Potential applications of designed ankyrin repeat proteins in diagnostics and therapeutics

Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics

Volumn 1, Issue 3, 2007, Pages 409-421

  Baumann, Michael J ^a   Stadler, Beda M ^a   Vogel, Monique ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

DARPins; Designed ankyrin repeat proteins; non immunoglobulin scaffold; tissue penetration; tumor targeting

Indexed keywords

EID: 77957013388     PISSN: 17530059     EISSN: 17530067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17530059.1.3.409     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. KOHLER G, MILSTEIN C: Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefi ned specifi city. Nature ( 1975 ) 256 (5517): 495-497
2. KHAZAELI MB, CONRY RM, LOBUGLIO AF: Human immune response to monoclonal antibodies. J. Immunother. Emphasis Tumor Immunol. ( 1994 ) 15 (1): 42-52 (Pubitemid 24005093)
3. BOULIANNE GL, HOZUMI N, SHULMAN MJ: Production of functional chimaeric mouse/human antibody. Nature ( 1984 ) 312 (5995): 643-646 (Pubitemid 15218335)
4. MORRISON SL, JOHNSON MJ, HERZENBERG LA, OI VT: Chimeric human antibody molecules: mouse antigen-binding domains with human constant region domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ( 1984 ) 81 (21): 6851-6855 (Pubitemid 15221019)
5. JONES PT, DEAR PH, FOOTE J, NEUBERGER MS, WINTER G: Replacing the complementarity-determining regions in a human antibody with those from a mouse. Nature ( 1986 ) 321 (6069): 522-525 (Pubitemid 16052256)
6. CLACKSON T, HOOGENBOOM HR, GRIFFITHS AD, WINTER G: Making antibody fragments using phage display libraries. Nature ( 1991 ) 352 (6336): 624-628 (Pubitemid 21912394)
7. MCCAFFERTY J, GRIFFITHS AD, WINTER G, CHISWELL DJ: Phage antibodies: fi lamentous phage displaying antibody variable domains. Nature ( 1990 ) 348 (6301): 552-554 (Pubitemid 120015109)
8. WILSON DS, KEEFE AD, SZOSTAK JW: The use of mRNA display to select high-affi nity protein-binding peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ( 2001 ) 98 (7): 3750-3755 (Pubitemid 32249843)
9. HANES J, PLUCKTHUN A: In vitro selection and evolution of functional proteins by using ribosome display. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ( 1997 ) 94 (10): 4937-4942 (Pubitemid 27214714)
10. ZAHND C, AMSTUTZ P, PLUCKTHUN A: Ribosome display: selecting and evolving proteins in vitro that specifi cally bind to a target. Nat. Methods ( 2007 ) 4 (3): 269-279 (Pubitemid 46358879)
11. BRINK AA, OUDEJANS JJ, VAN DEN BRULE AJ et al. : Low p53 and high bcl-2 expression in Reed-Sternberg cells predicts poor clinical outcome for Hodgkin's disease: involvement of apoptosis resistance? Mod. Pathol. ( 1998 ) 11 (4): 376-383 (Pubitemid 28208101)
12. GASCOYNE RD, ADOMAT SA, KRAJEWSKI S et al. : Prognostic signifi cance of Bcl-2 protein expression and Bcl-2 gene rearrangement in diffuse aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood ( 1997 ) 90 (1): 244-251 (Pubitemid 27276568)
13. HENRIKSEN R, WILANDER E, OBERG K: Expression and prognostic signifi cance of Bcl-2 in ovarian tumours. Br. J. Cancer ( 1995 ) 72 (5): 1324-1329
14. MATSUSHIMA H, KITAMURA T, GOTO T et al. : Combined analysis with Bcl-2 and P53 immunostaining predicts poorer prognosis in prostatic carcinoma. J. Urol. ( 1997 ) 158 (6): 2278-2283 (Pubitemid 27481390)
15. ROSS JS, FLETCHER JA: The HER-2/neu oncogene in breast cancer: prognostic factor, predictive factor, and target for therapy. Oncologist ( 1998 ) 3 (4): 237-252
16. SAWAKI M, ITO Y, AKIYAMA F et al. : High prevalence of HER-2/neu and p53 overexpression in infl ammatory breast cancer. Breast Cancer ( 2006 ) 13 (2): 172-178
17. SLAMON DJ, CLARK GM, WONG SG et al. : Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplifi cation of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science ( 1987) 235 (4785): 177-182 (Pubitemid 17231334)
18. SLAMON DJ, GODOLPHIN W, JONES LA et al. : Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science ( 1989) 244 (4905): 707-712 (Pubitemid 19147683)
19. ALLRED DC, HARVEY JM, BERARDO M, CLARK GM: Prognostic and predictive factors in breast cancer by immunohistochemical analysis. Mod. Pathol. ( 1998 ) 11 (2): 155-168 (Pubitemid 28144151)
20. GOUSSARD J: Paraffi n section immunocytochemistry and cytosol-based ligand-binding assays for ER and PR detection in breast cancer: the time has come for more objectivity. Cancer Lett. ( 1998 ) 132 (1-2): 61-66 (Pubitemid 28535185)
21. FRANKEL AE, HOUSTON LL, ISSELL BF, FATHMAN G: Prospects for immunotoxin therapy in cancer. Ann. Rev. Med. ( 1986 ) 37 : 125-142
22. GROS O, GROS P, JANSEN FK, VIDAL H: Biochemical aspects of immunotoxin preparation. J. Immunol. Methods ( 1985 ) 81 (2): 283-297 (Pubitemid 15013218)
23. BREKKE OH, SANDLIE I: Therapeutic antibodies for human diseases at the dawn of the twenty-fi rst century. Nat. Rev. ( 2003 ) 2 (1): 52-62 (Pubitemid 37361624)
24. ROQUE AC, LOWE CR, TAIPA MA: Antibodies and genetically engineered related molecules: production and purifi cation. Biotechnol. Prog. ( 2004 ) 20 (3): 639-654 (Pubitemid 38784002)
25. VAN DIJK MA, VAN DE WINKEL JG: Human antibodies as next generation therapeutics. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. ( 2001 ) 5 (4): 368-374 (Pubitemid 32900507)
26. BARBAS CF III, BURTON DR: Selection and evolution of high-affi nity human anti-viral antibodies. Trends Biotechnol. (Pubitemid 26251772)
27. SAEZ-LLORENS X, CASTANO E, NULL D et al. : Safety and pharmacokinetics of an intramuscular humanized monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus in premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The MEDI-493 study group. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. ( 1998 ) 17 (9): 787-791
28. ZEITLIN L, CONE RA, MOENCH TR, WHALEY KJ: Preventing infectious disease with passive immunization. Microb. Infect. Inst. Pasteur. ( 2000 ) 2 (6): 701-708 (Pubitemid 30412581)
29. MAYNARD JA, MAASSEN CB, LEPPLA SH et al. : Protection against anthrax toxin by recombinant antibody fragments correlates with antigen affi nity. Nat. Biotechnol. ( 2002 ) 20 (6): 597-601 (Pubitemid 34595154)
30. MUKHERJEE J, CHIOS K, FISHWILD D et al. : Production and characterization of protective human antibodies against Shiga toxin 1. Infect. Immun. ( 2002 ) 70 (10): 5896-5899
31. ELLIOTT MJ, MAINI RN, FELDMANN M et al. : Randomised double-blind comparison of chimeric monoclonal antibody to TNF-á (cA2) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet ( 1994 ) 344 (8930): 1105-1110 (Pubitemid 24317629)
32. LOONEY RJ: Treating human autoimmune disease by depleting B cells. Ann. Rheum. Dis. ( 2002 ) 61 (10): 863-866
33. NO AUTHORS LISTED: Phase II results using a new antibody in the treatment of lymphoma. Oncology ( 1994 ) 8 (12): 84-87
34. NO AUTHORS LISTED: Genentech and IDEC await approval of lymphoma Mab. Nat. Biotechnol. ( 1997 ) 15 (4): 301
35. BASELGA J, NORTON L, ALBANELL J, KIM YM, MENDELSOHN J: Recombinant humanized anti-HER2 antibody (herceptin) enhances the antitumor activity of paclitaxel and doxorubicin against HER2/neu overexpressing human breast cancer xenografts. Cancer Res. ( 1998 ) 58 (13): 2825-2831 (Pubitemid 28311914)
36. MALONEY DG, GRILLO-LOPEZ AJ, WHITE CA et al. : IDEC-C2B8 (rituximab) anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with relapsed low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood ( 1997 ) 90 (6): 2188-2195 (Pubitemid 27392702)
37. MCNEIL C: Herceptin raises its sights beyond advanced breast cancer. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. ( 1998 ) 90 (12): 882-883 (Pubitemid 28304154)
38. GOLDENBERG DM: Targeted therapy of cancer with radiolabeled antibodies. J. Nucl. Med. ( 2002 ) 43 (5): 693-713 (Pubitemid 34507123)
39. WU AM, SENTER PD: Arming antibodies: prospects and challenges for immunoconjugates. Nat. Biotechnol. ( 2005 ) 23 (9): 1137-1146 (Pubitemid 41486395)
40. MARVIN JS, ZHU Z: Recombinant approaches to IgG-like bispecifi c antibodies. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. ( 2005 ) 26 (6): 649-658 (Pubitemid 40806552)
41. FARID SS: Process economics of industrial monoclonal antibody manufacture. J. Chromatogr. ( 2007 ) 848 (1): 8-18 (Pubitemid 46367764)
42. GIRITCH A, MARILLONNET S, ENGLER C et al. : Rapid high-yield expression of full-size IgG antibodies in plants coinfected with noncompeting viral vectors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ( 2006 ) 103 (40): 14701-14706 (Pubitemid 44527793)
43. VERCH T, YUSIBOV V, KOPROWSKI H: Expression and assembly of a full-length monoclonal antibody in plants using a plant virus vector. J. Immunol. Methods ( 1998 ) 220 (1-2): 69-75 (Pubitemid 28527068)
44. FARID SS: Established bioprocesses for producing antibodies as a basis for future planning. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. ( 2006 ) 101 : 1-42 (Pubitemid 44617164)
45. WARD ES: Antibody engineering using Escherichia coli as host. Adv. Pharmacol. ( 1993 ) 24 : 1-20
46. HORWITZ AH, CHANG CP, BETTER M, HELLSTROM KE, ROBINSON RR: Secretion of functional antibody and Fab fragment from yeast cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ( 1988 ) 85 (22): 8678-8682 (Pubitemid 19025020)
47. BETTER M, CHANG CP, ROBINSON RR, HORWITZ AH: Escherichia coli secretion of an active chimeric antibody fragment. Science ( 1988 ) 240 (4855): 1041-1043
48. BRINKMANN U, REITER Y, JUNG SH, LEE B, PASTAN I: A recombinant immunotoxin containing a disulfi de-stabilized Fv fragment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ( 1993 ) 90 (16): 7538-7542 (Pubitemid 23249985)
49. JURADO P, RITZ D, BECKWITH J, DE LORENZO V, FERNANDEZ LA: Production of functional single-chain Fv antibodies in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. ( 2002 ) 320 (1): 1-10 (Pubitemid 34722230)
50. REITER Y, BRINKMANN U, KREITMAN RJ et al. : Stabilization of the Fv fragments in recombinant immunotoxins by disulfi de bonds engineered into conserved framework regions. Biochemistry ( 1994 ) 33 (18): 5451-5459 (Pubitemid 24162980)
51. BIRD RE, HARDMAN KD, JACOBSON JW et al. : Single-chain antigen-binding proteins. Science ( 1988 ) 242 (4877): 423-426
52. HUSTON JS, LEVINSON D, MUDGETT-HUNTER M et al. : Protein engineering of antibody binding sites: recovery of specifi c activity in an anti-digoxin single-chain Fv analogue produced in Escherichia coli . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ( 1988 ) 85 (16): 5879-5883
53. WARD ES, GUSSOW D, GRIFFITHS AD, JONES PT, WINTER G: Binding activities of a repertoire of single immunoglobulin variable domains secreted from Escherichia coli . Nature ( 1989 ) 341 (6242): 544-546 (Pubitemid 19252529)
54. BERRY MJ, DAVIES J: Use of antibody fragments in immunoaffi nity chromatography. Comparison of FV fragments, VH fragments and paralog peptides. J. Chromatogr. ( 1992 ) 597(1-2): 239-245
55. MARASCO WA, HASELTINE WA, CHEN SY: Design, intracellular expression, and activity of a human anti-human immunodefi ciency virus type 1 gp120 single-chain antibody. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ( 1993 ) 90 (16): 7889-7893 (Pubitemid 23250056)
56. ZEMEL R, BERDICHEVSKY Y, BACHMATOV L, BENHAR I, TUR-KASPA R: Inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS3-mediated cell transformation by recombinant intracellular antibodies. J. Hepatol. ( 2004 ) 40 (6): 1000-1007 (Pubitemid 38670135)
57. BEERLI RR, WELS W, HYNES NE: Inhibition of signaling from type 1 receptor tyrosine kinases via intracellular expression of single-chain antibodies. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. ( 1996) 38 (1): 11-17 (Pubitemid 26030110)
58. JANNOT CB, BEERLI RR, MASON S, GULLICK WJ, HYNES NE: Intracellular expression of a single-chain antibody directed to the EGFR leads to growth inhibition of tumor cells. Oncogene ( 1996 ) 13 (2): 275-282 (Pubitemid 26334859)
59. BINZ HK, AMSTUTZ P, PLUCKTHUN A: Engineering novel binding proteins from non-immunoglobulin domains. Nat. Biotechnol. ( 2005 ) 23 (10): 1257-1268 (Pubitemid 41486853)
60. BINZ HK, PLUCKTHUN A: Engineered proteins as specifi c binding reagents. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. ( 2005 ) 16 (4): 459-469 (Pubitemid 41114852)
61. HEY T, FIEDLER E, RUDOLPH R, FIEDLER M: Artifi cial, non-antibody binding proteins for pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Trends Biotechnol. ( 2005 ) 23 (10): 514-522 (Pubitemid 41317915)
62. SKERRA A: Engineered protein scaffolds for molecular recognition. J. Mol. Recognit. ( 2000 ) 13 (4): 167-187 (Pubitemid 30613469)
63. KOHL A, BINZ HK, FORRER P et al. : Designed to be stable: crystal structure of a consensus ankyrin repeat protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ( 2003 ) 100 (4): 1700-1705 (Pubitemid 36254511)
64. SEDGWICK SG, SMERDON SJ: The ankyrin repeat: a diversity of interactions on a common structural framework. Trends Biochem. Sci. ( 1999 ) 24 (8): 311-316 (Pubitemid 29366805)
65. MOSAVI LK, CAMMETT TJ, DESROSIERS DC, PENG ZY: The ankyrin repeat as molecular architecture for protein recognition. Protein Sci. ( 2004 ) 13 (6): 1435-1448 (Pubitemid 38669232)
66. BORK P: Hundreds of ankyrin-like repeats in functionally diverse proteins: mobile modules that cross phyla horizontally? Proteins ( 1993 ) 17 (4): 363-374
67. FORRER P, BINZ HK, STUMPP MT, PLUCKTHUN A: Consensus design of repeat proteins. Chembiochem ( 2004 ) 5 (2): 183-189 (Pubitemid 39268782)
68. SUZUKI F, GOTO M, SAWA C et al. : Functional interactions of transcription factor human GA-binding protein subunits. J. Biol. Chem. ( 1998 ) 273 (45): 29302-29308 (Pubitemid 28509928)
69. BINZ HK, STUMPP MT, FORRER P, AMSTUTZ P, PLUCKTHUN A: Designing repeat proteins: well-expressed, soluble and stable proteins from combinatorial libraries of consensus ankyrin repeat proteins. J. Mol. Biol. ( 2003 ) 332 (2): 489-503 (Pubitemid 37020959)
70. BINZ HK, AMSTUTZ P, KOHL A et al. : High-affi nity binders selected from designed ankyrin repeat protein libraries. Nat. Biotechnol. ( 2004 ) 22 (5): 575-582 (Pubitemid 38590636)
71. JONES S, THORNTON JM: Principles of protein-protein interactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA ( 1996 ) 93 (1): 13-20 (Pubitemid 26038096)
72. AMSTUTZ P, KOCH H, BINZ HK, DEUBER SA, PLUCKTHUN A: Rapid selection of specifi c MAP kinase-binders from designed ankyrin repeat protein libraries. Protein Eng. Des. Sel. ( 2006 ) 19 (5): 219-229
73. SCHMITZ FJ, FLUIT AC, GONDOLF M et al. : The prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance and corresponding resistance genes in clinical isolates of staphylococci from 19 European hospitals. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. ( 1999 ) 43 (2): 253-259 (Pubitemid 29082450)
74. WRIGHT GD, THOMPSON PR: Aminoglycoside phosphotransferases: proteins, structure, and mechanism. Front. Biosci. ( 1999 ) 4 : D9-D21
75. AMSTUTZ P, BINZ HK, PARIZEK P et al. : Intracellular kinase inhibitors selected from combinatorial libraries of designed ankyrin repeat proteins. J. Biol. Chem. ( 2005 ) 280 (26): 24715-24722 (Pubitemid 40941033)
76. KOHL A, AMSTUTZ P, PARIZEK P et al. : Allosteric inhibition of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase by a designed ankyrin repeat protein. Structure ( 2005 ) 13 (8): 1131-1141 (Pubitemid 41114847)
77. KAWE M, FORRER P, AMSTUTZ P, PLUCKTHUN A: Isolation of intracellular proteinase inhibitors derived from designed ankyrin repeat proteins by genetic screening. J. Biol. Chem. ( 2006 ) 281 (52): 40252-40263 (Pubitemid 46041830)
78. MOSSNER E, KOCH H, PLUCKTHUN A: Fast selection of antibodies without antigen purifi cation: adaptation of the protein fragment complementation assay to select antigen-antibody pairs. J. Mol. Biol. ( 2001 ) 308 (2): 115-122 (Pubitemid 33043559)
79. PELLETIER JN, ARNDT KM, PLUCKTHUN A, MICHNICK SW: An in vivo library-versus-library selection of optimized protein-protein interactions. Nat. Biotechnol. ( 1999 ) 17 (7): 683-690 (Pubitemid 29316147)
80. SCHWEIZER A, ROSCHITZKI-VOSER H, AMSTUTZ P et al. : Inhibition of caspase-2 by a designed ankyrin repeat protein: specifi city, structure, and inhibition mechanism. Structure ( 2007 ) 15 (5): 625-636 (Pubitemid 46702685)
81. SEVIGNANI C, CALIN GA, CESARI R et al. : Restoration of fragile histidine triad (FHIT) expression induces apoptosis and suppresses tumorigenicity in breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. ( 2003 ) 63 (6): 1183-1187 (Pubitemid 36348692)
82. ESTROV Z, THALL PF, TALPAZ M et al. : Caspase 2 and caspase 3 protein levels as predictors of survival in acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood ( 1998 ) 92 (9): 3090-3097 (Pubitemid 28492314)
83. FADERL S, THALL PF, KANTARJIAN HM et al. : Caspase 2 and caspase 3 as predictors of complete remission and survival in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Clin. Cancer Res. ( 1999 ) 5 (12): 4041-4047 (Pubitemid 30013782)
84. TROY CM, RABACCHI SA, FRIEDMAN WJ et al. : Caspase-2 mediates neuronal cell death induced by ǎ-amyloid. J. Neurosci. ( 2000 ) 20 (4): 1386-1392 (Pubitemid 30220418)
85. GARCIA-CALVO M, PETERSON EP, LEITING B et al. : Inhibition of human caspases by peptide-based and macromolecular inhibitors. J. Biol. Chem. ( 1998 ) 273 (49): 32608-32613 (Pubitemid 28557641)
86. SENNHAUSER G, AMSTUTZ P, BRIAND C, STORCHENEGGER O, GRUTTER MG: Drug export pathway of multidrug exporter AcrB revealed by DARPin inhibitors. PLoS Biol. ( 2006 ) 5 (1): E7
87. MCKEEGAN KS, BORGES-WALMSLEY MI, WALMSLEY AR: Structural understanding of effl ux-mediated drug resistance: potential routes to effl ux inhibition. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. ( 2004 ) 4 (5): 479-486 (Pubitemid 40533008)
88. MURAKAMI S, NAKASHIMA R, YAMASHITA E, YAMAGUCHI A: Crystal structure of bacterial multidrug effl ux transporter AcrB. Nature ( 2002 ) 419 (6907): 587-593
89. YU EW, AIRES JR, MCDERMOTT G, NIKAIDO H: A periplasmic drug-binding site of the AcrB multidrug effl ux pump: a crystallographic and site-directed mutagenesis study. J. Bacteriol. ( 2005 ) 187 (19): 6804-6815 (Pubitemid 41356254)
90. YU EW, MCDERMOTT G, ZGURSKAYA HI, NIKAIDO H, KOSHLAND DE Jr: Structural basis of multiple drug-binding capacity of the AcrB multidrug effl ux pump. Science ( 2003) 300 (5621): 976-980 (Pubitemid 36548884)
91. HUNTE C, MICHEL H: Crystallisation of membrane proteins mediated by antibody fragments. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. ( 2002 ) 12 (4): 503-508
92. HUBER T, STEINER D, ROTHLISBERGER D, PLUCKTHUN A: In vitro selection and characterization of DARPins and Fab fragments for the co-crystallization of membrane proteins: the Na(+)-citrate symporter CitS as an example. J. Struct. Biol. ( 2007 ) 159 (2): 206-221 (Pubitemid 47095399)
93. ROTHLISBERGER D, POS KM, PLUCKTHUN A: An antibody library for stabilizing and crystallizing membrane proteins - selecting binders to the citrate carrier CitS. FEBS Lett. ( 2004 ) 564 (3): 340-348 (Pubitemid 38520943)
94. ROSS JS, GRAY K, GRAY GS, WORLAND PJ, ROLFE M: Anticancer antibodies. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. ( 2003 ) 119 (4): 472-485 (Pubitemid 37046399)
95. ADAMS GP, WEINER LM: Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Nat. Biotechnol. ( 2005 ) 23 (9): 1147-1157 (Pubitemid 41486396)
96. COBLEIGH MA, VOGEL CL, TRIPATHY D et al. : Multinational study of the effi cacy and safety of humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody in women who have HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after chemotherapy for metastatic disease. J. Clin. Oncol. ( 1999 ) 17 (9): 2639-2648 (Pubitemid 29415219)
97. SHARKEY RM, BLUMENTHAL RD, HANSEN HJ, GOLDENBERG DM: Biological considerations for radioimmunotherapy. Cancer Res. ( 1990 ) 50 (3 Suppl.): S964-S969
98. BENGALA C, ZAMAGNI C, PEDRAZZOLI P et al. : Cardiac toxicity of trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer patients previously treated with high-dose chemotherapy: a retrospective study. Br. J. Cancer ( 2006 ) 94 (7): 1016-1020
99. SMITH KL, DANG C, SEIDMAN AD: Cardiac dysfunction associated with trastuzumab. Expert Opin. Drug Saf. ( 2006 ) 5 (5): 619-629
100. ZAHND C, PECORARI F, STRAUMANN N, WYLER E, PLUCKTHUN A: Selection and characterization of Her2 binding-designed ankyrin repeat proteins. J. Biol. Chem. ( 2006 ) 281 (46): 35167-35175 (Pubitemid 46036556)
101. STUMPP MT, AMSTUTZ P: DARPins: a true alternative to antibodies. Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev. ( 2007 ) 10 (2): 153-159 (Pubitemid 46438644)
102. ZAHND C, WYLER E, SCHWENK JM et al. : A designed ankyrin repeat protein evolved to picomolar affi nity to her2. J. Mol. Biol. ( 2007 ) 369 (4): 1015-1028 (Pubitemid 46754059)
103. CHANG TW, WU PC, HSU CL, HUNG AF: Anti-IgE antibodies for the treatment of IgE-mediated allergic diseases. Adv. Immunol. ( 2007 ) 93 : 63-119 (Pubitemid 46441429)
104. HEUSSER CH, WAGNER K, BEWS JP et al. : Demonstration of the therapeutic potential of non-anaphylactogenic anti-IgE antibodies in murine models of skin reaction, lung function and infl ammation. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. ( 1997 ) 113 (1-3): 231-235 (Pubitemid 27160767)
105. MILGROM H, FICK RB Jr, SU JQ et al. : Treatment of allergic asthma with monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. rhuMAb-E25 study group. N. Engl. J. Med. ( 1999 ) 341 (26): 1966-1973 (Pubitemid 30010404)
106. POOLE JA, MATANGKASOMBUT P, ROSENWASSER LJ: Targeting the IgE molecule in allergic and asthmatic diseases: review of the IgE molecule and clinical effi cacy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. ( 2005 ) 115 (3): S376-S385
107. MIRKINA I, SCHWEIGHOFFER T, KRICEK F: Inhibition of human cord blood-derived mast cell responses by anti-FcεRI mAb 15/1 versus anti-IgE omalizumab. Immunol. Lett. ( 2007 ) 109 (2): 120-128 (Pubitemid 46452748)
108. NECHANSKY A, ROBERTSON MW, ALBRECHT BA, APGAR JR, KRICEK F: Inhibition of antigen-induced mediator release from IgE-sensitized cells by a monoclonal anti-FcεRI á -chain receptor antibody: implications for the involvement of the membrane-proximal á -chain region in FcεRI-mediated cell activation. J. Immunol. ( 2001 ) 166 (10): 5979-5990 (Pubitemid 32440722)
109. RUDOLF MP, ZUERCHER AW, NECHANSKY A et al. : Molecular basis for nonanaphylactogenicity of a monoclonal anti-IgE antibody. J. Immunol. ( 2000 ) 165 (2): 813-819 (Pubitemid 30484748)
110. HEBERT J, BOUTIN Y: Anti-idiotypic antibodies in the treatment of allergies. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. ( 1996 ) 409 : 431-437 (Pubitemid 27143118)
111. JONKERS RE, VAN DER ZEE JS: Anti-IgE and other new immunomodulation-based therapies for allergic asthma. Neth. J. Med. ( 2005 ) 63 (4): 121-128 (Pubitemid 40561526)
112. MIESCHER SM, VOGEL M: Molecular aspects of allergy. Mol. Aspects Med. ( 2002 ) 23 (6): 413-462 (Pubitemid 35256154)
113. SHAKIB F, SMITH SJ, PRITCHARD DI: Do autoantibodies to IgE play a role in IgE-mediated events? Immunol. Cell Biol. ( 1995 ) 73 (2): 109-112
114. STADLER BM, ZURCHER AW, MIESCHER S, KRICEK F, VOGEL M: Mimotope and anti-idiotypic vaccines to induce an anti-IgE response. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. ( 1999) 118 (2-4): 119-121 (Pubitemid 29195483)
115. VOGEL M, MIESCHER S, KUHN S et al. : Mimicry of human IgE epitopes by anti-idiotypic antibodies. J. Mol. Biol. ( 2000 ) 298 (5): 729-735
116. VOGEL M, KELLER-GAUTSCHI E, BAUMANN MJ et al. : Designed ankyrin repeat proteins as anti-idiotypic-binding molecules. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. ( 2007 ) 1109 : 9-18 (Pubitemid 47511339)
117. HUREZ V, KAVERI SV, MOUHOUB A et al. : Anti-CD4 activity of normal human immunoglobulin G for therapeutic use. (intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIg). Ther. Immunol. ( 1994 ) 1 (5): 269-277 (Pubitemid 24344443)
118. TAUSSIG MJ, STOEVESANDT O, BORREBAECK CA et al. : ProteomeBinders: planning a European resource of affi nity reagents for analysis of the human proteome. Nat. Methods ( 2007 ) 4 (1): 13-17 (Pubitemid 46029466)
119. OLEINIK NV, KRUPENKO NI, KRUPENKO SA: Cooperation between JNK1 and JNK2 in activation of p53 apoptotic pathway. Oncogene ( 2007
120. NOBLE ME, ENDICOTT JA, JOHNSON LN: Protein kinase inhibitors: insights into drug design from structure. Science ( 2004 ) 303 (5665): 1800-1805 (Pubitemid 38374863)
121. GYSIN S, LEE SH, DEAN NM, MCMAHON M: Pharmacologic inhibition of RAF?MEK?ERK signaling elicits pancreatic cancer cell cycle arrest through induced expression of p27Kip1. Cancer Res. ( 2005 ) 65 (11): 4870-4880 (Pubitemid 40740826)
122. KOHNO M, POUYSSEGUR J: Targeting the ERK signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Ann. Med. ( 2006 ) 38 (3): 200-211 (Pubitemid 43675585)
123. ROBERTS PJ, DER CJ: Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene ( 2007 ) 26 (22): 3291-3310 (Pubitemid 46763022)
124. TORII S, YAMAMOTO T, TSUCHIYA Y, NISHIDA E: ERK MAP kinase in G cell cycle progression and cancer. Cancer Sci. ( 2006 ) 97 (8): 697-702 (Pubitemid 43983780)
125. MA W, QUIRION R: The ERK/MAPK pathway, as a target for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets ( 2005 ) 9 (4): 699-713 (Pubitemid 41131674)
126. ZHUANG ZY, GERNER P, WOOLF CJ, JI RR: ERK is sequentially activated in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes by spinal nerve ligation and contributes to mechanical allodynia in this neuropathic pain model. Pain ( 2005) 114 (1-2): 149-159 (Pubitemid 40279096)
127. ZHUANG ZY, WEN YR, ZHANG DR et al. : A peptide c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor blocks mechanical allodynia after spinal nerve ligation: respective roles of JNK activation in primary sensory neurons and spinal astrocytes for neuropathic pain development and maintenance. J. Neurosci. ( 2006 ) 26 (13): 3551-3560
128. KHALIL IA, KOGURE K, AKITA H, HARASHIMA H: Uptake pathways and subsequent intracellular traffi cking in nonviral gene delivery. Pharmacol. Rev. ( 2006 ) 58 (1): 32-45
129. TORCHILIN VP: Recent approaches to intracellular delivery of drugs and DNA and organelle targeting. Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng. ( 2006 ) 8 : 343-375 (Pubitemid 44314821)
130. TORCHILIN VP, LUKYANOV AN: Peptide and protein drug delivery to and into tumors: challenges and solutions. Drug Discov. Today ( 2003 ) 8 (6): 259-266 (Pubitemid 36293499)
131. WASUNGU L, HOEKSTRA D: Cationic lipids, lipoplexes and intracellular delivery of genes. J. Control. Rel. ( 2006 ) 116 (2): 255-264 (Pubitemid 44854274)
132. DELANO WL: The PyMOL molecular graphics system ( 2002
133. http://www.fda.org Website of the US Food and Drug Administration ( 2007)