T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles (TRECs) as a marker of thymic function;Kolista cząsteczka DNA-TREC jako marker prawidłowej funkcji grasicy

Postepy Higieny i Medycyny Doswiadczalnej

Volumn 62, Issue , 2008, Pages 708-724

  Wysoczańska, Barbara ^a  

^a Polish Academy of Sciences   (Poland)

Author keywords

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation HSCT; T cell receptor excision circle TREC; TCR rearrangement; Thymus involution

Indexed keywords

LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN RECEPTOR;

GENE REARRANGEMENT; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; THYMUS;

GENE REARRANGEMENT, T-LYMPHOCYTE; HUMANS; RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL; THYMUS GLAND;

EID: 63149099378     PISSN: 00325449     EISSN: 17322693     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Aladdin H., Katzenstein T., Dreves A.M., Ryder L., Gerstoft J., Skinhoj P., Pedersen B.K., Ullum H.: T-cell receptor excisional circles, telomere length, proliferation and apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals after 18 months of treatment induced viral suppression. Scand. J. Immunol., 2003; 57: 485-492
2. Al-Harthi L., Marchetti G., Steffens C.M., Poulin J., Sekaly R., Landay A.: Detection of T cell receptor circles (TRECs) as biomarkers for de novo T cell synthesis using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (PCR-ELISA). J. Immunol. Methods, 2000; 237: 187-197
3. Allsopp R.C., Vaziri H., Patterson C., Goldstein S., Younglai E.V., Futcher A.B., Greider C.W., Harley C.B.: Telomere length predicts replicative capacity of human fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1992; 89: 10114-10118
4. Anselmi A., Vendrame D., Rampon O., Giaquinto C., Zanchetta M., De Rossi A.: Immune reconstitution in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children with different virological responses to anti-retroviral therapy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2007; 150: 442-450
5. Antoine C., Muller S., Cant A., Cavazzana-Calvo M., Veys P., Vossen J., Fasth A., Heilmann C., Wulffraat N., Seger R., Blanche S., Friedrich W., Abinun M., Davies G., Bredius R., Schulz A., Landais P., Fischer A., European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, European Society for Immunodeficiency: Long-term survival and transplantation of haematopoietic stem cells for immunodeficiencies: report of the European experience 1968-99. Lancet, 2003; 361: 553-560
6. Arellano M.V., Ordonez A., Ruiz-Mateos E., Leal-Noval S.R., Molina-Pinelo S., Hernandez A., Vallejo A., Hinojosa R., Leal M.: Thymic function-related markers within the thymus and peripheral blood: Are they comparable? J. Clin. Immunol., 2006; 26: 96-100
7. Arizcorreta A., Marquez M., Fernandez-Gutierrez C., Guzman E.P., Brun F., Rodriguez-Iglesias M., Giron-Gonzalez J.A.: T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs), CD4+, CD8+, and their CD45RO+, and CD45RA+, subpopulations in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-HIV-co-infected patients during treatment with interferon a plus ribavirin: analysis in a population on effective antiretroviral therapy. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2006; 146: 270-277
8. AsnafiV., Beldjord K., Boulanger E., Comba B., Le Tutour P., Estienne M.H., Davi F., Landman-Parker J., Quartier P., Buzyn A., Delabesse E., Valensi F., Macintyre E.: Analysis of TCR, pTa, and RAG-1 in Tacute lymphoblastic leukemias improves understanding of early human T-lymphoid lineage commitment. Blood, 2003; 101: 2693-2703
9. Aspinall R., Andrew D., Pido-Lopez J.: Age-associated changes in thymopoiesis. Springer Semin. Immunopathol., 2002; 24: 87-101
10. Assaf C., Hummel M., Dippel E., Goerdt S., Muller H.H., Anagnostopoulos I., Orfanos C.E., Stein H.: High detection rate of T-cell receptor b chain rearrangements in T-cell lymphoproliferations by family specific polymerase chain reaction in combination with GeneScan technique and DNA sequencing. Blood, 2000; 96: 640-646
11. Avanzini M.A., Maccario R., Locatelli F., Giebel S., Santos C.D., Bernardo M.E., Pagliara D., Montagna D., Longo S., Amendola G., Marconi M.: Low percentages of circulating CD8+/CD45RA+ human T lymphocytes expressing b7 integrin correlate with the occurrence of intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Exp. Hematol., 2006; 34: 1429-1434
12. Bahceci E., Epperson D., Douek D.C., Melenhorst J.J., Childs R.C., Barrett A.J.: Early reconstitution of the T-cell repertoire after non-myeloablative peripheral blood stem cell transplantation is from post-thymic T-cell expansion and is unaffected by graft-versus-host disease or mixed chimaerism. Br. J. Haematol., 2003; 122: 934-943
13. Bertho J.M., Demarquay C., Moulian N., Van Der Meeren A., Berrih-Aknin S., Gourmelon P.: Phenotypic and immunohistological analyses of the human adult thymus: evidence for an active thymus during adult life. Cell. Immunol., 1997; 179: 30-40
14. Blackburn E.H.: Structure and function of telomeres. Nature, 1991; 350: 569-573
15. Bodnar A.G., Kim N.W., Effros R.B., Chiu C.P.: Mechanism of telomerase induction during T cell activation. Exp. Cell Res., 1996; 228: 58-64
16. Borghans J.A., Bredius R.G., Hazenberg M.D., Roelofs H., Jol-van der Zijde E.C., Heidt J., Otto S.A., Kuijpers T.W., Fibbe W.E., Vossen J.M., Miedema F., van Tol M.J.: Early determinants of long-term Tcell reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency. Blood, 2006; 108: 763-769
17. Borghans J.A., de Boer R.J.: Quantification of T-cell dynamics: from telomeres to DNA labeling. Immunol. Rev., 2007; 216: 35-47
18. Boursalian T.E., Bottomly K.: Survival of naive CD4 T cells: roles of restricting versus selecting MHC class II and cytokine milieu. J. Immunol., 1999; 162: 3795-3801
19. Boursalian T.E., Golob J., Soper D.M., Cooper C.J., Fink P.J.: Continued maturation of thymic emigrants in the periphery. Nat. Immunol., 2004; 5: 418-425
20. Breit S., Stanulla M., Flohr T., Schrappe M., Ludwig W.D., Tolle G., Happich M., Muckenthaler M.U., Kulozik A.E.: Activating NOTCH1 mutations predict favorable early treatment response and long-term outcome in childhood precursor T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood, 2006; 108: 1151-1157
21. Breit T.M., Wolvers Tettero I.L., Bogers A.J., de Krijger R.R., Wladimiroff J.W., van Dongen J.J.: Rearrangements of the human TCRD-deleting elements. Immunogenetics, 1994; 40: 70-75
22. Brocker T.: Survival of mature CD4 T lymphocytes is dependent on major histocompatibility complex class II-expressing dendritic cells. J. Exp. Med., 1997; 186: 1223-1232
23. Buchkovich K.J., Greider C.W.: Telomerase regulation during entry into the cell cycle in normal human T cells. Mol. Biol. Cell, 1996; 7: 1443-1454
24. Buckley R.H.: Molecular defects in human severe combined immunodeficiency and approaches to immune reconstitution. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2004; 22: 625-655
25. Buckley R.H., Schiff S.E., Schiff R.I., Markert L., Williams L.W., Roberts J.L.: Hematopoietic stem.cell transplantation for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency. N. Engl. J. Med., 1999; 340: 508-516
26. Cavazzana-Calvo M., Carlier F., Le Deist F., Morillon E., Taupin P., Gautier D., Radford-Weiss I., Caillat-Zucman S., Neven B., Blanche S., Cheynier R., Fischer A., Hacein-Bey-Abina S.: Long-term T-cell reconstitution after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in primary T-cell-immunodeficient patients is associated with myeloid chimerism and possibly the primary disease phenotype. Blood, 2007; 109: 4575-4581
27. Cavazzana-Calvo M., Fischer A.: Gene therapy for severe combined immunodeficiency: are we there yet? J. Clin. Invest., 2007; 117: 1456-1465
28. Cavazzana-Calvo M., Hacein-Bey S., de Saint Basile G., Gross F., Yvon E., Nusbaum P., Selz F., Hue C., Certain S., Casanova J.L., Bousso P., Deist F.L., Fischer A.: Gene therapy of human severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-X1 disease. Science, 2000; 288: 669-672
29. Cazzaniga G., Biondi A.: Molecular monitoring of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia using antigen receptor gene rearrangements and quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology. Haematologica, 2005; 90: 382-390
30. Chattopadhyay P.K., Douek D.C., Gange S.J., Chadwick K.R., Hellerstein M., Margolick J.B.: Longitudinal assessment of de novo T cell production in relation to HIV-associated T cell homeostasis failure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 2006; 22: 501-507
31. Chen X., Barfield R., Benaim E., Leung W., Knowles J., Lawrence D., Otto M., Shurtleff S.A., Neale G.A., Behm F.G., Turner V., Handgretinger R.: Prediction of T-cell reconstitution by assessment of T-cell receptor excision circle before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients. Blood, 2005; 105: 886-893
32. Chu Y.W., Memon S.A., Sharrow S.O., Hakim F.T., Eckhaus M., Lucas P.J., Gress R.E.: Exogenous IL-7 increases recent thymic emigrants in peripheral lymphoid tissue without enhanced thymic function. Blood, 2004; 104: 1110-1119
33. Cianci R., Pinti M., Nasi M., Starnino S., Cammarota G., Miele L., De Luca A., Cauda R., Raducci F., Grieco A., Rapaccini G., Gasbarrini G., Cossarizza A., PandolfiF.: Impairment of recent thymic emigrants in HCV infection. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol., 2005; 18: 723-728
34. Clave E., Rocha V., Talvensaari K., Busson M., Douay C., Appert M.L., Rabian C., Carmagnat M., Garnier F., Filion A., Socié G., Gluckman E., Charron D., Toubert A.: Prognostic value of pretransplantation host thymic function in HLA-identical sibling hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood, 2005; 105: 2608-2613
35. Corthay A.: A three-cell model for activation of naïve T helper cells. Scand. J. Immunol., 2006; 64: 93-96
36. De Boer R.J., Noest A.J.: T cell renewal rates, telomerase, and telomere length shortening. J. Immunol., 1998; 160: 5832-5837
37. De Rosa S.C., Herzenberg L.A., Herzenberg L.A., Roederer M.: 11-color, 13-parameter flow cytometry: identification of human naive T cells by phenotype, function, and T-cell receptor diversity. Nat. Med., 2001; 7: 245-248
38. de Villartay J.P., Hockett R.D., Coran D., Korsmeyer S.J., Cohen D.I.: Deletion of the human T-cell receptor d-gene by a site-specific recombination. Nature, 1988; 335: 170-174
39. Di Mascio M., Sereti I., Matthews L.T., Natarajan V., Adelsberger J., Lempicki R., Yoder C., Jones E., Chow C., Metcalf J.A., Sidorov I.A., Dimitrov D.S., Polis M.A., Kovacs J.A.: Naïve T-cell dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy provide insights into the mechanisms of naive T-cell depletion. J. Virol., 2006; 80: 2665-2674
40. Dik W.A., Pike-Overzet K., Weerkamp F., de Ridder D., de Haas E.F., Baert M.R., van der Spek P., Koster E.E., Reinders M.J., van Dongen J.J., Langerak A.W., Staal F.J.: New insights on human T cell development by quantitative T cell receptor gene rearrangement studies and gene expression profiling. J. Exp. Med., 2005; 201: 1715-1723
41. Dion M.L., Sékaly R.P., Cheynier R.: Estimating thymic function through quantification of T-cell receptor excision circles. Methods Mol. Biol., 2007; 380: 197-213
42. Dion M.L., Bordi R., Zeidan J., Asaad R., Boulassel M.R., Routy J.P., Lederman M.M., Sekaly R.P., Cheynier R.: Slow disease progression and robust therapy-mediated CD4+ T-cell recovery are associated with efficient thymopoiesis during HIV-1 infection. Blood, 2007; 109: 2912-2920
43. Douek D.C., Betts M.R., Hill B.J., Little S.J., Lempicki R., Metcalf J.A., Casazza J., Yoder C., Adelsberger J.W., Stevens R.A., Baseler M.W., Keiser P., Richman D.D., Davey R.T., Koup R.A.: Evidence for increased T cell turnover and decreased thymic output in HIV infection. J. Immunol., 2001; 167: 6663-6668
44. Douek D.C., McFarland R.D., Keiser P.H., Gage E.A., Massey J.M., Haynes B.F., Polis M.A., Haase A.T., Feinberg M.B., Sullivan J.L., Jamieson B.D., Zack J.A., Picker L.J., Koup R.A.: Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection. Nature, 1998; 396: 690-695
45. Ebers G.C., Kukay K., Bulman D.E., Sadovnick A.D., Rice G., Anderson C., Armstrong H., Cousin K., Bell R.B., Hader W., Paty D.W., Hashimoto S., Oger J., Duquette P., Warren S., Gray T., O'Connor P., Nath A., Auty A., Metz L., Francis G., Paulseth J.E., Murray T.J., Pryse-Phillips W, Nelson R., Freedman M., Brunet D., Bouchard J.P., Hinds D., Risch N.: A full genome search in multiple sclerosis. Nat. Genet., 1996; 13: 472-476
46. Eguchi-Ishimae M., Eguchi M., Kempski H., Greaves M.: NOTCH1 mutation can be an early, prenatal genetic event in T-ALL. Blood, 2008; 111: 376-378
47. Ernst B., Lee D.S., Chang J.M., Sprent J., Surh C.D.: The peptide ligands mediating positive selection in the thymus control T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation in the periphery. Immunity, 1999; 11: 173-181
48. Fallen P.R., Duarte R.F., McGreavey L., Potter M., Ethell M., Prentice H.G., Madrigal J.A., Travers P.J.: Identification of non-naive CD4+CD45RA+ T cell subsets in adult allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant., 2003; 32: 609-616
49. Fallen P.R., McGreavey L., Madrigal J.A., Potter M., Ethell M., Prentice H.G., Guimaraes A., Travers P.J.: Factors affecting reconstitution of the T cell compartment in allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrrow Transplant., 2003; 32: 1001-1014
50. Fischer A., Hacein-Bey S., Le Deist F., Soudais C., Di Santo J.P., de Saint Basile G., Cavazzana-Calvo M.: Gene therapy of severe combined immunodeficiencies. Immunol. Rev., 2000; 178: 13-20
51. Flores K.G., Li J., Sempowski G.D., Haynes B.F., Hale L.P.: Analysis of the human thymic perivascular space during aging. J. Clin. Invest., 1999; 104: 1031-1039
52. Freitas A.A., Rocha B.: Population biology of lymphocytes: The flight for survival. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2000; 18: 83-111
53. Fry T.J., Mackall C.L.: The many faces of IL-7: from lymphopoiesis to peripheral T cell maintenance. J. Immunol., 2005; 174: 6571-6576
54. Fu Y.W., Wu de P., Cen J.N., Feng Y.F., Chang W.R., Zhu Z.L., Qiu Q.C., Zhu P.: Patterns of T-cell reconstitution by assessment of T-cell receptor excision circle and T-cell receptor clonal repertoire after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in leukemia patients-A study in Chinese patients. Eur. J. Haematol., 2007; 79: 138-145
55. Fugmann S.D., Lee A.I., Shockett P.E., Villey I.J., Schatz D.G: The RAG proteins and V(D)J recombination: complexes, ends, and transposition. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2000; 18: 495-527
56. Geenen V., Poulin J.F., Dion M.L., Martens H., Castermans E., Hansenne I., Moutschen M., Sékaly R.P., Cheynier R.: Quantification of T cell receptor rearrangement excision circles to estimate thymic function: an important new tool for endocrine-immune physiology. J. Endocrinol., 2003; 176: 305-311
57. Giebel S., Dziaczkowska J., Wysoczanska B., Wojnar J., Krawczyk-Kulis M., Lange A., Holowiecki J.: Lymphocyte reconstitution after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a previously thymectomized patient-no evidence of extrathymic T-cell maturation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 2007; 40: 705-706
58. Gomez I., Hainz U., Jenewein B., Schwaiger S., Wolf A.M., Grubeck-Loebenstein B.: Changes in the expression of CD31 and CXCR3 in CD4+ naive T cells in elderly persons. Mech. Ageing Dev., 2003; 124: 395-402
59. Gratwohl A., Baldomero H., Frauendorfer K., Urbano-Ispizua A., Niederwieser D., Joint Accreditation Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy ISCT, European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation EBMT: Results of the EBMT activity survey 2005 on haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: focus on increasing use of unrelated donors. Bone Marrow Transplant., 2007; 39: 71-87
60. Grossman Z., Min B., Meier-Schellersheim M., Paul W.E.: Concomitant regulation of T-cell activation and homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2004; 4: 387-395
61. Hakim F.T., Memon S.A., Cepeda R., Jones E.C., Chow C.K., Kasten-Sportes C., Odom J., Vance B.A., Christensen B.L., Mackall C.L., Gress R.E.: Age-dependent incidence, time course, and consequences of thymic renewal in adults. J. Clin. Invest., 2005; 115: 930-939
62. Hale L.P., Buckley R.H., Puck J.M., Patel D.D.: Abnormal development of thymic dendritic and epithelial cells in human X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Clin. Immunol., 2004; 110: 63-70
63. Halnon N.J., Jamieson B., Plunkett M., Kitchen C.M., Pham T., Krogstad P.: Thymic function and impaired maintenance of peripheral T cell populations in children with congenital heart disease and surgical thymectomy. Pediatr. Res., 2005; 57: 42-48
64. Harley C.B., Futcher A.B., Greider C.W.: Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts. Nature, 1990; 345: 458-460
65. Hart D.P., Peggs K.S.: Current status of allogeneic stem cell transplantation for treatment of hematologic malignancies. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2007; 82: 325-329
66. Hassan J., Reen D.J.: Human recent thymic emigrants-identification, expansion, and survival characteristics. J. Immunol., 2001; 167: 1970-1976
67. Haynes B.F., Markert M.L., Sempowski G.D., Patel D.D., Hale L.P.: The role of the thymus in immune reconstitution in aging, bone marrow transplantation, and HIV-1 infection. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2000; 18: 529-560
68. Hazenberg M.D., Otto S.A., de Pauw E.S., Roelofs H., Fibbe W.E., Hamann D., Miedema F.: T-cell receptor excision circle and T-cell dynamics after allogeneic stem cell transplantation are related to clinical events. Blood, 2002; 99: 3449-3453
69. Hazenberg M.D., Verschuren M.C., Hamann D., Miedema F., van Dongen J.J.: T cell receptor excision circles as markers for recent thymic emigrants: basic aspects, technical approach, and guidelines for interpretation. J. Mol. Med., 2001; 79: 631-640
70. Hochberg M.C.: The application of genetic epidemiology to systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol., 1987; 14: 867-869
71. Hoelzer D., Gokbuget N., Ottmann O., Pui C.H., Relling M.V., Appelbaum F.R., van Dongen J.J., Szczepa.ski T.: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program, 2002: 162-192
72. Hogan W.J., Storb R.: Clinical developments in reduced intensity haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2002; 2: 703-714
73. Honda M., Mengesha E., Albano S.: Telomere shortening and decreased replicative potential, contrasted by continued proliferation of telomerase-positive CD8+CD28(lo) T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Immunol., 2001; 99: 211-221
74. Huang X.J., Liu D.H., Liu K.Y., Xu L.P., Chen H., Han W.: Donor lymphocyte infusion for the treatment of leukemia relapse after HLA-mismatched/haploidentical T-cell-replete hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica, 2007; 92: 414-417
75. Hug A., Korporal M., Schroder I., Haas J., Glatz K., Storch-Hagenlocher B., Wildemann B.: Thymic export function and T cell homeostasis in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. J. Immunol., 2003; 171: 432-437
76. Jeanclos E., Krolewski A., Skurnick J., Kimura M., Aviv H., Warram J.H., Aviv A.: Shortened telomere length in white blood cells of patients with IDDM. Diabetes, 1998; 47: 482-486
77. Junge S., Kloeckener-Gruissem B., Zufferey R., Keisker A., Salgo B., Fauchere J.C., Scherer F., Shalaby T., Grotzer M., Siler U., Seger R., Gungor T.: Correlation between recent thymic emigrants and CD31+ (PECAM-1) CD4+ T cells in normal individuals during aging and in lymphopenic children. Eur. J. Immunol., 2007; 37: 3270-3280
78. Kahl C., Storer B.E., Sandmaier B.M., Mielcarek M., Maris M.B., Blume K.G., Niederwieser D., Chauncey T.R., Forman S.J., Agura E., Leis J.F., Bruno B., Langston A., Pulsipher M.A., McSweeney P.A., Wade J.C., Epner E., Bo Petersen F., Bethge W.A., Maloney D.G., Storb R.: Relapse risk in patients with malignant diseases given allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation after nonmyeloablative conditioning. Blood, 2007; 110: 2744-2748
79. Kami M., Hamaki T., Miyakoshi S., Murashige N., Kanda Y., Tanosaki R., Takaue Y., Taniguchi S., Hirai H., Ozawa K., Kasai M.: Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of adult Tcell leukaemia/lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol., 2003; 120: 304-309
80. Kayser C., Alberto F.L., da Silva N.P., Andrade L.E.: Decreased number of T cells bearing TCR rearrangement excision circles (TREC) in active recent onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus, 2004; 13: 906-911
81. Kilpatrick R.D., Rickabaugh T., Hultin L.E., Hultin P., Hausner M.A., Detels R., Phair J., Jamieson B.D.: Homeostasis of the naive CD4+ T cell compartment during aging. J. Immunol., 2008; 180: 1499-1507
82. Kimmig S., Przybylski G.K., Schmidt C.A., Laurisch K., Mowes B., Radbruch A., Thiel A.: Two subsets of naive T helper cells with distinct T cell receptor excision circle content in human adult peripheral blood. J. Exp. Med., 2002; 195: 789-794
83. Kirberg J., Berns A., von Boehmer H.: Peripheral T cell survival requires continual ligation of the T cell receptor to major histocompatibility complex-encoded molecules. J. Exp. Med., 1997; 186: 1269-1275
84. Koetz K., Bryl E., Spickschen K., O'Fallon W.M., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M.: T cell homeostasis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000; 97: 9203-9208
85. Koh L.P., Chao N.: Haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 2008; 42(Suppl.1): S60.S63
86. Koh L.P., Rizzieri D.A., Chao N.J.: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant using mismatched/haploidentical donors. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant., 2007; 13: 1249-1267
87. Kohler S., Thiel A.: Life after the thymus CD31+ and CD31-human naive CD4+ T-cell subsets. Blood, 2008
88. Kong F.K., Chen C.L., Six A., Hockett R.D., Cooper M.D.: T cell receptor gene deletion circles identify recent thymic emigrants in the peripheral T cell pool. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1999; 96: 1536-1540
89. Krejci O., van der Velden V.H., Bader P., Kreyenberg H., Goulden N., Hancock J., Schilham M.W., Lankester A., Revesz T., Klingebiel T., van Dongen J.J.: Level of minimal residual disease prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation predicts prognosis in paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report of the Pre-BMT MRD Study Group. Bone Marrow Transplant., 2003; 32: 849-851
90. Kurosaka D., Yasuda J., Ikeshima-Kataoka H., Ozawa Y., Yoshida K., Yasuda C., Kingetsu I., Saito S., Yamada A.: Decreased numbers of signal-joint T cell receptor excision circle-containing CD4+ and CD8+ cells in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Mod. Rheumatol., 2007; 17: 296-300
91. Kurosaka D., Yasuda J., Yoshida K., Yokoyama T., Ozawa Y., Obayashi Y.: Telomerase activity and telomere length of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in SLE patients. Lupus, 2003; 12: 591-599
92. Kurosaka D., Yasuda J., Yoshida K., Yoneda A., Yasuda C., Kingetsu I., Toyokawa Y., Yokoyama T., Saito S., Yamada A.: Abnormal telomerase activity and telomere length in T and B cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol., 2006; 33: 1102-1107
93. Langerak A.W., Wolvers-Tettero I.L., van den Beemd M.W., van Wering E.R., Ludwig W.D., Hahlen K., Necker A., van Dongen J.J.: Immunophenotypic and immunogenotypic characteristics of TCRgd+ T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia, 1999; 13: 206-214
94. Lewin S.R., Heller G., Zhang L., Rodrigues E., Skulsky E., van den Brink M.R., Small T.N., Kernan N.A., O'Reilly R.J., Ho D.D., Young J.W.: Direct evidence for new T-cell generation by patients after either T-cell-depleted or unmodified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations. Blood, 2002; 100: 2235-2242
95. Loeffler J., Bauer R., Hebart H., Douek D.C., Rauser G., Bader P., Einsele H.: Quantification of T-cell receptor excision circle DNA using fluorescence resonance energy transfer and the LightCycler system. J. Immunol. Methods, 2002; 271: 167-175
96. Luettig B., Sponholz A., Heerwagen C., Bode U., Westermann J.: Recent thymic emigrants (CD4+) continuously migrate through lymphoid organs: within the tissue they alter surface molecule expression. Scand. J Immunol., 2001; 53: 563-571
97. Mackall C., Fleisher T.A., Brown M.R., Andrich M.P., Chen C.C., Feuerstein I.M., Horowitz M.E., Magrath I.T., Shad A.T., Steinberg S.M., Wexler L.H., Gress R.E.: Age, thymopoiesis, and CD4+ T-lymphocyte regeneration after intensive chemotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med., 1995; 332: 143-149
98. Mackall C.L., Bare C.V., Granger L.A., Sharrow S.O., Titus J.A., Gress R.E.: Thymic-independent T cell regeneration occurs via antigen-driven expansion of peripheral T cells resulting in a repertoire that is limited in diversity and prone to skewing. J. Immunol., 1996; 156: 4609-4616
99. Mackall C.L., Punt J.A., Morgan P., Faar A.G., Gress R.E.: Thymic function in young/old chimeras: substantial thymic T cell regenerative capacity despite irreversible age-associated thymic involution. Eur. J. Immunol., 1998; 28: 1886-1893
100. Madhok A.B., Chandrasekran A., Parnell V., Gandhi M., Chowdhury D., Pahwa S.: Levels of recent thymic emigrant cells decrease in children undergoing partial thymectomy during cardiac surgery. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 2005; 12: 563-565
101. Marchetti G., Gori A., Casabianca A., Magnani M., Franzetti F., Clerici M., Perno C.F., Monforte A., Galli M., Meroni L.: Comparative analysis of T-cell turnover and homeostatic parameters in HIV-infected patients with discordant immune-virological responses to HAART. AIDS, 2006; 20: 1727-1736
102. Marrack P., Bender J., Hildeman D., Jordan M., Mitchell T., Murakami M., Sakamoto A., Schaefer B.C., Swanson B., Kappler J.: Homeostasis of ab TCR+ T cells. Nat. Immunol., 2000; 1: 107-111
103. Marrack P., Kappler J., Kotzin B.L.: Autoimmune disease: why and where it occurs. Nat. Med., 2001; 7: 899-905
104. McFarland R.D., Douek D.C., Koup R.A., Picker L.J.: Identification of a human recent thymic emigrant phenotype. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000; 97: 4215-4220
105. Michie C.A., McLean A., Alcock C., Beverley P.C.: Lifespan of human lymphocyte subsets defined by CD45 isoforms. Nature, 1992; 360: 264-265
106. Moses C.T., Thorstenson K.M., Jameson S.C., Khoruts A.: Competition for self ligands restrains homeostatic proliferation of naive CD4 T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003; 100: 1185-1190
107. Moulton V.R., Farber D.L.: Committed to memory: lineage choices for activated T cells. Trends Immunol., 2006; 27: 261-267
108. Muegge K., Vila M.P., Durum S.K.: Interleukin-7: A cofactor for V(D)J rearrangement of the T cell receptor beta gene. Science, 1993; 261: 93-95
109. Myers L.A., Patel D.D., Puck J.M., Buckley R.H.: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency in the neonatal period leads to superior thymic output and improved survival. Blood, 2002; 99: 872-878
110. Nanda N.K., Apple R., Sercarz E.: Limitations in plasticity of the T-cell receptor repertoire. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1991; 88: 9503-9507
111. Newman P.J.: The biology of PECAM-1. J. Clin. Invest., 1997; 99: 3-8
112. Nikolich-Zugich J., Slifka M.K., Messaoudi I.: The many important facets of T-cell repertoire diversity. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2004; 4: 123-132
113. Oettinger M.A., Schatz D.G., Gorka C., Baltimore D.: RAG-1 and RAG-2, adjacent genes that synergistically activate V(D)J recombination. Science, 1990; 248: 1517-1523
114. Okamura J., Uike N., Utsunomiya A., Tanosaki R.: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Int. J. Hematol., 2007; 86; 118-125
115. Palomero T., McKenna K., O-Neil J., Galinsky I., Stone R., Suzukawa K., Stiakaki E., Kalmanti M., Fox E.A., Caligiuri M.A., Aster J.C., Look A.T., Ferrando A.A.: Activating mutations in NOTCH1 in acute myeloid leukemia and lineage switch leukemias. Leukemia, 2006; 20: 1963-1966
116. Patel D.D., Gooding M.E., Parrott R.E., Curtis K.M., Haynes B.F., Buckley R.H.: Thymic function after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000; 342: 1325-1332
117. Pawelec G., Barnett Y., Forsey R., Frasca D., Globerson A., McLeod J., Caruso C., Franceschi C., Fulop T., Gupta S., Mariani E., Mocchegiani E., Solana R.: T cells and aging, January 2002 update. Front. Biosci., 2002; 7: d1056.d1183
118. Petrie H.T.: Role of thymic organ structure and stromal composition in steady-state postnatal T-cell production. Immunol. Rev., 2002; 189: 8-19
119. Petrie H.T., Kincade P.W.: Many roads, one destination for T cell progenitors. J. Exp. Med. 2005; 202: 11-13
120. Pham T., Belzer M., Church J.A., Kitchen C., Wilson C.M., Douglas S.D., Geng Y., Silva M., Mitchell R.M., Krogstad P.: Assessment of thymic activity in human immunodeficiency virus-negative and-positive adolescents by real-time PCR quantitation of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision circles. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol., 2003; 10: 323-328
121. Piali L., Hammel P., Uherek C., Bachmann F., Gisler R.H., Dunon D., Imhof B.A.: CD31/PECAM-1 is a ligand for avb3 integrin involved in adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium. J. Cell Biol., 1995; 130: 451-460
122. Ponchel F., Morgan A.W., Bingham S.J., Quinn M., Buch M., Verburg R.J., Henwood J., Douglas S.H., Masurel A., Conaghan P., Gesinde M., Taylor J., Markham A.F., Emery P., van Laar J.M., Isaacs J.D.: Dysregulated lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Blood, 2002; 100: 4550-4556
123. Ponchel F., Toomes C., Bransfield K., Leong F.T., Douglas S.H., Field S.L., Bell S.M., Combaret V., Puisieux A., Mighell A.J., Robinson P.A., Inglehearn C.F., Isaacs J.D., Markham A.F.: Real-time PCR based on SYBR-Green I fluorescence: an alternative to the TaqMan assay for a relative quantification of gene rearrangements, gene amplifications and micro gene deletions. BMC Biotechnol., 2003; 3: 18
124. Poulin J.F., Sylvestre M., Champagne P., Dion M.L., Kettaf N., Dumont A., Lainesse M., Fontaine P., Roy D.C., Perreault C., Sekaly R.P., Cheynier R.: Evidence for adequate thymic function but impaired naive T-cell survival following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the absence of chronic graft-versus-host disease. Blood, 2003; 102: 4600-4607
125. Przybylski G.K., Kreuzer K.A., Siegert W., Schmidt C.A.: No recovery of T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) after non-myeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is correlated with the onset of GvHD. J. Appl. Genet., 2007; 48: 397-404
126. Radtke F., Wilson A., MacDonald H.R.: Notch signaling in T-and B-cell development. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 2004; 16: 174-179
127. Radtke F., Wilson A., Mancini S.J., MacDonald H.R.: Notch regulation of lymphocyte development and function. Nat. Immunol., 2004; 5: 247-253
128. Resino S., Seoane E., Perez A., Ruiz-Mateos E., Leal M., Munoz-Fernandez M.A.: Different profiles of immune reconstitution in children and adults with HIV-infection after highly active antiretroviral therapy. BMC Infect. Dis., 2006; 6: 112
129. Ribeiro R.M., de Boer R.J.: The contribution of the thymus to the recovery of peripheral naive T-cell numbers during antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 2008; 49: 1-8
130. Ribeiro R.M., Perelson A.S.: Determining thymic output quantitatively: using models to interpret experimental T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) data. Immunol. Rev., 2007; 216: 21-34
131. Ringhoffer S., Bunjes D., Weisneth M., Wenzel P., Dohner H., Ringhoffer M.: Differential sj TREC and DbJb-TREC determnation reveals distinc types of imune reconstitution after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant., 2007; 39, S28
132. Saitoh A., Singh K.K., Sandall S., Powell C.A., Fenton T., Fletcher C.V., Hsia K., Spector S.A.: Association of CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and new thymic emigrants in HIV-infected children during successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 2006; 117: 909-915
133. Sallusto F., Geginat J., Lanzavecchia A.: Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 2004; 22: 745-763
134. Sarzotti M., Patel D.D., Li X., Ozaki D.A., Cao S., Langdon S., Parrott R.E., Coyne K., Buckley R.H.: T cell repertoire development in humans with SCID after nonablative allogeneic marrow transplantation. J. Immunol., 2003; 170: 2711-2718
135. Schatz D.G., Oettinger M.A., Baltimore D.: The V(D)J recombination activating gene, RAG-1. Cell, 1989: 59: 1035-1048
136. Schonland S.O., Lopez C., Widmann T., Zimmer J., Bryl E., Goronzy J.J., Weyand C.M.: Premature telomeric loss in rheumatoid arthritis is genetically determined and involves both myeloid and lymphoid cell lineages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003; 100: 13471-13476
137. Seldin M.F., Amos C.I., Ward R., Gregersen P.K.: The genetics revolution and the assault on rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum., 1999; 42: 1071-1079
138. Sempowski G., Thomasch J., Gooding M., Hale L., Edwards L., Ciafaloni E., Sanders D., Massey J., Douek D., Koup R., Haynes B.: Effect of thymectomy on human peripheral blood T cell pools in myasthenia gravis. J. Immunol., 2001; 166: 2808-2817
139. Sfikakis P.P., Gourgoulis G.M., Moulopoulos L.A., Kouvatseas G., Theofilopoulos A.N., Dimopoulos M.A.: Age-related thymic activity in adults following chemotherapy-induced lymphopenia. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2005; 35: 380-387
140. Shapira M.Y., Hai A.A., Tsirigotis P., Resnick I.B., Or R., Slavin S.: Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for malignant diseases. Ann. Med., 2007; 39: 465-473
141. Shlomchik W.D.: Graft-versus-host disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2007, 7: 340-352
142. Song K., Rabin R.L., Hill B.J., De Rosa S.C., Perfetto S.P., Zhang H.H., Foley J.F., Reiner J.S., Liu J., Mattapallil J.J., Douek D.C., Roederer M., Farber J.M.: Characterization of subsets of CD4+ memory T cells reveals early branched pathways of T cell differentiation in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005; 102: 7916-7921
143. Steinmann G.G.: Changes in the human thymus during aging. Curr. Top. Pathol., 1986; 75: 43-88
144. Steinmann G.G., Klaus B., Muller-Hermelink H.K.: The involution of the ageing human thymic epithelium is independent of puberty. A morphometric study. Scand. J. Immunol., 1985; 22: 563-575
145. Storek J., Joseph A., Dawson M.A., Douek D.C., Storer B., Maloney D.G.: Factors influencing T-lymphopoiesis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Transplantation, 2002; 73: 1154-1158
146. Sugita J., Iwao N., Tanaka J., Kato N., Shiratori S., Wakasa K., Shigematsu A., Toubai T., Takahata M., Kondo T., Asaka M., Imamura M.: T cell receptor excision circle levels in CD94-expressing CD8 T cells during graft-versus-host disease. Leuk. Lymphoma, 2008; 49: 1306-1310
147. Szczepa.ski T., van der Velden V.H., van Dongen J.J.: Flow-cytometric immunophenotyping of normal and malignant lymphocytes. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2006; 44: 775-796
148. Talvensaari K., Clave E., Douay C., Rabian C., Garderet L., Busson M., Garnier F., Douek D., Gluckman E., Charron D., Toubert A.: A broad T-cell repertoire diversity and an efficient thymic function indicate a favorable long-term immune reconstitution after cord blood stem cell transplantation. Blood, 2002; 99: 1458-1464
149. Taub D.D., Longo D.L.: Insights into thymic aging and regeneration. Immunol. Rev., 2005; 205: 72-93
150. Thewissen M., Somers V., Venken K., Linsen L., van Paassen P., Geusens P., Damoiseaux J., Stinissen P.: Analyses of immunosenescent markers in patients with autoimmune disease. Clin. Immunol., 2007; 123: 209-218
151. Tough D.F., Sprent J.: Turnover of naive-and memory-phenotype T cells. J. Exp. Med., 1994; 179: 1127-1135
152. Touloumi G., Pantazis N., Karafoulidou A., Mandalaki T., Goedert J.J., Kostrikis L.G., Hatzakis A.: Changes in T cell receptor excision DNA circle (TREC) levels in HIV type 1-infected subjects pre-and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 2004; 20: 47-54
153. Utsuyama M., Hirokawa K., Kurashima C., Fukayama M., Inamatsu T., Suzuki K., Hashimoto W., Sato K.: Differential age-change in the numbers of CD4+CD45RA+ and CD4+CD29+ T cell subsets in human peripheral blood. Mech. Ageing Dev., 1992; 63: 57-68
154. van den Dool C., de Boer R.J.: The effects of age, thymectomy, and HIV infection on a and b TCR excision circles in naive T cells. J. Immunol., 2006; 177: 4391-4401
155. van Dongen J.J., Comans-Bitter W.M., Wolvers-Tettero I.L., Borst J.: Development of human T lymphocytes and their thymus-dependency. Thymus, 1990; 16: 207-234
156. Verschuren M.C., Wolvers-Tettero I.L., Breit T.M., Noordzij J., van Wering E.R., van Dongen J.J.: Preferential rearrangements of the T cell receptor delta deleting elements in human T cells. J. Immunol., 1997; 158: 1208-1216
157. Viret C., Wong F.S., Janeway C.A.Jr.: Designing and maintaining the mature TCR repertoire: The continuum of self-peptide: self-MHC complex recognition. Immunity, 1999; 10: 559-568
158. Vyse T.J., Todd J.A.: Genetic analysis of autoimmune disease. Cell, 1996; 85: 311-318
159. Wagner U.G., Koetz K., Weyand C.M., Goronzy J.J.: Perturbation of the T cell repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998; 95: 14447-14452
160. Weinberg K., Blazar B.R., Wagner J.E., Agura E., Hill B.J., Smogorzewska M., Koup R.A., Betts M.R., Collins R.H., Douek D.C.: Factors affecting thymic function after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood, 2001; 97: 1458-1466
161. Weng A.P., Ferrando A.A., Lee W., Morris J.P.4th, Silverman L.B., Sanchez-Irizarry C., Blacklow S.C., Look A.T., Aster J.C.: Activating mutations of NOTCH1 in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Science, 2004; 306: 269-271
162. Weng N.P., Levine B.L., June C.H., Hodes R.J.: Regulated expression of telomerase activity in human T lymphocyte development and activation. J. Exp. Med., 1996; 183: 2471-2479
163. Weng N.P., Levine B.L., June C.H., Hodes R.J.: Human naive and memory T lymphocytes differ in telomeric length and replicative potential. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995; 92: 11091-11094
164. Weyand C.M., Fulbright J.W., Goronzy J.J.: Immunosenescence, autoimmunity, and rheumatoid arthritis. Exp. Gerontol., 2003; 38: 833-841
165. Woodland D.L, Kotzin B.L., Palmer E.: Functional consequences of a T cell receptor D b 2 and J b 2 gene segment deletion. J. Immunol., 1990; 144: 379-385
166. Wu C.J., Chillemi A., Alyea E.P., Orsini E., Neuberg D., Soiffer R.J., Ritz J.: Reconstitution of T-cell receptor repertoire diversity following T-cell depleted allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is related to hematopoietic chimerism. Blood, 2000; 95: 352-359
167. Wysoczanska B., Bogunia-Kubik K., Dlubek D., Jaskula E., Sok A., Drabczak-Skrzypek D., Sedzimirska M., Lange A.: Association with the presence of naive T cells in chronic myeloid leukemia patients after allogeneic human stem cell transplantation and the lower incidence of chronic graft-versus host disease and relapse. Transplant. Proc., 2007; 39: 2898-2901
168. Wysoczanska B., Jaskuła E., Duda D., Lange A.: Chronic GVHD especially at extensive stage decreases the incidence and level of TREC in MNC of HSCT patients. Tissue Antigens, 2006; 67: 507 (abstr. P126)
169. Wysoczańska B., Wolska B., Dłubek D., Drabczak-Skrzypek D., Jaskuła E., Kańska K., Bernatowska E., Lange A.: Complete chimerism in CD3+ population, in spite of mixed chimerism in whole blood cells, associates with T-cells reconstitution and the presence of TREC in PBMNC in children with SCID after HSCT. Bone Marrow Transplant., 2006; 37(Suppl.1): S201 (abstr. P768)
170. Ye P., Kirschner D.E.: Measuring emigration of human thymocytes by T-cell receptor excision circles. Crit. Rev. Immunol., 2002; 22: 483-497
171. Zhang L., Lewin S.R., Markowitz M., Lin H.H., Skulsky E., Karanicolas R., He Y., Jin X., Tuttleton S., Vesanen M., Spiegel H., Kost R., van Lunzen J., Stellbrink H.J., Wolinsky S., Borkowsky W., Palumbo P., Kostrikis L.G., Ho D.D.: Measuring recent thymic emigrants in blood of normal and HIV-1 infected individuals before and after effective therapy. J. Exp. Med., 1999; 190: 725-732