Risk factors and mediators of the vascular dysfunction associated with hypertension in pregnancy

Cardiovascular and Hematological Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 33-52

  Sheppard, Stephanie J ^a   Khalil, Raouf A ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Endothelium; Growth factors; Placenta; Preeclampsia; Vascular smooth muscle

Indexed keywords

2 METHOXYESTRADIOL; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CALCIUM; CYTOKINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENDOGLIN; ENDOTHELIN; ENDOTHELIN 1; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR; LEAD; MAGNESIUM; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; METALLOPROTEINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; NITRIC OXIDE; PLACENTAL GROWTH FACTOR; POTASSIUM; PROSTACYCLIN; PROTEIN KINASE C; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RHO KINASE; THROMBOXANE A2; URIC ACID; VASCULOTROPIN; VITAMIN;

AMNION FLUID; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COMORBIDITY; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHNICITY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; MEDIATOR; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; REVIEW; SMOOTH MUSCLE; SOCIOECONOMICS; SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; UTERINE ARTERY; UTERUS CONTRACTION; VASCULAR DISEASE; VASOCONSTRICTION;

EID: 77950643725     PISSN: 1871529X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152910790780096     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Clausen, T.; Slott, M.; Solvoll, K.; Drevon, C.A.; Vollset, S.E.; Henriksen, T. High intake of energy, sucrose, and polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2001, 185, 451-458.
2. Roberts, J.M.; Gammill, H.S. Preeclampsia: recent insights. Hypertension, 2005, 46(6), 1243-1249.
3. Villar, J.; Carroli, G.; Wojdyla, D.; Abalos, E.; Giordano, D.; Ba'aqeel, H.; Farnot, U.; Bergsjø, P.; Bakketeig, L.; Lumbiganon, P.; Campodónico, L.; Al-Mazrou, Y.; Lindheimer, M.; Kramer, M. World Health Organization Antenatal Care Trial Research Group. Preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and intrauterine growth restriction, related or independent conditions? Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2006, 194(4), 921-931.
4. Stennett, A.K.; Khalil, R.A. Neurovascular mechanisms of hypertension in pregnancy. Curr. Neurovasc. Res., 2006, 3(2), 131-148.
5. Sholook, M.M.; Gilbert, J.S.; Sedeek ,M.H.; Huang, M.; Hester, R.L.; Granger, J.P. Systemic hemodynamic and regional blood flow changes in response to chronic reductions in uterine perfusion pressure in pregnant rats. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol., 2007, 293(4), H2080-H2084.
6. Skjaerven, R.; Vatten, L.R.; Wilcox, A.J.; Ronning, T.; Irgens, L.M.; Lie, R.T. Recurrence of pre-eclampsia across generations: exploring fetal and maternal genetic components in a population based cohort. Obstet. Gynecol. Surv., 2006, 61(3), 162-163.
7. Cross, J.C. The genetics of pre-eclampsia: a feto-placental or maternal problem? Clin. Genet., 2003, 64, 96-103.
8. Winn, V.D.; Gormley, M.; Paquet, A.C.; Kjar-Sorensen, K.; Kramer, A.; Rumer, K.K.; Haimov-Kochman, R.; Yeh, R.F.; Over-gaard, M.T.; Varki, A.; Oxvig, C.; Fisher, S.J. Severe preeclampsia-related changes in gene expression at the maternal-fetal interface include sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-6 and pappalysin-2. Endocrinology, 2009, 150(1), 452-462
9. Founds, S.A.; Conley, Y.P.; Lyons-Weiler, J.F.; Jeyabalan, A.; Hogge, W.A.; Conrad, K.P. Altered global gene expression in first trimester placentas of women destined to develop preeclampsia. Placenta, 2009, 30(1), 15-24.
10. Zafarmand, M.H.; Franx, A.; Sabour, S.; Van Der Schouw, Y.T.; Grobbee, D.E.; De Leeuw, P.W.; Bots, M.L. The M235T variant of the angiotensinogen gene is related to development of self-reported hypertension during pregnancy: the Prospect-EPIC Cohort Study. Hypertens. Res., 2008, 31, 1299-1305.
11. Piccoli, J.C.; Gottlieb, M.G.; Castro, L.; Bodanese, L.C.; Manenti, E.R.; Bogo, M.R.; Peres, A.; Rocha, M.I.; Cruz, I.B. Association between 894>T endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome. Arq. Bras. Endocrinol. Metabol., 2008, 52, 1367-1373.
12. Sohda, S.; Arinami, T.; Hamada, H.; Yamada, N.; Hamaguchi, H.; Kubo, T. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and pre-eclampsia. J. Med. Genet., 1997, 34, 525-526.
13. Genetics of Pre-eclampsia (GOPEC) consortium. Babies, preeclamptic mothers and grandparents: a three-generation phenotyping study. J. Hypertens., 2007, 25(4), 849-854.
14. Duckers, C.; Simioni, P.; Spiezia, L.; Radu, C.; Gavasso, S.; Rosing, J.; Castoldi, E. Low plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in patients with congenital factor V deficiency. Blood, 2008, 112(9), 3615-3623.
15. Mayor-Olea, A.; Callejón, G.; Palomares, A.R.; Jiménez, A.J.; Gaitán, M.J.; Rodríguez, A.; Ruiz, M.; Reyes-Engel, A. Human genetic selection on the MTHFR 677C>T polymorphism. B.M.C. Med. Genet. 2008, 9, 104.
16. Nishizawa, H.; Pryor-Koishi, K.; Suzuki, M.; Kato, T.; Kogo, H.; Sekiya, T.; Kurahashi, H.; Udagawa, Y. Increased levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 in the serum of pre-eclamptic patients. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 2008, 14(10), 595-602.
17. Fitzpatrick, E.; Göring, H.H.; Liu, H.; Borg, A.; Forrest, S.; Cooper, D.W.; Brennecke, S.P.; Moses, E.K. Fine mapping and SNP analysis of positional candidates at the preeclampsia susceptibility locus (PREG1) on chromosome 2. Hum. Biol., 2004, 76(6), 849-862.
18. Brinkman-Van der Linden, E.C.; Hurtado-Ziola, N.; Hayakawa, T.; Wiggleton, L.; Benirschke, K.; Varki, A.; Varki, N. Human-specific expression of Siglec-6 in the placenta. Glycobiology, 2007, 17(9), 922-931.
19. Nejatizadeh, A.; Stobdan, T.; Malhotra, N.; Qadar Pasha, M.A. The genetic aspects of pre-eclampsia: achievments and limitations. Biochem. Genet., 2008, 46, 451-479.
20. Ward, K. Searching for genetic factors underlying pre-eclampsia: recent progress and persistent challenges. Minerva. Ginecol., 2008, 60(5), 399-419.
21. Rosenberg, T.J.; Garbers, S.; Lipkind, H.; Chiasson, M.A. Maternal obesity and diabetes as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes: differences among 4 racial/ethnic groups. Am. J. Public Health, 2005, 95(9), 1545-1551.
22. Tanaka, M.; Jaamaa, G.; Kaiser, M.; Hills, E.; Soim, A.; Zhu, M.; Shcherbatykh, I.Y.; Samelson, R.; Bell, E.; Zdeb, M.; McNutt, L.A. Racial disparity in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in New York State: a 10-year longitudinal population-based study. Am. J. Public Health, 2007, 97(1), 163-170.
23. Silva, L.M. Low socioeconomic status is a risk factor for preeclampsia: the Generation R Study. J. Hypertens., 2008, 26(6), 1200-1208.
24. Thomas, M.; Weisman, S.M. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy and lactation: effects on the mother and the fetus. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2006, 194(4), 937-945.
25. Kumar, A.; Salam, G.D.; Batra, S.; Singh, C.; Shukla, D.K. Calcium supplementation for the prevention of pre-eclampsia. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 2008, 104(1), 32-36.
26. Oken, E.; Ning, Y.; Rifas-Shiman, S.L.; Rich-Edwards, J.W.; Olsen, S.F.; Gillman, M.W. Diet during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension. Ann. Epidemiol., 2007, 17(9), 663-668.
27. Villar, J.; Abdel-Aleem, H.; Merialdi, M.; Mathai, M.; Ali, M.M.; Zavaleta, N.; Purwar, M.; Hofmeyr, J.; Nguyen, T.N.; Campódonico, L.; Landoulsi, S.; Carroli, G.; Lindheimer, M.; World Health Organization Calcium Supplementation for the Prevention of Preeclampsia Trial Group. World Health Organization randomized trial of calcium supplementation among low calcium intake pregnant women. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2006, 194(3), 639-649.
28. Prada, J.A.; Tsang, R.C.; Clark, K.E. Hypocalcemia and pregnancy-induced hypertension produced by low-calcium diet. Hypertension, 1994, 23(6), 695-702.
29. Roberts, J.M.; Balk, J.L.; Bodnar, L.M.; Belizan, J.M.; Bergel, E.; Martinez, A. Nutrition as a preventive strategy against adverse pregnancy outcomes. J. Nutr., 2003, 133, 1684S-1692S.
30. Frederick, I.O.; Williams, M.A; Dashow, E.; Kestin, M.; Zhang, C.; Leisenring, W.M. Dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium and calcium in relation to the risk of preeclampsia. J. Reprod. Med., 2005, 50, 332-344.
31. Bodnar, L.M.; Catov, J.M.; Simhan, H.N.; Holick, M.F.; Powers, R.W.; Roberts, J.M. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2007, 92(9), 3517-3522.
32. Li, Y.C.; Kong, J.; Wei, M.; Chen, Z.F.; Liu, S.Q.; Cao, L.P. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D(3) is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. J. Clin. Invest., 2002, 110(2), 229-238.
33. Holmes, V.A.; McCance, D.R. Could antioxidant supplementation prevent pre-eclampsia? Proc. Nutr. Soc., 2005, 64, 491-501.
34. Wen, S.W.; Chen, X.K.; Rodger, M.; White, R.R.; Yang, Q.; Smith, G.N.; Sigal, R.J.; Perkins, S.L.; Walker, M.C. Folic acid supplementation in early second trimester and the risk of preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2008, 198, 45.e1-7
35. LaMarca, B.D.; Gilbert, J.; Granger, J.P. Recent progress toward the understanding of the pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2008, 51, 982-988.
36. Chen, X.K.; Yang, Q.; Smith, G.; Krewski, D.; Walker, M.; Wen, S.W. Environmental lead level and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Environ. Res., 2006, 100, 424-430.
37. Vigeh, M.; Yokoyama, K.; Mazaheri, M.; Beheshti, S.; Ghazizadeh, S.; Sakai, T.; Morita, Y.; Kitamura, F.; Araki, S. Relationship between increased blood lead and pregnancy hypertension in women without occupational lead exposure in Tehran, Iran. Arch. Environ. Health, 2004, 59(2), 70-75.
38. Jeyabalan, A.; Powers, R.W.; Durica, A.R.; Harger, G.; Roberts, J.M.; Ness, R.B. Cigarette smoke exposure and angiogenic factors in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am. J. Hypertens., 2008, 21(8), 943-947.
39. Mutter, W.P.; Karumanchi, S.A. Molecular mechanisms of preeclampsia. Microvasc. Res., 2008, 75(1), 1-8.
40. Yogev, Y.; Visser, G.H.A. Obesity, gestational diabetes and preganancy outcome. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med., 2009, 14, 77-84.
41. Ray, J.; Diamond, P.; Singh, G.; Bell, C. Brief overview of maternal triglycerides as a risk factor for pre-eclampsia. BJOG, 2006, 113, 379-386.
42. Ramsay, J.E.; Jamieson, N.; Greer, I.A.; Sattar, N. Paradoxical elevation in adiponectin concentrations in women with preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2003, 42(5), 891-894.
43. Hendler, I.; Blackwell, S.C.; Mehta, S.H; Whitty, J.E.; Russell, E.; Sorokin, Y.; Cotton, D.B. The levels of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin in normal weight, overweight, and obese pregnant women with and without preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2005, 193, 979-983.
44. Leddy, M.A.; Power, M.L.; Schulkin, J. The impact of maternal obesity on maternal and fetal health. Rev. Obstet. Gynecol., 2008, 1(4), 170-178.
45. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group; Metzger, B.E.; Lowe, L.P.; Dyer, A.R.; Trimble, E.R.; Chaovarindr, U.; Coustan, D.R.; Hadden, D.R.; McCance, D.R.; Hod, M.; McIntyre, H.D.; Oats, J.J.; Persson, B.; Rogers, M.S.; Sacks, D.A. Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. N. Engl. J. Med., 2008, 358(19), 1991-2002.
46. Carpenter, M.W. Gestational Diabetes, Pregnancy Hyppertension, and Late Vascular Disease. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30(Suppl 2), S246-S250.
47. Duckitt, K.; Harrington, D. Risk factors for pre-eclampsia at antenatal booking: systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ, 2005, 330(7491), 565.
48. Fisher, S.J. The placental problem: linking abnormal cytotrophoblast differentiation to the maternal symptoms of preeclampsia. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 2004, 2, 53.
49. Alexander, B.T. Fetal programming of hypertension. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2006, 290(1), R1-R10.
50. Ojeda, N.B.; Grigore, D.; Alexander, B.T. Intrauterine growth restriction: fetal programming of hypertension and kidney disease. Adv. Chronic. Kidney Dis., 2008, 15(2), 101-106.
51. Gilbert, J.S.; Ryan, M.J.; LaMarca, B.B.; Sedeek, M.; Murphy, S.R.; Granger, J.P. Pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia: linking placental ischemia with endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2008, 294(2), H541-H550.
52. Orshal, J.M.; Khalil, R.A. Reduced endothelial NO-cGMP-mediated vascular relaxation and hypertension in IL-6-infused pregnant rats. Hypertension, 2004, 43, 434-444.
53. I signaling in renal arterial smooth muscle cells of pregnant rat is enhanced during inhibition of NO synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2001, 280(1), R87-R99.
54. Kanasaki, K.; Palmsten, K.; Sugimoto, H.; Ahmad, S.; Hamano, Y.; Xie, L.; Parry, S.; Augustin, H.G.; Gattone, V.H.; Folkman, J.; Strauss, J.F.; Kalluri, R. Deficiency in catechol-O-methyltransferase and 2-methoxyoestradiol is associated with preeclampsia. Nature, 2008, 453(7198), 1117-1121.
55. Uddin, M.N.; Agunanne, E.; Horvat, D.; Puschett, J.B. Alterations in the renin-angiotensin system in a rat model of human preeclampsia. Am. J. Nephrol., 2009, 31(2), 171-177.
56. Davisson, R.L.; Hoffmann, D.S.; Butz, G.M.; Aldape, G.; Schlager, G.; Merrill, D.C.; Sethi, S.; Weiss, R.M.; Bates, J.N. Discovery of a spontaneous genetic mouse model of preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2002, 39(2 Pt 2), 337-342.
57. Zenclussen, A.C. A novel mouse model for preeclampsia by transferring activated th1 cells into normal pregnant mice. Methods Mol. Med., 2006, 122, 401-412.
58. Smárason, A.K.; Sargent, I.L.; Starkey, P.M.; Redman, C.W. The effect of placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membranes from normal and pre-eclamptic women on the growth of endothelial cells in vitro. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 1993, 100(10), 943-949.
59. Kertesz, Z.; Hurst, G.; Ward, M.; Willis, A.C.; Caro, H.; Linton, E.A.; Sargent, I.L.; Redman, C.W. Purification and characterization of a complex from placental syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membranes which inhibits the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Placenta, 1999, 20(1), 71-79.
60. Wang, Y.; Lewis, D.F. ; Gu, Y. ; Zhang, Y. ; Alexander, J.S. ; Granger, D.N. Placental trophoblast-derived factors diminish endothelial barrier function. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2004, 89(5), 2421-2428.
61. Van Wijk, M.J.; Boer, K; Nisell, H.; Smarason, A.K.; Van Bavel, E.; Kublickiene, K.R. Endothelial function in myometrial resistance arteries of normal pregnant women perfused with syncytiotrophoblast microvillous membranes. Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2001,108, 967-972.
62. Shaarawy, M.; Al-Sokkary, F.; Sheba, M.; Wahba, O.; Kandil, H.O.; Abdel-Mohsen, I. Angiogenin and vascular endothelial growth factor in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 2005, 88, 112-117.
63. Stepan, H.; Geide, A.; Faber, R. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1. N. Engl. J. Med., 2004, 351(21), 2241-2242.
64. Levine, R.J.; Lam, C.; Qian, C.; Yu, K.F.; Maynard, S.E.; Sachs, B.P.; Sibai, B.M.; Epstein, F.H.; Romero, R.; Thadhani, R.; Karumanchi, S.A.; CPEP Study Group. Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 355, 992-1005.
65. Hayashi, M.; Ueda, Y.; Yamaguchi, T.; Sohma, R.; Shibazaki, M.; Ohkura, T.; Inaba, N. Tumor Necrosis Factor-a in the placenta is not elevated in the pre-eclamptic patients despite its elevation in peripheral blood. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 2005, 53, 113-119.
66. Casart, Y.C.; Tarrazzi, K.; Camejo, M.I. Serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta and human chorionic gonadotropin in pre-eclamptic and normal pregnancy. Gynecol. Endocrinol., 2007, 23(5), 300-303.
67. Tsukimori, K.; Fukushima, K.; Tsushima, A.; Nakano, H. Generation of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils and endothelial cell injury in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies. Hypertension, 2005, 46, 696-700.
68. Rajakumar, A.; Whitelock, K.A.; Weissfeld, L.A.; Daftary, A.R.; Markovic, N.; Conrad, K.P. Selective overexpression of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor, HIF-2alpha, in placentas from women with preeclampsia. Biol. Reprod., 2001, 64, 499-506.
69. Narumiya, H.; Zhang, Y.; Fernandez-Patron C.; Guilbert L.J.; Davidge, S.T. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is elevated in the plasma of women with preeclampsia. Hypertens. Pregnancy, 2001, 20(2), 185-194.
70. Ranta, V.; Viinikka, L.; Halmesmäki, E.; Ylikorkala, O. Nitric oxide production with preeclampsia. Obstet. Gynecol., 1999, 93(3), 442-445.
71. Crews, J.K.; Herrington, J.N.; Granger, J.P.; Khalil, R.A. Decreased endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation during reduction of uterine perfusion pressure in pregnant rat. Hypertension, 2000, 35, 367-372.
72. Kenny, L.C.; Baker, P.N.; Kendall, D.A.; Randall, M.D.; Dunn, W.R. Differential mechanisms of endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses in human myometrial small arteries in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 2002, 103, 67-73.
73. Clark, B.A.; Halvorson, L.; Sachs, B.; Epstein, F.H. Plasma endothelin levels in preeclampsia: elevation and correlation with uric acid levels and renal impairment. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1992, 166(3), 962-968.
74. Brosnihan, K.B.; Neves, L.A.; Anton, L.; Joyner, J.; Valdes, G.; Merrill, D.C. Enhanced expression of Ang-(1-7) during pregnancy. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 2004, 37, 1255-1262.
75. Maynard, S.E.; Min, J.Y.; Merchan, J.; Lim, K.H.; Li, J.; Mondal, S.; Libermann, T.A.; Morgan, J.P.; Sellke, F.W.; Stillman, I.E.; Epstein, F.H.; Sukhatme, V.P.; Karumanchi, S.A. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J. Clin. Invest., 2003,111, 649-658
76. Purwosunu, Y.; Sekizawa, A.; Farina, A.; Wibowo, N.; Koide, K.; Okazaki, S.; Nakamura, M.; Okai, T. Evaluation of physiological alterations of the placenta through analysis of cell-free messenger ribonucleic acid concentrations of angiogenic factors. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2008, 198(1), 124.e1-7
77. LaMarca, B.B.; Bennett, W.A.; Alexander, B.T.; Cockrell, K.; Granger, J.P. Hypertension produced by reductions in uterine perfusion in the pregnant rat: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Hypertension, 2005, 46(4), 1022-1025.
78. LaMarca, B.D.; Ryan, M.J.; Gilbert, J.S.; Murphy, S.R.; Granger, J.P. Inflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of hypertension during preeclampsia. Curr. Hypertens. Rep., 2007, 9(6), 480-485.
79. Alexander, B.T.; Kassab, S.E.; Miller, M.T.; Abram, S.R.; Reckelhoff, J.F.; Bennett, W.A.; Granger, J.P. Reduced uterine perfusion pressure during pregnancy in the rat is associated with increases in arterial pressure and changes in renal nitric oxide. Hypertension, 2001, 37(4), 1191-1195.
80. Wang, Y.; Walsh, S.; Guo, J.; Zhang, J. The imbalance between thromboxane and prostacyclin in preeclampsia. Curr. Hypertens., 1991, 165, 1695-1700.
81. LaMarca, B.B.; Cockrell, K.; Sullivan, E.; Bennett, W.; Granger, J.P. Role of endothelin in mediating tumor necrosis factor-induced hypertension in pregnant rats. Hypertension, 2005, 46(1), 82-86.
82. Lamarca, B.; Wallukat, G.; Llinas, M.; Herse, F.; Dechend, R.; Granger, J.P. Autoantibodies to the angiotensin type I receptor in response to placental ischemia and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in pregnant rats. Hypertension, 2008, 52(6), 1168-1172.
83. i signaling in renal arterial smooth muscle cells of pregnant rat is enhanced during inhibition of NOS. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2001, 280(1), R87-R99.
84. i in renal arterial smooth muscle cells of pregnant rats with reduced uterine perfusion pressure. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2003, 284(1), H393-H403.
85. Munaut, C.; Lorquet, S.; Pequeux, C.; Blacher, S.; Berndt, S.; Frankenne, F.; Foidart, J.M. Hypoxia is responsible for soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) but not for soluble endoglin induction in villous trophoblast. Hum. Reprod., 2008, 23(6), 1407-1415.
86. Akercan, F.; Cirpan, T.; Terek, M.C.; Ozcakir, H.T.; Giray, G.; Sagol, S.; Karadadas, N. The immunohistochemical evaluation of VEGF in placenta biopsies of pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet., 2008, 277(2), 109-114.
87. Bosio, P.M.; Wheeler, T.; Anthony, F.; Conroy, R.; O'herlihy, C.; McKenna, P. Maternal plasma vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in normal and hypertensive pregnancies and their relationship to peripheral vascular resistance. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2001, 184, 146-152.
88. Serraf, A.; Aznag, H.; Baudet, B.; Détruit, H.; Séccatore, F.; Mazmanian, M.G.; Planché, C. Pulmonary vascular endothelial growth factor and nitric oxide interaction during total cardiopulmonary bypass in neonatal pigs. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 2003, 125, 1050-1057.
89. Osol, G.; Celia, G.; Gokina, N.; Barron, C.; Chien, E.; Madala, M.; Luksha, L.; Kublickiene, K. Placental growth factor is a potent vasodilator of rat and human resistance arteries. 2008. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 294, H1381-H1387.
90. Kim, S.Y.; Ryu, H.M.; Yang, J.H.; Kim, M.Y.; Han, J.Y.; Kim, J.O.; Chung, J.H.; Park, S.Y.; Lee, M.H.; Kim, D.J. Increased sFlt-1 to PlGF ratio in women who subsequently develop preeclampsia. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2007, 22(5), 873-877.
91. Woolcock, J.; Hennessy, A.; Xu, B.; Thornton, C.; Tooher, J.; Makris, A.; Ogle, R. Soluble Flt-1 as a diagnostic marker of preeclampsia. Aust. N.Z.J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 2008, 48, 64-70.
92. Boyd, P.A.; Lindenbaum, R.H.; Redman, C. Pre-eclampsia and trisomy 13: a possible association. Lancet, 1987, 2, 425-427.
93. Tuohy, J.F.; James, D.K. Pre-eclampsia and trisomy 13. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., 1992, 99, 891-894.
94. Hirashima, C.; Ohkuchi, A.; Matsubara, S.; Suzuki, H.; Takahashi, K.; Usui, R.; Suzuki, M. Alteration of serum soluble endoglin levels after the onset of preeclampsia is more pronounced in women with early-onset. Hypertens. Res., 2008, 31(8), 1541-1548.
95. Venkatesha, S.; Toporsian, M.; Lam, C.; Hanai, J.; Mammoto, T.; Kim, Y.M.; Bdolah, Y.; Lim, K.H.; Yuan, H.T.; Libermann, T.A.; Stillman, I.E.; Roberts, D.; D'Amore, P.A.; Epstein, F.H.; Sellke, F.W.; Romero, R.; Sukhatme, V.P.; Letarte, M.; Karumanchi, S.A. Soluble endoglin contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nat. Med., 2006, 2, 642-649.
96. ten Dijke, P.; Goumans, M.J.; Pardali, E. Endoglin in angiogenesis and vascular diseases. Angiogenesis, 2008, 11(1), 79-89.
97. Conrad, K.P.; Miles, T.M.; Benyo, D.F. Circulating levels of immunoreactive cytokines in women with preeclampsia. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol., 1998, 40, 102-111.
98. Hashii, K.; Fujiwara, H.; Yoshioka, S.; Kataoka, N.; Yamada, S.; Hirano, T.; Mori, T.; Fujii, S.; Maeda, M. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulate progesterone production by luteal cells derived from pregnant and non-pregnant women: possible involvement of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 in corpus luteum function and differentiation. Hum. Reprod., 1998, 13(10), 2738-2744.
99. Gadonski, G.; LaMarca, B.B.; Sullivan, E.; Bennett, W.; Chandler, D.; Granger, J.P. Hypertension produced by reductions in uterine perfusion in the pregnant rat: role of interleukin 6. Hypertension, 2006, 48(4), 711-716.
100. Alexander, B.T.; Cockrell, K.L.; Massey, M.B.; Bennett, W.A.; Granger, J.P. Tumor necrosis factor-α-induced hypertension in pregnant rats results in decreased renal neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression. Am. J. Hypertens., 2002, 15, 12-19.
101. Sedeek, M.; Gilbert, J.S.; LaMarca, B.B.; Sholook, M.; Chandler, D.L.; Wang, Y.; Granger, J.P. Role of reactive oxygen species in hypertension produced by reduced uterine perfusion in pregnant rats. Am. J. Hypertension, 2008, 21(10), 1152-1156.
102. Sato, H.; Sato, M.; Kanai, H.; Uchiyama, T.; Iso, T.; Ohyama, Y.; Sakamoto, H.; Tamura, J.; Nagai, R.; Kurabayashi, M. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and c-Src play a critical role in hypoxic response in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc. Res., 2005, 67, 714-722.
103. Tyurin, V.A.; Liu, S.X.; Tyurina, Y.Y.; Sussman, N.B.; Hubel, C.A.; Roberts, J.M.; Taylor, R.N.; Kagan, V.E. Elevated levels of S-nitrosoalbumin in preeclampsia plasma. Circ. Res., 2001, 88(11), 1210-1215.
104. Chambers, J.C.; Fusi, L.; Malik, I.S.; Haskard, D.O.; De Swiet, M.; Kooner, J.S. Association of maternal endothelial dysfunction with preeclampsia. JAMA, 2001, 285, 1607-1612.
105. Roberts, J.M.; Speer, P. Antioxidant therapy to prevent preeclampsia. Semin. Nephrol., 2004, 24, 557-564.
106. Parra, M.; Rodrigo, R.; Barja, P.; Bosco, C.; Fernández, V.; Muñoz, H.; Soto-Chacón, E. Screening test for preeclampsia through assessment of uteroplacental blood flow and biochemical markers of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2005, 193(4), 1486-1491.
107. Yung, H.W.; Calabrese, S.; Hynx, D.; Hemmings, B.A.; Cetin, I.; Charnock-Jones, D.S.; Burton, G.J. Evidence of placental translation inhibition and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the etiology of human intrauterine growth restriction. Am. J. Pathol., 2008, 173, 451-462.
108. Chang, T.C.; Huang, C.J.; Tam, K.; Chen, S.F.; Tan, K.T.; Tsai, M.S.; Lin, T.N.; Shyue, S.K. Stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1{alpha} by prostacyclin under prolonged hypoxia via reducing reactive oxygen species level in endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem., 2005, 280(44), 36567-36574.
109. Egi, K.; Conrad, N.E.; Kwan, J.; Schulze, C.; Schulz, R.; Wildhirt, S.M. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and superoxide production reduces matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity and restores coronary vasomotor function in rat cardiac allografts. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 2004, 26, 262-269.
110. Jin, L.; Ying, Z.; Webb, R.C. Activation of Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathway by reactive oxygen species in rat aorta. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2004, 287, H1495-H1500.
111. Faller, D.V. Endothelial Cell Responses to Hypoxic Stress. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 1999, 26, 74-84.
112. Yamashita, K.; Discher, D.J.; Hu, J.; Bishopric, N.H.; Webster, K.A. Molecular regulation of the endothelin-1 gene by hypoxia. Contributions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1, activator protein-1, GATA-2, AND p300/CBP. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276(16), 12645-12653.
113. Kelly, B.A.; Bond, B.C.; Poston, L. Aortic adaptation to pregnancy: elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -3 in rat gestation. Mol. Hum. Reprod., 2004,10, 331-337.
114. Galewska, Z.; Bańkowski, E.; Romanowicz, L.; Jaworski, S. Preeclampsia (EPH-gestosis)-induced decrease of MMP-s content in the umbilical cord artery. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2003, 335(1-2), 109-115.
115. Wang, H.; Olszewski, B.; Rosebury, W.; Wang, D.; Robertson, A.; Keiser, J.A. Impaired angiogenesis in SHR is associated with decreased KDR and MT1-MMP expression. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 315, 363-368.
116. Stillman, I.E.; Karumanchi, S.A. The glomerular injury of preeclampsia. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2007, 18, 2281-2284.
117. Baumwell, S.; Karumanchi, S.A. Pre-eclampsia: clinical manifestations and molecular mechanisms. Nephron. Clin. Pract., 2007, 106(2), c72-81.
118. Anumba, D.O.; Robson, S.C.; Boys, R.J.; Ford, G.A. Nitric oxide activity in the peripheral vasculature during normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancy. Am. J. Physiol., 1999, 277, H848-H854.
119. Nelson, S.H.; Steinsland, O.S.; Wang, Y.; Yallampalli, C.; Dong, Y.L.; Sanchez, J.M. Increased nitric oxide synthase activity and expression in the human uterine artery during pregnancy. Circ. Res., 2000, 87, 406-411.
120. Conrad, K.P.; Kerchner, L.J.; Mosher M.D. Plasma and 24-h NO(x) and cGMP during normal pregnancy and preeclampsia in women on a reduced NO(x) diet. Am. J. Physiol., 1999, 277, F48-F57.
121. Mutlu-Turkoglu, U.; Aykac-Toker, G.; Ibrahimoglu, L.; Ademoglu, E.; Uysal, M. Plasma nitric oxide metabolites and lipid peroxide levels in preeclamptic pregnant women before and after delivery. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest., 1999, 48, 247-250.
122. Schiessl, B.; Strasburger, C.; Bidlingmaier, M.; Mylonas, I.; Jeschk,e U.; Kainer, F.; Friese, K. Plasma- and urine concentrations of nitrite/nitrate and cyclic Guanosinemonophosphate in intrauterine growth restricted and preeclamptic pregnancies. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet., 2006, 274(3), 150-154.
123. Conrad, K.P.; Davis, A.K. Nitric oxide synthase activity in placentae from women with pre-eclampsia. Placenta, 1995, 16, 691-699.
124. Alexander, B.T.; Miller, M.T.; Kassab, S.; Novak, J.; Reckelhoff, J.F.; Kruckeberg, W.C.; Granger, J.P. Differential expression of renal nitric oxide synthase isoforms during pregnancy in rats. Hypertension, 1999, 33(1 Pt 2), 435-439.
125. Roberts, J.M. Endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. Semin. Reprod. Endocrinol., 1998, 16, 5-15.
126. Molnar, M.; Suto, T.; Toth, T.; Hertelendy, F. Prolonged blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in gravid rats produces sustained hypertension, proteinuria, thrombocytopenia, and intrauterine growth retardation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1994, 170, 1458-1466.
127. Khalil, R.A.; Crews, J.K.; Novak, J.; Kassab, S.; Granger, J.P. Enhanced vascular reactivity during inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in pregnant rats. Hypertension, 1998, 31, 1065-1069.
128. Suzuki, Y.; Hattori, T.; Kajikuri, J.; Yamamoto, T.; Suzumori, K.; Itoh, T. Reduced function of endothelial prostacyclin in human omental resistance arteries in pre-eclampsia. J. Physiol., 2002, 545, 269-277.
129. Fike, C.D.; Kaplowitz, M.R.; Pfister, S.L. Arachidonic acid metabolites and an early stage of pulmonary hypertension in chronically hypoxic newborn pigs. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol., 2003, 284, L316-L323.
130. Bowen, R.S.; Zhang, Y.; Gu, Y.; Lewis, D.F.; Wang, Y. Increased phospholipase A2 and thromboxane but not prostacyclin production by placental trophoblast cells from normal and preeclamptic pregnancies cultured under hypoxia condition. Placenta, 2005, 26(5), 402-409.
131. Scotland, R.S.; Madhani, M.; Chauhan, S.; Moncada, S.; Andresen, J.; Nilsson, H.; Hobbs, A.J.; Ahluwalia, A. Investigation of vascular responses in endothelial nitric oxide synthase/cyclooxygenase-1 double-knockout mice: key role for endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in the regulation of blood pressure in vivo. Circulation, 2005, 111(6), 796-803.
132. Fulep, E.E.; Vedernikov, Y.P.; Saade, G.R.; Garfield, R.E. The role of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in the regulation of the uterine circulation in pregnant rats. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2001, 185, 638-642.
133. Petersson, J.; Zygmunt, P.M.; Jonsson, P.; Hogestatt, E.D. Characterization of endothelium-dependent relaxation in guinea pig basilar artery - effect of hypoxia and role of cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase. J. Vasc. Res., 1998, 35, 285-294.
134. Resta, T.C.; Walker, B.R. Chronic hypoxia selectively augments endothelium-dependent pulmonary arterial vasodilation. Am. J. Physiol., 1996, 270, H888-H896.
135. Kenny, L.C.; Baker, P.N.; Kendall, D.A.; Randall, M.D.; Dunn, W.R. Differential mechanisms of endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses in human myometrial small arteries in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Clin. Sci. (Lond), 2002, 103, 67-73.
136. Luksha, L.; Nisell, H.; Luksha, N.; Kublickas, M.; Hultenby, K.; Kublickiene, K. Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in preeclampsia: heterogeneous contribution, mechanisms, and morphological prerequisites. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2008, 294(2), R510-R519.
137. 2 signal and NO pathways. Circ. Res., 2003, 93(6), 523-530.
138. 2 receptor agonist cicaprost via a cyclic AMP-independent mechanism. Cardiovasc. Res., 2006, 69, 107-115.
139. Bernardi, F.; Constantino, L.; Machado, R.; Petronilho, F.; Dal- Pizzol, F. Plasma nitric oxide, endothelin-1, arginase and superoxide dismutase in pre-eclamptic women. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., 2008, 34(6), 957-963.
140. Kourembanas, S.; McQuillan, L.P.; Leung, G.K.; Faller, D.V. Nitric oxide regulates the expression of vasoconstrictors and growth factors by vascular endothelium under both normoxia and hypoxia. J. Clin. Invest., 1993, 92, 99-104.
141. Taylor, R.N.; Varma, M.; Teng, N.N.; Roberts, J.M. Women with preeclampsia have higher plasma endothelin levels than women with normal pregnancies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 1990, 71, 1675-1677.
142. Weigand, L.; Sylvester, J.T.; Shimoda, L.A. Mechanisms of endothelin-1-induced contraction in pulmonary arteries from chronically hypoxic rats. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol., 2006, 290(2), L284-L290.
143. Giardina, J.B.; Green, G.M.; Rinewalt, A.N.; Granger, J.P.; Khalil, R.A. Role of endothelin B receptors in enhancing endothelium-dependent nitric oxide-mediated vascular relaxation during high salt diet. Hypertension, 2001, 37, 516-523.
144. Conrad, K.P.; Gandley, R.E.; Ogawa, T.; Nakanishi, S.; Danielson, L.A. Endothelin mediates renal vasodilation and hyperfiltration during pregnancy in chronically instrumented conscious rats. Am. J. Physiol., 1999, 276, F767-F776.
145. Gandley, R.E.; Conrad, K.P.; McLaughlin, M.K. Endothelin and nitric oxide mediate reduced myogenic reactivity of small renal arteries from pregnant rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2001, 280, R1-R7.
146. Chassagne, C.; Eddahibi, S.; Adamy, C.; Rideau, D.; Marotte, F.; Dubois-Randé, J.L.; Adnot, S.; Samuel, J.L.; Teiger, E. Modulation of angiotensin II receptor expression during development and regression of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 2000, 22(3), 323-332.
147. Merrill, D.C.; Karoly, M.; Chen, K.; Ferrario, C.M.; Brosnihan, K.B. Angiotensin-(1-7) in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy. Endocrine, 2002, 18, 239-245.
148. Wesselman, J.P.; De Mey, J.G.; Angiotensin and cytoskeletal proteins: role in vascular remodeling. Curr. Hypertens. Rep., 2002, 4, 63-70.
149. Mizutani, S.; Tomodak Y. Effects of placental proteases on maternal and fetal blood pressure in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am. J. Hypertens., 1996, 9(6), 591-597.
150. Dechend, R.; Homuth, V.; Wallukat, G.; Kreuzer, J.; Park, J.K.; Theuer, J.; Juepner, A.; Gulba, D.C.; Mackman, N.; Haller, H.; Luft, F.C. AT(1) receptor agonistic antibodies from preeclamptic patients cause vascular cells to express tissue factor. Circulation, 2000, 101(20), 2382-2387.
151. Wijayagunawardane, M.P.; Gabler, C.; Killian, G.; Miyamoto, A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha in the bovine oviduct during the estrous cycle: messenger RNA expression and effect on secretion of prostaglandins, endothelin-1, and angiotensin II. Biol. Reprod., 2003, 69, 1341-1346.
152. Wassmann, S.; Stumpf, M.; Strehlow, K.; Schmid, A.; Schieffer, B.; Böhm, M.; Nickenig, G. Interleukin-6 induces oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction by overexpression of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Circ. Res., 2004, 94(4), 534-541.
153. Cingolani, H.E.; Villa-Abrille, M.C.; Cornelli, M.; Nolly, A.; Ennis, I.L.; Garciarena, C.; Suburo, A.M.; Torbidoni, V.; Correa, M.V.; Camiliónde Hurtado, M.C.; Aiello, E.A. The positive inotropic effect of angiotensin II: role of endothelin-1 and reactive oxygen species. Hypertension, 2006, 47(4), 727-734.
154. Cheng, Z.J.; Vapaatalo, H.; Mervaala, E. Angiotensin II and vascular inflammation. Med. Sci. Monit., 2005, 11, RA194-RA205.
155. Askari, B.; Ferrerib, N.R. Regulation of prostacyclin synthesis by angiotensin II and TNF-α in vascular smooth muscle. Prostaglandins, 2001, 63, 175-187.
156. Wang, D.; Chabrashvili, T.; Borrego, L.; Aslam, S.; Umans, J.G. Angiotensin II infusion alters vascular function in mouse resistance vessels: roles of superoxide and endothelium. J. Vasc. Res., 2006, 43, 109-119.
157. Goto, K.; Fujii, K.; Kansui, Y.; Iida. M. Changes in endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in hypertension and ageing: Response to chronic treatment with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 2004, 31, 650-655.
158. Deja, M.A.; Gołba, K.S.; Widenka, K.; Mrozek, R.; Biernat, J.; Kolowca, M.; Malinowski, M.; Woś, S. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reveal non-NO-, non-prostacycline-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation in internal thoracic artery of hypertensive patients. Int. J. Cardiol., 2005, 102(3), 455-460.
159. Wang, Y.; Walsh, S.W.; Kay, H.H. Placental lipid peroxides and thromboxane are increased and prostacyclin is decreased in women with preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 1999, 167, 946-949.
160. Llinás, M.T.; Alexander, B.T.; Seedek, M.; Abram, S.R.; Crell, A.; Granger, J.P. Enhanced thromboxane synthesis during chronic reductions in uterine perfusion pressure in pregnant rats. Am. J. Hypertens., 2002, 15(9), 793-797.
161. Coomarasamy, A.; Papaioannou, S.; Gee, H.; Khan, K.S. Aspirin for the prevention of preeclampsia in women with abnormal uterine artery doppler: a meta-analysis. Obstet. Gynecol., 2001, 98, 861-866.
162. Coomarasamy, A.; Honest, H.; Papaioannou, S.; Gee, H.; Khan, K.S. Aspirin for prevention of preeclampsia in women with historical risk factors: a systematic review. Obstet. Gynecol., 2003, 101(6), 1319-1332.
163. de Berrazueta, J.R. The role of calcium in the regulation of normal vascular tone and in arterial hypertension. Rev. Esp. Cardiol., 1999, 52(3), 25-33.
164. Wimalasundera, R.C.; Thom, S.A.; Regan, L.; Hughes, A.D. Effects of vasoactive agents on intracellular calcium and force in myometrial and subcutaneous resistance arteries isolated from preeclamptic, pregnant, and nonpregnant woman. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2005, 192(2), 625-632.
165. Magness, R.R.; Rosenfeld, C.R.; Carr, B.R. Protein kinase C in uterine and systemic arteries during ovarian cycle and pregnancy. Am. J. Physiol., 1991, 260(3), E464-E470.
166. Kanashiro, C.A.; Cockrell, K.L.; Alexander, B.T.; Granger, J.P.; Khalil, R.A. Pregnancy-associated reduction in vascular protein kinase C activity rebounds during inhibition of NO synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2000, 278(2), R295-R303.
167. 2+-insensitive vascular protein kinase C during pregnancy and NOS inhibition. Hypertension, 1999, 34, 924-930.
168. Horowitz, A.; Menice, C.B.; Laporte, R.; Morgan, K.G. Mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction. Physiol. Rev., 1996, 76(4), 967-1003.
169. Salamanca, D.A.; Khalil, R.A. Protein kinase C isoforms as specific targets for modulation of vascular smooth muscle function in hypertension. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2005, 70(11), 1537-1547.
170. VanWijk, M.J.; Boer, K.; van der Meulen, E.T.; Bleker, O.P.; Spaan, J.A.; VanBavel, E. Resistance artery smooth muscle function in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2002, 186(1), 148-154.
171. Wallukat, G.; Homuth, V.; Fischer, T.; Lindschau, C.; Horstkamp, B.; Jüpner, A.; Baur, E.; Nissen, E.; Vetter, K.; Neichel, D.; Dudenhausen, J.W.; Haller, H.; Luft, F.C. Patients with preeclampsia develop agonistic autoantibodies against the angiotensin AT1 receptor. J. Clin. Invest., 1999, 103, 945-952.
172. Hu, E. Recent patents on Rho signaling pathway as therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Recent Patents Cardiovasc. Drug Discov., 2006, 1(3), 249-263.
173. Kataoka, C.; Egashira, K.; Inoue, S.; Takemoto, M.; Ni, W.; Koyanagi, M.; Kitamoto, S.; Usui, M.; Kaibuchi, K.; Shimokawa, H.; Takeshita, A. Important role of Rho-kinase in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular inflammation and remodeling induced by long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Hypertension, 2002, 39(2), 245-250.
174. Friel, A.M.; Sexton, D.J.; O'reilly, M.W.; Smith, T.J.; Morrison, J.J. Rho A/Rho kinase: human umbilical artery mRNA expression in normal and pre eclamptic pregnancies and functional role in isoprostane-induced vasoconstriction. Reproduction, 2006, 132(1), 169-176.
175. Lynch, A.M.; Murphy, J.R.; Byers, T.; Gibbs, R.S.; Neville, M.C.; Giclas, P.C.; Salmon, J.E.; Holers, V.M. Alternative complement pathway activation gragment Bb in early pregnancy as a predictor of preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 2008, 198(4), 385.e1-9
176. Dundar, O.; Yoruk, P.; Tutuneu, L.; Erikci, A.A.; Muheu, M.; Ergur, A.R.; Atay, V.; Mungen, E. Longitudinal study of platelet size changes in gestation and predictive power of elevated MPV in development of pre-eclampsia. Prenat. Diagn., 2008, 28, 1052-1056.
177. Bainbridge, S.A.; Roberts, J.M. Uric acid as a pathotgenic factor in preeclampsia. Placenta, 2008, 22, S67-S72.
178. Anand-Ivell, R.; Ivell, R.; Driscoll, D.; Manson, J. Insulin-like factor 3 levels in amniotic fluid of human male fetuses. Hum. Reprod., 2008, 23(5), 1180-1186.
179. Cromi, A.; Ghezzi, F.; Raffaelli, R.; Bergamini, V.; Siesto, G.; Bolis, P. Ultrasonographic measurement of thymus size in IUGR fetuses: a marker of the fetal immunoendocrine response to malnutrition. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 2009, 33(4), 421-426.
180. Hunt, B.J.; Missfelder-Lobos, H.; Parra-Cordero, M.; Fletcher, O.; Parmar, K.; Lefkou, E.; Lees, C.C. Pregnancy outcome and fibrinolytic, endothelial and coagulation markers in women undergoing uterine artery Doppler screening at 23 weeks. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2009, 7(6), 955-961.
181. Abalos, E.; Duley, L.; Steyn, D.W.; Henderson-Smart, D.J. Anti-hypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 2007, (1), CD002252.
182. Chowdhury, J.R.; Chaudhuri, S.; Bhattacharyya, N.; Biswas, P.K.; Panpalia, M. Comparison of intramuscular magnesium sulfate with low dose intravenous magnesium sulfate regimen for treatment of eclampsia. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., 2009, 35(1), 119-125.
183. Facchinetti, F.; Saade, G.R.; Neri, I.; Pizzi, C.; Longo, M.; Volpe, A. L-arginine supplementation in patients with gestational hypertension: a pilot study. Hypertens. Pregnancy, 2007, 26(1), 121-130.
184. Hladunewich, M.A.; Derby, G.C.; Lafayette, R.A.; Blouch, K.L.; Druzin, M.L.; Myers, B.D. Effect of L-arginine therapy on the glomerular injury of preeclampsia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol., 2006, 107(4), 886-895.
185. Li, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Ying Ma, J.; Kapoun, A.M.; Shao, Q.; Kerr, I.; Lam, A.; O'Young, G.; Sannajust, F.; Stathis, P.; Schreiner, G.; Karumanchi, S.A.; Protter, A.A.; Pollitt, N.S. Recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor 121 attenuates hypertension and improves kidney damage in rat model of preeclampsia. Hypertension, 2007, 50, 686-692.
186. Wang, Y.; Lewis, D.F.; Adair, C.D.; Gu, Y.; Mason, L.; Kipikasa, J.H. Digibind attenuates cytokine TNFα-induced endothelial inflammatory response: potential benefit role of Digibind in preeclampsia. J. Perinatol., 2009, 29(3), 195-200.