Clinical developments in reduced intensity haematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

Volumn 2, Issue 7, 2002, Pages 703-714

  Hogan, William J ^a   Storb, Rainer ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Graft versus malignancy; Haematopoietic stem cell transplant; Non myeloablative

Indexed keywords

ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; CELL POPULATION; GENE MUTATION; GRAFT VERSUS LEUKEMIA EFFECT; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HEMOGLOBINOPATHY; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INBORN ERROR OF METABOLISM; REVIEW; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION;

ANIMALS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; DOGS; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0036795629     PISSN: 14712598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2.7.703     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Weiden PL, Flournoy N, Thomas ED et al.: Antileukemic effect of graft versus host disease in human recipients of allogeneic-marrow grafts. N. Engl. J. Med. (1979) 300:1068-1073.
2. Weiden PL, Sullivan KM, Flournoy N et al: Antileukemic effect of chronic graft versus host disease. Contribution to improved survival after allogeneic marrow transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. (1981) 304:1529-1533.
3. Mathé G, Amiel JL, Schwarzenberg L, Catton A, Schneider M: Adoptive immunotherapy of acute leukaemia: experimental and clinical results. Cancer Res. (1965) 25:1525-1531.
4. Gorin NC, Labopin M, Fouillard L et al.: Retrospective evaluation of autologous bone marrow transplantation versus allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from an HLA identical related donor in acute myelocytic leukaemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1996) 18:111-117.
5. Gale RP, Horowitz MM, Ash RC et al.: Identical twin bone marrow transplants for leukaemia. Ann. Intern. Med. (1994) 120:646-652.
6. Kolb HJ, Mittermüller J, Clemm CH et al.: Donor leukocyte transfusions for treatment of recurrent chronic myelogenous leukaemia in marrow transplant patients. Blood (1990) 76:2462-2465.
7. Kolb HJ, Schattenberg A, Goldman JM et al.: Graft-versusleukaemia effect of donor lymphocyte transfusions in marrow grafted patients. European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Working Party Chronic Leukaemia. Blood (1995) 86:2041-2050.
8. Thomas ED, Buckner CD, Storb R et al.: Aplastic anaemia treated by marrow transplantation. Lancet (1972) i:284-289.
9. Santos GW, Sensenbrenner LL, Burke PJ et al.: Marrow transplantation in man following cyclophosphamide. Transplant. Proc. (1971) 3:400-404.
10. Hobbs JR, Hugh-Jones K, Barrett AJ et al.: Reversal of clinical features of Hurlers disease and biochemical improvement after treatment by bonemarrow transplantation. Lancet (1981) 2:709-712.
11. Tutschka PJ, Copelan EA, Klein JP: Bone marrow transplantation for leukaemia following a new busulfan and cyclophosphamide regimen. Blood (1987) 70:1382-1388.
12. Lucarelli G, Polchi P, Galimberti M et al.: Marrow transplantation for thalassemia following busulphan and cyclophosphamide. Lancet (1985) i:1355-1357.
13. Yu C, Storb R, Mathey B et al.: DLA-identical bone marrow grafts after low-dose total body irradiation: effects of high-dose corticosteroids and cyclosporin on engraftment. Blood (1995) 86:4376-4381.
14. Storb R, Yu C, Wagnerjl et al.: Stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism in DLA-identical littermate dogs given sublethal total body irradiation before and pharmacological immunosuppression after marrow transplantation. Blood (1997) 89:3048-3054.
15. Sandmaier BM, Maloney DG, Gooley T et al.: Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) from HLA-matched related donors for patients with hematologic malignancies: clinical results of a TBI-based conditioning regimen. Blood(2001) 98(Part 1):742a-743a.
16. MCsweeney PA, Niederwieser D, Shizuru JA et al.: Hematopoietic cell transplantation in older patients with hematologic malignancies: replacing highdose cytotoxic therapy with graft-versusturnout effects. Blood (2001) 97:3390-3400.
17. Maloney DG, Sahebi F, Stockerl-Goldstein KE et al.: Combining an allogeneic graft-vs-myeloma effect with high-dose autologous stem cell rescue in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Blood (2001) 98(Part 1):434a-435a.
18. Badros A, Barlogie B, Siegel E et al.: Improved outcome of allogeneic transplantation in high-risk multiple myeloma patients after nonmyeloablative conditioning. J. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 20:1295-1303.
19. Gahrton G, Tura S, Ljungman P et al.: Prognostic factors in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for multiple myeloma. J. Clin. Oncol. (1995) 13:1312-1322.
20. Bensinger WI, Buckner CD, Anasetti C et al.: Allogeneic marrow transplantation for multiple myeloma: an analysis of risk factors on outcome. Blood (1996) 88:2787-2793.
21. Khouri IF, Saliba RM, Giralt SA et al.: Nonablative allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation as adoptive immunotherapy for indolent lymphoma: low incidence of toxicity, acute graft versus host disease and treatment-related mortality. Blood (2001) 98:3595-3599.
22. Van Besien K, Sobocinski KA, Rowlings PA et al.: Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for low-grade lymphoma. Blood (1998) 92:1832-1836.
23. Berdeja JG, Flinn IW: New approaches to blood and marrow transplantation for patients with low-grade lymphomas. Curr. Opin. Oncol. (2001) 13:335-341.
24. Goldman J: Implications of imatinib mesylate for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Semin. Hematol (2001) 38:28-34.
25. Horowitz MM, Rowlings PA, Passweg JR: Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for CML: a report from the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1996) 17(Suppl. 3):S5-S6.
26. McGlave P, Bartsch G, Anasetti C et al.: Unrelated donor marrow transplantation therapy for chronic myelogenous leukaemia: initial experience of the National Marrow Donor Program. Blood (1993) 81:543-550.
27. Beatty PG, Dahlberg S, Mickelson EM et al.: Probability of finding HLA-matched unrelated marrow donors. Transplantation (1988) 45:714-718.
28. Bornhauser M, Thiede C, Platzbecker U et al.: Dose-reduced conditioning and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from unrelated donors in 42 patients. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7:2254-2262.
29. Nagler A, Aker MR et al.: Lowintensity conditioning is sufficient to ensure engraftment in matched unrelated bone marrow transplantation. Exp. Hematol. (2001) 29:362-370.
30. Maris M, Niederwieser D, Sandmaier B et al.: Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) using 10/10 HLA antigen matched unrelated donors (URDs) for patients with advanced hematologic malignancies ineligible for conventional HSCT. Blood (2001) 98(Part 1):858a.
31. Panse JP, Heimfeld S, Guthrie KA, Storb R, Sandmaier BM: Effect of PBSC graft-composition on T cell chimerism, rejection and outcome in nonmyealoablative HSCT: NK-cells predict for T cell engraftment. Blood. (2001) 98(Suppl. 1):477a.
32. Eibl B, Schwaighofer H, Nachbaur D, et al.: Evidence for a graftversus-tumour effect in a patient treated with marrow ablative chemotherapy and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for breast cancer. Blood (1996) 88:1501-1508.
33. Childs R, Chernoff A, Contentin N et al.: Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheralblood stem-cell transplantation. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343:750-758.
34. Rini BI, Zimmerman T, Stadler WM, Gajewski TF, Vogelzang NJ: Allogeneic stem-cell transplantation of renal cell cancer after nonmyeloablative chemotherapy: feasibility, engraftment and clinical results. J. Clin. Oncol. (2002) 20:2017-2024.
35. Bregni M, Dodero A, Peccatori J et al.: Nonmyeloablative conditioning followed by hematopoietic cell allografting and donor lymphocyte infusions for patients with metastatic renal and breast cancer. Blood (2002) 99:4234-4236.
36. Childs RW, Bradstock KF, Gottlieb D, Kefford R, Barrett J: nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation as immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma: results of a pilot study. Blood (2000) 96(Part 2):353b.
37. Bosch GJ, Joosten AM, Kessler JH, Melief CJ, Leeksma OC: Recognition of BCR-ABL positive leukemic blasts by human CD4+ T cells elicited by primary in vitro immunization with a BCR-ABL breakpoint peptide. Blood (1996) 88:3522-3527.
38. Yotnda P, Firat H, Garcia-Pons F et al.: Cytotoxic T cell response against the chimeric p210 BCR-ABL protein in patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia. J. Clin. Invest. (1998) 101:2290-2296.
39. Ten Bosch GJ, Toornvliet AC, Friede T, Melief CJ, Leeksma OC: Recognition of peptides corresponding to the joining region ofp210BCR-ABL protein by human T cells. Leukaemia (1995) 9:1344-1348.
40. Yotnda P, Garcia F, Peuchmaur M et al.: Cytotoxic T cell response against the chimeric ETV6-AML1 protein in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. J. Clin. Invest. (1998) 102:455-462.
41. Ohminami H, Yasukawa M, Kaneko S et al.: Fas-independent and nonapoptotic cytotoxicity mediated by a human CD4(+) T cell clone directed against an acute myelogenous leukaemia-associated DEK-CAN fusion peptide. Blood. (1999) 93:925-935.
42. Molldrem J, Dermime S, Parker K et al.: Targeted T cell therapy for human leukaemia: cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a peptide derived from protease 3 preferentially lyse human myeloid leukaemia cells. Blood(1996) 88:2450-2457.
43. Molldrem JJ, Clave E, Jiang YZ et al.: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a nonpolymorphic protease 3 peptide preferentially inhibit chronic myeloid leukaemia colony-forming units. Blood (1997) 90:2529-2534.
44. Molldrem JJ, Lee PP, Wang C et al.: Evidence that specific T lymphocytes may participate in the elimination of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Nat. Med. (2000) 6:1018-1023.
45. Ohminami H, Yasukawa M, Fujita S: HLA class I-restricted lysis of leukaemia cells by a CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte clone specific for WT1 peptide. Blood (2000) 95:286-293.
46. Oka Y, ELISSEEVA OA, TSUBOI A et al.: Human cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses specific for peptides of the wild type Wilms' tumour gene (WT1) product. Immunogenetics (2000) 51:99-107.
47. Goulmy E: Human minor histocompatibility antigens: new concepts for marrow transplantation and adoptive immunotherapy (Review). Immunol. Rev. (1997) 157:125-140.
48. Warren EH, Gavin M, Greenberg PD, Riddell SR: Minor histocompatibility antigens as targets for T cell therapy after bone marrow transplantation. Curr. Opin. Hematol. (1998) 5:429-433.
49. Warren EH, Gavin MA, Simpson E et al.: The human UTY gene encodes a novel HLA-B8-restricted H-Y antigen. J. Immunol. (2000) 164:2807-2814.
50. Warren EH, Greenberg PD, Riddell SR: Cytotoxic T lymphocytedefined human minor histocompatibility antigens with a restricted tissue distribution. Blood(1998) 91:2197-2207.
51. De Bueger M, Bakker A, Van Rood JJ, Van Der Woude F, Goulmy E: Tissue distribution of human minor histocompatibility antigens. Ubiquitous versus restricted tissue distribution indicates heterogeneity among human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-defined nonMHC antigens. J. Immunol. (1992) 149:1788-1794.
52. Mutis T, Verdijk R, Schrama E, Esendam B, Brand A, Goulmy E: Feasibility of immunotherapy of relapsed leukaemia with ex vivo-generated cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for hematopoietic system-restricted minor histocompatability antigens. Blood (1999) 93:2336-2341.
53. Gahn B, Hunt G, Rooney CM, Heslop HE: Immunotherapy to reconstitute immunity to DNA viruses. Semin. HematoL (2002) 39:41-47.
54. Rooney CM, Smith CA, NG CY et al.: Infusion of cytotoxic T cells for the prevention and treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoma in allogeneic transplant recipients. Blood (1998) 92:1549-1555.
55. Walter EA, Greenberg PD, Gilbert MJ et al.: Reconstitution of cellular immunity against cytomegalovirus in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow by transfer of T cell clones from the donor. N. Engl. J. Med. (1995) 333:1038-1044.
56. Weiden PL, Hackman RC, Deeg HJ, Graham TC, Thomas ED, Storb R: Long-term survival and reversal of iron overload after marrow transplantation in dogs with congenital hemolytic anemia. Blood (1981) 57:66-70.
57. Zaucha JM, Yu C, Lothrop CD Jr et al.: Severe canine hereditary hemolytic anemia treated by nonmyeloablative marrow transplantation. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. (2001) 7:14-24.
58. Walters MC, Patience M, Leisenring W et al.: Stable mixed hematopoietic chimerism after bone marrow transplantation for sickle cell anemia. Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant. (2001) 7:665-673.
59. Woolfreyae, Nash RA, Sanders JE, Ochs HD, Thomson B, Storb R: A nonmyeloablative regimen for induction of multi-lineage hematopoietic mixed donor-host chimerism in nonmalignant disorders. Blood (2000) 98(Part 1):784a.
60. Krishnamurti L, Blazar BR, Grossi M et al.: Successful use of nonmyeloablative therapy in the treatment of severe hemoglobinopathies: proof of principle. Blood. (2000) 96(Part 2):18b.
61. Slavin S, Nagler A, Naparstek E et al.: Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation and cell therapy as an alternative to conventional bone marrow transplantation with lethal cytoreduction for the treatment of malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. Blood (1998) 91:756-763.
62. Marshall LV, Oakhill A, Kershaw H et al.: Severe isolated CNS acceleration of chediak-higashi syndrome treated by chemotherapy and nonmyeloablative BMT. Blood. (2000) 96(Part 2):30b.
63. Pulsipher MA, Woolfrey A: Nonmyeloablative transplantation in children: current status and future prospects. Hematol. Oncol, Clin. North Am. (2001) 15:809-834.
64. Sullivan KM, Parkman R, Walters MC: Bone marrow transplantation for nonmalignant disease. In: Hematology 2000: American Society of Hematology Education Programme Book. The American Society of Hematolgy, Washington DC, USA (2000):319-338.
65. Fischer A, Griscelli C, Friedrich W et al.: Bone-marrow transplantation for immunodeficiencies and osteopetrosis: European survey, 1968-1985. Lancet (1986) 2:1080-1084.
66. Fischer A, Landais P, Friedrich W et al.: Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in Europe for primary immunodeficiencies other than severe combine immunodeficiency: a report from the European Group for BMT and the European Group for Immunodeficiency. Blood (1994) 83:1149-1154.
67. Woolfrey A, Pulsipher MA, Storb R: Nonmyeloablative hematopoietic cell transplant for treatment of immune deficiency. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. (2001) 13:539-545.
68. Amrolia P, Gaspar HB, Hassan A et al.: Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation for congenital immunodeficiencies. Blood (2000) 96:1239-1246.
69. Nagler A, Ackerstein A, Kapelushnik JR, Naparstek E, Slavin S: Donor lymphocyte infusion posmon-myeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for chronic granulomatous disease. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1999) 24:339-342.
70. Horwitz ME, Barrett AJ, Brown MR et al.: Treatment of chronic granulomatous disease with nonmyeloablative conditioning and a T cell-depleted hematopoietic allograft. N. Engl. J. Med. (2001) 344:881-888.
71. Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Le Deist F, Carlier F et al.: Sustained correction of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency by ex vivo gene therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 346:1185-1193.
72. Oyama Y, Papadopoulos EB, Miranda M, Traynor AE, Burt RK: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for Evans syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant. (2001) 28:903-905.
73. Raetz E, Beatty PG, Adams RH: Treatment of severe Evans syndrome with an allogeneic cord blood transplant. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1997) 20:427-429.
74. De Stefano P, Zecca M, Giorgiani G, Perotti C, Giraldi E, Locatelli F: Resolution of immune haemolytic anaemia with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after an unsuccessful autograft. Br. J. Haematol. (1999) 106:1063-1064.
75. Muller BU, Tichelli A, Passweg JR, Nissen C, Wodnar-Filipowicz A, Gratwohl A: Successful treatment of refractory acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1999) 23:1205-1207.
76. Lowenthal RM, Cohen ML, Atkinson K, Biggs JC: Apparent cure of rheumatoid arthritis by bone marrow transplantation. J. Rheumatol. (1993) 20:137-140.
77. Snowden JA, Kearney P, Kearney A et al.: Long-term outcome of autoimmune disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Arthritis Rheumatism. (1998) 41:453-459.
78. Jacobs P, Vincent MD, Martell RW: Prolonged remission of severe refractory rheumatoid arthritis following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for drug-induced aplastic anemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1986) 1:237-239.
79. Lopez-Cubero SO, Sullivan KM, McDonald GB: Course of Crohn's disease after allogeneic marrow transplantation. Gastroenterology (1998) 114:433-440.
80. Yin JA, Jowitt SN: Resolution of immune-mediated diseases following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for leukaemia. Bone Marrow Transplant. (1992) 9:31-33.
81. Slavin S, Naglera, Varadi GR: Graft versus autoimmunity following allogeneic nonmydoablative blood stem cell transplantation in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia and severe systemic psoriasis and psoriatic polyarthritis. Exp. Hematol. (2000) 28:853-857.
82. Chakrabarti S, Handa SK, Bryon RJ, Griffiths MJ, Milligan DW: Will mixed chimerism cure autoimmune diseases after a nonmyeloablative stem cell transplant? Transplantation (2001) 72:340-342.
83. Burt RK, Barr W, Oyama Y, Traynor A, Slavin S: Future strategies in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. (2001) 28(Suppl. 64):42-48.
84. Schwarze ML, Menard MT, Fuchimoto Y et al.: Mixed hematopoietic chimerism induces long-term tolerance to cardiac allografts in miniature swine. Ann. Thorac. Surg. (2000) 70:13-138.
85. Huang CA, Fuchimoto Y, Gleit ZL et al.: Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disease in miniature swine after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: similarity to human PTLD and association with a porcine gammaherpesvirus. Blood (2001) 97:1467-1473.
86. Talpe S, Oike F, Dehoux JP et al.: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder after liver transplantation in miniature swine. Transplantation (2001) 71:1684-1688.
87. Gammie JS, Li S, Zeevi A, Demetris AJ, Ildstad ST, Pham SM: Tacrolimus-based partial conditioning produces stable mixed lymphohematopoietic chimerism and tolerance for cardiac allografts. Circulation. (1998) 98(Suppl.):II163-168; Discussion 11168-169.
88. Kuhr CS, Allen MD, Junghanss C et al.: Tolerance to vascularized kidney grafts in canine mixed hematopoietic chimaeras. Transplantation. (2002) 73:1487-1493.
89. Spitzer TR, Delmonico F, Tolkoff-Rubin N, McAfee S: Combined histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-matched donor bone marrow and renal transplantation for multiple myeloma with end stage renal disease: the induction of allograft tolerance through mixed lymphohematopoietic chimerism. Transplantation (1999) 68:480-484.
90. Giralt S, Estey E, Albitar M et al.: Engraftment of allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cells with purine analogcontaining chemotherapy: harnessing graftversus-leukaemia without myeloablative therapy. Blood. (1997) 89:4531-4536.
91. GiralT S, Thall PF, Khouri I et al.: Melphalan and purine analog-containing preparative regimens: reduced-intensity conditioning for patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing allogeneic progenitor cell transplantation. Blood (2001) 97:631-637.
92. Khouri IF, Keating M, Korbling M et al.: Transplant-lite: induction of graftversus-malignancy using fludarabine-based nonablative chemotherapy and allogeneic blood progenitor-cell transplantation as treatment for lymphoid malignancies. J. Clin. Oncol, (1998) 16:2817-2824.
93. Khouri I, Munsell M, Yajzi S et al.: Comparable survival for nonablative and ablative allogeneic transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): the case for early intervention. Blood (2000) 96(Part 1):205a (Abstract).
94. Childs R, Clave E, Contentin N et al.: Engraftment kinetics after nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: full donor T cell chimerism precedes alloimmune responses. Blood(1999) 94:3234-3241.
95. Childs RW, Bahceci E, Eniafe R et al.: Older patient age remains a risk factor for transplant related mortality (TRM) following nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation (NST). Blood (2000) 96(Part 1):520a (Abstract).
96. Fowler DH, Kasten-Sportes C, Wilson WH et al.: Immunoablative (nonmyeloablative) allogeneic SCT results in rapid full donor engraftment and early antitumour effects independent of DLI or GVHD prophylaxis withdrawal. Blood (2000) 96(Part 1):409a (Abstract).
97. Sykes M, Preffer E McAfee S et al.: Mixed lymphohaemopoietic chimerism and graft-versus-lymphoma effects after nonmyeloablative therapy and HLA-mismatched bone-marrow transplantation. Lancet (1999) 353:1755-1759.
98. Colby C, McAfee S, Sackstein R et al.: Engraftment syndrome following nonmyeloablative conditioning therapy and HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for hematologic malignancy (HM). Blood (2000) 96(Part 1):520a (Abstract).
99. Spitzer TR, McAfee S, Sackstein R et al.: Haploidentical donor bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for advanced hematologic malignancy (HM) following nonmyeloablative preparative therapy: role of in vivo T cell depletion with antithymocyte globulin or antiCD2 monoclonal antibody therapy (medi-507). Blood (2000) 96(Part 1):841a. Abstract.
100. Sandmaier BM, McSweeney P, Yu C, Storb R: Nonmyeloablative transplants: preclinical and clinical results. Semin. Oncol. (2000) 27(Suppl. 5):78-81.
101. Carella AM, Lerma E, Dejana A et al.: Engraftment of HLA-matched sibling hematopoietic stem cells after immunosuppressive conditioning regimen in patients with hematologic neoplasias. Haematologica (1998) 83:904-909.
102. Carella AM, Cavaliere M, Corsetti MT, Lerma E: Allografting with immunosuppressive conditioning of low-dose fludarabine-cyclophosphamide after autografting. Blood (2000) 96(Part 1):553a. Abstract.
103. Kottaridis PD, Milligan DW, Chopra R et al.: In vivo CAMPATH-1H prevents graft versus host disease following nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation. Blood (2000) 96:2419-2425.
104. Martino R, Caballero MD, Canals C et al.: Allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation with reduced-intensity conditioning: results of a prospective multi-centre study. Br. J. Haematol. (2001) 115:653-659.