Medicinal chemistry of drugs used in diabetic cardiomyopathy

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 517-551

  Adeghate, E ^a   Kalasz, H ^b   Veress, G ^c   Tekes, K ^b  

^a UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNIVERSITY   (United Arab Emirates)

^b SEMMELWEIS UNIVERSITY   (Hungary)

^c State Hospital of Cardiology   (Hungary)

Author keywords

ACE inhibitors; Angiotensin II receptor antagonists; Antidiabetic drugs; Antioxidants; Beta adrenoreceptor blockers; Calcium channel blockers; Cardiomyopathy; Diabetes mellitus; Endothelin 1 receptor antagonists; Fenofibrates; Heart failure; Peptides; PPAR receptor antagonists; Statins

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACEBUTOLOL; ADRENOMEDULLIN; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; BOSENTAN; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CAPTOPRIL; CARVEDILOL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; INSULIN; LOSARTAN; MEGLITINIDE; OLMESARTAN; SIMVASTATIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; SULFONYLUREA; TEZOSENTAN; THIOCTIC ACID; UNINDEXED DRUG; VERAPAMIL;

APOPTOSIS; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; DRUG ACTIVITY; DRUG ELIMINATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; HEART FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; NEUROPATHY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TACHYCARDIA;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; CARDIOMYOPATHIES; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENDOTHELIN-1; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS; PROCETOFEN; RECEPTORS, ANGIOTENSIN;

EID: 77950664209     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986710790416281     Document Type: Review

References (234)

1. Zimmet, P.; Alberti, K.G.; Shaw, J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature, 2001, 414(6865), 782-787.
2. Adeghate, E.; Schattner, P.; Dunn, E. An update on the etiology and epidemiology of diabetes mellitus. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2006, 1084, 1-29. (Pubitemid 47091962)
3. Adeghate, E. Molecular and cellular basis of the aetiology and management of diabetic cardiomyopathy: a short review. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 2004, 261(1-2), 187-191.
4. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 2002, 106, 3143-3421.
5. Plutzky, J. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors as therapeutic targets in inflammation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2003, 42, 1764-1766. (Pubitemid 37433655)
6. UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Br. Med. J., 1998, 317, 703-713.
7. th Edition, Elsevier-Saunders, Amsterdam, 2005, pp. 393.
8. Anonymous. Diabetes mellitus: a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A joint editorial statement by the American Diabetes Association; The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; The Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International; The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; and The American Heart Association. Circulation, 1999, 100(10), 1132-1133.
9. Capes, S.E.; Hunt, D.; Malmberg, K.; Gerstein, H.C. Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview. Lancet, 2000, 355(9206), 773-778.
10. Tierney, L.M.M., SJ; Papadakis, M.A. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment; 45th edition. McGraw-Hill Medical, New York. 2006.
11. Rubler, S.; Dlugash, J.; Yuceoglu, Y.Z.; Kumral, T.; Branwood, A.W.; Grishman, A. New type of cardiomyopathy associated with diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Am. J. Cardiol., 1972, 30(6), 595-602.
12. Fein, F.S.; Sonnenblick, E.H. Diabetic cardiomyopathy. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 1985, 27(4), 255-270.
13. Devereux, R.B.; Roman, M.J.; Paranicas, M.; O'Grady, M.J.; Lee, E.T.; Welty, T.K.; Fabsitz, R.R.; Robbins, D.; Rhoades, E.R.; Howard, B.V. Impact of diabetes on cardiac structure and function: the strong heart study. Circulation, 2000, 101(19), 2271-2276.
14. Bertoni, A.G.; Tsai, A.; Kasper, E.K.; Brancati, F.L. Diabetes and idiopathic cardiomyopathy: a nationwide case-control study. Diabetes Care, 2003, 26(10), 2791-2795. (Pubitemid 37205548)
15. Fang, Z.Y.; Prins, J.B.; Marwick, T.H. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Endocr. Rev., 2004, 25(4), 543-567. (Pubitemid 39096070)
16. Poornima, I.G.; Parikh, P.; Shannon, R.P. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: the search for a unifying hypothesis. Circ. Res., 2006, 98(5), 596-605. (Pubitemid 43755278)
17. Solang, L.; Malmberg, K.; Ryden, L. Diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure. Further knowledge needed. Eur. Heart J., 1999, 20(11), 789-795. (Pubitemid 29240249)
18. Choi, K.M.; Zhong, Y.; Hoit, B.D.; Grupp, I.L.; Hahn, H.; Dilly, K.W.; Guatimosim, S.; Lederer, W.J.; Matlib, M.A. Defective intracellular Ca(2+) signaling contributes to cardiomyopathy in Type 1 diabetic rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2002, 283(4), H1398-1408.
19. Chiasson, J.L. Acarbose for the prevention of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Study to Prevent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (STOP-NIDDM) Trial. Endocr. Pract., 2006, 12(Suppl. 1), 25-30. (Pubitemid 44963607)
20. Hanefeld, M.; Schaper, F. Acarbose: oral antidiabetes drug with additional cardiovascular benefits. Expert. Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2008, 6(2), 153-163.
21. Uno, Y.; Minatoguchi, S.; Arai, M.; Wang, N.; Chen, X.H.; Hashimoto, K.; Lu, C.; Takemura, G.; Fujiwara, H. The anti-diabetic drug miglitol is protective against anginal ischaemia through a mechanism independent of regional myocardial blood flow in the dog. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 2005, 32(10), 805-810. (Pubitemid 43906522)
22. Wang, N.; Minatoguchi, S.; Chen, X.; Uno, Y.; Arai, M.; Lu, C.; Takemura, G.; Fujiwara, T.; Fujiwara, H. Antidiabetic drug miglitol inhibits myocardial apoptosis involving decreased hydroxyl radical production and Bax expression in an ischaemia/reperfusion rabbit heart. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2004, 142(6), 983-990. (Pubitemid 39037048)
23. Finkel, R; Cubeddu, L.X.; Clark, M.A. Pharmacology, Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews, 4th Edition, Lippincott William and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2008.
24. Opie, L.H.; Gersch, .J. Drugs for the Heart, 7th Edition, Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2009.
25. Thomson Micromedex Healthcare Series DRUGDEX Evaluations. 2009.
26. Brunton, L.L.; Lazo, J.S.; Parker, K.L. Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2005.
27. Schaffer, S.W.; Warner, B.A.; Wilson, G.L. Effects of chronic glipizide treatment on the NIDD heart. Horm. Metab. Res., 1993, 25(7), 348-352. (Pubitemid 23208101)
28. Brown, R.A.; Petrovski, P.; Savage, A.O.; Ren, J. Influence of ATP-sensitive K+ channel modulation on the mechanical properties of diabetic myocardium. Endocr. Res., 2001, 27(3), 269-281. (Pubitemid 32952713)
29. Nissen, S.E.; Nicholls, S.J.; Wolski, K.; Nesto, R.; Kupfer, S.; Perez, A.; Jure, H.; De Larochelliere, R.; Staniloae, C.S.; Mavromatis, K.; Saw, J.; Hu, B.; Lincoff, A.M.; Tuzcu, E.M. Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the PERISCOPE randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2008, 299(13), 1561-1573. (Pubitemid 351482795)
30. Kim, Y.D.; Park, K.G.; Lee, Y.S.; Park, Y.Y.; Kim, D.K.; Nedumaran, B.; Jang, W.G.; Cho, W.J.; Ha, J.; Lee, I.K.; Lee, C.H.; Choi, H.S. Metformin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis through AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent regulation of the orphan nuclear receptor SHP. Diabetes, 2008, 57(2), 306-314.
31. Eurich, D.T.; Majumdar, S.R.; McAlister, F.A.; Tsuyuki, R.T.; Johnson, J.A. Improved clinical outcomes associated with metformin in patients with diabetes and heart failure. Diabetes Care, 2005, 28(10), 2345-2351. (Pubitemid 41384275)
32. Molavi, B.; Rassouli, N.; Bagwe, S.; Rasouli, N. A review of thiazolidinediones and metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes with focus on cardiovascular complications Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2007, 3(6), 967-973.
33. Andreadis, E.A.; Katsanou, P.M.; Georgiopoulos, D.X.; Tsourous, G.I.; Yfanti, G.K.; Gouveri, E.T.; Diamantopoulos, E.J. The effect of metformin on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight and obese subjects - the Carmos study. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 2009, 117(4), 175-180.
34. Bhamra, G.S.; Hausenloy, D.J.; Davidson, S.M.; Carr, R.D.; Paiva, M.; Wynne, A.M.; Mocanu, M.M.; Yellon, D.M. Metformin protects the ischemic heart by the Akt-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Basic Res. Cardiol., 2008, 103(3), 274-284.
35. Granberry, M.C.; Fonseca, V.A. Cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance: effects of oral antidiabetic agents. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs, 2005, 5(3), 201-209. (Pubitemid 40994272)
36. Forcheron, F.; Basset, A.; Abdallah, P.; Del Carmine, P.; Gadot, N.; Beylot, M. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: effects of fenofibrate and metformin in an experimental model - the Zucker diabetic rat. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 2009, 8, 16.
37. Mita, T.; Watada, H.; Shimizu, T.; Tamura, Y.; Sato, F.; Watanabe, T.; Choi, J.B.; Hirose, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Kawamori, R. Nateglinide reduces carotid intima-media thickening in type 2 diabetic patients under good glycemic control. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2007, 27(11), 2456-2462. (Pubitemid 350203964)
38. Campbell, I.W. Nateglinide - current and future role in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Clin. Pract., 2005, 59(10), 1218-1228. (Pubitemid 43904530)
39. Rizzo, M.R.; Barbieri, M.; Grella, R.; Passariello, N.; Paolisso, G. Repaglinide has more beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk factors than glimepiride: data from meal-test study. Diabetes Metab., 2005, 31(3 Pt 1), 255-260. (Pubitemid 40961522)
40. Hayat, S.A.; Patel, B.; Khattar, R.S.; Malik, R.A. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment. Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 2004, 107(6), 539-557. (Pubitemid 39627201)
41. Young, L.H. Insulin resistance and the effects of thiazolidinediones on cardiac metabolism. Am. J. Med., 2003, 115(Suppl 8A), 75S-80S.
42. Florkowski, C.M. Management of co-existing diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia: defining the role of thiazolidinediones. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs, 2002, 2(1), 15-21. (Pubitemid 34477344)
43. Lincoff, A.M.; Wolski, K.; Nicholls, S.J.; Nissen, S.E. Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA, 2007, 298(10), 1180-1188. (Pubitemid 47403104)
44. van der Meer, R.W.; Rijzewijk, L.J.; de Jong, H.W.; Lamb, H.J.; Lubberink, M.; Romijn, J.A.; Bax, J.J.; de Roos, A.; Kamp, O.; Paulus, W.J.; Heine, R.J.; Lammertsma, A.A.; Smit, J.W.; Diamant, M. Pioglitazone improves cardiac function and alters myocardial substrate metabolism without affecting cardiac triglyceride accumulation and high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation, 2009, 119(15), 2069-2077.
45. Drucker, D.; Easley, C.; Kirkpatrick, P. Sitagliptin. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2007, 6, 109-110.
46. Doupis, J.; Veves, A. DPP4 inhibitors: a new approach in diabetes treatment. Adv. Ther., 2008, 25(7), 627-643.
47. Wani, J.H.; John-Kalarickal, J.; Fonseca, V.A. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 as a new target of action for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Cardiol. Clin., 2008, 26(4), 639-648.
48. Juncos, L.A.; Ito, S. Disparate effects of insulin on isolated rabbit afferent and efferent arterioles. J. Clin. Invest., 1993, 92(4), 1981-1985. (Pubitemid 23304568)
49. Joost, H.G. Structural and functional heterogeneity of insulin receptors. Cell Signal., 1995, 7(2), 85-91.
50. Perz, M.; Torlinska, T. Insulin receptor - structural and functional characteristics. Med. Sci. Monit., 2001, 7(1), 169-177. (Pubitemid 32125208)
51. Guyton A.C.; Hall, J.E. Textbook of Medical Physiology, 10th edition, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. 2000.
52. Sun, X.; Yasuda, O.; Takemura, Y.; Kawamoto, H.; Higuchi, M.; Baba, Y.; Katsuya, T.; Fukuo, K.; Ogihara, T.; Rakugi, H. Akt activation prevents Apop-1-induced death of cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2008, 377(4), 1097-1101.
53. Kajstura, J.; Fiordaliso, F.; Andreoli, A.M.; Li, B.; Chimenti, S.; Medow, M.S.; Limana, F.; Nadal-Ginard, B.; Leri, A.; Anversa, P. IGF-1 overexpression inhibits the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and angiotensin II-mediated oxidative stress. Diabetes, 2001, 50(6), 1414-1424. (Pubitemid 32500175)
54. Ren, J.; Duan, J.; Thomas, D.P.; Yang, X.; Sreejayan, N.; Sowers, J.R.; Leri, A.; Kajstura, J.; Gao, F.; Anversa, P. IGF-I alleviates diabetes-induced RhoA activation, eNOS uncoupling, and myocardial dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2008, 294(3), R793-802. (Pubitemid 351346955)
55. Norby, F.L.; Aberle, N.S., 2nd; Kajstura, J.; Anversa, P.; Ren, J. Transgenic overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I prevents streptozotocin-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction and betaadrenergic response in ventricular myocytes. J. Endocrinol., 2004, 180(1), 175-182.
56. Adams, T.E.; McKern, N.M.; Ward, C.W. Signalling by the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor: interplay with the epidermal growth factor receptor. Growth Factors, 2004, 22(2), 89-95. (Pubitemid 38923312)
57. Rosen, R.; Rump, A.F.; Rosen, P. The ACE-inhibitor captopril improves myocardial perfusion in spontaneously diabetic (BB) rats. Diabetologia, 1995, 38(5), 509-517.
58. Vuorinen-Markkola, H.; Yki-Jarvinen, H. Antihypertensive therapy with enalapril improves glucose storage and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 1995, 44(1), 85-89.
59. Sowers, J.R.; Epstein, M.; Frohlich, E.D., Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: an update. Hypertension, 2001, 37(4), 1053-1059. (Pubitemid 32304003)
60. Henriksen, E.J.; Jacob, S.; Kinnick, T.R.; Youngblood, E.B.; Schmit, M.B.; Dietze, G.J., ACE inhibition and glucose transport in insulinresistant muscle: roles of bradykinin and nitric oxide. Am. J. Physiol., 1999, 277(1 Pt 2), R332-336.
61. Yusuf, S.; Sleight, P.; Pogue, J.; Bosch, J.; Davies, R.; Dagenais, G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342, 145-153.
62. FitzGerald, R.J.; Murray, B.A.; Walsh, D.J. Hypotensive peptides from milk proteins. J. Nutr., 2004, 134(4), 980S-988S.
63. Aihara, K.; Kajimoto, O.; Hirata, H.; Takahashi, R.; Nakamura, Y. Effect of powdered fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Nutr., 2005, 24(4), 257-265.
64. Skeggs, L.T., Jr.; Kahn, J.R.; Shumway, N.P. The purification of hypertensin II. J. Exp. Med., 1956, 103(3), 301-307.
65. Skeggs, L.T., Jr.; Kahn, J.R.; Shumway, N.P. The preparation and function of the hypertensin-converting enzyme. J. Exp. Med., 1956, 103(3), 295-299.
66. Skeggs, L.T., Jr.; Lentz, K.E.; Kahn, J.R.; Shumway, N.P.; Woods, K.R. The amino acid sequence of hypertensin II. J. Exp. Med., 1956, 104(2), 193-197.
67. Ng, K.K.; Vane, J.R. Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Nature, 1967, 216(5117), 762-766.
68. Kinugawa, T.; Osaki, S.; Kato, M.; Ogino, K.; Shimoyama, M.; Tomikura, Y.; Igawa, O.; Hisatome, I.; Shigemasa, C. Effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor alacepril on exercise capacity and neurohormonal factors in patients with mild-tomoderate heart failure. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 2002, 29(12), 1060-1065. (Pubitemid 35253683)
69. Itoh, S.; Ding, B.; Shishido, T.; Lerner-Marmarosh, N.; Wang, N.; Maekawa, N.; Berk, B.C.; Takeishi, Y.; Yan, C.; Blaxall, B.C.; Abe, J. Role of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase-mediated proreninconverting enzyme in ischemic and diabetic myocardium. Circulation, 2006, 113(14), 1787-1798. (Pubitemid 43958472)
70. Zhang, C.H.; Lu, J.; Yu, X.J.; Sun, L.; Zang, W.J. Ameliorative effect of captopril and valsartan on an animal model of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2008, 31(11), 2045-2049.
71. Arend, U.; Albrecht, S.; Meisel, E.; Schmidt, J. Influence of ACE inhibitor spirapril on left ventricular hypertrophy. Fortschr. Med. Orig., 2002, 120(4), 147-150. (Pubitemid 35477114)
72. Grass, P.; Gerbeau, C.; Kutz, K. Spirapril: pharmacokinetic properties and drug interactions. Blood Press Suppl., 1994, 2, 7-13.
73. Borghi, C.; Ambrosioni, E.; Magnani, B. Effects of the early administration of zofenopril on onset and progression of congestive heart failure in patients with anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. The SMILE Study Investigators. Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-term Evaluation. Am. J. Cardiol., 1996, 78(3), 317-322.
74. Evangelista, S.; Manzini, S. Antioxidant and cardioprotective properties of the sulphydryl angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor zofenopril. J. Int. Med. Res., 2005, 33(1), 42-54.
75. Leva, C.; Mariscalco, G.; Ferrarese, S.; Bruno, V.D.; Orru, A.; Cattaneo, P.; Sala, A. The role of zofenopril in myocardial protection during cardioplegia arrest: an isolated rat heart model. J. Card. Surg., 2006, 21(1), 44-49.
76. Ambrosioni, E. Defining the role of zofenopril in the management of hypertension and ischemic heart disorders. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs, 2007, 7(1), 17-24. (Pubitemid 46698512)
77. Singh, V.P.; Le, B.; Khode, R.; Baker, K.M.; Kumar, R. Intracellular angiotensin II production in diabetic rats is correlated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cardiac fibrosis. Diabetes, 2008, 57(12), 3297-3306.
78. Zahler, S.; Kupatt, C.; Becker, B.F. ACE-inhibition attenuates cardiac cell damage and preserves release of NO in the postischemic heart. Immunopharmacology, 1999, 44(1-2), 27-33.
79. Hata, M.; Iguchi, A.; Li, Y.; Watanabe, S.; Kamada, M.; Ohmi, M.; Tabayashi, K. Cardioprotective effect of orally administered angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor against ischemia. Reperfusion injury in the isolated rat heart. Jpn. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 1999, 47(9), 425-431.
80. Machackova, J.; Liu, X.; Lukas, A.; Dhalla, N.S. Renin-angiotensin blockade attenuates cardiac myofibrillar remodelling in chronic diabetes. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 2004, 261(1-2), 271-278.
81. Brilla, C.G. Renin-angiotensin system mediated mechanisms: cardioreparation and cardioprotection. Heart, 2000, 84 (Suppl 1), i18-19.
82. Sayegh, F.; Topouchian, J.; Hlawaty, M.; Olzewska, M.; Asmar, R. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy with moexipril, an angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitor, in hypertensive patients. Am. J. Ther., 2005, 12(1), 3-8. (Pubitemid 40516041)
83. Chrysant, G.S.; Nguyen, P.K. Moexipril and left ventricular hypertrophy. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2007, 3(1), 23-30.
84. Nicolosi, G.L.; Golcea, S.; Ceconi, C.; Parrinello, G.; Decarli, A.; Chiariello, M.; Remme, W.J.; Tavazzi, L.; Ferrari, R. Effects of perindopril on cardiac remodelling and prognostic value of predischarge quantitative echocardiographic parameters in elderly patients after acute myocardial infarction: the PREAMI echo substudy. Eur. Heart J., 2009, 30(19), 2327-2336.
85. Ferrari, R. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with perindopril on left ventricular remodeling and clinical outcome: results of the randomized perindopril and remodeling in elderly with acute myocardial infarction (PREAMI) study. Arch. Intern. Med., 2006, 166(6), 659-666.
86. Juan, W.; Nakazawa, M.; Watanabe, K.; Ma, M.; Wahed, M.I.; Hasegawa, G.; Naito, M.; Yamamoto, T.; Fuse, K.; Kato, K.; Kodama, M.; Aizawa, Y. Quinapril inhibits progression of heart failure and fibrosis in rats with dilated cardiomyopathy after myocarditis. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 2003, 251(1-2), 77-82. (Pubitemid 37220712)
87. Watanabe, K.; Ma, M.; Wen, J.; Tachikawa, H.; Kodama, M.; Aizawa, Y.; Yamaguchi, K.; Takahashi, T. Comparative effects of quinapril with enalapril in rats with heart failure. Pharmacology, 2004, 71(3), 157-161. (Pubitemid 38716231)
88. Wolkart, G.; Pang, X.; Stessel, H.; Kirchengast, M.; Brunner, F. Chronic endothelin-A receptor antagonism is as protective as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition against cardiac dysfunction in diabetic rats. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2007, 151(8), 1187-1197. (Pubitemid 47255896)
89. Symeonides, P.; Koulouris, S.; Vratsista, E.; Triantafyllou, K.; Ioannidis, G.; Thalassinos, N.; Katritsis, D. Both ramipril and telmisartan reverse indices of early diabetic cardiomyopathy: a comparative study. Eur. J. Echocardiogr., 2007, 8(6), 480-486. (Pubitemid 47629823)
90. Rubio-Guerra, A.F.; Vargas-Robles, H.; Vargas-Ayala, G.; Rodriguez-Lopez, L.; Escalante-Acosta, B.A. The effect of trandolapril and its fixed-dose combination with verapamil on circulating adhesion molecules levels in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 2008, 30(7), 682-688.
91. Guay, D.R. Trandolapril: a newer angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Clin. Ther., 2003, 25(3), 713-775.
92. Kober, L.; Torp-Pedersen, C.; Carlsen, J.E.; Bagger, H.; Eliasen, P.; Lyngborg, K.; Videbaek, J.; Cole, D.S.; Auclert, L.; Pauly, N.C. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N. Engl. J. Med., 1995, 333(25), 1670-1676.
93. www.google.com/compound/half life. Accessed November 7, 2009.
94. Davis, R.; Coukell, A.; McTavish, D. Fosinopril. A review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management of heart failure. Drugs, 1997, 54(1), 103-116. (Pubitemid 27300044)
95. Sharma, S.; Deitchman, D.; Eni, J.S.; Gelperin, K.; Ilgenfritz, J.P.; Blumenthal, M. The hemodynamic effects of long-term ACE inhibition with fosinopril in patients with heart failure. Fosinopril Hemodynamics Study Group. Am. J. Ther., 1999, 6(4), 181-189.
96. Erhardt, L.; MacLean, A.; Ilgenfritz, J.; Gelperin, K.; Blumenthal, M. Fosinopril attenuates clinical deterioration and improves exercise tolerance in patients with heart failure. Fosinopril Efficacy/Safety Trial (FEST) Study Group. Eur. Heart J., 1995, 16(12), 1892-1899.
97. Westermann, D.; Rutschow, S.; Jager, S.; Linderer, A.; Anker, S.; Riad, A.; Unger, T.; Schultheiss, H.P.; Pauschinger, M.; Tschope, C. Contributions of inflammation and cardiac matrix metalloproteinase activity to cardiac failure in diabetic cardiomyopathy: the role of angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonism. Diabetes, 2007, 56(3), 641-646. (Pubitemid 46348458)
98. Luno, J.; Praga, M.; de Vinuesa, S.G. The reno-protective effect of the dual blockade of the renin angiotensin system (RAS). Curr. Pharm. Des., 2005, 11(10), 1291-1300. (Pubitemid 40458274)
99. van de Wal, R.M.; van Veldhuisen, D.J.; van Gilst, W.H.; Voors, A.A. Addition of an angiotensin receptor blocker to full-dose ACE-inhibition: controversial or common sense? Eur. Heart J., 2005, 26(22), 2361-2367.
100. Krum, H.; Carson, P.; Farsang, C.; Maggioni, A.P.; Glazer, R.D.; Aknay, N.; Chiang, Y.T.; Cohn, J.N. Effect of valsartan added to background ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure: results from Val-HeFT. Eur. J. Heart Fail., 2004, 6(7), 937-945.
101. Solomon, S.D.; Skali, H.; Anavekar, N.S.; Bourgoun, M.; Barvik, S.; Ghali, J.K.; Warnica, J.W.; Khrakovskaya, M.; Arnold, J.M.; Schwartz, Y.; Velazquez, E.J.; Califf, R.M.; McMurray, J.V.; Pfeffer, M.A. Changes in ventricular size and function in patients treated with valsartan, captopril, or both after myocardial infarction. Circulation, 2005, 111(25), 3411-3419.
102. Carnovali, M. The role of the selective blocking of angiotensin II receptors in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Clin. Ter., 2001, 152(2), 103-106. (Pubitemid 32565238)
103. Kawasaki, D.; Kosugi, K.; Waki, H.; Yamamoto, K.; Tsujino, T.; Masuyama, T. Role of activated renin-angiotensin system in myocardial fibrosis and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients - reversal by chronic angiotensin II type 1A receptor blockade. Circ. J., 2007, 71(4), 524-529. (Pubitemid 46513459)
104. Meredith, P.A. Candesartan cilexetil - a review of effects on cardiovascular complications in hypertension and chronic heart failure. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2007, 23(7), 1693-1705. (Pubitemid 47122179)
105. Yaras, N.; Bilginoglu, A.; Vassort, G.; Turan, B. Restoration of diabetes-induced abnormal local Ca2+ release in cardiomyocytes by angiotensin II receptor blockade. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2007, 292(2), H912-920. (Pubitemid 46246941)
106. He, Z.; Way, K.J.; Arikawa, E.; Chou, E.; Opland, D.M.; Clermont, A.; Isshiki, K.; Ma, R.C.; Scott, J.A.; Schoen, F.J.; Feener, E.P.; King, G.L. Differential regulation of angiotensin II-induced expression of connective tissue growth factor by protein kinase C isoforms in the myocardium. J. Biol. Chem., 2005, 280(16), 15719-15726.
107. Behr, T.M.; Willette, R.N.; Coatney, R.W.; Berova, M.; Angermann, C.E.; Anderson, K.; Sackner-Bernstein, J.D.; Barone, F.C. Eprosartan improves cardiac performance, reduces cardiac hypertrophy and mortality and downregulates myocardial monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and inflammation in hypertensive heart disease. J. Hypertens., 2004, 22(3), 583-592.
108. Barone, F.C.; Coatney, R.W.; Chandra, S.; Sarkar, S.K.; Nelson, A.H.; Contino, L.C.; Brooks, D.P.; Campbell, W.G., Jr.; Ohlstein, E.H.; Willette, R.N. Eprosartan reduces cardiac hypertrophy, protects heart and kidney, and prevents early mortality in severely hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 50(3), 525-537.
109. 109] Suzuki, G.; Mishima, T.; Tanhehco, E.J.; Sharov, V.G.; Todor, A.; Rostogi, S.; Gupta, R.C.; Chaudhry, P.A.; Anagnostopoulos, P.V.; Nass, O.; Goldstein, S.; Sabbah, H.N. Effects of the AT1-receptor antagonist eprosartan on the progression of left ventricular dysfunction in dogs with heart failure. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2003, 138(2), 301-309. (Pubitemid 36188591)
110. Van Linthout, S.; Seeland, U.; Riad, A.; Eckhardt, O.; Hohl, M.; Dhayat, N.; Richter, U.; Fischer, J.W.; Bohm, M.; Pauschinger, M.; Schultheiss, H.P.; Tschope, C. Reduced MMP-2 activity contributes to cardiac fibrosis in experimental diabetic cardiomyopathy. Basic Res. Cardiol., 2008, 103(4), 319-327.
111. Qian, X.X.; Chen, Y.M.; Wu, W.K.; Liu, Y.; Zhou, B.; Liu, J.L.; Chen, L. Effects of irbesartan on nitric oxide system in the heart of diabetic rats. Nan. Fang. Yi. Ke. Da. Xue. Xue. Bao., 2006, 26(9), 1359-1362.
112. Raimondi, L.; De Paoli, P.; Mannucci, E.; Lonardo, G.; Sartiani, L.; Banchelli, G.; Pirisino, R.; Mugelli, A.; Cerbai, E. Restoration of cardiomyocyte functional properties by angiotensin II receptor blockade in diabetic rats. Diabetes, 2004, 53(7), 1927-1933. (Pubitemid 38857056)
113. Bissessor, N.; White, H. Valsartan in the treatment of heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2007, 3(4), 425-430. (Pubitemid 47553491)
114. Leizorovicz, A.; Lechat, P.; Cucherat, M.; Bugnard, F. Bisoprolol for the treatment of chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis on individual data of two placebo-controlled studies - CIBIS and CIBIS II. Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study. Am. Heart J., 2002, 143(2), 301-307.
115. Packer, M.; Fowler, M.B.; Roecker, E.B.; Coats, A.J.; Katus, H.A.; Krum, H.; Mohacsi, P.; Rouleau, J.L.; Tendera, M.; Staiger, C.; Holcslaw, T.L.; Amann-Zalan, I.; DeMets, D.L. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation, 2002, 106(17), 2194-2199. (Pubitemid 35222212)
116. Hjalmarson, A.; Goldstein, S.; Fagerberg, B.; Wedel, H.; Waagstein, F.; Kjekshus, J.; Wikstrand, J.; El Allaf, D.; Vitovec, J.; Aldershvile, J.; Halinen, M.; Dietz, R.; Neuhaus, K.L.; Janosi, A.; Thorgeirsson, G.; Dunselman, P.H.; Gullestad, L.; Kuch, J.; Herlitz, J.; Rickenbacher, P.; Ball, S.; Gottlieb, S.; Deedwania, P. Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group. JAMA, 2000, 283(10), 1295-1302. (Pubitemid 30129796)
117. McBride, B.F.; White, C.M. Critical differences among beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists in myocardial failure: debating the MERIT of COMET. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2005, 45(1), 6-24. (Pubitemid 40500859)
118. Ikram, H.; Fitzpatrick, D.; Crozier, I.G. Therapeutic controversies with use of beta-adrenoceptor blockade in heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol., 1993, 71(9), 54C-60C.
119. Muller-Brunotte, R.; Kahan, T.; Lopez, B.; Edner, M.; Gonzalez, A.; Diez, J.; Malmqvist, K. Myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in patients with hypertension: results from the Swedish Irbesartan Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Investigation versus Atenolol (SILVHIA). J. Hypertens., 2007, 25(9), 1958-1966. (Pubitemid 47356638)
120. Fonarow, G.C. A review of evidence-based beta-blockers in special populations with heart failure. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med., 2008, 9(2), 84-95.
121. Bristow, M.R.; Gilbert, E.M.; Abraham, W.T.; Adams, K.F.; Fowler, M.B.; Hershberger, R.E.; Kubo, S.H.; Narahara, K.A.; Ingersoll, H.; Krueger, S.; Young, S.; Shusterman, N. Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. MOCHA Investigators. Circulation, 1996, 94(11), 2807-2816. (Pubitemid 26411745)
122. Keating, G.M.; Jarvis, B. Carvedilol: a review of its use in chronic heart failure. Drugs, 2003, 63(16), 1697-1741. (Pubitemid 36999963)
123. Doughty, R.N.; White, H.D. Carvedilol: use in chronic heart failure. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther., 2007, 5(1), 21-31.
124. Skalidis, E.I.; Hamilos, M.I.; Chlouverakis, G.; Kochiadakis, G.E.; Parthenakis, F.I.; Vardas, P.E. Acute effect of esmolol intravenously on coronary microcirculation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Cardiol., 2007, 100(8), 1299-1302.
125. Waagstein, F.; Stromblad, O.; Andersson, B.; Bohm, M.; Darius, M.; Delius, W.; Goss, F.; Osterziel, K.J.; Sigmund, M.; Trenkwalder, S.P.; Wahlqvist, I. Increased exercise ejection fraction and reversed remodeling after long-term treatment with metoprolol in congestive heart failure: a randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in mild to moderate heart failure due to ischemic or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur. J. Heart Fail., 2003, 5(5), 679-691. (Pubitemid 38043974)
126. Xiong, L.; Bouanani, N.E.; Su, J.B.; Crozatier, B. Propranolol therapy in experimental heart failure in rabbits improves cardiac response to catecholamines without beta-adrenoceptor up-regulation. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol., 1995, 9(6), 522-530. (Pubitemid 26031150)
127. Sackner-Bernstein, J.D. Practical guidelines to optimize effectiveness of beta-blockade in patients postinfarction and in those with chronic heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 93(9A), 69B-73B.
128. Kitamura, K.; Kato, J.; Kawamoto, M.; Tanaka, M.; Chino, N.; Kangawa, K.; Eto, T. The intermediate form of glycine-extended adrenomedullin is the major circulating molecular form in human plasma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1998, 244(2), 551-555. (Pubitemid 28414119)
129. Ishimitsu, T.; Kojima, M.; Kangawa, K.; Hino, J.; Matsuoka, H.; Kitamura, K.; Eto, T.; Matsuo, H. Genomic structure of human adrenomedullin gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1994, 203(1), 631-639. (Pubitemid 24281141)
130. Kitamura, K.; Kangawa, K.; Kawamoto, M.; Ichiki, Y.; Nakamura, S.; Matsuo, H.; Eto, T. Adrenomedullin: a novel hypotensive peptide isolated from human pheochromocytoma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1993, 192(2), 553-560. (Pubitemid 23227359)
131. Cockcroft, J.R.; Noon, J.P.; Gardner-Medwin, J.; Bennett, T. Haemodynamic effects of adrenomedullin in human resistance and capacitance vessels. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1997, 44(1), 57-60. (Pubitemid 27296796)
132. Nishikimi, T.; Matsuoka, H. Cardiac adrenomedullin: its role in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Curr. Med. Chem. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents, 2005, 3(3), 231-242. (Pubitemid 40974783)
133. He, R.X.; Gu, C.L.; Shen, F.; Zhang, X.M. Changes in expression of adrenomedullin in the myocardium of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.), 2007, 120(3), 187-191. (Pubitemid 46267959)
134. Nishikimi, T.; Karasawa, T.; Inaba, C.; Ishimura, K.; Tadokoro, K.; Koshikawa, S.; Yoshihara, F.; Nagaya, N.; Sakio, H.; Kangawa, K.; Matsuoka, H. Effects of long-term intravenous administration of adrenomedullin (AM) plus hANP therapy in acute decompensated heart failure: a pilot study. Circ. J., 2009, 73(5), 892-898.
135. Nagaya, N.; Satoh, T.; Nishikimi, T.; Uematsu, M.; Furuichi, S.; Sakamaki, F.; Oya, H.; Kyotani, S.; Nakanishi, N.; Goto, Y.; Masuda, Y.; Miyatake, K.; Kangawa, K. Hemodynamic, renal, and hormonal effects of adrenomedullin infusion in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation, 2000, 101(5), 498-503. (Pubitemid 30080863)
136. Takahashi, K.; Hirose, T.; Mori, N.; Morimoto, R.; Kohzuki, M.; Imai, Y.; Totsune, K. The renin-angiotensin system, adrenomedullins and urotensin II in the kidney: possible renoprotection via the kidney peptide systems. Peptides, 2009, 30(8), 1575-1585.
137. Rademaker, M.T.; Cameron, V.A.; Charles, C.J.; Lainchbury, J.G.; Nicholls, M.G.; Richards, A.M. Adrenomedullin and heart failure. Regul. Pept., 2003, 112(1-3), 51-60.
138. Higazi, D.R.; Fearnley, C.J.; Drawnel, F.M.; Talasila, A.; Corps, E.M.; Ritter, O.; McDonald, F.; Mikoshiba, K.; Bootman, M.D.; Roderick, H.L. Endothelin-1-stimulated InsP3-induced Ca2+ release is a nexus for hypertrophic signaling in cardiac myocytes. Mol. Cell, 2009, 33(4), 472-482.
139. Kohan, D.E. Endothelin-1 and hypertension: from bench to bedside. Curr. Hypertens. Rep., 2008, 10(1), 65-69.
140. Teerlink, J.R.; Loffler, B.M.; Hess, P.; Maire, J.P.; Clozel, M.; Clozel, J.P. Role of endothelin in the maintenance of blood pressure in conscious rats with chronic heart failure. Acute effects of the endothelin receptor antagonist Ro 47-0203 (bosentan). Circulation, 1994, 90(5), 2510-2518.
141. Spieker, L.E.; Noll, G.; Ruschitzka, F.T.; Luscher, T.F. Endothelin receptor antagonists in congestive heart failure: a new therapeutic principle for the future? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2001, 37(6), 1493-1505.
142. Verma, S.; Maitland, A.; Weisel, R.D.; Li, S.H.; Fedak, P.W.; Pomroy, N.C.; Mickle, D.A.; Li, R.K.; Ko, L.; Rao, V. Hyperglycemia exaggerates ischemia-reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte injury: reversal with endothelin antagonism. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 2002, 123(6), 1120-1124.
143. Gupta, S.K.; Saxena, A.; Singh, U.; Arya, D.S. Bosentan, the mixed ETA-ETB endothelin receptor antagonist, attenuated oxidative stress after experimental myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 2005, 275(1-2), 67-74.
144. Hileeto, D.; Cukiernik, M.; Mukherjee, S.; Evans, T.; Barbin, Y.; Downey, D.; Karmazyn, M.; Chakrabarti, S. Contributions of endothelin-1 and sodium hydrogen exchanger-1 in the diabetic myocardium. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 2002, 18(5), 386-394. (Pubitemid 35256595)
145. Chen, S.; Khan, Z.A.; Karmazyn, M.; Chakrabarti, S. Role of endothelin-1, sodium hydrogen exchanger-1 and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in glucose-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev., 2007, 23(5), 356-367. (Pubitemid 47091238)
146. Kirkby, N.S.; Hadoke, P.W.; Bagnall, A.J.; Webb, D.J. The endothelin system as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease: great expectations or bleak house? Br. J. Pharmacol., 2008, 153(6), 1105-1119.
147. Cotter, G.; Kaluski, E.; Stangl, K.; Pacher, R.; Richter, C.; Milo-Cotter, O.; Perchenet, L.; Kobrin, I.; Kaplan, S.; Rainisio, M.; Frey, A.; Neuhart, E.; Vered, Z.; Dingemanse, J.; Torre-Amione, G. The hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of low doses of tezosentan (an endothelin A/B receptor antagonist) in patients with acute heart failure. Eur. J. Heart Fail., 2004, 6(5), 601-609. (Pubitemid 39070514)
148. McMurray, J.J.; Teerlink, J.R.; Cotter, G.; Bourge, R.C.; Cleland, J.G.; Jondeau, G.; Krum, H.; Metra, M.; O'Connor, C.M.; Parker, J.D.; Torre-Amione, G.; van Veldhuisen, D.J.; Lewsey, J.; Frey, A.; Rainisio, M.; Kobrin, I. Effects of tezosentan on symptoms and clinical outcomes in patients with acute heart failure: the VERITAS randomized controlled trials. JAMA, 2007, 298(17), 2009-2019. (Pubitemid 350074798)
149. Cheng, J.W. Tezosentan in the management of decompensated heart failure. Cardiol. Rev., 2005, 13(1), 28-34. (Pubitemid 40204694)
150. Afzal, N.; Ganguly, P.K.; Dhalla, K.S.; Pierce, G.N.; Singal, P.K.; Dhalla, N.S. Beneficial effects of verapamil in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes, 1988, 37(7), 936-942.
151. Afzal, N.; Pierce, G.N.; Elimban, V.; Beamish, R.E.; Dhalla, N.S. Influence of verapamil on some subcellular defects in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Physiol., 1989, 256(4 Pt 1), E453-458.
152. Shimada, T. Correlation between metabolic and histopathological changes in the myocardium of the KK mouse. Effect of diltiazem on the diabetic heart. Jpn. Heart J., 1993, 34(5), 617-626. (Pubitemid 24002926)
153. Shah, T.S.; Satia, M.C.; Gandhi, T.P.; Bangaru, R.A.; Goyal, R.K. Effects of chronic nifedipine treatment on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1995, 26(1), 6-12.
154. Wang, W.Z.; Matsumori, A.; Yamada, T.; Shioi, T.; Okada, I.; Matsui, S.; Sato, Y.; Suzuki, H.; Shiota, K.; Sasayama, S. Beneficial effects of amlodipine in a murine model of congestive heart failure induced by viral myocarditis. A possible mechanism through inhibition of nitric oxide production. Circulation, 1997, 95(1), 245-251. (Pubitemid 27029968)
155. Bravo, G.; Kurtansky, A.; Lopez-Munoz, F.J.; Hong, E.; Rojas, G.; Villalon, C.M.; Huang, F. Protective action of amlodipine on cardiac negative inotropism induced by lipopolysaccharide in rats. Basic. Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2007, 100(5), 339-344. (Pubitemid 46633480)
156. Campbell, D.J. A review of Perindopril in the reduction of cardiovascular events. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2006, 2(2), 117-124.
157. Jiang, J.; Tian, L.; Huang, Y.; Li, Y.; Xu, L. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of aranidipine sustained-release, enteric-coated tablets in healthy Chinese men: a phase I, randomized, open-label, single- and multiple-dose study. Clin. Ther., 2008, 30(7), 1290-1299.
158. Nakamura, T.; Saito, Y.; Saito, T.; Kurabayashi, M. Azelnidipine down-regulates renal angiotensin-converting enzyme and mineral-ocorticoid receptor mRNA in diabetic hypertensive rats. J. Pharmacol. Sci., 2006, 102(2), 239-242. (Pubitemid 44690982)
159. Katayama, S.; Kawamori, R.; Iwamoto, Y.; Saito, I.; Kuramoto, K. In half of hypertensive diabetics, co-administration of a calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor achieved a target blood pressure of <130/80 mmHg: the azelnidipine and temocapril in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes (ATTEST) study. Hypertens. Res., 2008, 31(8), 1499-1508.
160. Jesmin, S.; Sakuma, I.; Hattori, Y.; Kitabatake, A.; Miyauchi, T. The calcium channel antagonist benidipine reduces plasma and cardiac endothelin-1 levels in type II diabetic rat model. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2004, 44(Suppl 1), S49-53. (Pubitemid 40039642)
161. Jesmin, S.; Sakuma, I.; Hattori, Y.; Fujii, S.; Kitabatake, A. Longacting calcium channel blocker benidipine suppresses expression of angiogenic growth factors and prevents cardiac remodelling in a Type II diabetic rat model. Diabetologia, 2002, 45(3), 402-415. (Pubitemid 34267363)
162. Ma, Z.Y.; Li, L.; Zhong, X.Z.; Tan, H.W.; Wang, R.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, Y. Cilnidipine improves left-ventricular midwall function independently of blood pressure changes in Chinese patients with hypertension. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 2007, 49(1), 33-38. (Pubitemid 46184329)
163. Gourine, A.; Gonon, A.; Sjoquist, P.O.; Pernow, J. Short-acting calcium antagonist clevidipine protects against reperfusion injury via local nitric oxide-related mechanisms in the jeopardised myocardium. Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 51(1), 100-107. (Pubitemid 32523059)
164. Morimoto, S.; Jo, F.; Maki, K.; Iwasaka, T. Effects of efonidipine hydrochloride on heart rate and circulatory changes due to stress. Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 2009, 31(1), 83-91.
165. Ohashi, N.; Mitamura, H.; Ogawa, S. Development of newer calcium channel antagonists: therapeutic potential of efonidipine in preventing electrical remodelling during atrial fibrillation. Drugs, 2009, 69(1), 21-30.
166. Rani, M.A.; Venkataraman, B.V.; Jaiprakash, R.; Andrade, C. Effect of felodipine on myocardial function and cholinergic responses in short term streptozotocin diabetes in rats. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 1994, 32(9), 629-632. (Pubitemid 24282877)
167. Cosenzi, A.; Sacerdote, A.; Seculin, P.; Odoni, G.; Plazzotta, N.; Bernobich, E.; Bellini, G. Lacidipine prevents the hypertension and renal and cardiac changes induced by high-fructose diet in WKY rats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 1999, 33(3), 485-491. (Pubitemid 29101994)
168. Cosenzi, A.; Bernobich, E.; Plazzotta, N.; Seculin, P.; Odoni, G.; Bellini, G. Lacidipine reduces high blood pressure and the target organ damage induced by high fructose diet in rats. J. Hypertens., 1999, 17(7), 965-971. (Pubitemid 29322185)
169. Amenta, F.; Peleg, E.; Tomassoni, D.; Sabbatini, M.; Rosenthal, T. Effect of treatment with lercanidipine on heart of Cohen-Rosenthal diabetic hypertensive rats. Hypertension, 2003, 41(6), 1330-1335. (Pubitemid 36706085)
170. Rosenthal, T.; Rosenmann, E.; Tomassoni, D.; Amenta, F. Effect of lercanidipine on kidney microanatomy in Cohen-Rosenthal diabetic hypertensive rats. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther., 2007, 12(2), 145-152. (Pubitemid 46836326)
171. Yui, Y.; Sumiyoshi, T.; Kodama, K.; Hirayama, A.; Nonogi, H.; Kanmatsuse, K.; Origasa, H.; Iimura, O.; Ishii, M.; Saruta, T.; Arakawa, K.; Hosoda, S.; Kawai, C. Nifedipine retard was as effective as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in preventing cardiac events in high-risk hypertensive patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease: the Japan Multicenter Investigation for Cardiovascular Diseases-B (JMIC-B) subgroup analysis. Hypertens. Res., 2004, 27(7), 449-456. (Pubitemid 39157546)
172. Yui, Y.; Shinoda, E.; Kodama, K.; Hirayama, A.; Nonogi, H.; Haze, K.; Sumiyoshi, T.; Hosoda, S.; Kawai, C. Nifedipine retard prevents hospitalization for angina pectoris better than angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors in hypertensive Japanese patients with previous myocardial infarction (JMIC-B substudy). J. Hypertens., 2007, 25(10), 2019-2026. (Pubitemid 47476297)
173. Veeraveedu, P.T.; Watanabe, K.; Ma, M.; Gurusamy, N.; Palaniyandi, S.S.; Wen, J.; Prakash, P.; Wahed, M.I.; Kamal, F.A.; Mito, S.; Kunisaki, M.; Kodama, M.; Aizawa, Y. Comparative effects of pranidipine with amlodipine in rats with heart failure. Pharmacology, 2006, 77(1), 1-10.
174. Pacileo, G.; De Cristofaro, M.; Russo, M.G.; Sarubbi, B.; Pisacane, C.; Calabro, R. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in pediatric patients: effect of verapamil on regional and global left ventricular diastolic function. Can. J. Cardiol., 2000, 16(2), 146-152. (Pubitemid 30153567)
175. Fein, F.S.; Cho, S.; Malhotra, A.; Akella, J.; vanHoeven, K.H.; Sonnenblick, E.H.; Factor, S.M. Beneficial effects of diltiazem on the natural history of hypertensive diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1991, 18(5), 1406-1417.
176. Thone-Reineke, C.; Olivier, J.; Godes, M.; Zart, R.; George, I.; Bauer, C.; Neumayer, H.H.; Hocher, B. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and calcium channel blockade on cardiac apoptosis in rats with 2K1C (two-kidney/one-clip) renovascular hypertension. Clin. Sci. (Lond.), 2003, 104(1), 79-85. (Pubitemid 36249926)
177. Yaliniz, H.; Tokcan, A.; Zeren, H.; Ulus, T.; Kisacikoglu, B.; Salih, O.K.; Topcuoglu, M.S.; Poyrazoglu, H.; Alhan, C. Effects on reperfusion injury of adding diltiazem to tepid blood cardioplegia. Heart Surg. Forum, 2004, 7(5), E434-439. (Pubitemid 40012290)
178. Kalasz, H.; Watanabe, T.; Yabana, H.; Itagaki, K.; Naito, K.; Nakayama, H.; Schwartz, A.; Vaghy, P. Identification of 1,4- dihydropyridine binding domains within the primary structure of the alpha 1 subunit of the skeletal muscle L-type calcium channel. FEBS Lett., 1993, 331, 177-181. (Pubitemid 23285650)
179. Striessnig, J.; Glossmann, H.; Catterall, W.A. Identification of a phenylalkylamine binding region within the alpha 1 subunit of skeletal muscle Ca2+ channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1990, 87(23) 9108-9112.
180. Watanabe, T.; Kalasz, H.; Yabana, H.; Kuniyasu, A.; Mershon, J.; Itagaki, K.; Vaghy, P.L.; Naito, K.; Nakayama, H.; Schwartz, A. Azidobutyryl clentiazem, a new photoactivatable diltiazem analog, labels benzothiazepine binding sites in the alpha 1 subunit of the skeletal muscle calcium channel. FEBS Lett., 1993, 334, 261-264. (Pubitemid 23341727)
181. Opie, L.H.; Gersh, B.J. Drugs for the Heart, 5th Edition, Saunders, Philadelphia, 2001.
182. Kalasz, H.; Bathori, M. Chromatographic techniques in studies of the calcium channels and of calcium antagonists in physiological cells. Trends Anal. Chem., 1995, 14, 442-449.
183. Hockermann, G.H.; Peterson, .Z.; Johnson, B.D.; Catterall, W.A. Molecular determinants of drug binding and action on L-type calcium channels. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 1997, 37, 361-396.
184. Johansen, J.S.; Harris, A.K.; Rychly, D.J.; Ergul, A. Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in diabetes: linking basic science to clinical practice. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 2005, 4(1), 5. (Pubitemid 41460764)
185. Sachidanandam, K.; Fagan, S.C.; Ergul, A. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: antioxidants and unresolved issues. Cardiovasc. Drug Rev., 2005, 23(2), 115-132. (Pubitemid 41278971)
186. Ceriello, A. New insights on oxidative stress and diabetic complications may lead to a "causal" antioxidant therapy. Diabetes Care, 2003, 26(5), 1589-1596.
187. Ceriello, A.; Motz, E. Is oxidative stress the pathogenic mechanism underlying insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease? The common soil hypothesis revisited. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2004, 24(5), 816-823. (Pubitemid 38620857)
188. Evans, J.L.; Goldfine, I.D.; Maddux, B.A.; Grodsky, G.M. Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes. Endocr. Rev., 2002, 23(5), 599-622.
189. Margoshes, M.; Vallee, B.L. A cadmium protein from equine kidney cortex. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 79, 4813.
190. Kojima, Y.; Berger, C.; Vallee, B.L.; Kagi, J.H. Amino-acid sequence of equine renal metallothionein-1B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1976, 73(10), 3413-3417.
191. Coyle, P.; Philcox, J.C.; Carey, L.C.; Rofe, A.M. Metallothionein: the multipurpose protein. Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2002, 59(4), 627-647.
192. Fowler, B.A.; Hildebrand, C.E.; Kojima, Y.; Webb, M. Nomenclature of metallothionein. Experientia Suppl., 1987, 52, 19-22.
193. Cobbett, C.; Goldsbrough, P. Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 2002, 53, 159-182. (Pubitemid 36257491)
194. Hidalgo, J.; Aschner, M.; Zatta, P.; Vasak, M. Roles of the metallothionein family of proteins in the central nervous system. Brain Res. Bull., 2001, 55(2), 133-145. (Pubitemid 32722153)
195. Bell, S.G.; Vallee, B.L. The metallothionein/thionein system: an oxidoreductive metabolic zinc link. Chembiochem, 2009, 10(1), 55-62.
196. Kumari, M.V.; Hiramatsu, M.; Ebadi, M. Free radical scavenging actions of metallothionein isoforms I and II. Free Radic. Res., 1998, 29(2), 93-101. (Pubitemid 28451388)
197. Krezel, A.; Maret, W. Different redox states of metallothionein/thionein in biological tissue. Biochem. J., 2007, 402(3), 551-558. (Pubitemid 46423891)
198. Cousins, R.J.; Lanningham-Foster, L. Regulation of cysteine-rich intestinal protein, a zinc finger protein, by mediators of the immune response. J. Infect. Dis., 2000, 182 Suppl. 1, S81-84.
199. Davis, S.R.; McMahon, R.J.; Cousins, R.J. Metallothionein knockout and transgenic mice exhibit altered intestinal processing of zinc with uniform zinc-dependent zinc transporter-1 expression. J. Nutr., 1998, 128(5), 825-831.
200. Li, X.; Cai, L.; Feng, W. Diabetes and metallothionein. Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 2007, 7(7), 761-768.
201. Liang, Q.; Carlson, E.C.; Donthi, R.V.; Kralik, P.M.; Shen, X.; Epstein, P.N. Overexpression of metallothionein reduces diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes, 2002, 51(1), 174-181.
202. Ye, G.; Metreveli, N.S.; Ren, J.; Epstein, P.N. Metallothionein prevents diabetes-induced deficits in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting reactive oxygen species production. Diabetes, 2003, 52(3), 777-783.
203. Cai, L.; Wang, J.; Li, Y.; Sun, X.; Wang, L.; Zhou, Z.; Kang, Y.J. Inhibition of superoxide generation and associated nitrosative damage is involved in metallothionein prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes, 2005, 54(6), 1829-1837.
204. Cai, L. Suppression of nitrative damage by metallothionein in diabetic heart contributes to the prevention of cardiomyopathy. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2006, 41(6), 851-861. (Pubitemid 44247551)
205. Cai, L.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, G.; Chen, T.; Song, Y.; Li, X.; Kang, Y.J. Attenuation by metallothionein of early cardiac cell death via suppression of mitochondrial oxidative stress results in a prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2006, 48(8), 1688-1697.
206. Zhou, G.; Li, X.; Hein, D.W.; Xiang, X.; Marshall, J.P.; Prabhu, S.D.; Cai, L. Metallothionein suppresses angiotensin II-induced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation, nitrosative stress, apoptosis, and pathological remodeling in the diabetic heart. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2008, 52(8), 655-666.
207. De Mello, W.C. Metallothionein reverses the harmful effects of angiotensin II on the diabetic heart. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2008, 52(8), 667-669.
208. Wang, X.; Quinn, P.J. Vitamin E and its function in membranes. Prog. Lipid Res., 1999, 38(4), 309-336.
209. Shapiro, S.S.; Saliou, C. Role of vitamins in skin care. Nutrition, 2001, 17(10), 839-844.
210. Azzi, A.; Ricciarelli, R.; Zingg, J.M. Non-antioxidant molecular functions of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E). FEBS Lett., 2002, 519(1-3), 8-10.
211. Yamauchi, J.; Iwamoto, T.; Kida, S.; Masushige, S.; Yamada, K.; Esashi, T. Tocopherol-associated protein is a ligand-dependent transcriptional activator. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2001, 285(2), 295-299. (Pubitemid 32918069)
212. Herrera, E.; Barbas, C. Vitamin E: action, metabolism and perspectives. J. Physiol. Biochem., 2001, 57(1), 43-56.
213. Hamblin, M.; Smith, H.M.; Hill, M.F. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E ameliorates cardiac failure in type I diabetic cardiomyopathy by suppressing myocardial generation of 8-isoprostaglandin F2alpha and oxidized glutathione. J. Card. Fail., 2007, 13(10), 884-892.
214. Shirpoor, A.; Salami, S.; Khadem-Ansari, M.H.; Ilkhanizadeh, B.; Pakdel, F.G.; Khademvatani, K. Cardioprotective effect of vitamin E: rescues of diabetes-induced cardiac malfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in rat. J. Diabetes Complications, 2008.
215. Haenen, G.R.; Bast, A. Scavenging of hypochlorous acid by lipoic acid. Biochem. Pharmacol., 1991, 42(11), 2244-2246.
216. Biewenga, G.P.; Haenen, G.R.; Bast, A., The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen. Pharmacol., 1997, 29(3), 315-331.
217. Packer, L.; Witt, E.H.; Tritschler, H.J. alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1995, 19(2), 227-250.
218. Petersen Shay, K.; Moreau, R.F.; Smith, E.J.; Hagen, T.M. Is alpha-lipoic acid a scavenger of reactive oxygen species in vivo? Evidence for its initiation of stress signaling pathways that promote endogenous antioxidant capacity. IUBMB Life, 2008, 60(6), 362-367.
219. Callahan AS, 3rd. Vascular pleiotropy of statins: clinical evidence and biochemical mechanisms. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2003, 5(1), 33-37.
220. Anonymous. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet, 1994, 344(8934), 1383-1389.
221. Girman, C.J.; Rhodes, T.; Mercuri, M.; Pyorala, K.; Kjekshus, J.; Pedersen, T.R.; Beere, P.A.; Gotto, A.M.; Clearfield, M. The metabolic syndrome and risk of major coronary events in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) and the Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS). Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 93(2), 136-141. (Pubitemid 38058719)
222. Haffner, S.M.; Alexander, C.M.; Cook, T.J.; Boccuzzi, S.J.; Musliner, T.A.; Pedersen, T.R.; Kjekshus, J.; Pyorala, K. Reduced coronary events in simvastatin-treated patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes or impaired fasting glucose levels: subgroup analyses in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Arch. Intern. Med., 1999, 159(22), 2661-2667.
223. Collins, R.; Armitage, J.; Parish, S.; Sleigh, P.; Peto, R. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet, 2003, 361(9374), 2005-2016.
224. Mozaffarian, D.; Nye, R.; Levy, W.C. Statin therapy is associated with lower mortality among patients with severe heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol., 2004, 93(9), 1124-1129. (Pubitemid 38521041)
225. Hayashidani, S.; Tsutsui, H.; Shiomi, T.; Suematsu, N.; Kinugawa, S.; Ide, T.; Wen, J.; Takeshita, A. Fluvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction. Circulation, 2002, 105(7), 868-873. (Pubitemid 34174929)
226. Fonarow, G.C. Randomized clinical outcome trials of statins in heart failure. Heart Fail. Clin., 2008, 4(2), 225-229.
227. Horwich, T.B.; MacLellan, W.R.; Fonarow, G.C. Statin therapy is associated with improved survival in ischemic and non-ischemic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2004, 43(4), 642-648.;
228. Rajanikant, G.K.; Zemke, D.; Kassab, M.; Majid, A. The therapeutic potential of statins in neurological disorders. Curr. Med. Chem., 2007, 14(1), 103-112 (Pubitemid 46050307)
229. Frick, M.H.; Elo, O.; Haapa, K.; Heinonen, O.P.; Heinsalmi, P.; Helo, P.; J.K Huttunen, J.K.; Kaitaniemi, P.; Koskinen, P.; Manninen, V.; Mäenpää, H.; Mälkönen, M.; Mänttäri, M.; Norola, S.; Pasternack, A.; Pikkarainen, J.; Romo, M.; Sjöblom, T.; Nikkilä E.A. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia: safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1987, 317(20), 1237-1245.
230. Farnier, M. Update on the clinical utility of fenofibrate in mixed dyslipidemias: mechanisms of action and rational prescribing. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2008, 4(5), 991-1000.
231. Keech, A.; Simes, R.J.; Barter, P.; Best, J.; Scott, R.; Taskinen, M.R.; Forder, P.; Pillai, A.; Davis, T.; Glasziou, P.; Drury, P.; Kesaniemi, Y.A.; Sullivan, D.; Hunt, D.; Colman, P.; d'Emden, M.; Whiting, M.; Ehnholm, C.; Laakso, M. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2005, 366(9500), 1849-1861.
232. Fleg, J.L.; Mete, M.; Howard, B.V.; Umans, J.G.; Roman, M.J.; Ratner, R.E.; Silverman, A.; Galloway, J.M.; Henderson, J.A.; Weir, M.R.; Wilson, C.; Stylianou, M.; Howard, W.J. Effect of statins alone versus statins plus ezetimibe on carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: the SANDS (Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study) trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2008, 52(25), 2198-2205.
233. Winkler, K.; Schewe, T.; Putz, G.; Odunc, N.; Schafer, G.; Siegel, E.; Geisen, U.; Abletshauser, C.; Hoffmann, M.M. Fluvastatin/fenofibrate vs. simvastatin/ezetimibe in patients with metabolic syndrome: different effects on LDL-profiles. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2009, 39(6), 463-470.
234. Kalász, H.; Petroianu, G.; Tekes, K.; Klebovich, I.; Ludányi, K.; Gulyás, Z. Metabolism of moexipril to moexiprilat: determination of in vitro metabolism using HPLC-ES-MS. Med. Chem., 2007, 3, 101-106. (Pubitemid 46062347)