Some commonly fed herbs and other functional foods in equine nutrition: A review

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 178, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 21-31

  Williams, Carey A ^a   Lamprecht, Emily D ^a  

^a The State University of New Jersey   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti inflammatory; Herb; Horse; Immunostimulant; Phytomedicine

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BLACK TEA EXTRACT; CANNABIS; COCAINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CRANBERRY EXTRACT; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; DIAMORPHINE; DIGITALIS; ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFLORA EXTRACT; ECHINACEA EXTRACT; ECHINACEA PALLIDA EXTRACT; ECHINACEA PURPUREA EXTRACT; GARLIC EXTRACT; GINGER EXTRACT; GINSENG EXTRACT; HARPAGOPHYTUM PROCUMBENS EXTRACT; LINSEED OIL; LIPID; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PLACEBO; PLANT EXTRACT; PROPOLIS; SALICYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; SAPONIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALERIAN; WARFARIN; YUCCA SCHIDIGERA EXTRACT;

ANAPHYLAXIS; ANIMAL FOOD; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ARTHRITIS; BLEEDING TIME; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; DIARRHEA; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG ALCOHOL INTERACTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG SAFETY; ECHINACEA; ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFLORA; ECHINACEA PALLIDA; ECHINACEA PURPUREA; EPISTAXIS; EXERCISE; FOOD ANALYSIS; FOOD COMPOSITION; FUNCTIONAL FOOD; GARLIC; GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GINGER; GINSENG; HARPAGOPHYTUM; HEADACHE; HEINZ BODY ANEMIA; HERB; HERB DRUG INTERACTION; HORSE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; IMMUNOREGULATION; INHIBITION KINETICS; INSOMNIA; LINSEED; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; NERVOUSNESS; NONHUMAN; OSTEOARTHRITIS; POLLEN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STOMACH ULCER; TRANQUILIZING ACTIVITY; VOMITING; YUCCA;

ANIMAL FEED; ANIMAL NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; ANIMALS; DIET; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; HORSES;

ALLIUM SATIVUM; CANNABIS SATIVA; EQUIDAE; PANAX GINSENG; ZINGIBER OFFICINALE;

EID: 50849121452     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.06.004     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Anon. The Complete German Commission E Monographs Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines (1999), American Botanical Council, Austin, TX
2. Anon, 2003. Herbs and remedies for fabulously healthy animals. Brookby Herbs. (accessed 07.12.06).
3. Ahn M.R., Kumazawa S., Hamasaka T., Bang L.S., and Nakayama T. Antioxidant activity and constituents of propolis collected in various areas of Korea. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 52 (2004) 7286-7292
4. Ankri S., and Mirelman D. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes and Infection 2 (1999) 125-129
5. Anthony J., Fyfe L., and Smith H. Plant active components - a resource for antiparasitic agents? A review. Trends in Parasitology 21 (2005) 462-468
6. Arivazhagan S., Balasenthil S., and Nagini S. Modulatory effects of garlic and neem leaf extracts on N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats. Cell Biochemistry Function 18 (2000) 17-21
7. Backon J. Ginger: inhibition of thromboxane synthetase and stimulation of prostacyclin: relevance for medicine and psychiatry. Medicine Hypothesis 20 (1986) 271-278
8. Bakri I., and Couglas C. Inhibitory effect of garlic extract on oral bacteria. Archives of Oral Biology 50 (2005) 645-651
9. Barrett B. Echinacea: a safety review. HerbalGram 57 (2003) 36-39
10. Bauer V.R., Jurcic K., Puhlmann J., and Wagner H. Immunologic in vivo and in vitro studies on Echinacea extracts. Arzneimittelforschung 38 (1998) 276-281
11. Biolory L. Adverse reactions to complementary and alternative medicine: ragweed's cousin, the coneflower (Echinacea), is "a problem more than a sneeze". Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 88 (2002) 7-9
12. Bleumink E., Doeglas H.M.G., Klokke A.H., and Nater J.P. Allergic contact dermatitis to garlic. British Journal of Dermatology 87 (1972) 6-9
13. Block K.I., and Mead M.N. Immune system effects of Echinacea, ginseng, and astragalus: a review. Integrated Cancer Therapy 2 (2003) 247-267
14. Blumenthal M. Herb sales down 7.4% in mainstream market. HerbalGram 66 (2005) 63
15. Bommareddy A., Arasada B.L., Mathees D.P., and Dwivedi C. Chemopreventive effects of dietary flaxseed on colon tumor development. Nutrition and Cancer - An International Journal 54 (2006) 16-222
16. Borek C. Recent advances on the nutritional effects associated with the use of garlic as a supplement: Antioxidant health effects of aged garlic extract. Journal of Nutrition 131 (2001) 1010-1015
17. Bringham R., Bellow B.A., and Bellow J.G. Yucca plant saponin in the management of arthritis. Journal of Applied Nutrition 27 (1975) 45-51
18. Burger R.A., Torres A.R., Warren R.P., Caldwell V.D., and Hughes B.G. Echinacea-induced cytokine production by human macrophages. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 19 (1997) 371-379
19. Chantre P., Cappelaere A., Leblan D., Guedon D., Vandermander J., and Fournie B. Efficacy and tolerance of Harpagophytum procumbens versus diacerhein in treatment of osteoarthritis. Phytomedicine 7 (2000) 177-183
20. Cheeke P.R., and Otero R. Yucca, quillaja may have role in animal nutrition. Feedstuffs 77 (2005) 11-14
21. Cheeke P.R., Piacente S., and Oleszek W. Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of yucca schidigera: a review. Journal of Inflammation 3 (2006) 6-13
22. Chowdhury A., Ahsan M., Islam S., and Ahmed Z. Efficacy of aqueous extract of garlic and allicin in experimental shigellosis in rabbits. The Indian Journal of Medical Research 93 (1991) 33-36
23. Christov R., Trusheva B., Popova M., Bankova V., and Bertrand M. Chemical composition of propolis from Canada, its antiradical activity and plant origin. Natural Product Research 20 (2006) 531-536
24. Chrubasik S., Pollak S., and Black A. Effectiveness of devil's claw for osteoarthritis. Rheumatology 41 (2002) 1332-1333
25. Chrubasik J.E., Faller-Marquardt M., Chrubasik S., Lindhorst E., Gerlach U., and Torda T. Potential molecular basis of the chondroprotective effect of Harpagophytum procumbens. Phytomedicine 13 (2006) 598-600
26. Cunnane S.C., Ganguli S., and Menard C. High α-linolenic acid flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum): some nutritional properties in humans. British Journal of Nutrition 69 (1993) 443-453
27. De M., Krishna A., and Banerjee A. Antimicrobial screening of some Indian spices. Phytotherapy Research 13 (1999) 616-618
28. Dunayev V.V., Trzhetsinsky S.D., Tishkin V.S., Fursa N.S., Linenko V.I., and Stets V.R. Biological activity of the sum of valepotriates isolated from Valalliariifolia Adams. Farmakologiia i Toksikologiia 50 (1987) 33-37
29. Eryavuz A., and Dehority B.A. Effect of Yucca schidigera extract on the concentration of rumen microorganisms in sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology 117 (2004) 215-222
30. Gomez-Caravaca A.M., Gomez-Romero R., Arraez-Roman D., Segura-Carretero A., and Fernandez-Gutierrez A. Advances in the analysis of phenolic compounds in products derived from bees. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 41 (2006) 1220-1234
31. Gonthier C., Mustafa A.F., Berthiaume R., Petit H.V., Martineau R., and Ouellet D.R. Effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 87 (2004) 1854-1863
32. Grzanna R., Lindmark L., and Frondoza C.G. Ginger - an herbal medicinal product with broad anti-inflammatory actions. Journal of Medicinal Food 8 (2005) 125-132
33. Gunning K., and Steele P. Echinacea for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections. Journal of Family Practice 48 (1999) 93
34. Hansen R., Savage C., Reidlinger K., Traub-Dargatz J., Ogilvie G., Mitchell D., and Fettman M. Effects of dietary flaxseed oil supplementation on equine plasma fatty acid concentrations and whole blood platelet aggregation. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 16 (2002) 457-463
35. Harman J. The toxicology of herbs in equine practice. Clinical Techniques in Equine Practice 1 (2002) 74-80
36. Haro A., Lopez-Aliaga I., Lisbona F., Barrionuevo M., Alferez M.J.M., and Campos M.S. Beneficial effect of pollen and/or propolis on the metabolism of iron, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in rats with nutritional ferropenic anemia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48 (2000) 5715-5722
37. Helen A., Rajasree C., Krishnakumar K., Augusti K., and Vijayammal P. Antioxidant role of oils isolated from garlic (Allium sativum Linn) and onion (Allium cepa Linn) on nicotine-induced lipid peroxidation. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 41 (1999) 316-319
38. Hendriks H., Bos R., Woerdenbag H.J., and Koster A.S. Central nervous depressant activity of verenic acid in the mouse. Planta Medica 1 (1985) 28-31
39. Henry M., Moore J., and Fischer J. Influence of an ω-3 fatty acid-enriched ration on in vivo responses of horses to endotoxin. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52 (1991) 523-527
40. Houghton P.J. The scientific basis for the reputed activity of valerian. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 51 (1999) 505-512
41. Hristov A.N., Ivan M., Neill L., and McAllister T.A. Evaluation of several potential bioactive agents for reducing protozoal activity in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 105 (2003) 163-184
42. Hu F., Hepburn H.R., Li Y., Chen M., Radloff S.E., and Daya S. Effects of ethanol and water extracts of propolis (bee glue) on acute inflammatory animal models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100 (2005) 276-283
43. Hu Q., Yang Q., Yamato O., Yamasaki M., Meade Y., and Yoshihara T. Isolation and identification of organosulfur compounds oxidizing canine erythrocytes from garlic (Allium sativum). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50 (2002) 1059-1062
44. Huang T.H., Tran V.H., Duke R.K., Tan S., Chrubasik S., Roufogalis B.D., and Duke C.C. Harpagoside suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression through inhibition of NF-(activation). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 104 (2006) 149-155
45. Izzo A.A., Di Carlo G., Borrelli F., and Ernst E. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and herbal medicines: the risk of drug interaction. International Journal of Cardiology 98 (2005) 1-14
46. Johnston B. One-third of nation's adults use herbal remedies: market estimated at $3.24 billion. HerbalGram 40 (1997) 552
47. Jonas W.B. Alternative medicine. Journal of Family Practice 45 (1997) 34-37
48. Khol-Parisini A., van den Hoven R., Leinker S., Hulan H., and Zentek J. Effects of feeding sunflower oil or seal blubber oil to horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 71 (2007) 59-65
49. Kumaraguruparan R., Chandra Mohan K., Abraham S., and Nagini S. Attenuation of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress by tomato and garlic combination. Life Sciences 76 (2005) 2247-2255
50. Kiuchi F., Shibuya M., and Sankawa U. Inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis from ginger. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Tokyo) 30 (1982) 754-757
51. Kleijnen J., Knipschild P., and Riet G.T. Garlic, onions and cardiovascular risk factors: a review of the evidence from human experiments with emphasis on commercially available preparations. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 28 (1989) 535-544
52. Kundu J.K., Mossanda K.S., Na H.K., and Surh Y.J. Inhibitory effects of the extracts of Sutherlandia frutescens (L) R. Br. and Harpagophytum procumbens DC. on phorbol ester-induced COX-2 expression in mice skin: AP-1 and CREB as potential upstream targets. Cancer Letters 218 (2005) 21-31
53. Laird, S.A., Pierce, A.R., 2002. Promoting sustainable and ethical botanicals: Strategies to improve commercial raw material sourcing. Rainforest Alliance Final Report, New York, NY. (accessed 02.05.07).
54. Lefebvre T., Foster B.C., Drouin C.E., Krantis A., Arnason J.T., Livesey J.F., and Jordan S.A. In vitro activity of commercial valerian root extracts against human cyotchrome P450 3A4. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 7 (2004) 265-273
55. Liburt, N.R., 2005. Effects of ginger and cranberry extracts on markers of inflammation and performance following intense exercise in horses. Masters Thesis, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey.
56. Liebelt R.A., and Calcagnetti D. Effects of a bee pollen diet on the growth of the laboratory rat. American Bee Journal 139 (1999) 390-395
57. Marzocco S., Pacente S., Pizza C., Oleszek W., Stochmal A., Pinto A., Sorrentino R., and Autore G. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by yuccaol C from Yucca schidigera roezl. Life Science 75 (2004) 1491-1501
58. Miller L.G. Herbal medicinals. Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drub-herb interactions. Archives of Internal Medicine 158 (1998) 2200-2211
59. Mullins R.J. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. The Medical Journal of Australia 168 (1998) 170-171
60. Mullins R.J., and Heddle R. Adverse reactions associated with echinacea: The Australian experience. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 88 (2002) 42-51
61. Munday R., and Munday C.M. Relative activities of organosulfur compounds derived from onions and garlic in increasing tissue activities of quinone reductase and glutathione transferase in rat tissues. Nutrition and Cancer - An International Journal 40 (2001) 205-210
62. Neelley K., and Herthel J. Essential fatty acid supplementation as a preventative for carbohydrate overload-induced laminitis. American Association of Equine Practitioners Proceedings 43 (1997) 367-369
63. O'Connor C., Lawrence L., St. Lawrence A., Janieki K., Warren L., and Hayes S. The effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on exercising horses. Journal of Animal Science 82 (2004) 2978-2984
64. Olas B., Wachowicz B., Stochmal A., and Oleszek W. Inhibition of oxidative stress in blood platelets by different phenolics from Yucca schidgera Roezl bark. Nutrition 19 (2003) 633-640
65. Oleszek W., Sitek M., Stochmal A., Piacente S., Pizza C., and Cheeke P. Resveratrol and other phenolics from the bark of Yucca schidigera Roezl. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 49 (2001) 747-752
66. O'Neill W., McKee S., and Clarke A.F. Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) supplementation associated with reduced skin test lesional area in horses with Culicoides hypersensitivity. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 66 (2002) 272-277
67. O'Neill W., McKee S., and Clarke A.F. Immunological and haematinic consequences of feeding a standardized Echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia) extract to healthy horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 34 (2002) 222-227
68. Oomah B.D., Mazza G., and Kenaxcuk E.O. Cyanogenic compounds in flaxseed. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 40 (1992) 1346-1348
69. Orsolic N., Knezevic A.H., Sver L., Terzic S., and Basic I. Immunomodulatory and antimetastatic action of propolis and related polyphenolic compounds. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 94 (2004) 307-315
70. Pearson W., McKee S., and Clarke A.F. The effect of a proprietary herbal product on equine joint disease. Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional and Medicinal Foods 2 (1999) 31-46
71. Pearson, W., 2003. Ethnoveterinary medicine: The science of botanicals in equine health and disease. In: Proceedings of the Second Annual European Equine Health and Nutrition Congress, Lelystad, The Netherlands, pp. 31-40.
72. Pearson W., Boermans H.J., Bettger W.J., McBride B.W., and Lindinger M.I. Association of maximum voluntary dietary intake of freeze-dried garlic with Heinz body anemia in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 66 (2005) 457-465
73. Parnham M.J. Benefit-risk assessment of the squeezed sap of the purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) for long-term oral immunostimulation. Phytomedicine 3 (1996) 95-102
74. Peeters E., Driessen B., Steegmans R., Henot D., and Geers R. Effect of supplemental tryptophan, vitamin E, and a herbal product on responses by pigs to vibration. Journal of Animal Science 82 (2004) 2410-2420
75. Piacente S., Montoro P., Oleszek W., and Pizza C. Yucca schidigera bark: phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity. Journal of Natural Products 67 (2004) 882-885
76. Piacente S., Pizza C., and Oleszek W. Saponins and phenolics of Yucca schidigera Roezl: chemistry and bioactivity. Phytochemistry Review 4 (2005) 177-190
77. Poppenga R.H. Risks associated with the use of herbs and other dietary supplements. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 17 (2001) 455-477
78. Portier K., deMoffarts B., Fellman N., Kirschvink N., Motta C., Letellierw C., Ruelland A., van Erck E., Lekeux P., and Couder J. The effects of dietary n-3 and antioxidant supplementation on erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition and fluidity in exercising horses. Equine Veterinary Journal Suppl. 36 (2006) 279-284
79. Radad K., Gille G., Linlin L., and Rausch W.D. Use of ginseng in medicine with emphasis on neurodegenerative disorders. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 100 (2006) 175-186
80. Rajesha J., Murthy K.N., Kumar M.K., Madhusudhan B., and Ravishankar G.A. Antioxidant potentials of flaxseed by in vivo model. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 54 (2006) 3794-3799
81. Rees C., Bauer J., Burkholder W., Kennis R., Dunbar B., and Bigley K. Effects of dietary flaxseed and sunflower seed supplementation on normal canine serum polyunsaturated fatty acids and skin and hair coat condition scores. Veterinary Dermatology 12 (2001) 111-117
82. Riedel E., Hansel R., and Ehrke G. Inhibition of gamma-amino butyric acid catabolism by valerenic acid derivatives. Planta Medica 46 (1982) 219-220
83. Roesler J., Emmendorffer A., Steinmuller C., Juttig B., Wagner H., and Lohmann-Matthes M.L. Application of purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant Echinacea purpurea to test subjects mediates activation of the phagocyte system. International Journal of Immunopharmacology 13 (1991) 931-941
84. Rucker G., Tautges Z.J., Sienck A., Wenzl H., and Graf E. Untersuchungen zur Isolierung und pharmakodynamischen Aktivitat das sesquiterpens Valeranon aus Nardostachys jatamansi DC, Arzneim. Forsch (Drug Research) 28 (1978) 7-13
85. Santoso B., Mwenya B., Sar C., and Takahashi J. Ruminal fermentation and nitrogen metabolism in sheep fed a silage-based diet supplemented with Yucca schidigera or Y. schidigera and nisin. Animal Feed Science and Technology 129 (2006) 187-195
86. Schulz V., Hansel R., and Tyler V.E. Agents that increase resistance to diseases. Rational Phytotherapy (1998), Springer-Verlag, New York 269-285
87. See D.M., Broumand N., Sahl L., and Tilles J.G. In vitro effects of Echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependant cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 35 (1997) 229-235
88. Silagy C.A., and Neil A.W. A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. Journal of Hypertension 12 (1994) 463-468
89. Srivastava K.C., and Mustafa T. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in rheumatism and musculoskeletal disorders. Medical Hypothesis 39 (1992) 342-348
90. Stevens H. Suspected wild garlic poisoning in sheep. Veterinary Record 115 (1984) 363
91. Streltsova J.M., McKeever K.H., Liburt N.R., Gordon M.E., Filho H.M., Horohov D.W., Rosen R.T., and Franke W. Effect of orange peel and black tea extracts on markers of performance and cytokine markers of inflammation in horses. Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 3 (2006) 121-130
92. Tan-No K., Nakajima T., Shoji T., Nakagawasai O., Niijima F., Ishikawa M., Endo Y., Sato T., Satoh S., and Tadano T. Anti-inflammatory effect of propolis through inhibition of nitric oxide production on carrageenin-induced mouse paw edema. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 29 (2006) 96-99
93. Thabrew M.I., Samarawickrema N.A., Chandrasena L.G., and Jayasekera S. Protection by garlic against adriamycin-induced alterations in the oxido-reductive status of mouse red blood cells. Phytotherapy Research 14 (2000) 215-217
94. Tichy J., and Novak J. Detection of antimicrobials in bee products with activity against viridans streptococci. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 6 (2000) 383-389
95. Tsai S.H., Lin-Shiau S.Y., and Lin J.K. Suppression of nitric oxide synthase and the down-regulation of the activation of NFkappaB in macrophages by reservatrol. British Journal of Pharmacology 126 (1999) 673-680
96. Turner K.K., Nielsen B.D., O'Connor C.I., and Burton J.L. Bee pollen product supplementation to horses in training seems to improve feed intake: a pilot study. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 90 (2006) 414-420
97. United States Equestrian Federation. Drugs and Medications Guidelines (2006), United States Equestrian Federation, Hilliard, OH
98. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. Part II: Baseline reference of 1998 Equine Health and Management. USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System. Fort Collins, CO, USA, pp. 87.
99. Uzel A., Sorkun K., Oncag O., Cogulu D., Gencay O., and Salih B. Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of four different Anatolian propolis samples. Microbiology Research 160 (2005) 189-195
100. Valerio L., and Maroli M. Evaluation of repellent and anti-feeding effect of garlic oil (Allium sativum) against the bite of phlebotomine sandflies Diptera: Psychodidae. Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità 41 (2005) 253-256
101. Wagner H., and Jurcic K. Immunological studies of plant extract combinations: in vitro and in vivo studies on the stimulation of phagocytosis. Arzneimittelforschung 41 (1991) 1072-1076
102. Wildfeuer A., and Mayerhofer D. The effects of plant preparations on cellular functions in body defense. Arzneimittelforschung 44 (1994) 361-366
103. Youdim K.A., McDonald J., Kalt W., and Joseph J.A. Potential role of dietary flavonoids in reducing microvascular endothelium vulnerability to oxidative and inflammatory insults. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 13 (2002) 282-288
104. Zheng W., and Wang S.Y. Oxygen radical absorbing capacity of phenolics in blueberries, cranberries, chokeberries and lingonberries. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 51 (2003) 502-509