Creutzfeldt-jakob, parkinson, lewy body dementia and alzheimer diseases: From diagnosis to therapy

Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 2-11

  Dupiereux, Ingrid ^a   Zorzi, Willy ^a   Quadrio, Isabelle ^b   Perret Liaudet, Armand ^b   Kovacs, Gabor G ^c   Heinen, Ernst ^a   Elmoualij, Benaïssa ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^b CBPE   (France)

^c MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Alpha synuclein; Alzheimer; Amyloid; CJD; Parkinson; Prion

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; TAU PROTEIN;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AUTOPSY; BLOOD COMPONENT; BLOOD SAMPLING; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BLOOD TRANSFUSION REACTION; BRAIN; BRAIN DAMAGE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ANALYSIS; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIFFUSE LEWY BODY DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATIENT CARE; PROTEIN DETERMINATION; PROTEIN FOLDING; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; THERAPY EFFECT; URINALYSIS;

ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AMYLOID; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BRAIN; CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB SYNDROME; DONOR SELECTION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; LEWY BODY DISEASE; NERVE TISSUE PROTEINS; PALATINE TONSIL; PARKINSON DISEASE; PRION DISEASES; PRIONS; PROTEOSTASIS DEFICIENCIES; PRPSC PROTEINS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SHEEP; TAU PROTEINS;

EID: 62549126072     PISSN: 18715249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152409787601950     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Prusiner, S. B. Shattuck lecture--neurodegenerative diseases and prions. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 344 (20), 1516-1526.
2. Beyer, K.; Ariza, A. Protein aggregation mechanisms in synucleinopathies: commonalities and differences. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2007, 66 (11), 965-974.
3. Wisniewski, T.; Aucouturier, P.; Soto, C.; Frangione, B. The prionoses and other conformational disorders. Amyloid, 1998, 5 (3), 212-224.
4. Dubois, B.; Feldman, H. H.; Jacova, C.; Dekosky, S. T.; Barberger-Gateau, P.; Cummings, J.; Delacourte, A.; Galasko, D.; Gauthier, S.; Jicha, G.; Meguro, K.; O'brien, J.; Pasquier, F.; Robert, P.; Ros- sor, M.; Salloway, S.; Stern, Y.; Visser, P. J.; Scheltens, P. Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurol., 2007, 6 (8), 734-746.
5. Lumley, J. S. Serious Hazards of Transfusion Committee. The impact of Creutzfeldt Jakob disease on surgical practice. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl., 2008, 90 (2), 91-94.
6. Zou, S.; Fang, C. T.; Schonberger, L. B. Transfusion transmission of human prion diseases. Transfus. Med. Rev., 2008, 22 (1), 58-69.
7. Ironside, J. W.; Head, M. W. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and its transmission by blood. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2003, 1 (7), 1479-1486.
8. Musial, A.; Bajda, M.; Malawska, B. Recent developments in cho- linesterases inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Curr. Med. Chem., 2007, 14 (25), 2654-2679.
9. Stewart, L. A.; Rydzewska, L. H.; Keogh, G. F.; Knight, R. S. Systematic review of therapeutic interventions in human prion disease. Neurology, 2008, 70 (15), 1272-1281.
10. Prusiner, S. B. Prions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1998, 95 (23), 13363-13383.
11. Prusiner, S. B. Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science, 1982, 216 (4542), 136-144.
12. Weissmann, C. Molecular genetics of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274 (1), 3-6.
13. Liautard, J. P. [Prion diseases. The "prion" a remarkable infectious agents]. J. Soc. Biol., 1999, 193 (3), 311-316.
14. Caughey, B. Prion protein interconversions. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 2001, 356 (1406), 197-200.
15. Hill, A. F.; Desbruslais, M.; Joiner, S.; Sidle, K. C.; Gowland, I.; Collinge, J.; Doey, L. J.; Lantos, P. The same prion strain causes vCJD and BSE. Nature, 1997, 389 (6650), 448-50, 526.
16. Harris, D. A. Prion diseases. Nutrition, 2000, 16 (7-8), 554-556.
17. Belay, E. D. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans. Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 1999, 53, 283-314.
18. Brown, P.; Preece, M.; Brandel, J. P.; Sato, T.; McShane, L.; Zerr, I.; Fletcher, A.; Will, R. G.; Pocchiari, M.; Cashman, N. R.; d'Aignaux, J. H.; Cervenakova, L.; Fradkin, J.; Schonberger, L. B.; Collins, S. J. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease at the millennium. Neurology, 2000, 55 (8), 1075-1081.
19. Lane, K. L.; Brown, P.; Howell, D. N.; Crain, B. J.; Hulette, C. M.; Burger, P. C.; DeArmond, S. J. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a pregnant woman with an implanted dura mater graft. Neurosurgery, 1994, 34 (4), 737-739.
20. Rappaport, E. B. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology, 1987, 37 (9), 1520-1522.
21. Heath, C. A.; Barker, R. A.; Esmonde, T. F.; Harvey, P.; Roberts, R.; Trend, P.; Head, M. W.; Smith, C.; Bell, J. E.; Ironside, J. W.; Will, R. G.; Knight, R. S. Dura mater-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: experience from surveillance in the UK. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2006, 77 (7), 880-882.
22. Noguchi-Shinohara, M.; Hamaguchi, T.; Kitamoto, T.; Sato, T.; Nakamura, Y.; Mizusawa, H.; Yamada, M. Clinical features and diagnosis of dura mater graft associated Creutzfeldt Jakob disease. Neurology, 2007, 69 (4), 360-367.
23. Brown, P.; Brandel, J. P.; Preece, M.; Sato, T. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: the waning of an era. Neurology, 2006, 67 (3), 389-393.
24. Parchi, P.; Giese, A.; Capellari, S.; Brown, P.; Schulz-Schaeffer, W.; Windl, O.; Zerr, I.; Budka, H.; Kopp, N.; Piccardo, P.; Poser, S.; Rojiani, A.; Streichemberger, N.; Julien, J.; Vital, C.; Ghetti, B.; Gambetti, P.; Kretzschmar, H. Classification of sporadic Creutzfeldt Jakob disease based on molecular and phenotypic analysis of 300 subjects. Ann. Neurol., 1999, 46 (2), 224-233.
25. Muller, W. E.; Laplanche, J. L.; Ushijima, H.; Schroder, H. C. Novel approaches in diagnosis and therapy of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Mech. Ageing Dev., 2000, 116 (2-3), 193-218.
26. Collins, S. J.; Sanchez-Juan, P.; Masters, C. L.; Klug, G. M.; van, Duijn C.; Poleggi, A.; Pocchiari, M.; Almonti, S.; Cuadrado-Corrales, N.; de Pedro-Cuesta, J.; Budka, H.; Gelpi, E.; Glatzel, M.; Tolnay, M.; Hewer, E.; Zerr, I.; Heinemann, U.; Kretszchmar, H. A.; Jansen, G. H.; Olsen, E.; Mitrova, E.; Alperovitch, A.; Brandel, J. P.; Mackenzie, J.; Murray, K.; Will, R. G. Determinants of diagnostic investigation sensitivities across the clinical spectrum of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Brain, 2006, 129 (Pt 9), 2278-2287.
27. Sanchez-Juan, P.; Green, A.; Ladogana, A.; Cuadrado-Corrales, N.; Saanchez-Valle, R.; Mitrovaa, E.; Stoeck, K.; Sklaviadis, T.; Kulczycki, J.; Hess, K.; Bodemer, M.; Slivarichova, D.; Saiz, A.; Calero, M.; Ingrosso, L.; Knight, R.; Janssens, A. C.; van Duijn, C. M.; Zerr, I. CSF tests in the differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology, 2006, 67 (4), 637-643.
28. Macfarlane, R. G.; Wroe, S. J.; Collinge, J.; Yousry, T. A.; Jager, H. R. Neuroimaging findings in human prion disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 2007, 78 (7), 664-670.
29. King, D. J.; Safar, J. G.; Legname, G.; Prusiner, S. B. Thioaptamer interactions with prion proteins: sequence-specific and non-specific binding sites. J. Mol. Biol., 2007, 369 (4), 1001-1014.
30. Sayer, N. M.; Cubin, M.; Rhie, A.; Bullock, M.; Tahiri-Alaoui, A.; James, W. Structural determinants of conformationally selective, prion-binding aptamers. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279 (13), 13102-13109.
31. Bieschke, J.; Giese, A.; Schulz-Schaeffer, W.; Zerr, I.; Poser, S.; Eigen, M.; Kretzschmar, H. Ultrasensitive detection of pathological prion protein aggregates by dual color scanning for intensely fluorescent targets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97 (10), 5468-5473.
32. Lane, A.; Stanley, C.J.; Dealler, S.; Wilson, S.M. Polymeric ligands with specificity for aggregated prion proteins. Clin. Chem., 2003, 49, 1774-1775.
33. Safar, J.; Cohen, F. E.; Prusiner, S. B. Quantitative traits of prion strains are enciphered in the conformation of the prion protein. Arch. Virol. Suppl, 2000, 16, 227-235.
34. Ingrosso, L.; Vetrugno, V.; Cardone, F.; Pocchiari, M. Molecular diagnostics of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Trends Mol. Med., 2002, 8 (6), 273-280.
35. Saborio, G. P.; Permanne, B.; Soto, C. Sensitive detection of pathological prion protein by cyclic amplification of protein misfolding. Nature, 2001, 411 (6839), 810-813.
36. Cervenakova, L.; Brown, P. Advances in screening test development for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Expert. Rev. Anti. Infect. Ther., 2004, 2 (6), 873-880.
37. Gofflot, S.; El, M. B.; Zorzi, D.; Melen, L.; Roels, S.; Quatpers, D.; Grassi, J.; Vanopdenbosch, E.; Heinen, E.; Zorzi, W. Immuno-quantitative polymerase chain reaction for detection and quantitation of prion protein. J. Immunoassay Immunochem., 2004, 25 (3), 241-258.
38. Zorzi, W.; El Moualij, B.; Zorzi, D.; Heinen, E.; Melen L. Detection method by PCR. (EP1232283), 2001.
39. Gofflot, S.; Deprez, M.; el, Moualij B.; Osman, A.; Thonnart, J. F.; Hougrand, O.; Heinen, E.; Zorzi, W. Immunoquantitative PCR for prion protein detection in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Clin. Chem., 2005, 51 (9), 1605-1611.
40. Ferri, C. P.; Prince, M.; Brayne, C.; Brodaty, H.; Fratiglioni, L.; Ganguli, M.; Hall, K.; Hasegawa, K.; Hendrie, H.; Huang, Y.; Jorm, A.; Mathers, C.; Menezes, P. R.; Rimmer, E.; Scazufca, M. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet, 2005, 366 (9503), 2112-2117.
41. Wimo, A.; Jonsson, L.; Winblad, B. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and direct costs of dementia in 2003. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord., 2006, 21 (3), 175-181.
42. Khachaturian, Z. S. Diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch. Neurol., 1985, 42 (11), 1097-1105.
43. Wong, C. W.; Quaranta, V.; Glenner, G. G. Neuritic plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid in Alzheimer disease are antigenically related. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1985, 82 (24), 8729-8732.
44. Grundke-Iqbal, I.; Iqbal, K.; Tung, Y. C.; Quinlan, M.; Wisniewski, H. M.; Binder, L. I. Abnormal phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau (tau) in Alzheimer cytoskeletal pathology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1986, 83 (13), 4913-4917.
45. Braak, H.; Braak, E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol., 1991, 82 (4), 239-259.
46. Thal, D. R.; Rub, U.; Orantes, M.; Braak, H. Phases of A betadeposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD. Neurology, 2002, 58 (12), 1791-1800.
47. Schonheit, B.; Zarski, R.; Ohm, T. G. Spatial and temporal relationships between plaques and tangles in Alzheimer-pathology. Neurobiol. Aging, 2004, 25 (6), 697-711.
48. Cotman, C. W.; Poon, W. W.; Rissman, R. A.; Blurton-Jones, M. The role of caspase cleavage of tau in Alzheimer disease neuropathology. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 2005, 64 (2), 104-112.
49. McKhann, G.; Drachman, D.; Folstein, M.; Katzman, R.; Price, D.; Stadlan, E. M. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology, 1984, 34 (7), 939-944.
50. Petersen, R. C.; Smith, G. E.; Waring, S. C.; Ivnik, R. J.; Tangalos, E. G.; Kokmen, E. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch. Neurol., 1999, 56 (3), 303-308.
51. Fischer, P.; Jungwirth, S.; Zehetmayer, S.; Weissgram, S.; Hoenigschnabl, S.; Gelpi, E.; Krampla, W.; Tragl, K. H. Conversion from subtypes of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer dementia. Neurology, 2007, 68 (4), 288-291.
52. Tapiola, T.; Pennanen, C.; Tapiola, M.; Tervo, S.; Kivipelto, M.; Hanninen, T.; Pihlajamaki, M.; Laakso, M. P.; Hallikainen, M.; Hamalainen, A.; Vanhanen, M.; Helkala, E. L.; Vanninen, R.; Nissinen, A.; Rossi, R.; Frisoni, G. B.; Soininen, H. MRI of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Neurobiol. Aging, 2008, 29 (1), 31-38.
53. Xu, G.; Antuono, P. G.; Jones, J.; Xu, Y.; Wu, G.; Ward, D.; Li, S. J. Perfusion fMRI detects deficits in regional CBF during memory- encoding tasks in MCI subjects. Neurology, 2007, 69 (17), 1650-1656.
54. Blennow, K. Cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. NeuroRx., 2004, 1 (2), 213-225.
55. Hansson, O.; Zetterberg, H.; Buchhave, P.; Londos, E.; Blennow, K.; Minthon, L. Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Lancet Neurol., 2006, 5 (3), 228-234.
56. Wiltfang, J.; Lewczuk, P.; Riederer, P.; Grunblatt, E.; Hock, C.; Scheltens, P.; Hampel, H.; Vanderstichele, H.; Iqbal, K.; Galasko, D.; Lannfelt, L.; Otto, M.; Esselmann, H.; Henkel, A. W.; Kornhuber, J.; Blennow, K. Consensus paper of the WFSBP task force on biological markers of dementia: the role of CSF and blood analysis in the early and differential diagnosis of dementia. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2005, 6 (2), 69-84.
57. Bouwman, F. H.; van der Flier, W. M.; Schoonenboom, N. S.; Van Elk, E. J.; Kok, A.; Rijmen, F.; Blankenstein, M. A.; Scheltens, P. Longitudinal changes of CSF biomarkers in memory clinic patients. Neurology, 2007, 69 (10), 1006-1011.
58. Tapiola, T.; Pirttila, T.; Mehta, P. D.; Alafuzofff, I.; Lehtovirta, M.; Soininen, H. Relationship between apoE genotype and CSF beta-amyloid (1-42) and tau in patients with probable and definite Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 2000, 21 (5), 735-740.
59. van Gool, W. A.; Kuiper, M. A.; Walstra, G. J.; Wolters, E. C.; Bolhuis, P. A. Concentrations of amyloid beta protein in cerebro-spinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol., 1995, 37 (2), 277-279.
60. Goedert, M.; Spillantini, M. G.; Potier, M. C.; Ulrich, J.; Crowther, R. A. Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA encoding an isoform of microtubule-associated protein tau containing four tandem repeats: differential expression of tau protein mRNAs in human brain. EMBO J., 1989, 8 (2), 393-399.
61. Iqbal, K.; Alonso, Adel C.; El-Akkad, E.; Gong, C. X.; Haque, N.; Khatoon, S.; Tsujio, I.; Grundke-Iqbal, I. Pharmacological targets to inhibit Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration. J. Neural Transm. Suppl., 2002, (62), 309-319.
62. Vandermeeren, M.; Mercken, M.; Vanmechelen, E.; Six, J.; van, de, V; Martin, J. J.; Cras, P. Detection of tau proteins in normal and Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid with a sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J. Neurochem., 1993, 61 (5), 1828-1834.
63. Blennow, K.; Wallin, A.; Agren, H.; Spenger, C.; Siegfried, J.; Vanmechelen, E. Tau protein in cerebrospinal fluid: a biochemical marker for axonal degeneration in Alzheimer disease? Mol. Chem. Neuropathol., 1995, 26 (3), 231-245.
64. Mori, H.; Hosoda, K.; Matsubara, E.; Nakamoto, T.; Furiya, Y.; Endoh, R.; Usami, M.; Shoji, M.; Maruyama, S.; Hirai, S. Tau in cerebrospinal fluids: establishment of the sandwich ELISA with antibody specific to the repeat sequence in tau. Neurosci. Lett., 1995, 186 (2-3), 181-183.
65. Vigo-Pelfrey, C.; Seubert, P.; Barbour, R.; Blomquist, C.; Lee, M.; Lee, D.; Coria, F.; Chang, L.; Miller, B.; Lieberburg, I. Elevation of microtubule-associated protein tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 1995, 45 (4), 788-793.
66. Andreasen, N.; Minthon, L.; Davidsson, P.; Vanmechelen, E.; Vanderstichele, H.; Winblad, B.; Blennow, K. Evaluation of CSF- tau and CSF-Abeta42 as diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease in clinical practice. Arch. Neurol., 2001, 58 (3), 373-379.
67. Green, A. J.; Harvey, R. J.; Thompson, E. J.; Rossor, M. N. Increased tau in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with frontotempral dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett., 1999, 259 (2), 133-135.
68. Molina, L.; Touchon, J.; Herpe, M.; Lefranc, D.; Duplan, L.; Cristol, J. P.; Sabatier, R.; Vermersch, P.; Pau, B.; Mourton-Gilles, C. Tau and apo E in CSF: potential aid for discriminating Alzheimer's disease from other dementias. Neuroreport, 1999, 10 (17), 3491-3495.
69. Otto, M.; Wiltfang, J.; Tumani, H.; Zerr, I.; Lantsch, M.; Kornhuber, J.; Weber, T.; Kretzschmar, H. A.; Poser, S. Elevated levels of tau-protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurosci. Lett., 1997, 225 (3), 210-212.
70. Mollenhauer, B.; Bibl, M.; Wiltfang, J.; Steinacker, P.; Ciesielczyk, B.; Neubert, K.; Trenkwalder, C.; Otto, M. Total tau protein, phosphorylated tau (181p) protein, beta amyloid(1-42), and beta-amyloid(1-40) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 2006, 44 (2), 192-195.
71. Schoonenboom, N. S.; Pijnenburg, Y. A.; Mulder, C.; Rosso, S. M.; Van Elk, E. J.; Van Kamp, G. J.; Van Swieten, J. C.; Scheltens, P. Amyloid beta(1-42) and phosphorylated tau in CSF as markers for early-onset alzheimer disease. Neurology, 2004, 62 (9), 1580-1584.
72. Hu, Y. Y.; He, S. S.; Wang, X.; Duan, Q. H.; Grundke-Iqbal, I.; Iqbal, K.; Wang, J. Levels of nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated tau in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients : an ultrasensitive bienzyme-substrate- recycle enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am. J. Pathol., 2002, 160 (4), 1269-1278.
73. Yamamori, H.; Khatoon, S.; Grundke-Iqbal, I.; Blennow, K.; Ewers, M.; Hampel, H.; Iqbal, K. Tau in cerebrospinal fluid: a sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using tyramide signal amplification. Neurosci. Lett., 2007, 418 (2), 186-189.
74. Selkoe, D. J. Amyloid beta-protein and the genetics of Alzheimer's disease. J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271 (31), 18295-18298.
75. Peskind, E. R.; Li, G.; Shofer, J.; Quinn, J. F.; Kaye, J. A.; Clark, C. M.; Farlow, M. R.; DeCarli, C.; Raskind, M. A.; Schellenberg, G. D.; Lee, V. M.; Galasko, D. R. Age and apolipoprotein E*4 allele effects on cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 42 in adults with normal cognition. Arch. Neurol., 2006, 63 (7), 936-939.
76. Jensen, M.; Schroder, J.; Blomberg, M.; Engvall, B.; Pantel, J.; Ida, N.; Basun, H.; Wahlund, L. O.; Werle, E.; Jauss, M.; Beyreuther, K.; Lannfelt, L.; Hartmann, T. Cerebrospinal fluid A beta42 is increased early in sporadic Alzheimer's disease and declines with disease progression. Ann. Neurol., 1999, 45 (4), 504-511.
77. Tamaoka, A.; Sawamura, N.; Fukushima, T.; Shoji, S.; Matsubara, E.; Shoji, M.; Hirai, S.; Furiya, Y.; Endoh, R.; Mori, H. Amyloid beta protein 42(43) in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Sci., 1997, 148 (1), 41-45.
78. Mehta, P. D.; Pirttila, T.; Patrick, B. A.; Barshatzky, M.; Mehta, S. P. Amyloid beta protein 1-40 and 1-42 levels in matched cerebro- spinal fluid and plasma from patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurosci. Lett., 2001, 304 (1-2), 102-106.
79. Motter, R.; Vigo-Pelfrey, C.; Kholodenko, D.; Barbour, R.; Johnson-Wood, K.; Galasko, D.; Chang, L.; Miller, B.; Clark, C.; Green, R.; Reduction of beta-amyloid peptide42 in the cerebro-spinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol., 1995, 38 (4), 643-648.
80. Sunderland, T.; Linker, G.; Mirza, N.; Putnam, K. T.; Friedman, D. L.; Kimmel, L. H.; Bergeson, J.; Manetti, G. J.; Zimmermann, M.; Tang, B.; Bartko, J. J.; Cohen, R. M. Decreased beta-amyloid1-42 and increased tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer disease. JAMA, 2003, 289 (16), 2094-2103.
81. Andreasen, N.; Minthon, L.; Vanmechelen, E.; Vanderstichele, H.; Davidsson, P.; Winblad, B.; Blennow, K. Cerebrospinal fluid tau and Abeta42 as predictors of development of Alzheimer's disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neurosci. Lett., 1999, 273 (1), 5-8.
82. Sjogren, M.; Vanderstichele, H.; Agren, H.; Zachrisson, O.; Edsbagge, M.; Wikkelso, C.; Skoog, I.; Wallin, A.; Wahlund, L. O.; Marcusson, J.; Nagga, K.; Andreasen, N.; Davidsson, P.; Vanmechelen, E.; Blennow, K. Tau and Abeta42 in cerebrospinal fluid from healthy adults 21-93 years of age: establishment of reference values. Clin. Chem., 2001, 47 (10), 1776-1781.
83. Tschampa, H. J.; Schulz-Schaeffer, W.; Wiltfang, J.; Poser, S.; Otto, M.; Neumann, M.; Kretzschmar, H. A. Decreased CSF amyloid beta42 and normal tau levels in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology, 2001, 56 (4), 576.
84. Nagga, K.; Gottfries, J.; Blennow, K.; Marcusson, J. Cerebrospinal fluid phospho-tau, total tau and beta-amyloid(1-42) in the differentiation between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord., 2002, 14 (4), 183-190.
85. Otto, M.; Esselmann, H.; Schulz-Shaefer, W.; Neumann, M.; Schroter, A.; Ratzka, P.; Cepek, L.; Zerr, I.; Steinacker, P.; Windl, O.; Kornhuber, J.; Kretzschmar, H. A.; Poser, S.; Wiltfang, J. Decreased beta-amyloid1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt Jakob disease. Neurology, 2000, 54 (5), 1099-1102.
86. Sjogren, M.; Minthon, L.; Davidsson, P.; Granerus, A.-K.; Clarberg, A.; Vanderstichele, H.; Vanmechelen, E.; Wallin, A.; Blen- now, K. CSF levels of tau, beta-amyloid(1-42) and GAP-43 in frontotemporal dementia, other types of dementia and normal aging. J. Neural Transm., 2000, 107 (5), 563-579.
87. Chromy, B. A.; Nowak, R. J.; Lambert, M. P.; Viola, K. L.; Chang, L.; Velasco, P. T.; Jones, B. W.; Fernandez, S. J.; Lacor, P. N.; Horowitz, P.; Finch, C. E.; Krafft, G. A.; Klein, W. L. Self- assembly of Abeta(1-42) into globular neurotoxins. Biochemistry, 2003, 42 (44), 12749-12760.
88. Gong, Y.; Chang, L.; Viola, K. L.; Lacor, P. N.; Lambert, M. P.; Finch, C. E.; Krafft, G. A.; Klein, W. L. Alzheimer's disease- affected brain: presence of oligomeric A beta ligands (ADDLs) suggests a molecular basis for reversible memory loss. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100 (18), 10417-10422.
89. Georganopoulou, D. G.; Chang, L.; Nam, J. M.; Thaxton, C. S.; Mufson, E. J.; Klein, W. L.; Mirkin, C. A. Nanoparticle-based detection in cerebral spinal fluid of a soluble pathogenic biomarker for Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005, 102 (7), 2273-2276.
90. Haes, A. J.; Chang, L.; Klein, W. L.; Van Duyne, R. P. Detection of a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease from synthetic and clinical samples using a nanoscale optical biosensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127 (7), 2264-2271.
91. Funke, S. A.; Birkmann, E.; Henke, F.; Gortz, P.; Lange- Asschenfeldt, C.; Riesner, D.; Willbold, D. Single particle detection of Abeta aggregates associated with Alzheimer's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 2007, 364 (4), 902-907.
92. Akiyama, H.; Kondo, H.; Mori, H.; Kametani, F.; Nishimura, T.; Ikeda, K.; Kato, M.; McGeer, P. L. The amino-terminally truncated forms of amyloid beta-protein in brain macrophages in the ischemic lesions of Alzheimer's disease patients. Neurosci. Lett., 1996, 219 (2), 115-118.
93. Wiltfang, J.; Esselmann, H.; Bibl, M.; Smirnov, A.; Otto, M.; Paul, S.; Schmidt, B.; Klafki, H. W.; Maler, M.; Dyrks, T.; Bienert, M.; Beyermann, M.; Ruther, E.; Kornhuber, J. Highly conserved and disease-specific patterns of carboxyterminally truncated Abeta peptides 1-37/38/39 in addition to 1-40/42 in Alzheimer's disease and in patients with chronic neuroinflammation. J. Neurochem., 2002, 81 (3), 481-496.
94. Sergeant, N.; Bombois, S.; Ghestem, A.; Drobecq, H.; Kostanjevecki, V.; Missiaen, C.; Wattez, A.; David, J. P.; Vanmechelen, E.; Sergheraert, C.; Delacourte, A. Truncated beta amyloid peptide species in pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease as new targets for the vaccination approach. J. Neurochem., 2003, 85 (6), 1581-1591.
95. El, Mouedden M.; Vandermeeren, M.; Meert, T.; Mercken, M. Development of a specific ELISA for the quantitative study of amino-terminally truncated beta-amyloid peptides. J. Neurosci. Methods, 2005, 145 (1-2), 97-105.
96. Riemenschneider, M.; Wagenpfeil, S.; Vanderstichele, H.; Otto, M.; Wiltfang, J.; Kretzschmar, H.; Vanmechelen, E.; Forstl, H.; Kurz, A. Phospho-tau/total tau ratio in cerebrospinal fluid discriminates Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from other dementias. Mol. Psychiatry, 2003, 8 (3), 343-347.
97. Irizarry, M. C. Biomarkers of Alzheimer disease in plasma. NeuroRx., 2004, 1 (2), 226 234.
98. Mehta, P. D. Amyloid beta protein as a marker or risk factor of Alzheimer's disease. Curr. Alzheimer Res., 2007, 4 (4), 359-363.
99. Kuo, Y. M.; Kokjohn, T. A.; Kalback, W.; Luehrs, D.; Galasko, D. R.; Chevallier, N.; Koo, E. H.; Emmerling, M. R.; Roher, A. E. Amyloid-beta peptides interact with plasma proteins and erythrocytes: implications for their quantitation in plasma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2000, 268 (3), 750-756.
100. Lanz, T. A.; Schachter, J. B. Solid-phase extraction enhances detection of betaamyloid peptides in plasma and enables Abeta quantification following passive immunization with Abeta antibodies. J. Neurosci. Methods, 2008, 169 (1), 16-22.
101. Slemmon, J. R.; Painter, C. L.; Nadanaciva, S.; Catana, F.; Cook, A.; Motter, R.; Seubert, P. Distribution of Abeta peptide in whole blood. J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 2007, 846 (1-2), 24-31.
102. Ray, S.; Britschgi, M.; Herbert, C.; Takeda-Uchimura, Y.; Boxer, A.; Blennow, K.; Friedman, L. F.; Galasko, D. R.; Jutel, M.; Karydas, A.; Kaye, J. A.; Leszek, J.; Miller, B. L.; Minthon, L.; Quinn, J. F.; Rabinovici, G. D.; Robinson, W. H.; Sabbagh, M. N.; So, Y. T.; Sparks, D. L.; Tabaton, M.; Tinklenberg, J.; Yesavage, J. A.; Tibshirani, R.; Wyss-Coray, T. Classification and prediction of clinical Alzheimer's diagnosis based on plasma signaling proteins. Nat. Med., 2007, 13 (11), 1359-1362.
103. Forno, L. S. Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 1996, 55 (3), 259-272.
104. Goedert, M. Alpha-synuclein and neurodegenerative diseases. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2001, 2 (7), 492-501.
105. Chartier-Harlin, M. C.; Kachergus, J.; Roumier, C.; Mouroux, V.; Douay, X.; Lincoln, S.; Levecque, C.; Larvor, L.; Andrieux, J.; Hulihan, M.; Waucquier, N.; Defebvre, L.; Amouyel, P.; Farrer, M.; Destee, A. Alpha-synuclein locus duplication as a cause of familial Parkinson's disease. Lancet, 2004, 364 (9440), 1167-1169.
106. Kruger, R.; Kuhn, W.; Muller, T.; Woitalla, D.; Graeber, M.; Kosel, S.; Przuntek, H.; Epplen, J. T.; Schols, L.; Riess, O. Ala30Pro mutation in the gene encoding alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. Nat. Genet., 1998, 18 (2), 106-108.
107. Morfis, L.; Cordato, D. J. Dementia with Lewy bodies in an elderly Greek male due to alpha-synuclein gene mutation. J. Clin. Neurosci., 2006, 13 (9), 942-944.
108. Polymeropoulos, M. H.; Lavedan, C.; Leroy, E.; Ide, S. E.; Dehejia, A.; Dutra, A.; Pike, B.; Root, H.; Rubenstein, J.; Boyer, R.; Stenroos, E. S.; Chandrasekharappa, S.; Athanassiadou, A.; Papapetropoulos, T.; Johnson, W. G.; Lazzarini, A. M.; Duvoisin, R. C.; Di, Iorio G.; Golbe, L. I.; Nussbaum, R. L. Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson's disease. Science, 1997, 276 (5321), 2045-2047.
109. Singleton, A. B.; Farrer, M.; Johnson, J.; Singleton, A.; Hague, S.; Kachergus, J.; Hulihan, M.; Peuralinna, T.; Dutra, A.; Nussbaum, R.; Lincoln, S.; Crawley, A.; Hanson, M.; Maraganore, D.; Adler, C.; Cookson, M. R.; Muenter, M.; Baptista, M.; Miller, D.; Blan- cato, J.; Hardy, J.; Gwinn-Hardy, K. alpha-Synuclein locus triplication causes Parkinson's disease. Science, 2003, 302 (5646), 841.
110. Yamaguchi, K.; Cochran, E. J.; Murrell, J. R.; Polymeropoulos, M. H.; Shannon, K. M.; Crowther, R. A.; Goedert, M.; Ghetti, B. Abundant neuritic inclusions and microvacuolar changes in a case of diffuse Lewy body disease with the A53T mutation in the alpha synuclein gene. Acta Neuropathol., 2005, 110 (3), 298-305.
111. Pals, P.; Lincoln, S.; Manning, J.; Heckman, M.; Skipper, L.; Hulihan, M.; Van den, Broeck M.; De, Pooter T.; Cras, P.; Crook, J.; Van, Broeckhoven C.; Farrer, M. J. alpha Synuclein promoter confers susceptibility to Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol., 2004, 56 (4), 591-595.
112. McKeith, I. G.; Dickson, D. W.; Lowe, J.; Emre, M.; O'Brien, J. T.; Feldman, H.; Cummings, J.; Duda, J. E.; Lippa, C.; Perry, E. K.; Aarsland, D.; Arai, H.; Ballard, C. G.; Boeve, B.; Burn, D. J.; Costa, D.; del, Ser T.; Dubois, B.; Galasko, D.; Gauthier, S.; Goetz, C. G.; Gomez-Tortosa, E.; Halliday, G.; Hansen, L. A.; Hardy, J.; Iwatsubo, T.; Kalaria, R. N.; Kaufer, D.; Kenny, R. A.; Korczyn, A.; Kosaka, K.; Lee, V. M.; Lees, A.; Litvan, I.; Londos, E.; Lopez, O. L.; Minoshima, S.; Mizuno, Y.; Molina, J. A.; Mukaetova- Ladinska, E. B.; Pasquier, F.; Perry, R. H.; Schulz, J. B.; Trojanowski, J. Q.; Yamada, M. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology, 2005, 65 (12), 1863-1872.
113. El-Agnaf, O. M.; Salem, S. A.; Paleologou, K. E.; Curran, M. D.; Gibson, M. J.; Court JA; Schlossmacher, M. G.; Allsop, D. Detection of oligomeric forms of alpha-synuclein protein in human plasma as a potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease. FASEB J., 2006, 20 (3), 419-425.
114. Tokuda, T.; Salem, S. A.; Allsop, D.; Mizuno, T.; Nakagawa, M.; Qureshi, M. M.; Locascio, J. J.; Schlossmacher, M. G.; El-Agnaf, O. M. Decreased alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid of aged individuals and subjects with Parkinson's disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2006, 349 (1), 162-166.
115. van Geel, W. J.; Abdo, W. F.; Melis, R.; Williams, S.; Bloem, B. R.; Verbeek, M. M. A more efficient enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid. J. Neurosci. Methods, 2008, 168 (1), 182-185.