SIRT2-mediated protein deacetylation: An emerging key regulator in brain physiology and pathology

European Journal of Cell Biology

Volumn 89, Issue 2-3, 2010, Pages 262-269

  Harting, Kai ^a   Knöll, Bernd ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Brain; Cytoskeleton; Deacetylation; Growth cone; Neurite; Neuron; Oligodendrocyte; SIRT2; Sirtuin; Tubulin

Indexed keywords

NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; RESVERATROL; SIRTUIN 1; SIRTUIN 2;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; APOPTOSIS; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN NERVE CELL; CELL CYCLE REGULATION; CELL MOTILITY; CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY; DEACETYLATION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; GLIA CELL; HUMAN; MITOSIS; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVE DEGENERATION; NERVE FIBER GROWTH; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; OLIGODENDROGLIA; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; SHORT SURVEY;

ACETYLATION; ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; BRAIN; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CELL CYCLE; CELL MOVEMENT; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY; COCAINE-RELATED DISORDERS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GLIOMA; HUMANS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; NEURONS; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL; SIRTUIN 2;

EID: 77149172855     PISSN: 01719335     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.11.006     Document Type: Short Survey

References (108)

1. Anekonda T.S. Resveratrol - a boon for treating Alzheimer's disease?. Brain Res. Rev. 2006, 52:316-326.
2. Araki T., Sasaki Y., Milbrandt J. Increased nuclear NAD biosynthesis and SIRT1 activation prevent axonal degeneration. Science 2004, 305:1010-1013.
3. Asher G., Gatfield D., Stratmann M., Reinke H., Dibner C., Kreppel F., Mostoslavsky R., Alt F.W., Schibler U. SIRT1 regulates circadian clock gene expression through PER2 deacetylation. Cell 2008, 134:317-328.
4. Balasubramaniyan V., Boddeke E., Bakels R., Kust B., Kooistra S., Veneman A., Copray S. Effects of histone deacetylation inhibition on neuronal differentiation of embryonic mouse neural stem cells. Neuroscience 2006, 143:939-951.
5. Barres B.A. The mystery and magic of glia: a perspective on their roles in health and disease. Neuron 2008, 60:430-440.
6. Beal M.F. Mitochondria take center stage in aging and neurodegeneration. Ann. Neurol. 2005, 58:495-505.
7. Belden W.J., Dunlap J.C. SIRT1 is a circadian deacetylase for core clock components. Cell 2008, 134:212-214.
8. Bishop N.A., Guarente L. Genetic links between diet and lifespan: shared mechanisms from yeast to humans. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2007, 8:835-844.
9. Black J.C., Mosley A., Kitada T., Washburn M., Carey M. The SIRT2 deacetylase regulates autoacetylation of p300. Mol. Cell 2008, 32:449-455.
10. Blander G., Guarente L. The Sir2 family of protein deacetylases. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2004, 73:417-435.
11. Bordone L., Cohen D., Robinson A., Motta M.C., van Veen E., Czopik A., Steele A.D., Crowe H., Marmor S., Luo J., Gu W., Guarente L. SIRT1 transgenic mice show phenotypes resembling calorie restriction. Aging Cell 2007, 6:759-767.
12. Bouras T., Fu M., Sauve A.A., Wang F., Quong A.A., Perkins N.D., Hay R.T., Gu W., Pestell R.G. SIRT1 deacetylation and repression of p300 involves lysine residues 1020/1024 within the cell cycle regulatory domain 1. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:10264-10276.
13. Chen J., Zhou Y., Mueller-Steiner S., Chen L.F., Kwon H., Yi S., Mucke L., Gan L. SIRT1 protects against microglia-dependent amyloid-beta toxicity through inhibiting NF-kappaB signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:40364-40374.
14. Cheng H.L., Mostoslavsky R., Saito S., Manis J.P., Gu Y., Patel P., Bronson R., Appella E., Alt F.W., Chua K.F. Developmental defects and p53 hyperacetylation in Sir2 homolog (SIRT1)-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:10794-10799.
15. Claes A., Idema A.J., Wesseling P. Diffuse glioma growth: a guerilla war. Acta Neuropathol. 2007, 114:443-458.
16. Copray S., Huynh J.L., Sher F., Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Boddeke E. Epigenetic mechanisms facilitating oligodendrocyte development, maturation, and aging. Glia 2009, 57:1579-1587.
17. Crepaldi L., Riccio A. Chromatin learns to behave. Epigenetics 2009, 4:23-26.
18. Dai J.M., Wang Z.Y., Sun D.C., Lin R.X., Wang S.Q. SIRT1 interacts with p73 and suppresses p73-dependent transcriptional activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 2007, 210:161-166.
19. Dent E.W., Gertler F.B. Cytoskeletal dynamics and transport in growth cone motility and axon guidance. Neuron 2003, 40:209-227.
20. Di Giovanni S., Knights C.D., Rao M., Yakovlev A., Beers J., Catania J., Avantaggiati M.L., Faden A.I. The tumor suppressor protein p53 is required for neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration. EMBO J. 2006, 25:4084-4096.
21. Dillin A., Kelly J.W. Medicine. The yin-yang of sirtuins. Science 2007, 317:461-462.
22. Dryden S.C., Nahhas F.A., Nowak J.E., Goustin A.S., Tainsky M.A. Role for human SIRT2 NAD-dependent deacetylase activity in control of mitotic exit in the cell cycle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003, 23:3173-3185.
23. Fainzilber M., Twiss J.L. Tracking in the Wlds - the hunting of the SIRT and the luring of the Draper. Neuron 2006, 50:819-821.
24. Fukushima N., Furuta D., Hidaka Y., Moriyama R., Tsujiuchi T. Post-translational modifications of tubulin in the nervous system. J. Neurochem. 2009, 109:683-693.
25. Grubisha O., Rafty L.A., Takanishi C.L., Xu X., Tong L., Perraud A.L., Scharenberg A.M., Denu J.M. Metabolite of SIR2 reaction modulates TRPM2 ion channel. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:14057-14065.
26. Guan J.S., Haggarty S.J., Giacometti E., Dannenberg J.H., Joseph N., Gao J., Nieland T.J., Zhou Y., Wang X., Mazitschek R., Bradner J.E., DePinho R.A., Jaenisch R., Tsai L.H. HDAC2 negatively regulates memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Nature 2009, 459:55-60.
27. Haberland M., Montgomery R.L., Olson E.N. The many roles of histone deacetylases in development and physiology: implications for disease and therapy. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2009, 10:32-42.
28. Haigis M.C., Mostoslavsky R., Haigis K.M., Fahie K., Christodoulou D.C., Murphy A.J., Valenzuela D.M., Yancopoulos G.D., Karow M., Blander G., Wolberger C., Prolla T.A., Weindruch R., Alt F.W., Guarente L. SIRT4 inhibits glutamate dehydrogenase and opposes the effects of calorie restriction in pancreatic beta cells. Cell 2006, 126:941-954.
29. Han Y., Jin Y.H., Kim Y.J., Kang B.Y., Choi H.J., Kim D.W., Yeo C.Y., Lee K.Y. Acetylation of Sirt2 by p300 attenuates its deacetylase activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 375:576-580.
30. Hasegawa K., Yoshikawa K. Necdin regulates p53 acetylation via Sirtuin1 to modulate DNA damage response in cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:8772-8784.
31. He Y., Dupree J., Wang J., Sandoval J., Li J., Liu H., Shi Y., Nave K.A., Casaccia-Bonnefil P. The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 is essential for oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation. Neuron 2007, 55:217-230.
32. Hiratsuka M., Inoue T., Toda T., Kimura N., Shirayoshi Y., Kamitani H., Watanabe T., Ohama E., Tahimic C.G., Kurimasa A., Oshimura M. Proteomics-based identification of differentially expressed genes in human gliomas: down-regulation of SIRT2 gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003, 309:558-566.
33. Hisahara S., Chiba S., Matsumoto H., Tanno M., Yagi H., Shimohama S., Sato M., Horio Y. Histone deacetylase SIRT1 modulates neuronal differentiation by its nuclear translocation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:15599-15604.
34. Imai S., Armstrong C.M., Kaeberlein M., Guarente L. Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. Nature 2000, 403:795-800.
35. Inokoshi J., Katagiri M., Arima S., Tanaka H., Hayashi M., Kim Y.B., Furumai R., Yoshida M., Horinouchi S., Omura S. Neuronal differentiation of neuro 2a cells by inhibitors of cell cycle progression, trichostatin A and butyrolactone I. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1999, 256:372-376.
36. Inoue T., Hiratsuka M., Osaki M., Oshimura M. The molecular biology of mammalian SIRT proteins: SIRT2 in cell cycle regulation. Cell Cycle 2007, 6:1011-1018.
37. Inoue T., Hiratsuka M., Osaki M., Yamada H., Kishimoto I., Yamaguchi S., Nakano S., Katoh M., Ito H., Oshimura M. SIRT2, a tubulin deacetylase, acts to block the entry to chromosome condensation in response to mitotic stress. Oncogene 2007, 26:945-957.
38. Inoue T., Nakayama Y., Yamada H., Li Y.C., Yamaguchi S., Osaki M., Kurimasa A., Hiratsuka M., Katoh M., Oshimura M. SIRT2 downregulation confers resistance to microtubule inhibitors by prolonging chronic mitotic arrest. Cell Cycle 2009, 8:1279-1291.
39. Jensen O.N. Interpreting the protein language using proteomics. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2006, 7:391-403.
40. Jin Y.H., Kim Y.J., Kim D.W., Baek K.H., Kang B.Y., Yeo C.Y., Lee K.Y. Sirt2 interacts with 14-3-3 beta/gamma and down-regulates the activity of p53. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 368:690-695.
41. Karuppagounder S.S., Pinto J.T., Xu H., Chen H.L., Beal M.F., Gibson G.E. Dietary supplementation with resveratrol reduces plaque pathology in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem. Int. 2009, 54:111-118.
42. Kim D., Nguyen M.D., Dobbin M.M., Fischer A., Sananbenesi F., Rodgers J.T., Delalle I., Baur J.A., Sui G., Armour S.M., Puigserver P., Sinclair D.A., Tsai L.H. SIRT1 deacetylase protects against neurodegeneration in models for Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. EMBO J. 2007, 26:3169-3179.
43. Knoll B., Drescher U. Ephrin-As as receptors in topographic projections. Trends Neurosci. 2002, 25:145-149.
44. Kouzarides T. Acetylation: a regulatory modification to rival phosphorylation?. EMBO J 2000, 19:1176-1179.
45. Landry J., Slama J.T., Sternglanz R. Role of NAD(+) in the deacetylase activity of the SIR2-like proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 278:685-690.
46. Li W., Zhang B., Tang J., Cao Q., Wu Y., Wu C., Guo J., Ling E.A., Liang F. Sirtuin 2, a mammalian homolog of yeast silent information regulator-2 longevity regulator, is an oligodendroglial protein that decelerates cell differentiation through deacetylating alpha-tubulin. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:2606-2616.
47. Lowery L.A., Van Vactor D. The trip of the tip: understanding the growth cone machinery. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2009, 10:332-343.
48. Luo J., Nikolaev A.Y., Imai S., Chen D., Su F., Shiloh A., Guarente L., Gu W. Negative control of p53 by Sir2alpha promotes cell survival under stress. Cell 2001, 107:137-148.
49. Lynn E.G., McLeod C.J., Gordon J.P., Bao J., Sack M.N. SIRT2 is a negative regulator of anoxia-reoxygenation tolerance via regulation of 14-3-3 zeta and BAD in H9c2 cells. FEBS Lett. 2008, 582:2857-2862.
50. Marin-Husstege M., Muggironi M., Liu A., Casaccia-Bonnefil P. Histone deacetylase activity is necessary for oligodendrocyte lineage progression. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22:10333-10345.
51. Michan S., Sinclair D. Sirtuins in mammals: insights into their biological function. Biochem. J. 2007, 404:1-13.
52. Milne J.C., Lambert P.D., Schenk S., Carney D.P., Smith J.J., Gagne D.J., Jin L., Boss O., Perni R.B., Vu C.B., Bemis J.E., Xie R., Disch J.S., Ng P.Y., Nunes J.J., Lynch A.V., Yang H., Galonek H., Israelian K., Choy W., Iffland A., Lavu S., Medvedik O., Sinclair D.A., Olefsky J.M., Jirousek M.R., Elliott P.J., Westphal C.H. Small molecule activators of SIRT1 as therapeutics for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Nature 2007, 450:712-716.
53. Morrison B.E., Majdzadeh N., D'Mello S.R. Histone deacetylases: focus on the nervous system. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2007, 64:2258-2269.
54. Mostoslavsky R., Chua K.F., Lombard D.B., Pang W.W., Fischer M.R., Gellon L., Liu P., Mostoslavsky G., Franco S., Murphy M.M., Mills K.D., Patel P., Hsu J.T., Hong A.L., Ford E., Cheng H.L., Kennedy C., Nunez N., Bronson R., Frendewey D., Auerbach W., Valenzuela D., Karow M., Hottiger M.O., Hursting S., Barrett J.C., Guarente L., Mulligan R., Demple B., Yancopoulos G.D., Alt F.W. Genomic instability and aging-like phenotype in the absence of mammalian SIRT6. Cell 2006, 124:315-329.
55. Muth V., Nadaud S., Grummt I., Voit R. Acetylation of TAF(I)68, a subunit of TIF-IB/SL1, activates RNA polymerase I transcription. EMBO J. 2001, 20:1353-1362.
56. Nahhas F., Dryden S.C., Abrams J., Tainsky M.A. Mutations in SIRT2 deacetylase which regulate enzymatic activity but not its interaction with HDAC6 and tubulin. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2007, 303:221-230.
57. North B.J., Verdin E. Interphase nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling and localization of SIRT2 during mitosis. PLoS One 2007, 2:e784.
58. North B.J., Verdin E. Mitotic regulation of SIRT2 by cyclin-dependent kinase 1-dependent phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:19546-19555.
59. North B.J., Marshall B.L., Borra M.T., Denu J.M., Verdin E. The human Sir2 ortholog, SIRT2, is an NAD+-dependent tubulin deacetylase. Mol. Cell 2003, 11:437-444.
60. O'Donnell M., Chance R.K., Bashaw G.J. Axon growth and guidance: receptor regulation and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2009, 32:383-412.
61. Okawara M., Katsuki H., Kurimoto E., Shibata H., Kume T., Akaike A. Resveratrol protects dopaminergic neurons in midbrain slice culture from multiple insults. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007, 73:550-560.
62. Outeiro T.F., Kontopoulos E., Altmann S.M., Kufareva I., Strathearn K.E., Amore A.M., Volk C.B., Maxwell M.M., Rochet J.C., McLean P.J., Young A.B., Abagyan R., Feany M.B., Hyman B.T., Kazantsev A.G. Sirtuin 2 inhibitors rescue alpha-synuclein-mediated toxicity in models of Parkinson's disease. Science 2007, 317:516-519.
63. Outeiro T.F., Marques O., Kazantsev A. Therapeutic role of sirtuins in neurodegenerative disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2008, 1782:363-369.
64. Pak C.W., Flynn K.C., Bamburg J.R. Actin-binding proteins take the reins in growth cones. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2008, 9:136-147.
65. Pallos J., Bodai L., Lukacsovich T., Purcell J.M., Steffan J.S., Thompson L.M., Marsh J.L. Inhibition of specific HDACs and sirtuins suppresses pathogenesis in a Drosophila model of Huntington's disease. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2008, 17:3767-3775.
66. Pandithage R., Lilischkis R., Harting K., Wolf A., Jedamzik B., Luscher-Firzlaff J., Vervoorts J., Lasonder E., Kremmer E., Knoll B., Luscher B. The regulation of SIRT2 function by cyclin-dependent kinases affects cell motility. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 180:915-929.
67. Parker J.A., Arango M., Abderrahmane S., Lambert E., Tourette C., Catoire H., Neri C. Resveratrol rescues mutant polyglutamine cytotoxicity in nematode and mammalian neurons. Nat. Genet. 2005, 37:349-350.
68. Pasquale E.B. Eph-ephrin bidirectional signaling in physiology and disease. Cell 2008, 133:38-52.
69. Pfister J.A., Ma C., Morrison B.E., D'Mello S.R. Opposing effects of sirtuins on neuronal survival: SIRT1-mediated neuroprotection is independent of its deacetylase activity. PLoS One 2008, 3:e4090.
70. Picard F., Kurtev M., Chung N., Topark-Ngarm A., Senawong T., Machado De Oliveira R., Leid M., McBurney M.W., Guarente L. Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization in white adipocytes by repressing PPAR-gamma. Nature 2004, 429:771-776.
71. Polevoda B., Sherman F. The diversity of acetylated proteins. Genome Biol. 2002, 3. reviews0006.
72. Polleux F., Ince-Dunn G., Ghosh A. Transcriptional regulation of vertebrate axon guidance and synapse formation. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2007, 8:331-340.
73. Prozorovski T., Schulze-Topphoff U., Glumm R., Baumgart J., Schroter F., Ninnemann O., Siegert E., Bendix I., Brustle O., Nitsch R., Zipp F., Aktas O. Sirt1 contributes critically to the redox-dependent fate of neural progenitors. Nat. Cell Biol. 2008, 10:385-394.
74. Qin W., Chachich M., Lane M., Roth G., Bryant M., de Cabo R., Ottinger M.A., Mattison J., Ingram D., Gandy S., Pasinettie G.M. Calorie restriction attenuates Alzheimer's disease type brain amyloidosis in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). J. Alzheimers Dis. 2006, 10:417-422.
75. Ramadori G., Lee C.E., Bookout A.L., Lee S., Williams K.W., Anderson J., Elmquist J.K., Coppari R. Brain SIRT1: anatomical distribution and regulation by energy availability. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28:9989-9996.
76. Reed N.A., Cai D., Blasius T.L., Jih G.T., Meyhofer E., Gaertig J., Verhey K.J. Microtubule acetylation promotes kinesin-1 binding and transport. Curr. Biol. 2006, 16:2166-2172.
77. Renthal W., Kumar A., Xiao G., Wilkinson M., Covington H.E., Maze I., Sikder D., Robison A.J., LaPlant Q., Dietz D.M., Russo S.J., Vialou V., Chakravarty S., Kodadek T.J., Stack A., Kabbaj M., Nestler E.J. Genome-wide analysis of chromatin regulation by cocaine reveals a role for sirtuins. Neuron 2009, 62:335-348.
78. Rodgers J.T., Lerin C., Haas W., Gygi S.P., Spiegelman B.M., Puigserver P. Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of PGC-1alpha and SIRT1. Nature 2005, 434:113-118.
79. Sakamoto J., Miura T., Shimamoto K., Horio Y. Predominant expression of Sir2alpha, an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase, in the embryonic mouse heart and brain. FEBS Lett. 2004, 556:281-286.
80. Sano M., Kitajima S. Inhibition of the nerve growth factor-induced outgrowth of neurites by trichostatin A requires protein synthesis de novo in PC12D cells. Brain Res. 1996, 742:195-202.
81. +-dependent deacetylation reactions. Biochemistry 2001, 40:15456-15463.
82. Schwechter B.R., Millet L.E., Levin L.A. Histone deacetylase inhibition-mediated differentiation of RGC-5 cells and interaction with survival. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2007, 48:2845-2857.
83. Shen S., Sandoval J., Swiss V.A., Li J., Dupree J., Franklin R.J., Casaccia-Bonnefil P. Age-dependent epigenetic control of differentiation inhibitors is critical for remyelination efficiency. Nat. Neurosci. 2008, 11:1024-1034.
84. Southwood C.M., Peppi M., Dryden S., Tainsky M.A., Gow A. Microtubule deacetylases, SirT2 and HDAC6, in the nervous system. Neurochem. Res. 2007, 32:187-195.
85. St-Pierre J., Drori S., Uldry M., Silvaggi J.M., Rhee J., Jager S., Handschin C., Zheng K., Lin J., Yang W., Simon D.K., Bachoo R., Spiegelman B.M. Suppression of reactive oxygen species and neurodegeneration by the PGC-1 transcriptional coactivators. Cell 2006, 127:397-408.
86. Suzuki K., Koike T. Mammalian Sir2-related protein (SIRT) 2-mediated modulation of resistance to axonal degeneration in slow Wallerian degeneration mice: a crucial role of tubulin deacetylation. Neuroscience 2007, 147:599-612.
87. Talavera K., Nilius B., Voets T. Neuronal TRP channels: thermometers, pathfinders and life-savers. Trends Neurosci. 2008, 31:287-295.
88. Tang B.L., Chua C.E. SIRT2, tubulin deacetylation, and oligodendroglia differentiation. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008, 65:179-182.
89. Taylor D.M., Maxwell M.M., Luthi-Carter R., Kazantsev A.G. Biological and potential therapeutic roles of sirtuin deacetylases. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2008, 65:4000-4018.
90. Tedeschi A., Di Giovanni S. The non-apoptotic role of p53 in neuronal biology: enlightening the dark side of the moon. EMBO Rep. 2009, 10:576-583.
91. Tedeschi A., Nguyen T., Puttagunta R., Gaub P., Di Giovanni S. A p53-CBP/p300 transcription module is required for GAP-43 expression, axon outgrowth, and regeneration. Cell Death Differ. 2009, 16:543-554.
92. Vaquero A., Scher M., Lee D., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., Reinberg D. Human SirT1 interacts with histone H1 and promotes formation of facultative heterochromatin. Mol. Cell 2004, 16:93-105.
93. Vaquero A., Scher M.B., Lee D.H., Sutton A., Cheng H.L., Alt F.W., Serrano L., Sternglanz R., Reinberg D. SirT2 is a histone deacetylase with preference for histone H4 Lys 16 during mitosis. Genes Dev. 2006, 20:1256-1261.
94. Vaziri H., Dessain S.K., Ng Eaton E., Imai S.I., Frye R.A., Pandita T.K., Guarente L., Weinberg R.A. hSIR2(SIRT1) functions as an NAD-dependent p53 deacetylase. Cell 2001, 107:149-159.
95. Wang F., Tong Q. SIRT2 suppresses adipocyte differentiation by deacetylating FOXO1 and enhancing FOXO1's repressive interaction with PPARgamma. Mol. Biol. Cell 2009, 20:801-808.
96. Wang F., Nguyen M., Qin F.X., Tong Q. SIRT2 deacetylates FOXO3a in response to oxidative stress and caloric restriction. Aging Cell 2007, 6:505-514.
97. Wang J., He Z. NAD and axon degeneration: From the Wlds gene to neurochemistry. Cell Adhes. Migr 2009, 3:77-87.
98. Wang J., Zhai Q., Chen Y., Lin E., Gu W., McBurney M.W., He Z. A local mechanism mediates NAD-dependent protection of axon degeneration. J. Cell Biol. 2005, 170:349-355.
99. Wang L., Zhang L., Chen Z.B., Wu J.Y., Zhang X., Xu Y. Icariin enhances neuronal survival after oxygen and glucose deprivation by increasing SIRT1. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2009, 609:40-44.
100. Werner H.B., Kuhlmann K., Shen S., Uecker M., Schardt A., Dimova K., Orfaniotou F., Dhaunchak A., Brinkmann B.G., Mobius W., Guarente L., Casaccia-Bonnefil P., Jahn O., Nave K.A. Proteolipid protein is required for transport of sirtuin 2 into CNS myelin. J. Neurosci. 2007, 27:7717-7730.
101. Westermann S., Weber K. Post-translational modifications regulate microtubule function. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003, 4:938-947.
102. Witte H., Neukirchen D., Bradke F. Microtubule stabilization specifies initial neuronal polarization. J. Cell Biol. 2008, 180:619-632.
103. Yang X.J., Seto E. HATs and HDACs: from structure, function and regulation to novel strategies for therapy and prevention. Oncogene 2007, 26:5310-5318.
104. Ye F., Chen Y., Hoang T., Montgomery R.L., Zhao X.H., Bu H., Hu T., Taketo M.M., van Es J.H., Clevers H., Hsieh J., Bassel-Duby R., Olson E.N., Lu Q.R. HDAC1 and HDAC2 regulate oligodendrocyte differentiation by disrupting the beta-catenin-TCF interaction. Nat. Neurosci. 2009, 12:829-838.
105. Yu T.T., McIntyre J.C., Bose S.C., Hardin D., Owen M.C., McClintock T.S. Differentially expressed transcripts from phenotypically identified olfactory sensory neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 2005, 483:251-262.
106. Zhang J., Chen X. DeltaNp73 modulates nerve growth factor-mediated neuronal differentiation through repression of TrkA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2007, 27:3868-3880.
107. Zhang Y., Zhang M., Dong H., Yong S., Li X., Olashaw N., Kruk P.A., Cheng J.Q., Bai W., Chen J., Nicosia S.V., Zhang X. Deacetylation of cortactin by SIRT1 promotes cell migration. Oncogene 2009, 28:445-460.
108. Zinovyeva A.Y., Graham S.M., Cloud V.J., Forrester W.C. The C. elegans histone deacetylase HDA-1 is required for cell migration and axon pathfinding. Dev. Biol. 2006, 289:229-242.