Genome-wide association studies in ADHD

Human Genetics

Volumn 126, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 13-50

  Franke, Barbara ^a,b   Neale, Benjamin M ^c,d,e   Faraone, Stephen V ^f  

^a RADBOUD UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^e MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^f State University of New York Upstate Medical University: College of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CADHERIN; CADHERIN 13; CARRIER PROTEIN; NEURONAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; NEUROTRANSMITTER; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PROTEIN CNR1; PROTEIN SLC9A9; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CELL ADHESION; CELL DIVISION; CELL POLARITY; CYTOSKELETON; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC RISK; GENOTYPE; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

ADULT; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CHILD; GENOME, HUMAN; GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY; HUMANS;

EID: 67651113905     PISSN: 03406717     EISSN: 14321203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0663-4     Document Type: Review

References (175)

1. Acosta MT, Arcos-Burgos M, Muenke M (2004) Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Complex phenotype, simple genotype? Genet Med 6:1-15
2. Addamo PK, Farrow M, Hoy KE, Bradshaw JL, Georgiou-Karistianis N (2007) The effects of age and attention on motor overflow production - a review. Brain Res Rev 54:189-204
3. Albertson DN, Pruetz B, Schmidt CJ, Kuhn DM, Kapatos G, Bannon MJ (2004) Gene expression profile of the nucleus accumbens of human cocaine abusers: Evidence for dysregulation of myelin. J Neurochem 88:1211-1219
4. Alcaraz WA, Gold DA, Raponi E, Gent PM, Concepcion D, Hamilton BA (2006) Zfp423 controls proliferation and differentiation of neural precursors in cerebellar vermis formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:19424-19429
5. Allen-Brady K, Miller J, Matsunami N, Stevens J, Block H, Farley M, Krasny L, Pingree C, Lainhart J, Leppert M, McMahon WM, Coon H (2008) A high-density SNP genome-wide linkage scan in a large autism extended pedigree. Mol Psychiatry. Feb 19 [Epub ahead of print]
6. Anisman H (2009) Cascading effects of stressors and inflammatory immune system activation: Implications for major depressive disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 34:4-20
7. Anney RJ, Kenny E, O'Dushlaine CT, Lasky-Su J, Franke B, Morris DW, Neale BM, Asherson P, Faraone SV, Gill M (2008a) Non-random error in genotype calling procedures: Implications for family-based and case-control genome-wide association studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1379-1386
8. Anney RJ, Lasky-Su J, O'Dushlaine C, Kenny E, Neale BM, Mulligan A, Franke B, Zhou K, Chen W, Christiansen H, Arias-Vasquez A, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen H, Asherson P, Faraone SV, Gill M (2008b) Conduct disorder and ADHD: Evaluation of conduct problems as a categorical and quantitative trait in the international multicentre ADHD genetics study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1369-1378
9. Arcos-Burgos M, Castellanos FX, Pineda D, Lopera F, Palacio JD, Palacio LG, Rapoport JL, Berg K, Bailey-Wilson JE, Muenke M (2004) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a population isolate: linkage to loci at 4q13.2, 5q33.3, 11q22, and 17p11. Am J Hum Genet 75:998-1014
10. Arinami T, Ohtsuki T, Ishiguro H, Ujike H, Tanaka Y, Morita Y, Mineta M, Takeichi M, Yamada S, Imamura A, Ohara K, Shibuya H, Ohara K, Suzuki Y, Muratake T, Kaneko N, Someya T, Inada T, Yoshikawa T, Toyota T, Yamada K, Kojima T, Takahashi S, Osamu O, Shinkai T, Nakamura M, Fukuzako H, Hashiguchi T, Niwa SI, Ueno T, Tachikawa H, Hori T, Asada T, Nanko S, Kunugi H, Hashimoto R, Ozaki N, Iwata N, Harano M, Arai H, Ohnuma T, Kusumi I, Koyama T, Yoneda H, Fukumaki Y, Shibata H, Kaneko S, Higuchi H, Yasui-Furukori N, Numachi Y, Itokawa M, Okazaki Y (2005) Genomewide high-density SNP linkage analysis of 236 Japanese families supports the existence of schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosomes 1p, 14q, and 20p. Am J Hum Genet 77:937-944
11. Asherson P, Zhou K, Anney RJ, Franke B, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Altink M, Arnold R, Boer F, Brookes K, Buschgens C, Butler L, Cambell D, Chen W, Christiansen H, Feldman L, Fleischman K, Fliers E, Howe-Forbes R, Goldfarb A, Heise A, Gabriels I, Johansson L, Lubetzki I, Marco R, Medad S, Minderaa R, Mulas F, Muller U, Mulligan A, Neale B, Rijsdijk F, Rabin K, Rommelse N, Sethna V, Sorohan J, Uebel H, Psychogiou L, Weeks A, Barrett R, Xu X, Banaschewski T, Sonuga-Barke E, Eisenberg J, Manor I, Miranda A, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Faraone SV (2008) A high-density SNP linkage scan with 142 combined subtype ADHD sib pairs identifies linkage regions on chromosomes 9 and 16. Mol Psychiatry 13(5):514-521
12. Bakker SC, van der Meulen EM, Buitelaar JK, Sandkuijl LA, Pauls DL, Monsuur AJ, van't Slot R, Minderaa RB, Gunning WB, Pearson PL, Sinke RJ (2003) A whole-genome scan in 164 Dutch sib pairs with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Suggestive evidence for linkage on chromosomes 7p and 15q. Am J Hum Genet 72:1251-1260
13. Banerjee TD, Middleton F, Faraone SV (2007) Environmental risk factors for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Paediatr 96:1269-1274
14. Barkley RA, Smith KM, Fischer M, Navia B (2006) An examination of the behavioral and neuropsychological correlates of three ADHD candidate gene polymorphisms (DRD4 7 +, DBH TaqI A2, and DAT1 40 bp VNTR) in hyperactive and normal children followed to adulthood. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141:487-498
15. Bazar KA, Yun AJ, Lee PY, Daniel SM, Doux JD (2006) Obesity and ADHD may represent different manifestations of a common environmental oversampling syndrome: A model for revealing mechanistic overlap among cognitive, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders. Med Hypotheses 66:263-269
16. Berrettini W, Yuan X, Tozzi F, Song K, Francks C, Chilcoat H, Waterworth D, Muglia P, Mooser V (2008) Alpha-5/alpha-3 nicotinic receptor subunit alleles increase risk for heavy smoking. Mol Psychiatry 13:368-373
17. Biederman J, Kim JW, Doyle AE, Mick E, Fagerness J, Smoller JW, Faraone SV (2008) Sexually dimorphic effects of four genes (COMT, SLC6A2, MAOA, SLC6A4) in genetic associations of ADHD: A preliminary study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1511-1518
18. Blouin JL, Dombroski BA, Nath SK, Lasseter VK, Wolyniec PS, Nestadt G, Thornquist M, Ullrich G, McGrath J, Kasch L, Lamacz M, Thomas MG, Gehrig C, Radhakrishna U, Snyder SE, Balk KG, Neufeld K, Swartz KL, DeMarchi N, Papadimitriou GN, Dikeos DG, Stefanis CN, Chakravarti A, Childs B, Housman DE, Kazazian HH, Antonarakis S, Pulver AE (1998) Schizophrenia susceptibility loci on chromosomes 13q32 and 8p21. Nat Genet 20:70-73
19. Bobb AJ, Castellanos FX, Addington AM, Rapoport JL (2005) Molecular genetic studies of ADHD: 1991 to 2004. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 132:109-125
20. Brookes K, Xu X, Chen W, Zhou K, Neale B, Lowe N, Anney R, Franke B, Gill M, Ebstein R, Buitelaar J, Sham P, Campbell D, Knight J, Andreou P, Altink M, Arnold R, Boer F, Buschgens C, Butler L, Christiansen H, Feldman L, Fleischman K, Fliers E, Howe-Forbes R, Goldfarb A, Heise A, Gabriels I, Korn-Lubetzki I, Johansson L, Marco R, Medad S, Minderaa R, Mulas F, Muller U, Mulligan A, Rabin K, Rommelse N, Sethna V, Sorohan J, Uebel H, Psychogiou L, Weeks A, Barrett R, Craig I, Banaschewski T, Sonuga-Barke E, Eisenberg J, Kuntsi J, Manor I, McGuffin P, Miranda A, Oades RD, Plomin R, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Faraone SV, Asherson P (2006) The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes. Mol Psychiatry 11:934-953
21. Burton PR, Hansell AL, Fortier I, Manolio TA, Khoury MJ, Little J, Elliott P (2008)QSize matters: Just how big is BIG?: quantifying realistic sample size requirements for human genome epidemiology. Int J Epidemiol 38(1):263-273
22. Cantwell DP (1975) Genetics of hyperactivity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 16:261-264
23. Castellanos FX, Tannock R (2002) Neuroscience of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes. Nat Rev Neurosci 3:617-628
24. Chen W, Zhou K, Sham P, Franke B, Kuntsi J, Campbell D, Fleischman K, Knight J, Andreou P, Arnold R, Altink M, Boer F, Boholst MJ, Buschgens C, Butler L, Christiansen H, Fliers E, Howe-Forbes R, Gabriels I, Heise A, Korn-Lubetzki I, Marco R, Medad S, Minderaa R, Muller UC, Mulligan A, Psychogiou L, Rommelse N, Sethna V, Uebel H, McGuffin P, Plomin R, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Eisenberg J, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Faraone SV, Asherson P (2008) DSM-IV combined type ADHD shows familial association with sibling trait scores: A sampling strategy for QTL linkage. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1450-1460
25. Christian SL, Brune CW, Sudi J, Kumar RA, Liu S, Karamohamed S, Badner JA, Matsui S, Conroy J, McQuaid D, Gergel J, Hatchwell E, Gilliam TC, Gershon ES, Nowak NJ, Dobyns WB, Cook EH Jr (2008) Novel submicroscopic chromosomal abnormalities detected in autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry 63:1111-1117
26. Collin RW, Kalay E, Tariq M, Peters T, van der Zwaag B, Venselaar H, Oostrik J, Lee K, Ahmed ZM, Caylan R, Li Y, Spierenburg HA, Eyupoglu E, Heister A, Riazuddin S, Bahat E, Ansar M, Arslan S, Wollnik B, Brunner HG, Cremers CW, Karaguzel A, Ahmad W, Cremers FP, Vriend G, Friedman TB, Riazuddin S, Leal SM, Kremer H (2008) Mutations of ESRRB encoding estrogen-related receptor beta cause autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic hearing impairment DFNB35. Am J Hum Genet 82:125-138
27. Conners (2003) Conners' rating scales-revised, 6th edn. MHS, Toronto
28. Craddock N, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ (2008) Genome-wide association studies in psychiatry: Lessons from early studies of non-psychiatric and psychiatric phenotypes. Mol Psychiatry 13:649-653
29. Craig IW, Harper E, Loat CS (2004) The genetic basis for sex differences in human behaviour: Role of the sex chromosomes. Ann Hum Genet 68:269-284
30. de Silva MG, Elliott K, Dahl HH, Fitzpatrick E, Wilcox S, Delatycki M, Williamson R, Efron D, Lynch M, Forrest S (2003) Disruption of a novel member of a sodium/hydrogen exchanger family and DOCK3 is associated with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-like phenotype. J Med Genet 40:733-740
31. Detera-Wadleigh SD, Badner JA, Berrettini WH, Yoshikawa T, Goldin LR, Turner G, Rollins DY, Moses T, Sanders AR, Karkera JD, Esterling LE, Zeng J, Ferraro TN, Guroff JJ, Kazuba D, Maxwell ME, Nurnberger JI Jr, Gershon ES (1999) A high-density genome scan detects evidence for a bipolar-disorder susceptibility locus on 13q32 and other potential loci on 1q32 and 18p11.2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:5604-5609
32. Deutsch CK, Matthysse S, Swanson JM, Farkas LG (1990) Genetic latent structure analysis of dysmorphology in attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:189-194
33. Devlin B, Bacanu SA, Klump KL, Bulik CM, Fichter MM, Halmi KA, Kaplan AS, Strober M, Treasure J, Woodside DB, Berrettini WH, Kaye WH (2002) Linkage analysis of anorexia nervosa incorporating behavioral covariates. Hum Mol Genet 11:689-696
34. Diamond A (2007) Consequences of variations in genes that affect dopamine in prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 17(Suppl 1):i161-i170
35. Doyle AE, Willcutt EG, Seidman LJ, Biederman J, Chouinard VA, Silva J, Faraone SV (2005) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder endophenotypes. Biol Psychiatry 57:1324-1335
36. Doyle AE, Ferreira MA, Sklar PB, Lasky-Su J, Petty C, Fusillo SJ, Seidman LJ, Willcutt EG, Smoller JW, Purcell S, Biederman J, Faraone SV (2008) Multivariate genomewide linkage scan of neurocognitive traits and ADHD symptoms: Suggestive linkage to 3q13. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1399-1411
37. Dreher JC, Kohn P, Kolachana B, Weinberger DR, Berman KF (2008) Variation in dopamine genes influences responsivity of the human reward system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(2):617-622
38. Dudbridge F, Gusnanto A (2008) Estimation of significance thresholds for genomewide association scans. Genet Epidemiol 32:227-234
39. Duggirala R, Almasy L, Blangero J (1999) Smoking behavior is under the influence of a major quantitative trait locus on human chromosome 5q. Genet Epidemiol 17(Suppl 1):S139-S144
40. Duvall JA, Lu A, Cantor RM, Todd RD, Constantino JN, Geschwind DH (2007) A quantitative trait locus analysis of social responsiveness in multiplex autism families. Am J Psychiatry 164:656-662
41. Elia J, Devoto M (2007) ADHD genetics: 2007 update. Curr Psychiatry Rep 9:434-439
42. Faraone SV (I000) Genetics of childhood disorders: XX. ADHD, Part 4: is ADHD genetically heterogeneous? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:1455-1457
43. Faraone SV, Doyle AE (2001) The nature and heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 10:299-316
44. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Friedman D (2000a) Validity of DSM-IV subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A family study perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:300-307
45. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer T, Wilens T, Seidman LJ, Mick E, Doyle AE (2000b) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: An overview. Biol Psychiatry 48:9-20
46. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, Holmgren MA, Sklar P (2005) Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 57:1313-1323
47. Faraone SV, Doyle AE, Lasky-Su J, Sklar PB, D'Angelo E, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Kratochvil C, Mick E, Klein K, Rezac AJ, Biederman J (2008) Linkage analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1387-1391
48. Ferreira MA, O'Donovan MC, Meng YA, Jones IR, Ruderfer DM, Jones L, Fan J, Kirov G, Perlis RH, Green EK, Smoller JW, Grozeva D, Stone J, Nikolov I, Chambert K, Hamshere ML, Nimgaonkar VL, Moskvina V, Thase ME, Caesar S, Sachs GS, Franklin J, Gordon-Smith K, Ardlie KG, Gabriel SB, Fraser C, Blumenstiel B, DeFelice M, Breen G, Gill M, Morris DW, Elkin A, Muir WJ, McGhee KA, Williamson R, MacIntyre DJ, Maclean AW, St CD, Robinson M, Van BM, Pereira AC, Kandaswamy R, McQuillin A, Collier DA, Bass NJ, Young AH, Lawrence J, Nicol FI, Anjorin A, Farmer A, Curtis D, Scolnick EM, McGuffin P, Daly MJ, Corvin AP, Holmans PA, Blackwood DH, Gurling HM, Owen MJ, Purcell SM, Sklar P, Craddock N (2008) Collaborative genome-wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder. Nat Genet 40(9):1056-1058
49. Fliers E, Vermeulen S, Rijsdijk F, Altink M, Buschgens C, Rommelse N, Faraone S, Sergeant J, Buitelaar J, Franke B (2009) ADHD and poor motor performance from a family genetic perspective. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 48:25-34
50. Franke B, Hoogman M, Arias-Vasquez A, Heister JG, Savelkoul PJ, Naber M, Scheffer H, Kiemeney LA, Kan CC, Kooij JJ, Buitelaar JK (2008) Association of the dopamine transporter (SLC6A3/DAT1) gene 9-6 haplotype with adult ADHD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1576-1579
51. Frazer KA, Ballinger DG, Cox DR, Hinds DA, Stuve LL, Gibbs RA, Belmont JW, Boudreau A, Hardenbol P, Leal SM, Pasternak S, Wheeler DA, Willis TD, Yu F, Yang H, Zeng C, Gao Y, Hu H, Hu W, Li C, Lin W, Liu S, Pan H, Tang X, Wang J, Wang W, Yu J, Zhang B, Zhang Q, Zhao H, Zhao H, Zhou J, Gabriel SB, Barry R, Blumenstiel B, Camargo A, DeFelice M, Faggart M, Goyette M, Gupta S, Moore J, Nguyen H, Onofrio RC, Parkin M, Roy J, Stahl E, Winchester E, Ziaugra L, Altshuler D, Shen Y, Yao Z, Huang W, Chu X, He Y, Jin L, Liu Y, Shen Y, Sun W, Wang H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xiong X, Xu L, Waye MM, Tsui SK, Xue H, Wong JT, Galver LM, Fan JB, Gunderson K, Murray SS, Oliphant AR, Chee MS, Montpetit A, Chagnon F, Ferretti V, Leboeuf M, Olivier JF, Phillips MS, Roumy S, Sallee C, Verner A, Hudson TJ, Kwok PY, Cai D, Koboldt DC, Miller RD, Pawlikowska L, Taillon-Miller P, Xiao M, Tsui LC, Mak W, Song YQ, Tam PK, Nakamura Y, Kawaguchi T, Kitamoto T, Morizono T, Nagashima A, et al. (2007) A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 449:851-861
52. Fullerton J, Cubin M, Tiwari H, Wang C, Bomhra A, Davidson S, Miller S, Fairburn C, Goodwin G, Neale MC, Fiddy S, Mott R, Allison DB, Flint J (2003) Linkage analysis of extremely discordant and concordant sibling pairs identifies quantitative-trait loci that influence variation in the human personality trait neuroticism. Am J Hum Genet 72:879-890
53. Galimberti D, Scarpini E, Venturelli E, Strobel A, Herterich S, Fenoglio C, Guidi I, Scalabrini D, Cortini F, Bresolin N, Lesch KP, Reif A (2008) Association of a NOS1 promoter repeat with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 29:1359-1365
54. Garcia-Bueno B, Caso JR, Leza JC (2008) Stress as a neuroinflammatory condition in brain: Damaging and protective mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32:1136-1151
55. Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003) The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. Am J Psychiatry 160:636-645
56. Guimaraes AP, Zeni C, Polanczyk GV, Genro JP, Roman T, Rohde LA, Hutz MH (2007) Serotonin genes and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a Brazilian sample: Preferential transmission of the HTR2A 452His allele to affected boys. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144B:69-73
57. Haberstick BC, Timberlake D, Hopfer CJ, Lessem JM, Ehringer MA, Hewitt JK (2008) Genetic and environmental contributions to retrospectively reported DSM-IV childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med 38:1057-1066
58. Haefner S, Baghai TC, Schule C, Eser D, Spraul M, Zill P, Rupprecht R, Bondy B (2008) Impact of gene-gender effects of adrenergic polymorphisms on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in depressed patients. Neuropsychobiology 58:154-162
59. Hebebrand J, Dempfle A, Saar K, Thiele H, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Linder M, Kiefl H, Remschmidt H, Hemminger U, Warnke A, Knolker U, Heiser P, Friedel S, Hinney A, Schafer H, Nurnberg P, Konrad K (2006) A genome-wide scan for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 155 German sib-pairs. Mol Psychiatry 11:196-205
60. Heiser P, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Frey J, Smidt J, Grabarkiewicz J, Friedel S, Kuhnau W, Schmidtke J, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J (2006) Twin study on heritability of activity, attention, and impulsivity as assessed by objective measures. J Atten Disord 9:575-581
61. Holmans P, Zubenko GS, Crowe RR, DePaulo JR Jr, Scheftner WA, Weissman MM, Zubenko WN, Boutelle S, Murphy-Eberenz K, MacKinnon D, McInnis MG, Marta DH, Adams P, Knowles JA, Gladis M, Thomas J, Chellis J, Miller E, Levinson DF (2004) Genomewide significant linkage to recurrent, early-onset major depressive disorder on chromosome 15q. Am J Hum Genet 74:1154-1167
62. Holmans P, Weissman MM, Zubenko GS, Scheftner WA, Crowe RR, DePaulo JR Jr, Knowles JA, Zubenko WN, Murphy-Eberenz K, Marta DH, Boutelle S, McInnis MG, Adams P, Gladis M, Steele J, Miller EB, Potash JB, MacKinnon DF, Levinson DF (2007) Genetics of recurrent early-onset major depression (GenRED): Final genome scan report. Am J Psychiatry 164:248-258
63. Iakoubova OA, Sabatine MS, Rowland CM, Tong CH, Catanese JJ, Ranade K, Simonsen KL, Kirchgessner TG, Cannon CP, Devlin JJ, Braunwald E (2008a) Polymorphism in KIF6 gene and benefit from statins after acute coronary syndromes: Results from the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:449-455
64. Iakoubova OA, Tong CH, Rowland CM, Kirchgessner TG, Young BA, Arellano AR, Shiffman D, Sabatine MS, Campos H, Packard CJ, Pfeffer MA, White TJ, Braunwald E, Shepherd J, Devlin JJ, Sacks FM (2008b) Association of the Trp719Arg polymorphism in kinesin-like protein 6 with myocardial infarction and coronary heart disease in 2 prospective trials: The CARE and WOSCOPS trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:435-443
65. Irmansyah XSSG, Handoko HY, Kusumawardhani A, Widyawati I, Amir N, Nasrun MW, Holmans P, Knapp M, Wildenauer DB (2008) Genome-wide scan in 124 Indonesian sib-pair families with schizophrenia reveals genome-wide significant linkage to a locus on chromosome 3p26-21. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1245-1252
66. Jacob CP, Romanos J, Dempfle A, Heine M, Windemuth-Kieselbach C, Kruse A, Reif A, Walitza S, Romanos M, Strobel A, Brocke B, Schafer H, Schmidtke A, Boning J, Lesch KP (2007) Co-morbidity of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with focus on personality traits and related disorders in a tertiary referral center. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 257:309-317
67. Kelsoe JR, Spence MA, Loetscher E, Foguet M, Sadovnick AD, Remick RA, Flodman P, Khristich J, Mroczkowski-Parker Z, Brown JL, Masser D, Ungerleider S, Rapaport MH, Wishart WL, Luebbert H (2001) A genome survey indicates a possible susceptibility locus for bipolar disorder on chromosome 22. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:585-590
68. Kendler KS (1998) Gender differences in the genetic epidemiology of major depression. J Gend Specif Med 1:28-31
69. Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, Demler O, Faraone SV, Greenhill LL, Howes MJ, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM (2006) The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 163:716-723
70. Khan SA, Faraone SV (2006) The genetics of ADHD: A literature review of 2005. Curr Psychiatry Rep 8:393-397
71. Kidd JM, Cooper GM, Donahue WF, Hayden HS, Sampas N, Graves T, Hansen N, Teague B, Alkan C, Antonacci F, Haugen E, Zerr T, Yamada NA, Tsang P, Newman TL, Tuzun E, Cheng Z, Ebling HM, Tusneem N, David R, Gillett W, Phelps KA, Weaver M, Saranga D, Brand A, Tao W, Gustafson E, McKernan K, Chen L, Malig M, Smith JD, Korn JM, McCarroll SA, Altshuler DA, Peiffer DA, Dorschner M, Stamatoyannopoulos J, Schwartz D, Nickerson DA, Mullikin JC, Wilson RK, Bruhn L, Olson MV, Kaul R, Smith DR, Eichler EE (2008) Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from eight human genomes. Nature 453:56-64
72. Kooij JJ, Buitelaar JK, van den Oord EJ, Furer JW, Rijnders CA, Hodiamont PP (2005) Internal and external validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in a population-based sample of adults. Psychol Med 35:817-827
73. Kuntsi J, Neale BM, Chen W, Faraone SV, Asherson P (2006) The IMAGE project: Methodological issues for the molecular genetic analysis of ADHD. Behav Brain Funct 2:27
74. Lachman HM, Pedrosa E, Petruolo OA, Cockerham M, Papolos A, Novak T, Papolos DF, Stopkova P (2007) Increase in GSK3beta gene copy number variation in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144:259-265
75. Lang UE, Hellweg R, Bajbouj M, Gaus V, Sander T, Gallinat J (2008) Gender-dependent association of a functional NGF polymorphism with anxiety-related personality traits. Pharmacopsychiatry 41:196-199
76. Lange C, Blacker D, Laird NM (2004a) Family-based association tests for survival and times-to-onset analysis. Stat Med 23:179-189
77. Lange C, DeMeo D, Silverman EK, Weiss ST, Laird NM (2004b) PBAT: Tools for family-based association studies. Am J Hum Genet 74:367-369
78. Lange C, Van SK, Andrew T, Lyon H, DeMeo DL, Raby B, Murphy A, Silverman EK, MacGregor A, Weiss ST, Laird NM (2004c) A family-based association test for repeatedly measured quantitative traits adjusting for unknown environmental and/or polygenic effects. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol 3, Article 17
79. Lasky-Su J, Biederman J, Laird N, Tsuang M, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Lange C, Faraone SV (2007) Evidence for an association of the dopamine D5 receptor gene on age at onset of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ann Hum Genet 71:648-659
80. Lasky-Su J, Anney RJ, Neale BM, Franke B, Zhou K, Maller JB, Arias-Vasquez A, Chen W, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Banaschewski T, Ebstein R, Gill M, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Daly M, Laird N, Lange C, Faraone SV (2008a) Genome-wide association scan of the time to onset of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1355-1358
81. Lasky-Su J, Neale BM, Franke B, Anney RJ, Zhou K, Maller JB, Arias-Vasquez A, Chen W, Asherson P, Buitelaar J, Banaschewski T, Ebstein R, Gill M, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Daly M, Laird N, Lange C, Faraone SV (2008b) Genome-wide association scan of quantitative traits for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder identifies novel associations and confirms candidate gene associations. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1345-1354
82. Lerer B, Segman RH, Hamdan A, Kanyas K, Karni O, Kohn Y, Korner M, Lanktree M, Kaadan M, Turetsky N, Yakir A, Kerem B, Macciardi F (2003) Genome scan of Arab Israeli families maps a schizophrenia susceptibility gene to chromosome 6q23 and supports a locus at chromosome 10q24. Mol Psychiatry 8:488-498
83. Lesch KP, Timmesfeld N, Renner TJ, Halperin R, Roser C, Nguyen TT, Craig DW, Romanos J, Heine M, Meyer J, Freitag C, Warnke A, Romanos M, Schafer H, Walitza S, Reif A, Stephan DA, Jacob C (2008) Molecular genetics of adult ADHD: Converging evidence from genome-wide association and extended pedigree linkage studies. J Neural Transm 115:1573-1585
84. Lewis CM, Levinson DF, Wise LH, DeLisi LE, Straub RE, Hovatta I, Williams NM, Schwab SG, Pulver AE, Faraone SV, Brzustowicz LM, Kaufmann CA, Garver DL, Gurling HM, Lindholm E, Coon H, Moises HW, Byerley W, Shaw SH, Mesen A, Sherrington R, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Kendler KS, Ekelund J, Paunio T, Lonnqvist J, Peltonen L, O'Donovan MC, Owen MJ, Wildenauer DB, Maier W, Nestadt G, Blouin JL, Antonarakis SE, Mowry BJ, Silverman JM, Crowe RR, Cloninger CR, Tsuang MT, Malaspina D, Harkavy-Friedman JM, Svrakic DM, Bassett AS, Holcomb J, Kalsi G, McQuillin A, Brynjolfson J, Sigmundsson T, Petursson H, Jazin E, Zoega T, Helgason T (2003) Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part II: Schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 73:34-48
85. Li D, Sham PC, Owen MJ, He L (2006) Meta-analysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hum Mol Genet 15:2276-2284
86. Li MD, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Lou XY, Zhang D, Dupont RT, Elston RC (2008) Genome-wide linkage scan for nicotine dependence in European Americans and its converging results with African Americans in the Mid-South Tobacco Family sample. Mol Psychiatry 13:407-416
87. Lu AT, Ogdie MN, Jarvelin MR, Moilanen IK, Loo SK, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Yang MH, Peltonen L, Nelson SF, Cantor RM, Smalley SL (2008) Association of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) with ADHD and post-traumatic stress disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1488-1494
88. Maher BS, Marazita ML, Moss HB, Vanyukov MM (1999) Segregation analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet 88:71-78
89. Manolio TA, Rodriguez LL, Brooks L, Abecasis G, Ballinger D, Daly M, Donnelly P, Faraone SV, Frazer K, Gabriel S, Gejman P, Guttmacher A, Harris EL, Insel T, Kelsoe JR, Lander E, McCowin N, Mailman MD, Nabel E, Ostell J, Pugh E, Sherry S, Sullivan PF, Thompson JF, Warram J, Wholley D, Milos PM, Collins FS (2007) New models of collaboration in genome-wide association studies: The Genetic Association Information Network. Nat Genet 39:1045-1051
90. Manolio TA, Brooks LD, Collins FS (2008) A HapMap harvest of insights into the genetics of common disease. J Clin Invest 118:1590-1605
91. Marshall CR, Noor A, Vincent JB, Lionel AC, Feuk L, Skaug J, Shago M, Moessner R, Pinto D, Ren Y, Thiruvahindrapduram B, Fiebig A, Schreiber S, Friedman J, Ketelaars CE, Vos YJ, Ficicioglu C, Kirkpatrick S, Nicolson R, Sloman L, Summers A, Gibbons CA, Teebi A, Chitayat D, Weksberg R, Thompson A, Vardy C, Crosbie V, Luscombe S, Baatjes R, Zwaigenbaum L, Roberts W, Fernandez B, Szatmari P, Scherer SW (2008) Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder. Am J Hum Genet 82:477-488
92. Maziade M, Roy MA, Chagnon YC, Cliche D, Fournier JP, Montgrain N, Dion C, Lavallee JC, Garneau Y, Gingras N, Nicole L, Pires A, Ponton AM, Potvin A, Wallot H, Merette C (2005) Shared and specific susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A dense genome scan in Eastern Quebec families. Mol Psychiatry 10:486-499
93. McCarthy MI, Abecasis GR, Cardon LR, Goldstein DB, Little J, Ioannidis JP, Hirschhorn JN (2008) Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: Consensus, uncertainty and challenges. Nat Rev Genet 9:356-369
94. McLoughlin G, Ronald A, Kuntsi J, Asherson P, Plomin R (2007) Genetic support for the dual nature of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: substantial genetic overlap between the inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive components. J Abnorm Child Psychol 35:999-1008
95. Mitkus SN, Hyde TM, Vakkalanka R, Kolachana B, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE, Lipska BK (2008) Expression of oligodendrocyte-associated genes in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 98:129-138
96. Morrison JR, Stewart MA (1973) The psychiatric status of the legal families of adopted hyperactive children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 28:888-891
97. Morrison JR, Stewart MA (1974) Bilateral inheritance as evidence for polygenicity in the hyperactive child syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis 158:226-228
98. Morrow EM, Yoo SY, Flavell SW, Kim TK, Lin Y, Hill RS, Mukaddes NM, Balkhy S, Gascon G, Hashmi A, Al-Saad S, Ware J, Joseph RM, Greenblatt R, Gleason D, Ertelt JA, Apse KA, Bodell A, Partlow JN, Barry B, Yao H, Markianos K, Ferland RJ, Greenberg ME, Walsh CA (2008) Identifying autism loci and genes by tracing recent shared ancestry. Science 321:218-223
99. Neale BM, Purcell S (2008) The positives, protocols, and perils of genome-wide association. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1288-1294
100. Neale BM, Lasky-Su J, Anney R, Franke B, Zhou K, Maller JB, Arias-Vasquez A, Asherson P, Chen W, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Miranda A, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Sonuga-Barke E, Mulas F, Taylor E, Laird N, Lange C, Daly M, Faraone SV (2008a) Genome-wide association scan of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1337-1344
101. Neale BM, Sham PC, Purcell S, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, Franke B, Sonuga-Barke E, Ebstein R, Eisenberg J, Mulligan A, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Chen W, Zhou K, Asherson P, Faraone SV (2008b) Population differences in the International Multi-Centre ADHD Gene Project. Genet Epidemiol 32:98-107
102. O'Donovan MC, Craddock N, Norton N, Williams H, Peirce T, Moskvina V, Nikolov I, Hamshere M, Carroll L, Georgieva L, Dwyer S, Holmans P, Marchini JL, Spencer CC, Howie B, Leung HT, Hartmann AM, Moller HJ, Morris DW, Shi Y, Feng G, Hoffmann P, Propping P, Vasilescu C, Maier W, Rietschel M, Zammit S, Schumacher J, Quinn EM, Schulze TG, Williams NM, Giegling I, Iwata N, Ikeda M, Darvasi A, Shifman S, He L, Duan J, Sanders AR, Levinson DF, Gejman PV, Gejman PV, Sanders AR, Duan J, Levinson DF, Buccola NG, Mowry BJ, Freedman R, Amin F, Black DW, Silverman JM, Byerley WF, Cloninger CR, Cichon S, Nothen MM, Gill M, Corvin A, Rujescu D, Kirov G, Owen MJ (2008) Identification of loci associated with schizophrenia by genome-wide association and follow-up. Nat Genet 40(9):1053-1055
103. O'Donovan MC, Norton N, Williams H, Peirce T, Moskvina V, Nikolov I, Hamshere M, Carroll L, Georgieva L, Dwyer S, Holmans P, Marchini JL, Spencer CC, Howie B, Leung HT, Giegling I, Hartmann AM, Moller HJ, Morris DW, Shi Y, Feng G, Hoffmann P, Propping P, Vasilescu C, Maier W, Rietschel M, Zammit S, Schumacher J, Quinn EM, Schulze TG, Iwata N, Ikeda M, Darvasi A, Shifman S, He L, Duan J, Sanders AR, Levinson DF, Adolfsson R, Osby U, Terenius L, Jonsson EG, Cichon S, Nothen MM, Gill M, Corvin AP, Rujescu D, Gejman PV, Kirov G, Craddock N, Williams NM, Owen MJ (2009) Analysis of 10 independent samples provides evidence for association between schizophrenia and a SNP flanking fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. Mol Psychiatry 14:30-36
104. Ogdie MN, Macphie IL, Minassian SL, Yang M, Fisher SE, Francks C, Cantor RM, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Nelson SF, Monaco AP, Smalley SL (2003) A genomewide scan for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in an extended sample: Suggestive linkage on 17p11. Am J Hum Genet 72:1268-1279
105. Ogdie MN, Fisher SE, Yang M, Ishii J, Francks C, Loo SK, Cantor RM, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Smalley SL, Nelson SF (2004) Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Fine mapping supports linkage to 5p13, 6q12, 16p13, and 17p11. Am J Hum Genet 75:661-668
106. Ogdie MN, Bakker SC, Fisher SE, Francks C, Yang MH, Cantor RM, Loo SK, van der Meulen E, Pearson P, Buitelaar J, Monaco A, Nelson SF, Sinke RJ, Smalley SL (2006) Pooled genome-wide linkage data on 424 ADHD ASPs suggests genetic heterogeneity and a common risk locus at 5p13. Mol Psychiatry 11:5-8
107. Oh I, Shimizu H, Satoh T, Okada S, Adachi S, Inoue K, Eguchi H, Yamamoto M, Imaki T, Hashimoto K, Tsuchiya T, Monden T, Horiguchi K, Yamada M, Mori M (2006) Identification of nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule in the hypothalamus. Nature 443:709-712
108. Okamura N, Hashimoto K, Iyo M, Shimizu E, Dempfle A, Friedel S, Reinscheid RK (2007) Gender-specific association of a functional coding polymorphism in the Neuropeptide S receptor gene with panic disorder but not with schizophrenia or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31:1444-1448
109. Papassotiropoulos A, Stephan DA, Huentelman MJ, Hoerndli FJ, Craig DW, Pearson JV, Huynh KD, Brunner F, Corneveaux J, Osborne D, Wollmer MA, Aerni A, Coluccia D, Hanggi J, Mondadori CR, Buchmann A, Reiman EM, Caselli RJ, Henke K, de Quervain DJ (2006) Common Kibra alleles are associated with human memory performance. Science 314:475-478
110. Patel SD, Chen CP, Bahna F, Honig B, Shapiro L (2003) Cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion: Sticking together as a family. Curr Opin Struct Biol 13:690-698
111. Pe'er I, Yelensky R, Altshuler D, Daly MJ (2008) Estimation of the multiple testing burden for genomewide association studies of nearly all common variants. Genet Epidemiol 32:381-385
112. Pearson TA, Manolio TA (2008) How to interpret a genome-wide association study. JAMA 299:1335-1344
113. Penzes P, Jones KA (2008) Dendritic spine dynamics - a key role for kalirin-7. Trends Neurosci 31:419-427
114. Polanczyk G, Rohde LA (2007) Epidemiology of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Curr Opin Psychiatry 20:386-392
115. Ponce G, Hoenicka J, Rubio G, Ampuero I, Jimenez-Arriero MA, Rodriguez-Jimenez R, Palomo T, Ramos JA (2003) Association between cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) and childhood attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in Spanish male alcoholic patients. Mol Psychiatry 8:466-467
116. Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Steering Committee (2009) A framework for interpreting genome-wide association studies of psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 14:10-17
117. Rasmussen ER, Neuman RJ, Heath AC, Levy F, Hay DA, Todd RD (2004) Familial clustering of latent class and DSM-IV defined attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 45:589-598
118. Redon R, Ishikawa S, Fitch KR, Feuk L, Perry GH, Andrews TD, Fiegler H, Shapero MH, Carson AR, Chen W, Cho EK, Dallaire S, Freeman JL, Gonzalez JR, Gratacos M, Huang J, Kalaitzopoulos D, Komura D, MacDonald JR, Marshall CR, Mei R, Montgomery L, Nishimura K, Okamura K, Shen F, Somerville MJ, Tchinda J, Valsesia A, Woodwark C, Yang F, Zhang J, Zerjal T, Zhang J, Armengol L, Conrad DF, Estivill X, Tyler-Smith C, Carter NP, Aburatani H, Lee C, Jones KW, Scherer SW, Hurles ME (2006) Global variation in copy number in the human genome. Nature 444:444-454
119. Reif A, Herterich S, Strobel A, Ehlis AC, Saur D, Jacob CP, Wienker T, Topner T, Fritzen S, Walter U, Schmitt A, Fallgatter AJ, Lesch KP (2006) A neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS-I) haplotype associated with schizophrenia modifies prefrontal cortex function. Mol Psychiatry 11:286-300
120. Reif A, Jacob CP, Rujescu D, Herterich S, Lang S, Gutknecht L, Baehne CG, Strobel A, Freitag CM, Giegling I, Romanos M, Hartmann A, Rosler M, Renner TJ, Fallgatter AJ, Retz W, Ehlis AC, Lesch KP (2009) Influence of functional variant of neuronal nitric oxide synthase on impulsive behaviors in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 66:41-50
121. Risch N, Merikangas K (1996) The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science 273:1516-1517
122. Romanos M, Freitag C, Jacob C, Craig DW, Dempfle A, Nguyen TT, Halperin R, Walitza S, Renner TJ, Seitz C, Romanos J, Palmason H, Reif A, Heine M, Windemuth-Kieselbach C, Vogler C, Sigmund J, Warnke A, Schafer H, Meyer J, Stephan DA, Lesch KP (2008) Genome-wide linkage analysis of ADHD using high-density SNP arrays: Novel loci at 5q13.1 and 14q12. Mol Psychiatry 13:522-530
123. Rommelse NN (2008) Endophenotypes in the genetic research of ADHD over the last decade: Have they lived up to their expectations? Expert Rev Neurother 8:1425-1429
124. Rommelse NN, Altink ME, Arias-Vasquez A, Buschgens CJ, Fliers E, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Franke B, Oosterlaan J (2008a) A review and analysis of the relationship between neuropsychological measures and DAT1 in ADHD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1536-1546
125. Rommelse NN, Altink ME, Arias-Vasquez A, Buschgens CJ, Fliers E, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J, Franke B (2008b) Differential association between MAOA, ADHD and neuropsychological functioning in boys and girls. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1524-1530
126. Rommelse NN, Arias-Vasquez A, Altink ME, Buschgens CJ, Fliers E, Asherson P, Faraone SV, Buitelaar JK, Sergeant JA, Oosterlaan J, Franke B (2008c) Neuropsychological endophenotype approach to genome-wide linkage analysis identifies susceptibility loci for ADHD on 2q21.1 and 13q12.11. Am J Hum Genet 83:99-105
127. Rosler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Thome J, Supprian T, Nissen T, Stieglitz RD, Blocher D, Hengesch G, Trott GE (2004) Tools for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Self-rating behaviour questionnaire and diagnostic checklist. Nervenarzt 75:888-895
128. Rucci P, Nimgaonkar VL, Mansour H, Miniati M, Masala I, Fagiolini A, Cassano GB, Frank E (2009) Gender moderates the relationship between mania spectrum and serotonin transporter polymorphisms in depression. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. Jan 5 [Epub ahead of print]
129. Saccone SF, Pergadia ML, Loukola A, Broms U, Montgomery GW, Wang JC, Agrawal A, Dick DM, Heath AC, Todorov AA, Maunu H, Heikkila K, Morley KI, Rice JP, Todd RD, Kaprio J, Peltonen L, Martin NG, Goate AM, Madden PA (2007) Genetic linkage to chromosome 22q12 for a heavy-smoking quantitative trait in two independent samples. Am J Hum Genet 80:856-866
130. Schultz MR, Rabi K, Faraone SV, Kremen W, Lyons MJ (2006) Efficacy of retrospective recall of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: A twin study. Twin Res Hum Genet 9:220-232
131. Sebat J, Lakshmi B, Troge J, Alexander J, Young J, Lundin P, Maner S, Massa H, Walker M, Chi M, Navin N, Lucito R, Healy J, Hicks J, Ye K, Reiner A, Gilliam TC, Trask B, Patterson N, Zetterberg A, Wigler M (2004) Large-scale copy number polymorphism in the human genome. Science 305:525-528
132. Sebat J, Lakshmi B, Malhotra D, Troge J, Lese-Martin C, Walsh T, Yamrom B, Yoon S, Krasnitz A, Kendall J, Leotta A, Pai D, Zhang R, Lee YH, Hicks J, Spence SJ, Lee AT, Puura K, Lehtimaki T, Ledbetter D, Gregersen PK, Bregman J, Sutcliffe JS, Jobanputra V, Chung W, Warburton D, King MC, Skuse D, Geschwind DH, Gilliam TC, Ye K, Wigler M (2007) Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism. Science 316:445-449
133. Serretti A, Olgiati P, De RD (2007) Genetics of Alzheimer's disease. A rapidly evolving field. J Alzheimers Dis 12:73-92
134. Shiffman D, Chasman DI, Zee RY, Iakoubova OA, Louie JZ, Devlin JJ, Ridker PM (2008) A kinesin family member 6 variant is associated with coronary heart disease in the Women's Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:444-448
135. Sklar P, Smoller JW, Fan J, Ferreira MA, Perlis RH, Chambert K, Nimgaonkar VL, McQueen MB, Faraone SV, Kirby A, de Bakker PI, Ogdie MN, Thase ME, Sachs GS, Todd-Brown K, Gabriel SB, Sougnez C, Gates C, Blumenstiel B, DeFelice M, Ardlie KG, Franklin J, Muir WJ, McGhee KA, MacIntyre DJ, McLean A, VanBeck M, McQuillin A, Bass NJ, Robinson M, Lawrence J, Anjorin A, Curtis D, Scolnick EM, Daly MJ, Blackwood DH, Gurling HM, Purcell SM (2008) Whole-genome association study of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 13:558-569
136. Smalley SL, McGough JJ, Del'Homme M, NewDelman J, Gordon E, Kim T, Liu A, McCracken JT (2000) Familial clustering of symptoms and disruptive behaviors in multiplex families with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:1135-1143
137. Sonuga-Barke EJ, Lasky-Su J, Neale BM, Oades R, Chen W, Franke B, Buitelaar J, Banaschewski T, Ebstein R, Gill M, Anney R, Miranda A, Mulas F, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Thompson M, Asherson P, Faraone SV (2008) Does parental expressed emotion moderate genetic effects in ADHD? An exploration using a genome wide association scan. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1359-1368
138. Spielman RS, Ewens WJ (1996) The TDT and other family-based tests for linkage disequilibrium and association. Am J Hum Genet 59:983-989
139. Sprich S, Biederman J, Crawford MH, Mundy E, Faraone SV (2000) Adoptive and biological families of children and adolescents with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 39:1432-1437
140. Stefansson H, Sigurdsson E, Steinthorsdottir V, Bjornsdottir S, Sigmundsson T, Ghosh S, Brynjolfsson J, Gunnarsdottir S, Ivarsson O, Chou TT, Hjaltason O, Birgisdottir B, Jonsson H, Gudnadottir VG, Gudmundsdottir E, Bjornsson A, Ingvarsson B, Ingason A, Sigfusson S, Hardardottir H, Harvey RP, Lai D, Zhou M, Brunner D, Mutel V, Gonzalo A, Lemke G, Sainz J, Johannesson G, Andresson T, Gudbjartsson D, Manolescu A, Frigge ML, Gurney ME, Kong A, Gulcher JR, Petursson H, Stefansson K (2002) Neuregulin 1 and susceptibility to schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 71:877-892
141. Stefansson H, Rujescu D, Cichon S, Pietilainen OP, Ingason A, Steinberg S, Fossdal R, Sigurdsson E, Sigmundsson T, Buizer-Voskamp JE, Hansen T, Jakobsen KD, Muglia P, Francks C, Matthews PM, Gylfason A, Halldorsson BV, Gudbjartsson D, Thorgeirsson TE, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Bjornsson A, Mattiasdottir S, Blondal T, Haraldsson M, Magnusdottir BB, Giegling I, Moller HJ, Hartmann A, Shianna KV, Ge D, Need AC, Crombie C, Fraser G, Walker N, Lonnqvist J, Suvisaari J, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Paunio T, Toulopoulou T, Bramon E, Di FM, Murray R, Ruggeri M, Vassos E, Tosato S, Walshe M, Li T, Vasilescu C, Muhleisen TW, Wang AG, Ullum H, Djurovic S, Melle I, Olesen J, Kiemeney LA, Franke B, Sabatti C, Freimer NB, Gulcher JR, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Andreassen OA, Ophoff RA, Georgi A, Rietschel M, Werge T, Petursson H, Goldstein DB, Nothen MM, Peltonen L, Collier DA, St CD, Stefansson K (2008) Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia. Nature 455:232-236
142. Sullivan PF, Lin D, Tzeng JY, van den Oord E, Perkins D, Stroup TS, Wagner M, Lee S, Wright FA, Zou F, Liu W, Downing AM, Lieberman J, Close SL (2008) Genomewide association for schizophrenia in the CATIE study: results of stage 1. Mol Psychiatry 13:570-584
143. Szatmari P, Maziade M, Zwaigenbaum L, Merette C, Roy MA, Joober R, Palmour R (2007a) Informative phenotypes for genetic studies of psychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 144B:581-588
144. Szatmari P, Paterson AD, Zwaigenbaum L, Roberts W, Brian J, Liu XQ, Vincent JB, Skaug JL, Thompson AP, Senman L, Feuk L, Qian C, Bryson SE, Jones MB, Marshall CR, Scherer SW, Vieland VJ, Bartlett C, Mangin LV, Goedken R, Segre A, Pericak-Vance MA, Cuccaro ML, Gilbert JR, Wright HH, Abramson RK, Betancur C, Bourgeron T, Gillberg C, Leboyer M, Buxbaum JD, Davis KL, Hollander E, Silverman JM, Hallmayer J, Lotspeich L, Sutcliffe JS, Haines JL, Folstein SE, Piven J, Wassink TH, Sheffield V, Geschwind DH, Bucan M, Brown WT, Cantor RM, Constantino JN, Gilliam TC, Herbert M, Lajonchere C, Ledbetter DH, Lese-Martin C, Miller J, Nelson S, Samango-Sprouse CA, Spence S, State M, Tanzi RE, Coon H, Dawson G, Devlin B, Estes A, Flodman P, Klei L, McMahon WM, Minshew N, Munson J, Korvatska E, Rodier PM, Schellenberg GD, Smith M, Spence MA, Stodgell C, Tepper PG, Wijsman EM, Yu CE, Roge B, Mantoulan C, Wittemeyer K, Poustka A, Felder B, Klauck SM, Schuster C, Poustka F, Bolte S, Feineis-Matthews S, Herbrecht E, Schmotzer G, Tsiantis J, Papanikolaou K, Maestrini E, Bacchelli E, Blasi F, Carone S, Toma C, van Engeland H, de Jonge M, Kemner C, Koop F, Langemeijer M, Hijimans C, Staal WG, Baird G, Bolton PF, Rutter ML, Weisblatt E, Green J, Aldred C, Wilkinson JA, Pickles A, Le CA, Berney T, McConachie H, Bailey AJ, Francis K, Honeyman G, Hutchinson A, Parr JR, Wallace S, Monaco AP, Barnby G, Kobayashi K, Lamb JA, Sousa I, Sykes N, Cook EH, Guter SJ, Leventhal BL, Salt J, Lord C, Corsello C, Hus V, Weeks DE, Volkmar F, Tauber M, Fombonne E, Shih A (2007b) Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements. Nat Genet 39:319-328
145. Szyf M, Weaver I, Meaney M (2007) Maternal care, the epigenome and phenotypic differences in behavior. Reprod Toxicol 24:9-19
146. Szyf M, McGowan P, Meaney MJ (2008) The social environment and the epigenome. Environ Mol Mutagen 49:46-60
147. Takeuchi T, Ohtsuki Y (2001) Recent progress in T-cadherin (CDH13, H-cadherin) research. Histol Histopathol 16:1287-1293
148. Takeuchi T, Misaki A, Liang SB, Tachibana A, Hayashi N, Sonobe H, Ohtsuki Y (2000) Expression of T-cadherin (CDH13, H-Cadherin) in human brain and its characteristics as a negative growth regulator of epidermal growth factor in neuroblastoma cells. J Neurochem 74:1489-1497
149. Taylor E, Schachar R, Thorley G, Wieselberg M (1986) Conduct disorder and hyperactivity: I. Separation of hyperactivity and antisocial conduct in British child psychiatric patients. Br J Psychiatry 149:760-767
150. Thapar A, Langley K, O'Donovan M, Owen M (2006) Refining the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder phenotype for molecular genetic studies. Mol Psychiatry 11:714-720
151. The International HapMap Consortium (2005) A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature 437:1299-1320
152. Tom TY, Emtage P, Funk WD, Hu T, Arterburn M, Park EE, Rupp F (2004) TAFA: A novel secreted family with conserved cysteine residues and restricted expression in the brain. Genomics 83:727-734
153. Trikalinos TA, Karvouni A, Zintzaras E, Ylisaukko-oja T, Peltonen L, Jarvela I, Ioannidis JP (2006) A heterogeneity-based genome search meta-analysis for autism-spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 11:29-36
154. Uhl GR, Drgon T, Johnson C, Li CY, Contoreggi C, Hess J, Naiman D, Liu QR (2008a) Molecular genetics of addiction and related heritable phenotypes: Genome-wide association approaches identify "connectivity constellation" and drug target genes with pleiotropic effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1141:318-381
155. Uhl GR, Drgon T, Liu QR, Johnson C, Walther D, Komiyama T, Harano M, Sekine Y, Inada T, Ozaki N, Iyo M, Iwata N, Yamada M, Sora I, Chen CK, Liu HC, Ujike H, Lin SK (2008b) Genome-wide association for methamphetamine dependence: Convergent results from 2 samples. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65:345-355
156. Ullmann R, Turner G, Kirchhoff M, Chen W, Tonge B, Rosenberg C, Field M, Vianna-Morgante AM, Christie L, Krepischi-Santos AC, Banna L, Brereton AV, Hill A, Bisgaard AM, Muller I, Hultschig C, Erdogan F, Wieczorek G, Ropers HH (2007) Array CGH identifies reciprocal 16p13.1 duplications and deletions that predispose to autism and/or mental retardation. Hum Mutat 28:674-682
157. Valera EM, Faraone SV, Murray KE, Seidman LJ (2007) Meta-analysis of structural imaging findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 61:1361-1369
158. van Es MA, Van Vught PW, Blauw HM, Franke L, Saris CG, Andersen PM, Van Den Bosch L, de Jong SW, van't Slot R, Birve A, Lemmens R, de Jong V, Baas F, Schelhaas HJ, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C, Wokke JH, Wijmenga C, Robberecht W, Veldink JH, Ophoff RA, van den Berg LH (2007) ITPR2 as a susceptibility gene in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol 6:869-877
159. van Haren NE, Bakker SC, Kahn RS (2008) Genes and structural brain imaging in schizophrenia. Curr Opin Psychiatry 21:161-167
160. van Steen K, Lange C (2005) PBAT: A comprehensive software package for genome-wide association analysis of complex family-based studies. Hum Genomics 2:67-69
161. Vansteelandt S, DeMeo DL, Lasky-Su J, Smoller JW, Murphy AJ, McQueen M, Schneiter K, Celedon JC, Weiss ST, Silverman EK, Lange C (2008) Testing and estimating gene-environment interactions in family-based association studies. Biometrics 64:458-467
162. Vernes SC, Spiteri E, Nicod J, Groszer M, Taylor JM, Davies KE, Geschwind DH, Fisher SE (2007) High-throughput analysis of promoter occupancy reveals direct neural targets of FOXP2, a gene mutated in speech and language disorders. Am J Hum Genet 81:1232-1250
163. Vernes SC, Newbury DF, Abrahams BS, Winchester L, Nicod J, Groszer M, Alarcon M, Oliver PL, Davies KE, Geschwind DH, Monaco AP, Fisher SE (2008) A functional genetic link between distinct developmental language disorders. N Engl J Med 359:2337-2345
164. Vrijenhoek T, Buizer-Voskamp JE, van der Stelt I, Strengman E, Sabatti C, van Geurts KA, Brunner HG, Ophoff RA, Veltman JA (2008) Recurrent CNVs disrupt three candidate genes in schizophrenia patients. Am J Hum Genet 83:504-510
165. Walsh T, McClellan JM, McCarthy SE, Addington AM, Pierce SB, Cooper GM, Nord AS, Kusenda M, Malhotra D, Bhandari A, Stray SM, Rippey CF, Roccanova P, Makarov V, Lakshmi B, Findling RL, Sikich L, Stromberg T, Merriman B, Gogtay N, Butler P, Eckstrand K, Noory L, Gochman P, Long R, Chen Z, Davis S, Baker C, Eichler EE, Meltzer PS, Nelson SF, Singleton AB, Lee MK, Rapoport JL, King MC, Sebat J (2008) Rare structural variants disrupt multiple genes in neurodevelopmental pathways in schizophrenia. Science 320:539-543
166. Walters JT, Owen MJ (2007) Endophenotypes in psychiatric genetics. Mol Psychiatry 12:886-890
167. Weiss LA, Shen Y, Korn JM, Arking DE, Miller DT, Fossdal R, Saemundsen E, Stefansson H, Ferreira MA, Green T, Platt OS, Ruderfer DM, Walsh CA, Altshuler D, Chakravarti A, Tanzi RE, Stefansson K, Santangelo SL, Gusella JF, Sklar P, Wu BL, Daly MJ (2008) Association between microdeletion and microduplication at 16p11.2 and autism. N Engl J Med 358:667-675
168. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2007) Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 447:661-678
169. Willcutt EG, Pennington BF, DeFries JC (2000) Twin study of the etiology of comorbidity between reading disability and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet 96:293-301
170. Xiang M, Mohamalawari D, Rao R (2005) A novel isoform of the secretory pathway Ca2+, Mn(2+)-ATPase, hSPCA2, has unusual properties and is expressed in the brain. J Biol Chem 280:11608-11614
171. Zeggini E, Weedon MN, Lindgren CM, Frayling TM, Elliott KS, Lango H, Timpson NJ, Perry JR, Rayner NW, Freathy RM, Barrett JC, Shields B, Morris AP, Ellard S, Groves CJ, Harries LW, Marchini JL, Owen KR, Knight B, Cardon LR, Walker M, Hitman GA, Morris AD, Doney AS, McCarthy MI, Hattersley AT (2007) Replication of genome-wide association signals in UK samples reveals risk loci for type 2 diabetes. Science 316:1336-1341
172. Zhou K, Asherson P, Sham P, Franke B, Anney RJ, Buitelaar J, Ebstein R, Gill M, Brookes K, Buschgens C, Campbell D, Chen W, Christiansen H, Fliers E, Gabriels I, Johansson L, Marco R, Mulas F, Muller U, Mulligan A, Neale BM, Rijsdijk F, Rommelse N, Uebel H, Psychogiou L, Xu X, Banaschewski T, Sonuga-Barke E, Eisenberg J, Manor I, Miranda A, Oades RD, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Taylor E, Thompson M, Faraone SV (2008a) Linkage to chromosome 1p36 for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits in school and home settings. Biol Psychiatry 64:571-576
173. Zhou K, Chen W, Buitelaar J, Banaschewski T, Oades RD, Franke B, Sonuga-Barke E, Ebstein R, Eisenberg J, Gill M, Manor I, Miranda A, Mulas F, Roeyers H, Rothenberger A, Sergeant J, Steinhausen HC, Lasky-Su J, Taylor E, Brookes KJ, Xu X, Neale BM, Rijsdijk F, Thompson M, Asherson P, Faraone SV (2008b) Genetic heterogeneity in ADHD: DAT1 gene only affects probands without CD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1481-1487
174. Zhou K, Dempfle A, Arcos-Burgos M, Bakker SC, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar J, Castellanos FX, Doyle A, Ebstein RP, Ekholm J, Forabosco P, Franke B, Freitag C, Friedel S, Gill M, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Jacob C, Lesch KP, Loo SK, Lopera F, McCracken JT, McGough JJ, Meyer J, Mick E, Miranda A, Muenke M, Mulas F, Nelson SF, Nguyen TT, Oades RD, Ogdie MN, Palacio JD, Pineda D, Reif A, Renner TJ, Roeyers H, Romanos M, Rothenberger A, Schafer H, Sergeant J, Sinke RJ, Smalley SL, Sonuga-Barke E, Steinhausen HC, van der Meulen E, Walitza S, Warnke A, Lewis CM, Faraone SV, Asherson P (2008c) Meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage scans of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 147B:1392-1398
175. Zuo L, Kranzler HR, Luo X, Covault J, Gelernter J (2007) CNR1 variation modulates risk for drug and alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry 62:616-626