Z., Petrik J., Koska J., Ksinantova L., Imrich R., Huckova M., Chovancova J., Drobna B., Jursa S., Bergman A., Athanasiadou M., Hovander L., Gasperikova D., Trnovec T., Sebokova E., Klimes I. Possible effects of persistent organochlorinated pollutants cocktail on thyroid hormone levels and pituitary-thyroid interrelations. Chemosphere 2007, 70:110-118.
131. Langer P., Tajtakova M., Kocan A., Petrik J., Koska J., Ksinantova L., Radikova Z., Ukropec J., Imrich R., Huckova M., Chovancova J., Drobna B., Jursa S., Vlcek M., Bergman A., Athanasiadou M., Hovander L., Shishiba Y., Trnovec T., Sebokova E., Klimes I. Thyroid ultrasound volume, structure and function after long-term high exposure of large population to polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides and dioxin. Chemosphere 2007, 69:118-127.
132. Langer P. Persistent organochlorinated pollutants (PCB, DDE, HCB, dioxins, furans) and the thyroid - review 2008. Endocr. Regul. 2008, 42:79-104.
133. Langer P., Kocan A., Tajtakova M., Koska J., Radikova Z., Ksinantova L., Imrich R., Huckova M., Drobna B., Gasperikova D., Sebokova E., Klimes I. Increased thyroid volume, prevalence of thyroid antibodies and impaired fasting glucose in young adults from organochlorine cocktail polluted area: outcome of transgenerational transmission?. Chemosphere 2008, 73:1145-1150.
134. Langer P., Kocan A., Tajtakova M., Susienkova K., Radikova Z., Koska J., Ksinantova L., Imrich R., Huckova M., Drobna B., Gasperikova D., Trnovec T., Klimes I. Multiple adverse thyroid and metabolic health signs in the population from the area heavily polluted by organochlorine cocktail (PCB, DDE, HCB, dioxin). Thyroid Res. 2009, 2:3.
135. Langer P., Kocan A., Tajtakova M., Trnovec I., Klimes I. What we learned from the study of exposed population to PCBs and pesticides. Open Environ. Poll. Toxicol. J. 2009, 1:54-65.
136. Lans M.C., Spiertz C., Brouwer A., Koeman J.H. Different competition of thyroxine binding to transthyretin and thyroxine-binding globulin by hydroxy-PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1994, 270:129-136.
137. Laurberg P., Cerqueira C., Ovesen L., Rasmussen L.B., Perrild H., Andersen S., Pedersen I.B., Carle A. Iodine intake as a determinant of thyroid disorders in populations. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2010, 24:13-27.
138. Lee D.H., Silventoinen K., Jacobs D.R., Jousilahti P., Tuomileto J. gamma-Glutamyltransferase, obesity, and the risk of type 2 diabetes: observational cohort study among 20,158 middle-aged men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 89:5410-5414.
139. Lee D.H., Lee I.K., Song K., Steffes M., Toscano W., Baker B.A., Jacobs D.R. A strong dose-response relation between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and diabetes: results from The National Health and Examination Survey 1999-2002. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:1638-1644.
140. Lee D.H., Lee I.K., Porta M., Steffes M., Jacobs D.R. Relationship between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among non-diabetic adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002. Diabetologia 2007, 50:1841-1851.
141. Lee D.H., Steffes M.W., Jacobs D.R. Can persistent organic pollutants explain the association between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and type 2 diabetes?. Diabetologia 2008, 51:402-407.
142. Lee M.L., Chen G.G., Vlantis A.C., Tse G.M., Leung B.C., van Hasselt C.A. Induction of thyroid papillary carcinoma cell proliferation by estrogen is associated with an altered expression of Bcl-xL. Cancer J. 2005, 11:113-121.
143. Levin M., Morsey B., Mori C., Nambiar P.R., De Guise S. Non-coplanar PCB-mediated modulation of human leukocyte phagocytosis: a new mechanism for immunotoxicity. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2005, 68:1977-1993.
144. Li M.-H., Hansen L.G. Consideration of enzyme and endocrine interactions in the risk assessment of PCBs. Rev. Toxicol. 1997, 1:71-156.
145. Linderholm L., Park J.S., Kocan A., Trnovec T., Athanasiadou M., Bergman K., Hertz-Picciotto I. Maternal and cord serum exposure to PCB and DDE methyl sulfone metabolites in eastern Slovakia. Chemosphere 2007, 69:403-410.
146. Liu P.C., Matsumura F. Differential effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on the "adipose- type" and "brain-type" glucose transporters in mice. Mol. Pharmacol. 1995, 47:65-73.
147. Longnecker M.P., Gladen B.C., Patterson D.G., Rogan W.J. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure in relation to thyroid hormone levels in neonates. Epidemiology 2000, 11:249-254.
148. Longnecker M.P., Daniels J.L. Environmental contaminants as etiologic factors for diabetes. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109(Suppl. 6):871-876.
149. Lopez-Espinosa M.J., Vizcaino E., Murcia M., Llop S., Espada M., Seco V., Marco A., Rebagliato M., Grimalt J.O., Ballester F. Association between thyroid hormone levels and 4,4′-DDE concentrations in pregnant women (Valencia, Spain). Environ. Res. 2009, 109:479-485.
150. Madej A., Persson E., Lundh T., Ridderstrale Y. Thyroid gland function in ovariectomized ewes exposed to phytoestrogens. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 2002, 777:281-287.
151. Maervoet J., Vermeir G., Covaci A., Van Larebeke N., Koppen G., Schoeters G., Nelen V., Baeyens W., Schepens P., Viaene M.K. Association of thyroid hormone concentrations with levels of organochlorine compounds in cord blood of neonates. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:1780-1786.
152. Mallin K., McCann K., D'Aloisio A., Freels S., Piorkowski J., Dimos J., Persky V. Cohort mortality study of capacitor manufacturing workers, 1944-2000. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2004, 46:565-576.
153. Manole D., Schildknecht B., Gosnell B., Adams E., Derwahl M. Estrogen promotes growth of human thyroid tumor cells by different molecular mechanisms. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001, 86:1072-1077.
154. Marazuela M. Lymphocyte traffic and homing in autoimmune thyroid disorders. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1999, 140:287-290.
155. Marchesini G.R., Meimaridou A., Haasnoot W., Meulenberg E., Albertus F., Mizuguchi M., Takeuchi M., Irth H., Murk A.J. Biosensor discovery of thyroxine transport disrupting chemicals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2008, 232:150-160.
156. Matthews J., Gustafsson J.A. Estrogen receptor and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathways. Nucl. Recept Signal 2006, 4:e016.
157. Matthews J., Wihlen B., Heldring N., MacPherson L., Helguero L., Treuter E., Haldosen L.A., Gustafsson J.A. Co-planar 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorinated biphenyl and non-co-planar 2,2′,4,6,6′-pentachlorinated biphenyl differentially induce recruitment of oestrogen receptor alpha to aryl hydrocarbon receptor target genes. Biochem. J. 2007, 406:343-353.
158. Mazhitova Z., Jensen S., Ritzen M., Zetterstrom R. Chlorinated contaminants, growth and thyroid function in schoolchildren from the Aral Sea region in Kazakhstan. Acta Paediatr. 1998, 87:991-995.
159. Meeker J.D., Altshul L., Hauser R., Serum PCBs, p,p′-DDE and HCB predict thyroid hormone levels in men. Environ. Res. 2007, 104:296-304.
160. Michalek J.E., Akhtar F.Z., Kiel J.L. Serum dioxin, insulin, fasting glucose, and sex hormone-binding globulin in veterans of operation Ranch hand. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1999, 84:1540-1543.
161. Michalopoulou G., Alevizaki M., Piperingos G., Mitsibounas D., Mantzos E., Adamopoulos P., Koutras D.A. High serum cholesterol levels in persons with 'high-normal' TSH levels: should one extend the definition of subclinical hypothyroidism?. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1998, 138:141-145.
162. Michielsen C.C., van Loveren H., Vos J.G. The role of the immune system in hexachlorobenzene-induced toxicity. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107(Suppl. 5):783-792.
163. Miller M.D., Crofton K.M., Rice D.C., Zoeller R.T. Thyroid-disrupting chemicals: interpreting upstream biomarkers of adverse outcomes. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:1033-1041.
164. Moggs J.G., Ashby J., Tinwell H., Lim F.L., Moore D.J., Kimber I., Orphanides G. The need to decide if all estrogens are intrinsically similar. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:1137-1142.
165. Mullerova D., Kopecky J., Matejkova D., Muller L., Rosmus J., Racek J., Sefrna F., Opatrna S., Kuda O., Matejovic M. Negative association between plasma levels of adiponectin and polychlorinated biphenyl 153 in obese women under non-energy-restrictive regime. Int. J. Obes. (London) 2008, 32:1875-1878.
166. Murai K., Okamura K., Tsuji H., Kajiwara E., Watanabe H., Akagi K., Fujishima M. Thyroid function in "yusho" patients exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Environ. Res. 1987, 44:179-187.
167. Nagayama J., Tsuji H., Iida T., Hirakawa H., Matsueda T., Ohki M. Effects of contamination level of dioxins and related chemicals on thyroid hormone and immune response systems in patients with "Yusho" Chemosphere 2001, 43:1005-1010.
168. Nishimura N., Yonemoto J., Miyabara Y., Sato M., Tohyama C. Rat thyroid hyperplasia induced by gestational and lactational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Endocrinology 2003, 144:2075-2083.
169. O'Leary P.C., Feddema P.H., Michelangeli V.P., Leedman P.J., Chew G.T., Knuiman M., Kaye J., Walsh J.P. Investigations of thyroid hormones and antibodies based on a community health survey: the Busselton thyroid study. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford) 2006, 64:97-104.
170. Oda E., Kawai R., Watanabe K., Sukumaran V. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with the increase in blood levels of gamma glutamyltransferase and alanine aminotransferase in Japanese men and women. Int. Med. 2009, 48:1343-1350.
171. Osius N., Karmaus W., Kruse H., Witten J. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and levels of thyroid hormones in children. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107:843-849.
172. Otake T., Yoshinaga J., Enomoto T., Matsuda M., Wakimoto T., Ikegami M., Suzuki E., Naruse H., Yamanaka T., Shibuya N., Yasumizu T., Kato N. Thyroid hormone status of newborns in relation to in utero exposure to PCBs and hydroxylated PCB metabolites. Environ. Res. 2007, 105:240-246.
173. Owens W., Koeter H.B. The OECD program to validate the rat uterotrophic bioassay: an overview. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111:1527-1529.
174. Panicker V., Wilson S.G., Spector T.D., Brown S.J., Falchi M., Richards J.B., Surdulescu G.L., Lim E.M., Fletcher S.J., Walsh J.P. Heritability of serum TSH, free T4 and free T3 concentrations: a study of a large UK twin cohort. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford) 2008, 68:652-659.
175. Park H.Y., Hertz-Picciotto I., Petrik J., Palkovicova L., Kocan A., Trnovec T. Prenatal PCB exposure and thymus size at birth in neonates in Eastern Slovakia. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116:104-109.
176. Park H.Y., Park J.S., Sovcikova E., Kocan A., Linderholm L., Bergman A., Trnovec T., Hertz-Picciotto I. Exposure to hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in the prenatal period and subsequent neurodevelopment in eastern Slovakia. Environ. Health Perspect. 2009, 117:1600-1606.
177. Park J.S., Linderholm L., Charles M.J., Athanasiadou M., Petrik J., Kocan A., Drobna B., Trnovec T., Bergman A., Hertz-Picciotto I. Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBS) in pregnant women from eastern Slovakia. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:20-27.
178. Park J.S., Bergman A., Linderholm L., Athanasiadou M., Kocan A., Petrik J., Drobna B., Trnovec T., Charles M.J., Hertz-Picciotto I. Placental transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls, their hydroxylated metabolites and pentachlorophenol in pregnant women from eastern Slovakia. Chemosphere 2008, 70:1676-1684.
179. Pavuk M., Cerhan J.R., Lynch C.F., Schecter A., Petrik J., Chovancova J., Kocan A. Environmental exposure to PCBs and cancer incidence in eastern Slovakia. Chemosphere 2004, 54:1509-1520.
180. Pedersen I.B., Knudsen N., Jorgensen T., Perrild H., Ovesen L., Laurberg P. Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in a large survey of populations with mild and moderate iodine deficiency. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford) 2003, 58:36-42.
181. Peeters R.P., van der Deure W.M., Visser T.J. Genetic variation in thyroid hormone pathway genes; polymorphisms in the TSH receptor and the iodothyronine deiodinases. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006, 155:655-662.
182. Pelletier C., Doucet E., Imbeault P., Tremblay A. Associations between weight loss-induced changes in plasma organochlorine concentrations, serum T(3) concentration, and resting metabolic rate. Toxicol. Sci. 2002, 67:46-51.
183. Penman A. Excess mortality due to diabetes in Mississippi and the estimated extent of underreporting on death certificates. J. Miss. State Med. Assoc. 2003, 44:319-325.
184. Persky V., Turyk M., Anderson H.A., Hanrahan L.P., Falk C., Steenport D.N., Chatterton R., Freels S. The effects of PCB exposure and fish consumption on endogenous hormones. Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109:1275-1283.
185. Persson I., Yuen J., Bergkvist L., Schairer C. Cancer incidence and mortality in women receiving estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy - long-term follow-up of a Swedish cohort. Int. J. Cancer 1996, 67:327-332.
186. Pesatori A.C., Consonni D., Tironi A., Zocchetti C., Fini A., Bertazzi P.A. Cancer in a young population in a dioxin-contaminated area. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1993, 22:1010-1013.
187. Petrik J., Drobna B., Pavuk M., Jursa S., Wimmerova S., Chovancova J. Serum PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Slovakia: age, gender, and residence as determinants of organochlorine concentrations. Chemosphere 2006, 65:410-418.
188. Pluim H.J., de Vijlder J.J., Olie K., Kok J.H., Vulsma T., van Tijn D.A., van der Slikke J.W., Koppe J.G. Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to chlorinated dioxins and furans on human neonatal thyroid hormone concentrations. Environ. Health Perspect. 1993, 101:504-508.
189. Pocar P., Klonisch T., Brandsch C., Eder K., Frohlich C., Hoang-Vu C., Hombach-Klonisch S. AhR-agonist-induced transcriptional changes of genes involved in thyroid function in primary porcine thyrocytes. Toxicol. Sci. 2006, 89:408-414.
190. Purkey H.E., Palaninathan S.K., Kent K.C., Smith C., Safe S.H., Sacchettini J.C., Kelly J.W. Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls selectively bind transthyretin in blood and inhibit amyloidogenesis: rationalizing rodent PCB toxicity. Chem. Biol. 2004, 11:1719-1728.
191. Radice S., Chiesara E., Fucile S., Marabini L. Different effects of PCB101, PCB118, PCB138 and PCB153 alone or mixed in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46:2561-2567.
192. Radikova Z., Tajtakova M., Kocan A., Trnovec T., Sebokova E., Klimes I., Langer P. Possible effects of environmental nitrates and toxic organochlorines on human thyroid in highly polluted areas in Slovakia. Thyroid 2008, 18:353-362.
193. Remillard R.B., Bunce N.J. Linking dioxins to diabetes: epidemiology and biologic plausibility. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110:853-858.
194. Ribas-Fito N., Sala M., Cardo E., Mazon C., De Muga M.E., Verdu A., Marco E., Grimalt J.O., Sunyer J. Organochlorine compounds and concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone in newborns. Occup. Environ. Med. 2003, 60:301-303.
195. Rignell-Hydbom A., Rylander L., Hagmar L. Exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2007, 26:447-452.
196. Rignell-Hydbom A., Lidfeldt J., Kiviranta H., Rantakokko P., Samsioe G., Agardh C.D., Rylander L. Exposure to p,p′-DDE: a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2009, 4:e7503.
197. Rylander L., Rignell-Hydbom A., Hagmar L. A cross-sectional study of the association between persistent organochlorine pollutants and diabetes. Environ. Health 2005, 4:28.
198. Rylander L., Wallin E., Jonssson B.A., Stridsberg M., Erfurth E.M., Hagmar L. Associations between CB-153 and p,p′-DDE and hormone levels in serum in middle-aged and elderly men. Chemosphere 2006, 65:375-381.
199. Saeed A., Hansen L.G. Morphometric changes in the prepubertal female rat thyroid gland following acute exposure to 2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and Aroclor 1242. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 1997, 51:503-513.
200. Sala M., Sunyer J., Otero R., Santiago-Silva M., Camps C., Grimalt J. Organochlorine in the serum of inhabitants living near an electrochemical factory. Occup. Environ. Med. 1999, 56:152-158.
201. Sala M., Sunyer J., Herrero C., To-Figueras J., Grimalt J. Association between serum concentrations of hexachlorobenzene and polychlorobiphenyls with thyroid hormone and liver enzymes in a sample of the general population. Occup. Environ. Med. 2001, 58:172-177.
202. Salay E., Garabrant D. Polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid hormones in adults: a systematic review appraisal of epidemiological studies. Chemosphere 2009, 74:1413-1419.
203. Saldana T.M., Basso O., Hoppin J.A., Baird D.D., Knott C., Blair A., Alavanja M.C., Sandler D.P. Pesticide exposure and self-reported gestational diabetes mellitus in the Agricultural Health Study. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:529-534.
204. Sandau C.D., Ayotte P., Dewailly E., Duffe J., Norstrom R.J. Pentachlorophenol and hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyl metabolites in umbilical cord plasma of neonates from coastal populations in Quebec. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110:411-417.
205. Saracci R., Kogevinas M., Bertazzi P.A., Bueno de Mesquita B.H., Coggon D., Green L.M., Kauppinen T., L'Abbe K.A., Littorin M., Lynge E., et al. Cancer mortality in workers exposed to chlorophenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols. Lancet 1991, 338:1027-1032.
206. Shiraishi F., Okumura T., Nomachi M., Serizawa S., Nishikawa J., Edmonds J.S., Shiraishi H., Morita M. Estrogenic and thyroid hormone activity of a series of hydroxy-polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere 2003, 52:33-42.
207. Schantz S.L., Widholm J.J., Rice D.C. Effects of PCB exposure on neuropsychological function in children. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003, 111:357-576.
208. Schell L.M., Gallo M.V., Denham M., Ravenscroft J., DeCaprio A.P., Carpenter D.O. Relationship of thyroid hormone levels to levels of polychlorinated biphenyls, lead, p,p′-DDE, and other toxicants in Akwesasne Mohawk youth. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116:806-813.
209. Schreinemachers D.M., Creason J.P., Garry V.F. Cancer mortality in agricultural regions of Minnesota. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107:205-211.
210. Schulze M.B., Weikert C., Pischon T., Bergmann M.M., Al-Hasani H., Schleicher E., Fritsche A., Haring H.U., Boeing H., Joost H.G. Use of multiple metabolic and genetic markers to improve the prediction of type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-Potsdam Study. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:2116-2119.
211. Smith D.A., Germolec D.R. Introduction to immunology and autoimmunity. Environ. Health Perspect. 1999, 107(Suppl. 5):661-665.
212. Soechitram S.D., Athanasiadou M., Hovander L., Bergman A., Sauer P.J. Fetal exposure to PCBs and their hydroxylated metabolites in a Dutch cohort. Environ. Health Perspect. 2004, 112:1208-1212.
213. Sonne C., Wolkers H., Leifsson P.S., Iburg T., Jenssen B.M., Fuglei E., Ahlstrom O., Dietz R., Kirkegaard M., Muir D.C., Jorgensen E.H. Chronic dietary exposure to environmental organochlorine contaminants induces thyroid gland lesions in Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus). Environ. Res. 2009, 109:702-711.
214. Spencer C.A., Hollowell J.G., Kazarosyan M., Braverman L.E. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-thyroperoxidase antibody relationships demonstrate that TSH upper reference limits may be skewed by occult thyroid dysfunction. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92:4236-4240.
215. Steenland K., Piacitelli L., Deddens J., Fingerhut M., Chang L.I. Cancer, heart disease, and diabetes in workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 1999, 91:779-786.
216. Surks M.I., Hollowell J.G. Age-specific distribution of serum thyrotropin and antithyroid antibodies in the US population: implications for the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92:4575-4582.
217. Suvorov A., Takser L. Facing the challenge of data transfer from animal models to humans: the case of persistent organohalogens. Environ. Health 2008, 7:58.
218. Tajtakova M., Hancinova D., Langer P., Tajtak J., Foldes O., Malinovsky E., Varga J. Thyroid volume by ultrasound in boys and girls 6-16 years of age under marginal iodine deficiency as related to the age of puberty. Klin. Wochenschr. 1990, 68:503-506.
219. Tajtakova M., Langer P., Gonsorcikova V., Bohov, Hancinova D. Recognition of a subgroup of adolescents with rapidly growing thyroids under iodine-replete conditions: seven year follow-up. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 1998, 138:674-680.
220. Tajtakova M., Semanova Z., Tomkova Z., Szokeova E., Majoros J., Radikova Z., Sebokova E., Klimes I., Langer P. Increased thyroid volume and frequency of thyroid disorders signs in schoolchildren from nitrate polluted area. Chemosphere 2006, 62:559-564.
221. Takser L., Mergler D., Baldwin M., de Grosbois S., Smargiassi A., Lafond J. Thyroid hormones in pregnancy in relation to environmental exposure to organochlorine compounds and mercury. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1039-1045.
222. Talsness C.E., Kuriyama S.N., Sterner-Kock A., Schnitker P., Grande S.W., Shakibaei M., Andrade A., Grote K., Chahoud I. In utero and lactational exposures to low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 alter the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rat offspring. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116:308-314.
223. Tan Y., Li D., Song R., Lawrence D., Carpenter D.O. Ortho-substituted PCBs kill thymocytes. Toxicol. Sci. 2003, 76:328-337.
224. Tavangar S.M., Monajemzadeh M., Larijani B., Haghpanah V. Immunohistochemical study of oestrogen receptors in 351 human thyroid glands. Singapore Med. J. 2007, 48:744-747.
225. ten Tusscher G.W., Koppe J.G. Perinatal dioxin exposure and later effects - a review. Chemosphere 2004, 54:1329-1336.
226. Thomas P., Dong J. Binding and activation of the seven-transmembrane estrogen receptor GPR30 by environmental estrogens: a potential novel mechanism of endocrine disruption. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2006, 102:175-179.
227. Todaka T., Hirakawa H., Hori T., Tobiishi K., Iida T., Furue M. Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and non-ortho and mono-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls in blood of Yusho patients. Chemosphere 2007, 66:1983-1989.
228. Tomer Y., Davies T.F. Searching for the autoimmune thyroid disease susceptibility genes: from gene mapping to gene function. Endocr. Rev. 2003, 24:694-717.
229. Triebig G., Werle E., Papke O., Heim G., Broding C., Ludwig H. Effects of dioxins and furans on liver enzymes, lipid parameters, and thyroid hormones in former thermal metal recycling workers. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106(2):697-700.
230. Trnovec T., Sovcikova E., Hustak M., Wimmerova S., Kocan A., Jureckova D., Langer P., Palkovicova L., Drobna B. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and hearing impairment in children. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2007, 25:183-187.
231. Trnovec T., Sovcikova E., Pavlovcinova G., Jakubikova J., Jusko T.A., Hustak M., Jureckova D., Palkovicova L., Kocan A., Drobna B., Lancz K., Wimmerova S. Serum PCB concentrations and cochlear function in 12-year-old children. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008.
232. Tsuji H., Ito Y. Thyroid function in patients with Yusho. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 2003, 94:103-107.
233. Turyk M., Anderson H.A., Knobeloch L., Imm P., Persky V.W. Prevalence of diabetes and body burdens of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and p,p′-diphenyldichloroethene in Great Lakes sport fish consumers. Chemosphere 2009, 75:674-679.
234. Turyk M.E., Anderson H.A., Freels S., Chatterton R., Needham L.L., Patterson D.G., Steenport D.N., Knobeloch L., Imm P., Persky V.W. Associations of organochlorines with endogenous hormones in male Great Lakes fish consumers and nonconsumers. Environ. Res. 2006, 102:299-307.
235. Turyk M.E., Anderson H.A., Persky V.W. Relationships of thyroid hormones with polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, furans, and DDE in adults. Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115:1197-1203.
236. Turyk M.E., Persky V.W., Imm P., Knobeloch L., Chatterton R., Anderson H.A. Hormone disruption by PBDEs in adult male sport fish consumers. Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116:1635-1641.
237. Uemura H., Arisawa K., Hiyoshi M., Satoh H., Sumiyoshi Y., Morinaga K., Kodama K., Suzuki T., Nagai M. Associations of environmental exposure to dioxins with prevalent diabetes among general inhabitants in Japan. Environ. Res. 2008, 108:63-68.
238. Ukropec J., Radikova Z., Huckova M., Koska J., Kocan A., Sebokova E., Drobna B., Trnovec T., Susienkova K., Labudova V., Gasperikova D., Klimes I., Langer P. High prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes in a population exposed to high levels of an organochlorines coctail. Diabetologia 2010, 53:899-906.
239. Van Birgelen A.P., Smit E.A., Kampen I.M., Groeneveld C.N., Fase K.M., Van der Kolk J., Poiger H., Van den Berg M., Koeman J.H., Brouwer A. Subchronic effects of 2,3,7,8-TCDD or PCBs on thyroid hormone metabolism: use in risk assessment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1995, 293:77-85.
240. Van Den Heuvel R.L., Koppen G., Staessen J.A., Hond E.D., Verheyen G., Nawrot T.S., Roels H.A., Vlietinck R., Schoeters G.E. Immunologic biomarkers in relation to exposure markers of PCBs and dioxins in Flemish adolescents (Belgium). Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 110:595-600.
241. Vansell N.R., Muppidi J.R., Habeebu S.M., Klaassen C.D. Promotion of thyroid tumors in rats by pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile (PCN) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Toxicol. Sci. 2004, 81:50-59.
242. Vasiliu O., Cameron L., Gardiner J., Deguire P., Karmaus W. Polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated biphenyls, body weight, and incidence of adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Epidemiology 2006, 17:352-359.
243. Vejbjerg P., Knudsen N., Perrild H., Laurberg P., Pedersen I.B., Rasmussen L.B., Ovesen L., Jorgensen T. The association between hypoechogenicity or irregular echo pattern at thyroid ultrasonography and thyroid function in the general population. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2006, 155:547-552.
244. Veldhoen M., Hirota K., Westendorf A.M., Buer J., Dumoutier L., Renauld J.C., Stockinger B. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor links TH17-cell-mediated autoimmunity to environmental toxins. Nature 2008, 453:106-109.
245. Vivacqua A., Bonofiglio D., Albanito L., Madeo A., Rago V., Carpino A., Musti A.M., Picard D., Ando S., Maggiolini M. 17beta-Estradiol, genistein, and 4-hydroxytamoxifen induce the proliferation of thyroid cancer cells through the g protein-coupled receptor GPR30. Mol. Pharmacol. 2006, 70:1414-1423.
246. vom Saal F.S., Hughes C. An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:926-933.
247. Wade M.G., Parent S., Finnson K.W., Foster W., Younglai E., McMahon A., Cyr D.G., Hughes C. Thyroid toxicity due to subchronic exposure to a complex mixture of 16 organochlorines, lead, and cadmium. Toxicol. Sci. 2002, 67:207-218.
248. Wang R.Y., Needham L.L., Barr D.B. Effects of environmental agents on the attainment of puberty: considerations when assessing exposure to environmental chemicals in the National Children's Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1100-1107.
249. Wang S.L., Chen T.T., Hsu J.F., Hsu C.C., Chang L.W., Ryan J.J., Guo Y.L., Lambert G.H. Neonatal and childhood teeth in relation to perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans: observations of the Yucheng children in Taiwan. Environ. Res. 2003, 93:131-137.
250. Wang S.L., Su P.H., Jong S.B., Guo Y.L., Chou W.L., Papke O. In utero exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls and its relations to thyroid function and growth hormone in newborns. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005, 113:1645-1650.
251. Wang S.L., Tsai P.C., Yang C.Y., Leon Guo Y. Increased risk of diabetes and polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins: a 24-year follow-up study of the Yucheng cohort. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:1574-1579.
252. Wartofsky L., Dickey R.A. The evidence for a narrower thyrotropin reference range is compelling. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005, 90:5483-5488.
253. Weisglas-Kuperus N., Vreugdenhil H.J., Mulder P.G. Immunological effects of environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins in Dutch school children. Toxicol. Lett. 2004, 149:281-285.
254. Yilmaz B., Sandal S., Chen C.H., Carpenter D.O. Effects of PCB 52 and PCB 77 on cell viability, [Ca(2+)](i) levels and membrane fluidity in mouse thymocytes. Toxicology 2006, 217:184-193.
255. Yu Z., Palkovicova L., Drobna B., Petrik J., Kocan A., Trnovec T., Hertz-Picciotto I. Comparison of organochlorine compound concentrations in colostrum and mature milk. Chemosphere 2007, 66:1012-1018.
256. Zeitlin A.A., Simmonds M.J., Gough S.C. Genetic developments in autoimmune thyroid disease: an evolutionary process. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxford) 2008, 68:671-682.
257. Zoeller R.T. Endocrine disruptors: do family lines carry an epigenetic record of previous generations' exposures?. Endocrinology 2006, 147:5513-5514.
258. Zoeller R.T. Environmental chemicals impacting the thyroid: targets and consequences. Thyroid 2007, 17:811-817.
259. Zoeller R.T., Tan S.W., Tyl R.W. General background on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2007, 37:11-53.