The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

American Journal of Psychiatry

Volumn 163, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 716-723

  Kessler, Ronald C ^a   Adler, Lenard ^b   Berkley, Russell ^b   Biederman, Joseph ^b   Conners, C Keith ^b   Demler, Olga ^b   Faraone, Stephen V ^b   Greenhill, Laurence L ^b   Howes, Mary J ^b   Secnik, Kristina ^b   Spencer, Thomas ^b   Ustun, T Bedirhan ^b   Walters, Ellen E ^b   Zaslavsky, Alan M ^b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GENDER; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MARRIAGE; MENTAL DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; UNEMPLOYMENT; UNITED STATES; ADDICTION; ADOLESCENT; AGE; CAUCASIAN; COMPARATIVE STUDY; HEALTH SURVEY; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSIS, DUAL (PSYCHIATRY); EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PREVALENCE; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; UNEMPLOYMENT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85035146867     PISSN: 0002953X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M: Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50:565-576
2. Weiss G, Hechtman L: Hyperactive Children Grown Up: ADHD in Children, Adolescents, and Adults. New York, Guilford Press, 1993
3. Pary R, Lewis S, Matuschka PR, Rudzinskiy P, Safi M, Lippmann S: Attention deficit disorder in adults. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2002; 14:105-111
4. Wilens TE, Biederman J, Spencer TJ: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder across the lifespan. Annu Rev Med 2002; 53:113-131
5. Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. JAMA 2004; 292:619-623
6. Robins LN, Regier DA (eds): Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York, Free Press, 1991
7. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen H-U, Kendler KS: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51:8-19
8. Barkley RA, Fischer M, Smallish L, Fletcher K: The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 2002; 111:279-289
9. Biederman J, Mick E, Faraone SV: Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:816-818
10. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M: Adult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:493-498
11. Weiss G, Hechtman L, Milroy T, Perlman T: Psychiatric status of hyperactives as adults: a controlled prospective 15-year follow-up of 63 hyperactive children. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1985; 24:211-220
12. Murphy K, Barkley RA: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults: comorbidities and adaptive impairments. Compr Psychiatry 1996; 37:393-401
13. Heiligenstein E, Conyers LM, Berns AR, Miller MA, Smith MA: Preliminary normative data on DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in college students. J Am Coll Health 1998; 46:185-188
14. Kessler RC, Merikangas KR: The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R): background and aims. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2004; 13:60-68
15. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Chiu WT, Demler O, Heeringa S, Hiripi E, Jin R, Pennell BE, Walters EE, Zaslavsky A, Zheng H: The US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R): design and field procedures. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2004; 13:69-92
16. Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Jin R, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE: The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med 2005; 35:245-256
17. Robins LN, Cottler L, Bucholz K, Compton W: Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV. St Louis, Washington University, 1995
18. Adler L, Cohen J: Diagnosis and evaluation of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2004; 27:187-201
19. Adler L, Spencer T: The Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale (ACDS) V 1.2. New York, New York University School of Medicine, 2004
20. DuPaul GJ, Power TJ, Anastopoulos AD, Reid R: ADHD Rating Scale-IV: Checklists, Norms, and Clinical Interpretation. New York, Guilford Press, 1998
21. Michelson D, Adler L, Spencer T, Reimherr FW, West SA, Allen AJ, Kelsey D, Wernicke J, Dietrich A, Milton D: Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 53:112-120
22. Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Faraone S, Prince J, Gerard K, Doyle R, Parekh A, Kagan J, Bearman SK: Efficacy of a mixed amphetamine salts compound in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:775-782
23. Kessler RC, Ustun TB: The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative Version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2004; 13:93-121
24. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-Patient Edition (SCID-I/NP). New York, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research, 2002
25. Chwastiak LA, Von Korff M: Disability in depression and back pain: evaluation of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO DAS II) in a primary care setting. J Clin Epidemiol 2003; 56:507-514
26. Rubin DB: Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1987
27. Wolter KM: Introduction to Variance Estimation. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1985
28. SUDAAN: Professional Software for Survey Data Analysis. Research Triangle Park, NC, Research Triangle Institute, 2002
29. Shrout PE, Newman SC: Design of two-phase prevalence surveys of rare disorders. Biometrics 1989; 45:549-555
30. Proctor BD, Dalaker J: Current population reports, in Poverty in the United States: 2001. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 2002
31. US Census Bureau: County and City Databook, 2000. Washington, DC, US Government Printing Office, 2000
32. DeQuiros GB, Kinsbourne M: Adult ADHD: Analysis of self-ratings in a behavior questionnaire. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 931:140-147
33. Wender PH, Wolf LE, Wasserstein J: Adults with ADHD: an overview. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 931:1-16
34. Barkley RA: ADHD Behavior Checklist for Adults. ADHD Report 1995; 3(3):16
35. Ratey J, Greenberg S, Bemporad. JR, Lindem K: Unrecognized attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting for outpatient psychotherapy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 1992; 4:267-275
36. McBurnett K: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review of diagnostic issues, in DSM-IV Sourcebook, vol 3. Edited by Widiger TA, Francis AJ, Pincus HA, Ross R, First MB, Davis W. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1997, pp 111-143
37. Jensen PS, Rubio-Stipec M, Canino G, Bird HR, Dulcan MK, Schwab-Stone ME, Lahey BB: Parent and child contributions to diagnosis of mental disorder: are both informants always necessary? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38:1569-1579
38. Wender PH, Wolf LE, Wasserstein J: Adults with ADHD: an overview. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 931:1-16
39. Gittelman R, Mannuzza S: Diagnosing ADD-H in adolescents. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985; 21:237-242
40. Zucker M, Morris MK, Ingram SM, Morris RD, Bakeman R: Concordance of self- and informant ratings of adults' current and childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Psychol Assess 2002; 14:379-389
41. Murphy P, Schachar R: Use of self-ratings in the assessment of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:1156-1159
42. Biederman J: Impact of comorbidity in adults with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004; 65(suppl 3):3-7
43. Lahey BB, Applegate B, McBurnett K, Biederman J, Greenhill L, Hynd GW, Barkley RA, Newcorn J, Jensen P, Richters J: DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1673-1685
44. Scahill L, Schwab-Stone M: Epidemiology of ADHD in school-age children. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2000; 9:541-555, vii
45. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Monuteaux MC, Bober M, Cadogen E: Gender effects on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, revisited. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:692-700
46. Arcia E, Conners CK: Gender differences in ADHD? J Dev Behav Pediatr 1998; 19:77-83
47. Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A: Comorbidity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1999; 40:57-87
48. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE: Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:593-602
49. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Tsuang MT: Evidence of familial association between attention deficit disorder and major affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48:633-642
50. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mennin D, Wozniak J, Spencer T: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder: a familial subtype? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36:1378-1387
51. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Monuteaux MC: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder in girls: further evidence for a familial subtype? J Affect Disord 2001; 64:19-26
52. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Jetton JG, Tsuang MT: Attention deficit disorder and conduct disorder: longitudinal evidence for a familial subtype. Psychol Med 1997; 27:291-300
53. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Monuteaux MC: Attention-deficit disorder and conduct disorder in girls: evidence for a familial subtype. Biol Psychiatry 2000; 48:21-29
54. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Steingard R, Tsuang MT: Familial association between attention deficit disorder and anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:251-256
55. Wang PS, Lane M, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Wells KB, Kessler RC: Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62:629-640
56. Jensen PS, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Greenhill LL, Conners CK, Arnold LE, Abikoff HB, Elliott G, Hechtman L, Hoza B, March JS, Newcorn JH, Severe JB, Vitiello B, Wells K, Wigal T: Findings from the NIMH Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA): implications and applications for primary care providers. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2001; 22:60-73
57. Biederman J: Pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) decreases the risk for substance abuse: findings from a longitudinal follow-up of youths with and without ADHD. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64(suppl 11):3-8
58. Greenberg PE, Sisitsky T, Kessler RC, Finkelstein SN, Berndt ER, Davidson JR, Ballenger JC, Fyer AJ: The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:427-435
59. Lepine JP: The epidemiology of anxiety disorders: prevalence and societal costs. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63(suppl 14):4-8
60. Greenberg PE, Kessler RC, Birnbaum HG, Leong SA, Lowe SW, Berglund PA, Corey-Lisle PK: The economic burden of depression in the United States: how did it change between 1990 and 2000? J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:1465-1475
61. Rice DP, Miller LS: The economic burden of affective disorders. Br J Psychiatry Suppl 1995; 27:34-42
62. Cartwright WS: Costs of drug abuse to society. J Ment Health Policy Econ 1999; 2:133-134
63. Harwood HJ, Fountain D, Fountain G: Economic cost of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States, 1992: a report. Addiction 1999; 94:631-635