Microbial succinic acid production: Natural versus metabolic engineered producers

Process Biochemistry

Volumn 45, Issue 7, 2010, Pages 1103-1114

  Beauprez, Joeri J ^a   De Mey, Marjan ^a   Soetaert, Wim K ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Metabolic engineering; Succinic acid

Indexed keywords

ACID PRODUCTION; ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE; BIOBASED; BIOCHEMICAL PROCESS; ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES; FOOD MARKETS; METABOLIC ENGINEERING; PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET; STATE OF THE ART; SUCCINIC ACIDS;

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION; COMMERCE; HYDROCARBONS; METABOLISM; MINERAL OILS; PETROLEUM DEPOSITS;

ACIDS;

EID: 77954834802     PISSN: 13595113     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.03.035     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Werpy T., Petersen G., Aden A., Bozell J., Holladay J., White J., et al. Top value added chemicals from biomass. Results of screening for potential candidates from sugar and synthesis gas 2004, vol. I. US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, USA, p. 76.
2. Patel M, Crank M, Dornburg V, Hermann B, Roes L, Hüsing B, et al. Medium and long-term opportunities and risks of the biotechnological production of bulk chemicals from renewable resources-the potential of white biotechnology. The Brew report. Utrecht: University of Utrecht; 2006. p. 474.
3. Crank M., Patel M., Marscheider-Weidermann F., Schleich J., Hüsing B., Angerer G. Techno-economic feasibility of large-scale production of bio-based polymers in Europe 2005, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies.
4. Kidwell H. Bio-succinic acid to go commercial; 2008.
5. Zeikus G.J., Jain M.K., Elankovan P. Biotechnology of succinic acid production and markets for derived industrial products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1999, 51:545-552.
6. Cukalovic A., Stevens C.V. Feasibility of production methods for succinic acid derivatives: a marriage of renewable resources and chemical technology. Biofuels Bioproducts Biorefining 2008, 2:505-529.
7. Delhomme C., Weuster-Botz D., Kühn F.E. Succinic acid from renewable resources as a C4 building-block chemical-a review of the catalytic possibilities in aqueous media. Green Chem 2009, 11:13-26.
8. Engel C.A.R., Straathof A.J.J., Zijlmans T.W., van Gulik W.M., van der Wielen L.A.M. Fumaric acid production by fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 78:379-389.
9. Moon S.Y., Hong S.H., Kim T.Y., Lee S.Y. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of malic acid. Biochem Eng J 2008, 40:312-320.
10. Shekhawat D., Jackson J.E., Miller D.J. Process model and economic analysis of itaconic acid production from dimethyl succinate and formaldehyde. Bioresour Technol 2006, 97:342-347.
11. Michigan Biotechnology Institute. Improved carboxylic acid purification and crystallization process. 0,410,728 B1.
12. Succinic acid production and purification. 5,958,744.
13. Davison B.H., Nghiem N.P., Richardson G.L. Succinic acid adsorption from fermentation broth and regeneration. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2004, 113-116:653-669.
14. Process for the production and purification of succinic acid. US 5,143,834.
15. Huh Y.S., Jun Y.S., Hong Y.K., Song H., Lee S.Y., Hong W.H. Effective purification of succinic acid from fermentation broth produced by Mannheimia succiniciproducens. Process Biochem 2006, 41:1461-1465.
16. Lin C.S.K., Du C., Blaga A.C., Camarut M., Webb C., Stevens C.V., et al. Novel resin-based vacuum distillation-crystallisation method for recovery of succinic acid crystals from fermentation broths 2009.
17. Kurzrock T., Weuster-Botz D. Recovery of succinic acid from fermentation broth. Biotechnol Lett 2010, 32:331-339.
18. ICISpricing. Chemical market reporter; 2008.
19. EIA. Energy Information Administration; 2008.
20. McKinlay J.B., Vieille C., Zeikus J.G. Prospects for a bio-based succinate industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007, 76:727-740.
21. Song H., Lee S.Y. Production of succinic acid by bacterial fermentation. Enzyme Microbial Technol 2006, 39:352-361.
22. Song H., Huh Y.S., Lee S.Y., Hong W.H., Hong Y.K. Recovery of succinic acid produced by fermentation of a metabolically engineered Mannheimia succiniciproducens strain. J Biotechnol 2007, 132:445-452.
23. Wilke D. What should and what can biotechnology contribute to chemical bulk production. International congress on beyond 2000-chemicals from biotechnology: ecological challenge and economic restraints 1995, Elsevier Science BV, Hannover, Germany, pp. 89-100.
24. Wilke D. Chemicals from biotechnology: molecular plant genetics will challenge the chemical and the fermentation industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1999, 52:135-145.
25. Hong S.H. Systems approaches to succinic acid-producing microorganisms. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 2007, 12:73-79.
26. Lee S.Y., Hong S.H., Moon S.Y. In silico metabolic pathway analysis and design: succinic acid production by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli as an example. Genome Inf 2002, 13:214-223.
27. Isar J., Agarwal L., Saran S., Kaushik R., Saxena R.K. A statistical approach to study the interactive effects of process parameters on succinic acid production from Bacteriodes fragilis. Anaerobe 2007, 13:50-56.
28. Okino S., Noburyu R., Suda M., Jojima T., Inui M., Yukawa H. An efficient succinic acid production process in a metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 81:459-464.
29. Agarwal L., Isar J., Saxena R.K. Rapid screening procedures for identification of succinic acid producers. J Biochem Biophys Methods 2005, 63:24-32.
30. Kamra D.N. Rumen microbial ecosystem. Curr Sci 2005, 89:124-135.
31. 2 and implications of their potential diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008, 74:4535-4538.
32. Magnuson J.K., Lasure L.L. Organic acid production by filamentous fungi. Advances in fungal biotechnology for industry, agriculture, and medicine 2004, 307-340. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. J.S. Tkacz, L. Lange (Eds.).
33. Gallmetzer M., Meraner J., Burgstaller W. Succinate synthesis and excretion by Penicillium simplicissimum under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002, 210:221-225.
34. Duro A.F., Serrano R. Inhibition of succinate production during yeast fermentation by de-energization of the plasma membrane. Curr Microbiol 1981, 6:111-113.
35. Arikawa Y., Kuroyanagi T., Shimosaka M., Muratsubaki H., Enomoto K., Kodaira R., et al. Effect of gene disruptions of the TCA cycle on production of succinic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biosci Bioeng 1999, 87:28-36.
36. Arikawa Y., Kobayashi M., Kodaira R., Shimosaka M., Muratsubaki H., Enomoto K., et al. Isolation of sake yeast strains possessing various levels of succinate- and/or malate-producing abilities by gene disruption or mutation. J Biosci Bioeng 1999, 87:333-339.
37. Camarasa C., Grivet J.P., Dequin S. Investigation by 13C-NMR and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) deletion mutant analysis of pathways for succinate formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during anaerobic fermentation. Microbiol-Sgm 2003, 149:2669-2678.
38. Moon S.K., Wee Y.J., Yun J.S., Ryu H.W. Production of fumaric acid using rice bran and subsequent conversion to succinic acid through a two-step process. 25th Symposium on biotechnology for fuels and chemicals 2003, Humana Press Inc., Breckenridge, CO, p. 843-55.
39. Porro D., Bianchi M.M., Brambilla L., Menghini R., Bolzani D., Carrera V., et al. Replacement of a metabolic pathway for large-scale production of lactic acid from engineered yeasts. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:4211-4215.
40. Stephanopoulos G.N., Aristidou A.A., Nielsen J. Metabolic engineering. Principles and methodologies 1998, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA.
41. Markowitz V.M., Ivanova N.N., Szeto E., Palaniappan K., Chu K., Dalevi D., et al. IMG/M: a data management and analysis system for metagenomes. Nucleic Acid Res 2008, 36:D534-D538.
42. Van der Werf M.J., Guettler M.V., Jain M.K., Zeikus J.G. Environmental and physiological factors affecting the succinate product ratio during carbohydrate fermentation by Actinobacillus sp. 130Z. Arch Microbiol 1997, 167:332-342.
43. Brenda-database; 2005.
44. Kim P., Laivenieks M., Vieille C., Zeikus J.G. Effect of overexpression of Actinobacillus succinogenes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase on succinate production in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004, 70:1238-1241.
45. Garrity G.M., Brenner D.J., Krieg N.R., Staley J.T. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology-the proteobacteria 2004, Springer, East Lansing, MI, p. 2816.
46. Guettler M.V., Rumler D., Jain M.K. Actinobacillus succinogenes sp. nov., a novel succinic-acid-producing strain from the bovine rumen. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999, 49:207-216.
47. Du C., Lin S.K.C., Koutinas A., Wang R., Dorado P., Webb C. A wheat biorefining strategy based on solid-state fermentation for fermentative production of succinic acid. Bioresour Technol 2008, 99:8310-8315.
48. Liu Y.P., Zheng P., Sun Z.H., Ni Y., Dong J.J., Zhu L.L. Economical succinic acid production from cane molasses by Actinobacillus succinogenes. Bioresour Technol 2008, 99:1736-1742.
49. Wan C.X., Li Y.B., Shahbazi A., Xiu S.N. Succinic acid production from cheese whey using Actinobacillus succinogenes 130 z. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008, 145:111-119.
50. McKinlay J.B., Zeikus J.G., Vieille C. Insights into Actinobacillus succinogenes fermentative metabolism in a chemically defined growth medium. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005, 71:6651-6656.
51. McKinlay J.B., Shachar-Hill Y., Zeikus J.G., Vieille C. Determining Actinobacillus succinogenes metabolic pathways and fluxes by NMR and GC-MS analyses of C-13-labeled metabolic product isotopomers. Metab Eng 2007, 9:177-192.
52. Nanchen A., Schicker A., Sauer U. Nonlinear dependency of intracellular fluxes on growth rate in miniaturized continuous cultures of Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 72:1164-1172.
53. 2 concentrations. Metab Eng 2008, 10:55-68.
54. Park D.H., Laivenieks M., Guettler M.V., Jain M.K., Zeikus J.G. Microbial utilization of electrically reduced neutral red as the sole electron donor for growth and metabolite production. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:2912-2917.
55. Method for making succinic acid, bacterial variants for use in the process, and methods for obtaining variants. US 5,573,931.
56. Sauer U., Eikmanns B.J. The PEP-pyruvate-oxaloacetate node as the switch point for carbon flux distribution in bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2005, 29:765-794.
57. Kim P., Laivenieks M., McKinlay J., Vieille C., Zeikus J.G. Construction of a shuttle vector for the overexpression of recombinant proteins in Actinobacillus succinogenes. Plasmid 2004, 51:108-115.
58. De Mey M., Maertens J., Lequeux G.J., Soetaert W.K., Vandamme E.J. Construction and model-based analysis of a promoter library for E. coli: an indispensable tool for metabolic engineering. BMC Biotechnol 2007, 7:34-48.
59. Lee P.C., Lee S.Y., Hong S.H., Chang H.N. Isolation and characterization of a new succinic acid-producing bacterium, Mannheimia succiniciproducens MBEL55E, from bovine rumen. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2002, 58:663-668.
60. Song H., Kim T.Y., Choi B.K., Choi S.J., Nielsen L.K., Chang H.N., et al. Development of chemically defined medium for Mannheimia succiniciproducens based on its genome sequence. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 79:263-272.
61. Georgellis D., Kwon O., De Wulf P., Lin E.C.C. Signal decay through a reverse phosphorelay in the Arc two-component signal transduction system. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:32864-32869.
62. Schmitz R.A., Achebach S., Unden G. Analysis of fumarate nitrate reductase regulator as an oxygen sensor in Escherichia coli. Oxygen Sens 2004, 381:628-644.
63. 2 and reducing conditions. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2002, 4:263-268.
64. Tran Q.H., Arras T., Becker S., Holighaus G., Ohlberger G., Unden G. Role of glutathione in the formation of the active form of the oxygen sensor FNR ([4Fe-4S]center dot FNR) and in the control of FNR function. Eur J Biochem 2000, 267:4817-4824.
65. Kwon O., Georgellis D., Lin E.C.C. Phosphorelay as the sole physiological route of signal transmission by the arc two-component system of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2000, 182:3858-3862.
66. Georgellis D., Kwon O., Lin E.C.C. Amplification of signaling activity of the are two-component system of Escherichia coli by anaerobic metabolites-an in vitro study with different protein modules. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:35950-35954.
67. Malpica R., Franco B., Rodriguez C., Kwon O., Georgellis D. Identification of a quinone-sensitive redox switch in the ArcB sensor kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, 101:13318-13323.
68. Rodriguez C., Kwon O., Georgellis D. Effect of d-lactate on the physiological activity of the ArcB sensor kinase in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2004, 186:2085-2090.
69. Jung W.S., Jung Y.R., Oh D.B., Kang H.A., Lee S.Y., Chavez-Canales M., et al. Characterization of the Arc two-component signal transduction system of the capnophilic rumen bacterium Mannheimia succiniciproducens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008, 284:109-119.
70. Hong S.H., Kim J.S., Lee S.Y., In Y.H., Choi S.S., Rih J.K., et al. The genome sequence of the capnophilic rumen bacterium Mannheimia succiniciproducens. Nat Biotechnol 2004, 22:1275-1281.
71. Jang Y.S., Jung Y.R., Lee S.Y., Mm J.M., Lee J.W., Oh D.B., et al. Construction and characterization of shuttle vectors for succinic acid-producing rumen bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007, 73:5411-5420.
72. Datsenko K.A., Wanner B.L. One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000, 97:6640-6645.
73. Lee S.J., Song H., Lee S.Y. Genome-based metabolic engineering of Mannheimia succiniciproducens for succinic acid production. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006, 72:1939-1948.
74. Kim J.M., Lee K.H., Lee S.Y. Development of a markerless gene knock-out system for Mannheimia succiniciproducens using a temperature-sensitive plasmid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008, 278:78-85.
75. 2 levels on the growth of Mannheimia succiniciproducens and succinic acid production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007, 98:1296-1304.
76. Gene encoding malic enzyme and method for preparing succinic acid using the same. US7,470,770 B2.
77. Novel engineered microorganism producing homo-succinic acid and method for preparing succinic acid using the same. WO 2008/013405 A1.
78. Rifkin G.D., Opdyke J.E. Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens septicemia. J Clin Microbiol 1981, 13:811-813.
79. Tee W., Korman T.M., Waters M.J., Macphee A., Jenney A., Joyce L., et al. Three cases of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens bacteremia confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36:1209-1213.
80. Samuelov N.S., Datta R., Jain M.K., Zeikus J.G. Whey fermentation by Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens for production of a succinate-based animal feed additive. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:2260-2263.
81. Lee P.C., Lee S.Y., Hong S.H., Chang H.N., Park S.C. Biological conversion of wood hydrolysate to succinic acid by Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens. Biotechnol Lett 2003, 25:111-114.
82. Stackebrandt E., Hespell R. The family Succinivibrionaceae. The prokaryotes 2006, p. 419-29.
83. Lee P.C., Lee W.G., Lee S.Y., Chang H.N. Effects of medium components on the growth of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens and succinic acid production. Process Biochem 1999, 35:49-55.
84. - levels and pH on growth, succinate production, and enzyme activities of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991, 57:3013-3019.
85. Toews M.L., Kanji M.I., Carper W.R. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Purification and kinetics. J Biol Chem 1976, 251:7127-7131.
86. Laivenieks M., Vieille C., Zeikus J.G. Cloning, sequencing, and overexpression of the Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pckA) gene. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997, 63:2273-2280.
87. Neidhardt F.M., Curtis R. Escherichia coli and salmonella: cellular and molecular biology 1996, ASM Press, Herndon, VA, US, p. 2822.
88. Clark D.P. The fermentation pathways of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1989, 63:223-234.
89. Wolfe A.J. The acetate switch. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2005, 69:12-50.
90. De Mey M., De Maeseneire S., Soetaert W., Vandamme E. Minimizing acetate formation in E. coli fermentations. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2007, 34:689-700.
91. Zeng Q.P., Qiu F., Yuan L. Production of artemisinin by genetically-modified microbes. Biotechnol Lett 2008, 30:581-592.
92. Postma P.W., Lengeler J.W., Jacobson G.R. Phosphoenolpyruvate-carbohydrate phosphotransferase systems of bacteria. Microbiol Rev 1993, 57:543-594.
93. Geerse R.H., Pluijm J., Postma P.W. The repressor of the PEP: Fructose phosphotransferase system is required for the transcription of the pps gene of Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet MGG 1989, 218:348-352.
94. Saier M.H., Ramseier T.M. The catabolite repressor/activator (Cra) protein of enteric bacteria. J Bacteriol 1996, 178:3411-3417.
95. Chatterjee R., Millard C.S., Champion K., Clark D.P., Donnelly M.I. Mutation of the ptsG gene results in increased production of succinate in fermentation of glucose by Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001, 67:148-154.
96. De Anda R., Lara A.R., Hernandez V., Hernandez-Montalvo V., Gosset G., Bolivar F., et al. Replacement of the glucose phosphotransferase transport system by galactose permease reduces acetate accumulation and improves process performance of Escherichia coli for recombinant protein production without impairment of growth rate. Metab Eng 2006, 8:281-290.
97. Flores N., Leal L., Sigala J.C., de Anda R., Escalante A., Martinez A., et al. Growth recovery on glucose under aerobic conditions of an Escherichia coli strain carrying a phosphoenolpyruvate: Carbohydrate phosphotransferase system deletion by inactivating arcA and overexpressing the genes coding for glucokinase and galactose permease. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2007, 13:105-116.
98. Wang Q.Z., Wu C.Y., Chen T., Chen X., Zhao X.M. Expression of galactose permease and pyruvate carboxylase in Escherichia coli ptsG mutant increases the growth rate and succinate yield under anaerobic conditions. Biotechnol Lett 2006, 28:89-93.
99. Wohl R.C., Markus G. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli. Purification and some properties. J Biol Chem 1972, 247:5785-5792.
100. Fujita N., Miwa T., Ishijima S., Izui K., Katsuki H. The primary structure of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase of Escherichia coli. Nucleotide sequence of the ppc gene and deduced amino acid sequence. J Biochem 1984, 95:909-916.
101. Yano M., Izui K. The replacement of Lys620 by serine desensitizes Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to the effects of the feedback inhibitors l-aspartate and l-malate. Eur J Biochem 1997, 247:74-81.
102. Lin H., Bennett G.N., San K.Y. Genetic reconstruction of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in Escherichia coli for the complete aerobic production of succinate through the glyoxylate bypass. Abstracts of papers of the American chemical society, vol. 227 2004, p. U217-U217.
103. Lin H., Bennett G.N., San K.Y. Fed-batch culture of a metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strain designed for high-level succinate production and yield under aerobic conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005, 90:775-779.
104. Lin H., Vadali R.V., Bennett G.N., San K.Y. Increasing the acetyl-CoA pool in the presence of overexpressed phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase or pyruvate carboxylase enhances succinate production in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Prog 2004, 20:1599-1604.
105. Izui K., Matsumura H., Furumoto T., Kai Y. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: a new era of structural biology. Ann Rev Plant Biol 2004, 55:69-84.
106. Millard C.S., Chao Y.P., Liao J.C., Donnelly M.I. Enhanced production of succinic acid by overexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996, 62:1808-1810.
107. Stols L., Donnelly M.I. Production of succinic acid through overexpression of NAD(+)-dependent malic enzyme in an Escherichia coli mutant. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997, 63:2695-2701.
108. Hong S.H., Lee S.Y. Metabolic flux analysis for succinic acid production by recombinant Escherichia coli with amplified malic enzyme activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001, 74:89-95.
109. Sanchez A.M., Bennett G.N., San K.Y. Efficient succinic acid production from glucose through overexpression of pyruvate carboxylase in an Escherichia coli alcohol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase mutant. Biotechnol Prog 2005, 21:358-365.
110. Alexeeva S., de Kort B., Sawers G., Hellingwerf K.J., de Mattos M.J.T. Effects of limited aeration and of the ArcAB system on intermediary pyruvate catabolism in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2000, 182:4934-4940.
111. Flores N., Flores S., Escalante A., de Anda R., Leal L., Malpica R., et al. Adaptation for fast growth on glucose by differential expression of central carbon metabolism and gal regulon genes in an Escherichia coli strain lacking the phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system. Metab Eng 2005, 7:70-87.
112. Alexeeva S., Hellingwerf K.J., de Mattos M.J.T. Quantitative assessment of oxygen availability: perceived aerobiosis and its effect on flux distribution in the respiratory chain of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 2002, 184:1402-1406.
113. Lin H., Bennett G.N., San K.Y. Genetic reconstruction of the aerobic central metabolism in Escherichia coli for the absolute aerobic production of succinate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005, 89:148-156.
114. Lin H., Bennett G.N., San K.Y. Metabolic engineering of aerobic succinate production systems in Escherichia coli to improve process productivity and achieve the maximum theoretical succinate yield. Metab Eng 2005, 7:116-127.
115. Sanchez A.M., Bennett G.N., San K.Y. Novel pathway engineering design of the anaerobic central metabolic pathway in Escherichia coli to increase succinate yield and productivity. Metab Eng 2005, 7:229-239.
116. Sanchez A.M., Bennett G.N., San K.Y. Batch culture characterization and metabolic flux analysis of succinate-producing Escherichia coli strains. Metab Eng 2006, 8:209-226.
117. Jantama K., Haupt M.J., Svoronos S.A., Zhang X.L., Moore J.C., Shanmugam K.T., et al. Combining metabolic engineering and metabolic evolution to develop nonrecombinant strains of Escherichia coli C that produce succinate and malate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 99:1140-1153.
118. Jantama K., Zhang X., Moore J.C., Shanmugam K.T., Svoronos S.A., Ingram L.O. Eliminating side products and increasing succinate yields in engineered strains of Escherichia coli C. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 101:881-893.
119. Meynial-Salles I., Dorotyn S., Soucaille P. A new process for the continuous production of succinic acid from glucose at high yield, titer, and productivity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008, 99:129-135.
120. Isar J., Agarwal L., Saran S., Saxena R.K. A statistical method for enhancing the production of succinic acid from Escherichia coli under anaerobic conditions. Bioresour Technol 2006, 97:1443-1448.
121. Scott A. DSM eyes large-scale, biosuccinic acid production. Chem Week 2009, 171:17-117.
122. Ondrey G. A sustainable route to succinic acid. Chem Eng 2007, 114:18-118.
123. Mcconnell, S. Biobased succinic acid pilot effort underway. Chem Eng 2009;116:13.
124. M.M. Chemical makers eye succinic acid. Chem Eng News 2009;87:22-3.
125. Process for making succinic acid, microorganisms for use in the process and methods of obtaining the microorganisms. US 5,723,322.
126. Method for making succinic acid, bacterial variants for use in the process and methods for obtaining variants. US 5,573,931.
127. Urbance S.E., Pometto A.L., DiSpirito A.A., Demirci A. Medium evaluation and plastic composite support ingredient selection for biofilm formation and succinic acid production by Actinobacillus succinogenes. Food Biotechnol 2003, 17:53-65.
128. Urbance S.E., Pometto A.L., DiSpirito A.A., Denli Y. Evaluation of succinic acid continuous and repeat-batch biofilm fermentation by Actinobacillus succinogenes using plastic composite support bioreactors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2004, 65:664-670.
129. Corona-Gonzalez R.I., Bories A., Gonzalez-Alvarez V., Pelayo-Ortiz C. Kinetic study of succinic acid production by Actinobacillus succinogenes ZT-130. Process Biochem 2008, 43:1047-1053.
130. Liu Y.P., Zheng P., Sun Z.H., Ni Y., Dong J.J., Wei P. Strategies of pH control and glucose-fed batch fermentation for production of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes CGMCC1593. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2008, 83:722-729.
131. Zheng P., Dong J.-J., Sun Z.-H., Ni Y., Fang L. Fermentative production of succinic acid from straw hydrolysate by Actinobacillus succinogenes. Bioresour Technol 2009, 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.043.
132. Process for the production of succinic acid by anaerobic fermentation. US 5,143,833.
133. Fermentation and purification process for succinic acid. US 5,168,055.
134. Method for making succinic acid, Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens variants for use in process and methods for obtaining variants. US 5,521,075.
135. Nghiem N.P., Davison B.H., Suttle B.E., Richardson G.R. Production of succinic acid by Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997, 63-5:565-576.
136. 2 supply and glucose concentration. Enzyme Microb Technol 1999, 24:549-554.
137. Lee P.C., Lee W.G., Lee S.Y., Chang H.N. Succinic acid production with reduced by-product formation in the fermentation of Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens using glycerol as a carbon source. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001, 72:41-48.
138. Lee P.C., Lee S.Y., Chang H.N. Cell recycled culture of succinic acid-producing Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens using an internal membrane filtration system. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 18:1252-1256.
139. Lee P.C., Lee S.Y., Chang H.N. Succinic acid production by Anaerobiospirillum succiniciproducens ATCC 29305 growing on galactose, galactose/glucose, and galactose/lactose. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 18:1792-1796.
140. Lee P.C., Lee S.Y., Hong S.H., Chang H.N. Batch and continuous cultures of Mannheimia succiniciproducens MBEL55E for the production of succinic acid from whey and corn steep liquor. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2003, 26:63-67.
141. Oh I.J., Lee H.W., Park C.H., Lee S.Y., Lee J. Succinic acid production by continuous fermentation process using Mannheimia succiniciproducens LPK7. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008, 18:908-912.
142. Song H., Jang S.H., Park J.M., Lee S.Y. Modeling of batch fermentation kinetics for succinic acid production by Mannheimia succiniciproducens. Biochem Eng J 2008, 40:107-115.
143. Gokarn R.R., Eiteman M.A., Altman E. Expression of pyruvate carboxylase enhances succinate production in Escherichia coli without affecting glucose uptake. Biotechnol Lett 1998, 20:795-798.
144. Method for the production of dicarboxylic acids. US 5,869,301.
145. Gokarn R.R., Eiteman M.A., Altman E. Metabolic analysis of Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of the carboxylating enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2000, 66:1844-1850.
146. Vemuri G.N., Eiteman M.A., Altman E. Succinate production in dual-phase Escherichia coli fermentations depends on the time of transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2002, 28:325-332.
147. Hong S.H., Lee S.Y. Importance of redox balance on the production of succinic acid by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2002, 58:286-290.
148. Pta LdhA double mutant Escherichia coli SS373 and the method of producing succinic acid there from. US 6,448,061.
149. Hong S.H., Lee S.Y. Enhanced production of succinic acid by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli with amplified activities of malic enzyme and fumarase. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng 2004, 9:252-255.
150. Lin H., Bennett G.N., San K.Y. Chemostat culture characterization of Escherichia coli mutant strains metabolically engineered for aerobic succinate production: a study of the modified metabolic network based on metabolite profile, enzyme activity, and gene expression profile. Metab Eng 2005, 7:337-352.
151. Lee S.J., Lee D.Y., Kim T.Y., Kim B.H., Lee J.W., Lee S.Y. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for enhanced production of succinic acid, based on genome comparison and in silico gene knockout simulation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005, 71:7880-7887.
152. Wang Q.Z., Chen X., Yang Y.D., Zhao X.M. Genome-scale in silico aided metabolic analysis and flux comparisons of Escherichia coli to improve succinate production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006, 73:887-894.
153. Mutant E. coli strain with increased succinic acid production. US 7,223,567.
154. Andersson C., Hodge D., Berglund K.A., Rova U. Effect of different carbon sources on the production of succinic acid using metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Prog 2007, 23:381-388.
155. Wu H., Li Z.M., Zhou L., Ye Q. Improved succinic acid production in the anaerobic culture of an Escherichia coli pflB ldhA double mutant as a result of enhanced anaplerotic activities in the preceding aerobic culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007, 73:7837-7843.
156. Agarwal L., Isar J., Dutt K., Saxena R.K. Statistical optimization for succinic acid production from E. coli in a cost-effective medium. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2007, 142:158-167.
157. Okino S., Inui M., Yukawa H. Production of organic acids by Corynebacterium glutamicum under oxygen deprivation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005, 68:475-480.
158. Isar J., Agarwal L., Saran S., Saxena R.K. Succinic acid production from Bacteroides fragilis: process optimization and scale up in a bioreactor. Anaerobe 2006, 12:231-237.
159. Aerobic succinate production in bacteria. US 7,262,046 B2.