Epidemiologic evidence for the effect of fruit and vegetables on cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and obesity

Improving the Health-Promoting Properties of Fruit and Vegetable Products

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 119-144

  Bazzano, L A ^a  

^a TULANE UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 66149129279     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9781845694289.2.119     Document Type: Chapter

References (155)

1. Yusuf S., Reddy S., Ourtpuu S., Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001, 104:2746-2753.
2. The World Health Report, Shaping the Future 2003, World Health Organization, Geneva.
3. Idf Task Force On Health Economics. Diabetes Health Economics: facts, figures, and forecasts 1997, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels.
4. King H., Aubert R.E., Herman W.H. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998, 21(9):1414-1431.
5. Who Global Burden of Disease, Diabetes Mellitus 2003, WHO, Geneva.
6. Pan X.R., Li G.W., Hu Y.H., Wang J.X., Yang W.Y., An Z.X., Hu Z.X., Lin J., Xiao J.Z., Cao H.B., Liu P.A., Jiang X.G., Jiang Y.Y., Wang J.P., Zheng H., Zhang H., Bennett P.H., Howard B.V. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance. The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997, 20(4):537-544.
7. Tuomilehto J., Lindstrom J., Eriksson J.G., Valle T.T., Hamalainen H., Ilanne-Parikka P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S., Laakso M., Louheranta A., Rastas M., Salminen V., Uusitupa M. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001, 344(18):1343-1350.
8. Eriksson K.F., Lindgarde F. Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise. The 6-year Malmo feasibility study. Diabetologia 1991, 34(12):891-898.
9. Southgate D.A. Dietary advice: foods or nutrients. Proc Nutr Soc 1992, 51(1):47-53.
10. Nelson M., Bingham S.A. Assessment of food consumption and nutrient intake. Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology 1997, 123-169. Oxford University Press, New York. 2nd edn. B.M. Margetts, M. Nelson (Eds.).
11. Willett W.C. Nutritional epidemiology. Modern Epidemiology 1998, 623-642. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia. 2nd edn. K.J. Rothman, S. Greenland (Eds.).
12. Liu S., Manson J.E., Stampfer M., Holmes M.D., Hu F.B., Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C. Dietary glycemic load assessed by food frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting triglycerides among postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 73:560-566.
13. Krebs-Smith S.M., Heimendinger J., Subar A.F., Patterson B.H., Pivonka E. Using food frequency questionnaires to estimate fruit and vegetable intake: association between the number of questions and total intakes. J Nutr Educ 1995, 27:80-85.
14. Cassidy C.M. Walk a mile in my shoes: culturally sensitive food-habit research. Am J Clin Nutr 1994, 59(1 Suppl):190S-197S.
15. Kris-Etherton P.M., Hecker K.D., Bonanome A., Coval S.M., Binkoski A.E., Hilpert K.F., Griel A.E., Etherton T.D. Bioactive compounds in foods: their role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Am J Med 2002, 113(Suppl 9B):71S-88S.
16. Aviram M., Dornfeld L., Kaplan M., Coleman R., Gaitini D., Nitecki S., Hofman A., Rosenblat M., Volkova N., Presser D., Attias J., Hayek T., Fuhrman B. Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular diseases: studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2002, 28(2-3):49-62.
17. Vinson J.A., Liang X., Proch J., Hontz B.A., Dancel J., Sandone N. Polyphenol antioxidants in citrus juices: in vitro and in vivo studies relevant to heart disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002, 505:113-122.
18. Plotnick G.D., Corretti M.C., Vogel R.A., Hesslink R., Wise J.A. Effect of supplemental phytonutrients on impairment of the flow-mediated brachial artery vasoactivity after a single high-fat meal. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 41(10):1744-1749.
19. Stevens J., Shahar E., Carithers T., Folsom A.R., Steffen L.M., Jacobs D.R. Associations of whole-grain, refined-grain, and fruit and vegetable consumption with risks of all-cause mortality and incident coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 78(3):383-390.
20. Gillman M.W., Cupples L.A., Gagnon D., Posner B.M., Ellison R.C., Castelli W.P., Wolf P.A. Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men. JAMA 1995, 273:1113-1117.
21. Liu K., Stamler J., Dyer A., Mckeever J., Mckeever P. Statistical methods to assess and minimize the role of intra-individual variability in obscuring the relationship between dietary lipids and serum cholesterol. J Chronic Dis 1978, 31(6-7):399-418.
22. Sempos C.T., Johnson N.E., Smith E.L., Gilligan C. Effects of intraindividual and interindividual variation in repeated dietary records. Am J Epidemiol 1985, 121(1):120-130.
23. Potischman N., Weed D.L. Causal criteria in nutritional epidemiology. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69(6):1309S-1314S.
24. Serdula M.K., Byers T., Mokdad A.H., Simoes E., Mendlein J.M., Coates R.J. The association between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease risk factors. Epidemiology 1996, 7(2):161-165.
25. Gregory J., Foster K., Tyler H., Wiseman M. The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults 1990, HMSO, London, UK.
26. Margetts B.M., Nelson M. Overview of the principles of nutritional epidemiology. Design Concepts in Nutritional Epidemiology 1997, 3-38. Oxford University Press, New York. 2nd edn. B.M. Margetts, M. Nelson (Eds.).
27. Willett W.C., Buzzard I.M. Nature of variation in diet. Nutritional Epidemiology 1998, 33-49. Oxford University Press, New York. W.C. Willett (Ed.).
28. Hu F.B., Stampfer M.J., Rimm E., Ascherio A., Rosner B.A., Spiegelman D., Willett W.C. Dietary fat and coronary heart disease: a comparison of approaches for adjusting for total energy intake and modeling repeated dietary measurements. Am J Epidemiol 1999, 149(6):531-540.
29. Mertz W. Foods and nutrients. J Am Diet Assoc 1984, 84(7):769-770.
30. Mayne S.T., Janerich D.T., Greenwald P., Chorost S., Tucci C., Zaman M.B., Melamed M.R., Kiely M., Mckneally M.F. Dietary beta carotene and lung cancer risk in U.S. nonsmokers. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994, 86(1):33-38.
31. Mettlin C., Graham S., Swanson M. Vitamin A and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1979, 62(6):1435-1438.
32. Ziegler R.G., Colavito E.A., Hartge P., Mcadams M.J., Schoenberg J.B., Mason T.J., Fraumeni J.F. Importance of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and other phytochemicals in the etiology of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996, 88(9):612-615.
33. Ziegler R.G., Mason T.J., Stemhagen A., Hoover R., Schoenberg J.B., Gridley G., Virgo P.W., Altman R., Fraumeni J.F. Dietary carotene and vitamin A and risk of lung cancer among white men in New Jersey. J Natl Cancer Inst 1984, 73(6):1429-1435.
34. Kvale G., Bjelke E., Gart J.J. Dietary habits and lung cancer risk. Int J Cancer 1983, 31(4):397-405.
35. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med 1994, 330(15):1029-1035. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group.
36. Omenn G.S., Goodman G.E., Thornquist M.D., Balmes J., Cullen M.R., Glass A., Keogh J.P., Meyskens F.L., Valanis B., Williams J.H., Barnhart S., Hammar S. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996, 334(18):1150-1155.
37. Hennekens C.H., Buring J.E., Manson J.E., Stampfer M., Rosner B., Cook N.R., Belanger C., Lamotte F., Gaziano J.M., Ridker P.M., Willett W., Peto R. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 1996, 334(18):1145-1149.
38. Committee On Diet, Nutrition, And Cancer, Assembly Of Life Sciences, National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer 1982, National Academy Press, Washington DC.
39. Lynch S.R., Beard J.L., Dassenko S.A., Cook J.D. Iron absorption from legumes in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1984, 40(1):42-47.
40. Liu S., Manson J. Dietary carbohydrates, physical inactivity, obesity, and the 'metabolic syndrome' as predictors of coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001, 12:395-404.
41. Willett W., Manson J., Liu S. Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76(1):274S-280S.
42. Liu S., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Hu F.B., Franz M., Sampson L., Hennekens C.H., Manson J.E. A prospective study of dietary glycemic load, carbohydrate intake, and risk of coronary heart disease in US women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 71(6):1455-1461.
43. Ludwig D.S. Dietary glycemic index and obesity. J Nutr 2000, 130(2S Suppl):280S-283S.
44. Ball S.D., Keller K.R., Moyer-Mileur L.J., Ding Y.W., Donaldson D., Jackson W.D. Prolongation of satiety after low versus moderately high glycemic index meals in obese adolescents. Pediatrics 2003, 111(3):488-494.
45. Feskens E.J., Kromhout D. Cardiovascular risk factors and the 25-year incidence of diabetes mellitus in middle-aged men. The Zutphen Study. Am J Epidemiol 1989, 130:1101-1108.
46. Colditz G.A., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Rosner B., Willett W.C., Speizer F.E. Diet and risk of clinical diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 55(5):1018-1023.
47. Salmeron J., Ascherio A., Rimm E.B., Colditz G.A., Spiegelman D., Jenkins D.J., Stampfer M.J., Wing A.L., Willett W.C. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care 1997, 20(4):545-550.
48. Meyer K.A., Kushi L.H., Jacobs D.R., Slavin J., Sellers T.A., Folsom A.R. Carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and incident type 2 diabetes in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 71(4):921-930.
49. Feskens E.J., Bowles C.H., Kromhout D. Carbohydrate intake and body mass index in relation to the risk of glucose intolerance in an elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr 1991, 54:136-140.
50. Janket S.J., Manson J.E., Sesso H., Buring J.E., Liu S. A prospective study of sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 2003, 26(4):1008-1015.
51. Jenkins D.J., Wolever T.M., Taylor R.H., Barker H., Fi Elden H., Baldwin J.M., Bowling A.C., Newman H.C., Jenkins A.L., Goff D.V. Glycemic index of foods: a physiologic basis for carbohydrate exchange. Am J Clin Nutr 1981, 34:362-366.
52. Salmeron J., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A., Wing A.L., Willett W.C. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA 1997, 277(6):472-477.
53. Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G., Liu S., Solomon C.G., Willett W.C. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med 2001, 345(11):790-797.
54. Stevens J., Ahn K., Juhaeri, Houston D., Steffan L., Couper D. Dietary fiber intake and glycemic index and incidence of diabetes in African-American and white adults: the ARIC study. Diabetes Care 2002, 25(10):1715-1721.
55. He J., Whelton P.K. Potassium, blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease: an epidemiologic perspective. Cardiol Rev 1997, 5:255-260.
56. Whelton P.K., He J., Cutler J.A., Brancati F.L., Appel L.J., Follmann D., Klag M.J. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. JAMA 1997, 277(20):1624-1632.
57. Krishna G.G., Miller E., Kapoor S. Increased blood pressure during potassium depletion in normotensive men. N Engl J Med 1989, 320(18):1177-1182.
58. Krishna G.G., Kapoor S.C. Potassium depletion exacerbates essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1991, 115(2):77-83.
59. Xie J.X., Sasaki S., Joossens J.V., Kesteloot H. The relationship between urinary cations obtained from the INTERSALT study and cerebrovascular mortality. J Hum Hypertens 1992, 6:17-21.
60. Khaw K.T., Barrett-Connor E. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality. A 12-year prospective population study. N Engl J Med 1987, 316:235-240.
61. Ascherio A., Rimm E.B., Hernan M.A., Giovannucci E.L., Kawachi I., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C. Intake of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and fiber and risk of stroke among US men. Circulation 1998, 98(12):1198-1204.
62. Bazzano L.A., He J., Ogden L.G., Loria C., Vupputuri S., Myers L., Whelton P.K. Dietary potassium intake and risk of stroke in US men and women: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I epidemiologic follow-up study. Stroke 2001, 32(7):1473-1480.
63. Paolisso G., Scheen A., D'onofrio F., Lefebvre P. Magnesium and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 1990, 33(9):511-514.
64. Sheehan J.P. Magnesium deficiency and diabetes mellitus. Magnes Trace Elem 1991, 10(2-4):215-219.
65. Ma J., Folsom A.R., Melnick S.L., Eckfeldt J.H., Sharrett A.R., Nabulsi A.A., Hutchinson R.G., Metcalf P.A. Associations of serum and dietary magnesium with cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, insulin, and carotid arterial wall thickness: the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1995, 48(7):927-940.
66. Manolio T.A., Savage P.J., Burke G.L., Hilner J.E., Liu K., Orchard T.J., Sidney S., Oberman A. Correlates of fasting insulin levels in young adults: the CARDIA study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991, 44(6):571-578.
67. Anderson J.W., O'neal D.S., Riddell-Mason S., Floore T.L., Dillon D.W., Oeltgen P.R. Postprandial serum glucose, insulin, and lipoprotein responses to high- and low-fiber diets. Metabolism 1995, 44(7):848-854.
68. Ludwig D.S., Pereira M.A., Kroenke C.H., Hilner J.E., Van Horn L., Slattery M.L., Jacobs D.R. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA 1999, 282(16):1539-1546.
69. Marshall J.A., Bessesen D.H., Hamman R.F. High saturated fat and low starch and fibre are associated with hyperinsulinaemia in a non-diabetic population: The San Luis Valley Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 1997, 40:430-438.
70. Feskens E.J., Loeber J.G., Kromhout D. Diet and physical activity as determinants of hyperinsulinemia: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 140:350-360.
71. Stevens J., Ahn K., Juhaeri, Houston D., Steffan L., Couper D. Dietary fiber intake and glycemic index and incidence of diabetes in African-American and white adults: the ARIC study. Diabetes Care 2002, 25(10):1715-1721.
72. Montonen J., Knekt P., Jarvinen R., Aromaa A., Reunanen A. Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77(3):622-629.
73. Burton-Freeman B. Dietary fiber and energy regulation. J Nutr 2000, 130(2S Suppl):272S-275S.
74. Bazzano L.A., He J., Ogden L.G., Loria C.M., Whelton P.K. Dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163(16):1897-1904.
75. Liu S., Buring J., Sesso H., Rimm E., Willett W., Manson J. A prospective study of dietary fiber intake and risk of cardiovascular disease among women. J Am Coll Card 2002, 39:49-56.
76. Mozaffarian D., Kumanyika S.K., Lemaitre R.N., Olson J.L., Burke G.L., Siscovick D.S. Cereal, fruit, and vegetable fiber intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease in elderly individuals. JAMA 2003, 289(13):1659-1666.
77. Pietinen P., Rimm E.B., Korhonen P., Hartman A.M., Willett W.C., Albanes D., Virtamo J. Intake of dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men: The Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Circulation 1996, 94:2720-2727.
78. Pereira M.A., O'reilly E., Augustsson K., Fraser G.E., Goldbourt U., Heitmann B.L., Hallmans G., Knekt P., Liu S., Pietinen P., Spiegelman D., Stevens J., Virtamo J., Willett W.C., Ascherio A. Dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. Arch Intern Med 2004, 164(4):370-376.
79. Rimm E.B., Ascherio A., Giovannucci E., Spiegelman D., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C. Vegetable, fruit, and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA 1996, 275:447-451.
80. Reaven G.M. Pathophysiology of insulin resistance in human disease. Physiol Rev 1995, 75(3):473-486.
81. Ripsin C.M., Keenan J.M., Jacobs D.R., Elmer P.J., Welch R.R., Van Horn L., Liu K., Turnbull W.H., Thye F.W., Kestin M., et al. Oat products and lipid lowering. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1992, 267(24):3317-3325.
82. He J., Whelton P.K. Effect of dietary fiber and protein intake on blood pressure: a review of epidemiologic evidence. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999, 21(5-6):785-796.
83. He J., Streiffer R.H., Muntner P., Krousel-Wood M.A., Whelton P.K. Effect of dietary fiber intake on blood pressure: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled trial. J Hypertens 2004, 22(1):73-80.
84. Selhub J., Jacques P.F., Wilson P.W., Rush D., Rosenberg I.H. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. JAMA 1993, 270(22):2693-2698.
85. Stampfer M.J., Malinow M.R., Willett W.C., Newcomer L.M., Upson B., Ullmann D., Tishler P.V., Hennekens C.H. A prospective study of plasma homocyste(e)ine and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. JAMA 1992, 268:877-881.
86. Selhub J., Jacques P.F., Bostom A.G., D'agostino R.B., Wilson P.W., Belanger A.J., O'leary D.H., Wolf P.A., Schaefer E.J., Rosenberg I.H. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid-artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1995, 332(5):286-291.
87. Wilmink H.W., Stroes E.S., Erkelens W.D., Gerritsen W.B., Wever R., Banga J.D., Rabelink T.J. Influence of folic acid on postprandial endothelial dysfunction. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000, 20(1):185-188.
88. Vermeulen E.G., Stehouwer C.D., Twisk J.W., Van Den Berg M., De Jong S.C., Mackaay A.J., Van Campen C.M., Visser F.C., Jakobs C.A., Bulterjis E.J., Rauwerda J.A. Effect of homocysteine-lowering treatment with folic acid plus vitamin B6 on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2000, 355(9203):517-522.
89. Giles W.H., Kittner S.J., Croft J.B., Anda R.F., Casper M.L., Ford E.S. Serum folate and risk for coronary heart disease: results from a cohort of US adults. Ann Epidemiol 1998, 8(8):490-496.
90. Boushey C.J., Beresford S.A., Omenn G.S., Motulsky A.G. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. Probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995, 274(13):1049-1057.
91. Morrison H.I., Schaubel D., Desmeules M., Wigle D.T. Serum folate and risk of fatal coronary heart disease. JAMA 1996, 275:1893-1896.
92. Rimm E.B., Willett W.C., Hu F.B., Sampson L., Colditz G.A., Manson J.E., Hennekens C., Stampfer M.J. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA 1998, 279(5):359-364.
93. Bazzano L.A., He J., Ogden L.G., Loria C., Vupputuri S., Myers L., Whelton P.K. Dietary intake of folate and risk of stroke in US men and women: NHANES, I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Stroke 2002, 33(5):1183-1188.
94. Bloom O.J., Mcdiarmid T., Scoville C. Do antioxidants (vitamins C, E) improve outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease?. J Fam Pract 2002, 51(11):978.
95. Agarwal S., Rao A.V. Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases. CMAJ 2000, 163(6):739-744.
96. Yochum L., Kushi L.H., Meyer K., Folsom A.R. Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1999, 149(10):943-949.
97. Sesso H.D., Liu S., Gaziano J.M., Buring J.E. Dietary lycopene, tomato-based food products and cardiovascular disease in women. J Nutr 2003, 133(7):2336-2341.
98. Paolisso G., D'amore A., Di Maro G., Galzerano D., Tesauro P., Varricchio M., D'onofrio F. Evidence for a relationship between free radicals and insulin action in the elderly. Metabolism 1993, 42(5):659-663.
99. Paolisso G., D'amore A., Giugliano D., Ceriello A., Varricchio M., D'onofrio F. Pharmacologic doses of vitamin E improve insulin action in healthy subjects and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1993, 57(5):650-656.
100. Oberley L.W. Free radicals and diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 1988, 5(2):113-124.
101. Wolff S.P. Diabetes mellitus and free radicals. Free radicals, transition metals and oxidative stress in the aetiology of diabetes mellitus and complications. Br Med Bull 1993, 49(3):642-652.
102. Ford E.S., Will J.C., Bowman B.A., Narayan K.M. Diabetes mellitus and serum carotenoids: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 1999, 149(2):168-176.
103. Feskens E.J., Virtanen S.M., Rasanen L., Tuomilehto J., Stengard J., Pekkanen J., Nissinen A., Kromhout D. Dietary factors determining diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. A 20-year follow-up of the Finnish and Dutch cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. Diabetes Care 1995, 18(8):1104-1112.
104. Salonen J.T., Nyyssonen K., Tuomainen T.P., Maenpaa P.H., Korpela H., Kaplan G.A., Lynch J., Helmrich S.P., Salonen R. Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus at low plasma vitamin E concentrations: a four year follow up study in men. BMJ 1995, 311(7013):1124-1127.
105. Reunanen A., Knekt P., Aaran R.K., Aromaa A. Serum antioxidants and risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998, 52(2):89-93.
106. Who. World Health Organization Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity, and Health: Fact Sheet Obesity and Overweight 2003, World Health Organization, Geneva.
107. Wolf A.M., Colditz G.A. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obes Res 1998, 6(2):97-106.
108. Colditz G.A., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Manson J.E., Hennekens C.H., Arky R.A., Speizer F.E. Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am J Epidemiol 1990, 132(3):501-513.
109. Colditz G.A., Willett W.C., Rotnitzky A., Manson J.E. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med 1995, 122(7):481-486.
110. Sjostrom C.D., Lissner L., Wedel H., Sjostrom L. Reduction in incidence of diabetes, hypertension and lipid disturbances after intentional weight loss induced by bariatric surgery: the SOS Intervention Study. Obes Res 1999, 7(5):477-484.
111. Pories W.J., Macdonald K.G., Morgan E.J., Sinha M.K., Dohm G.L., Swanson M.S., Barakat H.A., Khazanie P.G., Leggett-Frazier N., Long S.D., et al. Surgical treatment of obesity and its effect on diabetes: 10-y follow-up. Am J Clin Nutr 1992, 55(2 Suppl):582S-585.
112. Anderson J.W., Kendall C.W.C., Jenkins D.J.A. Importance of weight management in type 2 diabetes: review with meta-analysis of clinical studies. J Am Coll Nutr 2003, 22(5):331-339.
113. Henry R.R., Gumbiner B. Benefits and limitations of very-low-calorie diet therapy in obese NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1991, 14(9):802-823.
114. Wing R.R., Blair E.H., Bononi P., Marcus M.D., Watanabe R., Bergman R.N. Caloric restriction per se is a significant factor in improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity during weight loss in obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1994, 17(1):30-36.
115. Resnick H.E., Valsania P., Halter J.B., Lin X. Relation of weight gain and weight loss on subsequent diabetes risk in overweight adults. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000, 54(8):596-602.
116. Moore L.L., Visioni A.J., Wilson P.W., D'agostino R.B., Fi Nkle W.D., Ellison R.C. Can sustained weight loss in overweight individuals reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus?. Epidemiology 2000, 11(3):269-273.
117. Armstrong B.K., Mann J.I., Adelstein A.M., Eskin F. Commodity consumption and ischemic heart disease mortality, with special reference to dietary practices. J Chronic Dis 1975, 28(9):455-469.
118. Criqui M.H., Ringel B.L. Does diet or alcohol explain the French paradox?. Lancet 1994, 344(8939-8940):1719-1723.
119. BYINGTON R., DYER A., GARSIDE D. Recent trends of major coronary risk factors and CHD mortality in the United States and other industrialized countries. Proceedings of the Conference on the Decline of Coronary Heart Disease Mortality 1979, NIH publication, Washington DC, No 79-1610, US Dept of Health.
120. Crombie I.K., Smith W.C., Tavendale R., Tunstall-Pedoe H. Geographical clustering of risk factors and lifestyle for coronary heart disease in the Scottish Heart Health Study. Br Heart J 1990, 64(3):199-203.
121. Bellizzi M.C., Franklin M.F., Duthie G.G., James W.P. Vitamin E and coronary heart disease: the European paradox. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994, 48(11):822-831.
122. Gramenzi A., Gentile A., Fasoli M., Negri E., Parazzini F., La Vecchia C. Association between certain foods and risk of acute myocardial infarction in women. BMJ 1990, 300(6727):771-773.
123. Knox E.G. Foods and diseases. Br J Prev Soc Med 1977, 31(2):71-80.
124. Sinha D.P. Food and nutrition surveillance in the English-speaking Caribbean. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1989, 23(4):457-460.
125. Verlangieri A.J., Kapeghian J.C., El-Dean S., Bush M. Fruit and vegetable consumption and cardiovascular mortality. Med Hypotheses 1985, 16(1):7-15.
126. Ness A.R., Powles J.W. Fruit and vegetables, and cardiovascular disease: a review. Int J Epidemiol 1997, 26(1):1-13.
127. Ness A.R., Powles J.W. The role of diet, fruit and vegetables and antioxidants in the aetiology of stroke. J Cardiovasc Risk 1999, 6(4):229-234.
128. Dauchet L., Amouyel P., Hercberg S., Dallongeville J. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. J Nutr 2006, 136(10):2588-2593.
129. Bazzano L.A., He J., Ogden L.G., Loria C.M., Vupputuri S., Myers L., Whelton P.K. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in US adults: the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 76(1):93-99.
130. Cox B.D., Whichelow M.J., Prevost A.T. Seasonal consumption of salad vegetables and fresh fruit in relation to the development of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Public Health Nutr 2000, 3(1):19-29.
131. Liu S., Lee I., Ajani U., Cole S., Buring J., Manson J. Intake of vegetables rich in carotenoids and risk of coronary heart disease in men: the Physicians Health Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001, 30:130-135.
132. Joshipura K.J., Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Rimm E.B., Speizer F.E., Colditz G., Ascherio A., Rosner B., Spiegelman D., Willett W.C. The effect of fruit and vegetable intake on risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med 2001, 134(12):1106-1114.
133. Mann J.I., Appleby P.N., Key T.J., Thorogood M. Dietary determinants of ischaemic heart disease in health conscious individuals. Heart 1997, 78(5):450-455.
134. Liu S., Manson J.E., Lee I.M., Cole S.R., Hennekens C.H., Willett W.C., Buring J.E. Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 72(4):922-928.
135. Rissanen T.H., Voutilainen S., Virtanen J.K., Venho B., Vanharanta M., Mursu J., Salonen J.T. Low intake of fruits, berries and vegetables is associated with excess mortality in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. J Nutr 2003, 133(1):199-204.
136. Joshipura K.J., Ascherio A., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., Rimm E.B., Speizer F.E., Hennekens C.H., Spiegelman D., Willett W.C. Fruit and vegetable intake in relation to risk of ischemic stroke. JAMA 1999, 282(13):1233-1239.
137. Hirvonen T., Virtamo J., Korhonen P., Albanes D., Pietinen P. Intake of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Stroke 2000, 31(10):2301-2306.
138. Knekt P., Isotupa S., Rissanen H., Heliovaara M., Jarvinen R., Hakkinen S., Aromaa A., Reunanen A. Quercetin intake and the incidence of cerebrovascular disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000, 54(5):415-417.
139. Sauvaget C., Nagano J., Allen N., Kodama K. Vegetable and fruit intake and stroke mortality in the Hiroshima/Nagasaki Life Span Study. Stroke 2003, 34(10):2355-2360.
140. Keli S.O., Hertog M.G., Feskens E.J., Kromhout D. Dietary flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, and incidence of stroke: the Zutphen study. Arch Intern Med 1996, 156(6):637-642.
141. Johnsen S.P., Overvad K., Stripp C., Tjonneland A., Husted S.E., Sorensen H.T. Intake of fruit and vegetables and the risk of ischemic stroke in a cohort of Danish men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 78(1):57-64.
142. He F.J., Nowson C.A., Macgregor G.A. Fruit and vegetable consumption and stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Lancet 2006, 367(9507):320-326.
143. Van't Veer P., Jansen M.C., Klerk M., Kok F.J. Fruits and vegetables in the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Public Health Nutr 2000, 3(1):103-107.
144. Joffe M., Robertson A. The potential contribution of increased vegetable and fruit consumption to health gain in the European Union. Public Health Nutr 2001, 4(4):893-901.
145. Law M.R., Morris J.K. By how much does fruit and vegetable consumption reduce the risk of ischaemic heart disease?. Eur J Clin Nutr 1998, 52(8):549-556.
146. Hirayama T. Nutrition and cancer - a large-scale cohort study. Prog Clin Biol Res 1986, 206:299-311.
147. Fraser G.E., Sabate J., Beeson W.L., Strahan T.M. A possible protective effect of nut consumption on risk of coronary heart disease. The Adventist Health Study. Arch Intern Med 1992, 152:1416-1424.
148. Knekt P., Reunanen A., Jarvinen R., Seppanen R., Heliovaara M., Aromaa A. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am J Epidemiol 1994, 139:1180-1189.
149. Knekt P., Jarvinen R., Reunanen A., Maatela J. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. BMJ 1996, 312:478-481.
150. Key T.J., Thorogood M., Appleby P.N., Burr M.L. Dietary habits and mortality in 11,000 vegetarians and health conscious people: results of a 17-year follow-up. BMJ 1996, 313:775-779.
151. Snowdon D.A., Phillips R.L. Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes?. Am J Public Health 1985, 75(5):507-512.
152. Williams D.E., Wareham N.J., Cox B.D., Byrne C.D., Hales C.N., Day N.E. Frequent salad vegetable consumption is associated with a reduction in the risk of diabetes mellitus. J Clin Epidemiol 1999, 52(4):329-335.
153. Sargeant L.A., Khaw K.T., Bingham S., Day N.E., Luben R.N., Oakes S., Welch A., Wareham N.J. Fruit and vegetable intake and population glycosylated haemoglobin levels: the EPIC-Norfolk Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2001, 55(5):342-348.
154. Ford E.S., Mokdad A.H. Fruit and vegetable consumption and diabetes mellitus incidence among U.S. adults. Prev Med 2001, 32(1):33-39.
155. Hill A.B. The environment and disease: association or causation?. Proc R Soc Med 1965, 58:295-300.