Calcium supplementation during pregnancy and lactation: Effects on the mother and the fetus

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 194, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 937-945

  Thomas, Michael ^a   Weisman, Steven M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

^b Innovative Science Solutions   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcium; Fetal; Lactation; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

ANTACID AGENT; CALCIUM; CALCIUM CARBONATE;

ARTICLE; BONE DENSITY; BONE DEVELOPMENT; BREAST FEEDING; CALCIUM DEPLETION; CALCIUM INTAKE; DAIRY PRODUCT; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; DRUG SAFETY; ELEMENTAL DIET; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FETUS OUTCOME; HEALTH HAZARD; HEARTBURN; HUMAN; KALE; LACTATION; LEAFY VEGETABLE; LIFE; MATERNAL WELFARE; MOTHER; NEWBORN CARE; NONHUMAN; OSTEOLYSIS; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; UNITED STATES; WEANING;

CALCIUM, DIETARY; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; FEMALE; FETUS; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; LACTATION; PREGNANCY;

EID: 33646054151     PISSN: 00029378     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.05.032     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Institute of Medicine. DRI dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride (1997), National Academy Press, Washington (DC)
2. Prentice A. Calcium in pregnancy and lactation. Annu Rev Nutr 20 (2000) 249-272
3. Heaney R.P. Calcium, dairy products and osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr 19 suppl (2000) 83S-99S
4. Tresolini C.P., Gold D.T., and Lee L.S. Working with patients to prevent, treat, and manage osteoporosis: a curriculum guide for the health professions. 3 ed. (2001), National Fund for Medical Education, San Francisco, CA
5. US Department of Health and Human Services. Report of the Surgeon General's workshop on osteoporosis and bone health (web page); posted December 2002; last accessed June 28, 2004. Available at: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/content.html.
6. Wallace K., Baron J.A., Cole B.F., Sandler R.S., Karagas M.R., Beach M.A., et al. Effect of calcium supplementation on the risk of large bowel polyps. J Natl Cancer Inst 96 (2004) 921-925
7. US Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration Maternal and Child Health Bureau. Women's health USA 2003 (2003), US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville (MD)
8. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Results from USDA's 1994-1996 diet and health knowledge survey: table set 19 (web page); posted October 2000; last accessed July 8, 2004. Available at: http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/home.htm.
9. Ervin R.B., Wang C.Y., Wright J.D., and Kennedy-Stephenson J. Dietary intake of selected minerals for the United States population: 1999-2000: advance data from vital and health statistics; no. 341 (2004), National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville (MD)
10. Drinkwater BL, Chesnut CH 3rd. Bone density changes during pregnancy and lactation in active women: a longitudinal study. Bone Miner 1991;14:153-60.
11. Givens M.H., and Macy I.G. The chemical composition of the human fetus. J Biol Chem 102 (1933) 7-17
12. Prentice A., Jarjou L.M., Cole T.J., Stirling D.M., Dibba B., and Fairweather-Tait S. Calcium requirements of lactating Gambian mothers: effects of a calcium supplement on breast-milk calcium concentration, maternal bone mineral content, and urinary calcium excretion. Am J Clin Nutr 62 (1995) 58-67
13. March of Dimes Birth Defect Foundation. During your pregnancy: do you get enough calcium every day? (web page). Accessed July 8, 2004. Available at: http://www.marchofdimes.com.
14. Chang S.C., O'Brien K.O., Nathanson M.S., Caulfield L.E., Mancini J., and Witter F.R. Fetal femur length is influenced by maternal dairy intake in pregnant African American adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 77 (2003) 1248-1254
15. Harville E.W., Schramm M., Watt-Morse M., Chantala K., Anderson J.J., and Hertz-Picciotto I. Calcium intake during pregnancy among white and African-American pregnant women in the United States. J Am Coll Nutr 23 (2004) 43-50
16. US Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. Federal Studies. Review of the nutritional status of WIC participants. Fam Econ Nutr Rev 13 (2001) 118-119
17. Frank E., and Cone K. Characteristics of pregnant vs. non-pregnant women physicians: findings from the women physicians' health study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 69 (2000) 37-46
18. Frank E., Breyan J., and Elon L. Physician disclosure of healthy personal behaviors improves credibility and ability to motivate. Arch Fam Med 9 (2000) 287-290
19. Frank E., Rothenberg R., Lewis C., and Belodoff B.F. Correlates of physicians' prevention-related practices: findings from the Women Physicians' Health study. Arch Fam Med 9 (2000) 359-367
20. Putnam J.J., and Allshouse J.E. Food consumption, prices, and expenditures, 1970-97: statistical bulletin no. 965 (1999), Food and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington (DC)
21. Kalkwarf H.J., and Specker B.L. Bone mineral changes during pregnancy and lactation. Endocrine 17 (2002) 49-53
22. Prentice A. Maternal calcium metabolism and bone mineral status. Am J Clin Nutr 71 suppl (2000) 1312S-1316S
23. Janakiraman V., Ettinger A., Mercado-Garcia A., Hu H., and Hernandez-Avila M. Calcium supplements and bone resorption in pregnancy: a randomized crossover trial. Am J Prev Med 24 (2003) 260-264
24. Affinito P., Tommaselli G.A., di Carlo C., Guida F., and Nappi C. Changes in bone mineral density and calcium metabolism in breastfeeding women: a one year follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 (1996) 2314-2318
25. Kent G.N., Price R.I., Gutteridge D.H., Allen J.R., Rosman K.J., and Smith M. Effect of pregnancy and lactation on maternal bone mass and calcium metabolism. Osteoporos Int 3 suppl (1993) 44-47
26. Sowers M.F., Scholl T., Harris L., and Jannausch M. Bone loss in adolescent and adult pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 96 (2000) 189-193
27. Pearson D., Kaur M., San P., Lawson N., Baker P., and Hosking D. Recovery of pregnancy mediated bone loss during lactation. Bone 34 (2004) 570-578
28. Naylor K.E., Iqbal P., Fledelius C., Fraser R.B., and Eastell R. The effect of pregnancy on bone density and bone turnover. J Bone Miner Res 15 (2000) 129-137
29. Aloia J.F., Vaswani A., Yeh J.K., Ross P.L., Flaster E., and Dilmanian F.A. Calcium supplementation with and without hormone replacement therapy to prevent postmenopausal bone loss. Ann Intern Med 120 (1994) 97-103
30. Fujita T., Ohue T., Fujii Y., Miyauchi A., and Takagi Y. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone density and parathyroid function in elderly subjects. Miner Electrolyte Metab 21 (1995) 229-231
31. Ginty F., Flynn A., and Cashman K.D. The effect of short-term calcium supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy young adults. Br J Nutr 80 (1998) 437-443
32. Krebs N.F., Reidinger C.J., Robertson A.D., and Brenner M. Bone mineral density changes during lactation: maternal, dietary, and biochemical correlates. Am J Clin Nutr 65 (1997) 1738-1746
33. Chan G.M., McMurry M., Westover K., Engelbert-Fenton K., and Thomas M.R. Effects of increased dietary calcium intake upon the calcium and bone mineral status of lactating adolescent and adult women. Am J Clin Nutr 46 (1987) 319-323
34. Cross N.A., Hillman L.S., Allen S.H., and Krause G.F. Changes in bone mineral density and markers of bone remodeling during lactation and postweaning in women consuming high amounts of calcium. J Bone Miner Res 10 (1995) 1312-1320
35. Kalkwarf H.J., Specker B.L., and Ho M. Effects of calcium supplementation on calcium homeostasis and bone turnover in lactating women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84 (1999) 464-470
36. Koo W.W., Walters J.C., Esterlitz J., Levine R.J., Bush A.J., and Sibai B. Maternal calcium supplementation and fetal bone mineralization. Obstet Gynecol 94 (1999) 577-582
37. Raman L., Rajalakshmi K., Krishnamachari K.A., and Sastry J.G. Effect of calcium supplementation to undernourished mothers during pregnancy on the bone density of the bone density of the neonates. Am J Clin Nutr 31 (1978) 466-469
38. Krishnamachari K.A., and Iyengar L. Effect of maternal malnutrition on the bone density of the neonates. Am J Clin Nutr 28 (1975) 482-486
39. Fairweather-Tait S., Prentice A., Heumann K.G., Jarjou L.M., Stirling D.M., and Wharf S.G. Effect of calcium supplements and stage of lactation on the calcium absorption efficiency of lactating women accustomed to low calcium intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 62 (1995) 1188-1192
40. Prentice A. Calcium requirements of breast-feeding mothers. Nutr Rev 56 (1998) 124-127
41. Prentice A., Jarjou L.M., Stirling D.M., Buffenstein R., and Fairweather-Tait S. Biochemical markers of calcium and bone metabolism during 18 months of lactation in Gambian women accustomed to a low calcium intake and in those consuming a calcium supplement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998) 1059-1066
42. Laskey M.A., Prentice A., Hanratty L.A., Jarjou L.M., Dibba B., and Beavan S.R. Bone changes after 3 mo of lactation: influence of calcium intake, breast-milk output, and vitamin D-receptor genotype. Am J Clin Nutr 67 (1998) 685-692
43. Lewis J.H., and Weingold A.B. The use of gastrointestinal drugs during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Gastroenterol 80 (1985) 912-923
44. Tytgat G.N., Heading R.C., Muller-Lissner S., Kamm M.A., Scholmerich J., and Berstad A. Contemporary understanding and management of reflux and constipation in the general population and pregnancy: a consensus meeting. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 18 (2003) 291-301
45. Black R.A., and Hill D.A. Over-the-counter medications in pregnancy. Am Fam Physician 67 (2003) 2517-2524
46. Shackelford M.E., Collins T.F., Welsh J.J., Black T.N., Ames M.J., and Chi R.K. Foetal development in rats fed AIN-76A diets supplemented with excess calcium. Food Chem Toxicol 31 (1993) 953-961
47. Lilienthal D, Ormond K, Pergament E. Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) medications in pregnancy. Accessed June 18, 2004. Available at: http://www.fetal-exposure.org/REFLUX.html.
48. Broussard C.N., and Richter J.E. Treating gastro-oesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy and lactation: what are the safest therapy options?. Drug Saf 19 (1998) 325-337
49. Marrero J.M., Goggin P.M., de Caestecker J.S., Pearce J.M., and Maxwell J.D. Determinants of pregnancy heartburn. BJOG 99 (1992) 731-734
50. DeVault KR. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. Digest Disease Week 2003: Primary Care Focus. May 18-21, 2003, Orlando, FL.
51. Rodriguez-Stanley S., Ahmed T., Zubaidi S., Riley S., and Miner Jr. P.B. Luminal calcium from chewable antacids improves esophageal function. Gastroenterology 124 suppl (2003) A109-A110
52. Carroli G., Duley L., Belizan J.M., and Villar J. Calcium supplementation during pregnancy: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BJOG 101 (1994) 753-758
53. Hofmeyr G.J., Roodt A., Atallah A.N., and Duley L. Calcium supplementation to prevent pre-eclampsia-a systematic review. S Afr Med J 93 (2003) 224-228
54. Villar J., and Belizan J.M. Same nutrient, different hypotheses: disparities in trials of calcium supplementation during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 71 suppl (2000) 1375S-1379S
55. Gulson B.L., Mahaffey K.R., Jameson C.W., Mizon K.J., Korsch M.J., and Cameron M.A. Mobilization of lead from the skeleton during the postnatal period is larger than during pregnancy. J Lab Clin Med 131 (1998) 324-329
56. Lagerkvist B.J., Ekesrydh S., Englyst V., Nordberg G.F., Soderberg H.A., and Wiklund D.E. Increased blood lead and decreased calcium levels during pregnancy: a prospective study of Swedish women living near a smelter. Am J Public Health 86 (1996) 1247-1252
57. Yang C.Y., Chiu H.F., Chang C.C., Wu T.N., and Sung F.C. Association of very low birth weight with calcium levels in drinking water. Environ Res 89 (2002) 189-194
58. Crowther C.A., Hiller J.E., Pridmore B., Bryce R., Duggan P., and Hague W.M. Calcium supplementation in nulliparous women for the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia and preterm birth: an Australian randomized trial: FRACOG and the ACT Study Group. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 39 (1999) 12-18
59. Hatton D.C., Harrison-Hohner J., Coste S., Reller M., and McCarron D. Gestational calcium supplementation and blood pressure in the offspring. Am J Hypertens 16 (2003) 801-805
60. Belizan J.M., Villar J., Bergel E., del Pino A., Di Fulvio S., and Galliano S.V. Long-term effect of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on the blood pressure of offspring: follow up of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 315 (1997) 281-285
61. Morris C.D., Jacobson S.L., Anand R., Ewell M.G., Hauth J.C., Curet L.B., et al. Nutrient intake and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Evidence from a large prospective cohort. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184 (2001) 643-651
62. Levine R.J., Hauth J.C., Curet L.B., Sibai B.M., Catalano P.M., Morris C.D., et al. Trial of calcium to prevent preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 337 (1997) 69-76
63. Hofmeyr G.J., Roodt A., Atallah A.N., and Duley L. Calcium supplementation to prevent pre-eclampsia: a systematic review. S Afr Med J 93 (2003) 224-228
64. Kalkwarf HJ., Specker B.L., Bianchi D.C., Ranz J., and Ho M. The effect of calcium supplementation of bone density during lactation after weaning. N Engl J Med 337 (1997) 523-528