Effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization by dairy cows

Journal of Dairy Science

Volumn 87, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 1854-1863

  Gonthier, C ^a   Mustafa, A F ^a   Berthiaume, R ^b   Petit, H V ^b   Martineau, R ^b   Ouellet, D R ^b  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b AGRICULTURE AND AGRI FOOD CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Flaxseed; Heat treatment; Nutrient utilization; Ruminal fermentation

Indexed keywords

BOS TAURUS;

EID: 3142639420     PISSN: 00220302     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73343-3     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th ed. AOAC, Arlington, VA.
2. Aldrich, C. G., N. R. Merchen, and J. K Drackley. 1995a. The effects of roasting temperature applied to whole soybeans on site of digestion by steers: I. Organic matter, energy, fiber and fatty acid digestion. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2120-2130.
3. Aldrich, C. G., N. R. Merchen, D. R. Nelson, and J. A. Barmore. 1995b. The effects of roasting temperature applied to whole soybeans on site of digestion by steers: II Protein and amino acid digestion. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2131-2140.
4. Chapoutot, P., and D. Sauvant. 1997. Nutritive value of raw and extruded pea-rapeseed blends for ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 65:59-77.
5. Chouinard, P. Y., L. Corneau, W. R. Butler, Y. Chilliard, J. K. Drackley, and D. E. Bauman. 2001. Effect of dietary lipid source on conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk fat. J. Dairy Sci. 84:680-690.
6. Chouinard, P. Y., V. Girard, and G. J. Brisson. 1997a. Performance and profiles of milk fatty acids of cows fed full fat, heat-treated soybeans using various processing methods. J. Dairy Sci. 80:334-342.
7. Chouinard, P. Y., J. Levesque, V. Girard, and G. J. Brisson. 1997b. Dietary soybeans extruded at different temperatures: milk composition and in situ fatty acid reactions. J. Dairy Sci. 80:2913-2924.
8. Creighton, K. W., R. A. Mass, and T. J. Klopfenstein. 2000. Modifications of the purine assay to increase accuracy and precision. J. Anim. Sci. 78 (Suppl. 1):121.
9. Deacon, D. A., G. De Boer, and J. J. Kennelly. 1988. Influence of Jet-Sploding and extrusion on ruminal and intestinal disappearance of canola and soybeans. J. Dairy Sci. 71:745-753.
10. Fenton, T. W., and M. Fenton. 1979. An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and faeces. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 58:631-634.
11. Ferlay, A., F. Legay, D. Bauchart, C. Poncet, and M. Doreau. 1992. Effect of a supply of raw or extruded rapeseeds on digestion in dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 70:915-923.
12. Hussein, H. S., N. R. Merchen, and G. C. Fahey, Jr. 1995. Effects of forage level and canola seed supplementation on site and extent of digestion of organic matter, carbohydrates, and energy by steers. J. Anim. Sci. 73:2458-2468.
13. Kennelly, J. J. 1996. The fatty acid composition of milk fat as influenced by feeding oilseeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 60:137-152.
14. Khorasani, R. G., E. K. Okine, and J. J. Kennelly. 1996. Forage source alters nutrient supply to the intestine without influencing milk yield. J. Dairy Sci. 79:862-872.
15. Khorasani, R. G., P. H. Robinson, G. De Boer, and J. J. Kennelly. 1991. Influence of canola fat on yield, fat percentage, fatty acid profile, and nitrogen fractions in Holstein milk. J. Dairy Sci. 74:1904-1911.
16. Littell, R. C., G. A. Milliken, W. W. Walter, and R. D. Wolfinger. 1996. SAS@ System for Mixed Models. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
17. Madison-Anderson, R. J., D. J. Schingoethe, M. J. Brouk, R. J. Baer, and M. R. Lentsch. 1997. Response of lactating cows to supplemental unsaturated fat and niacin. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1329-1338.
18. Markus, S. B., K. M. Wittenberg, J. R. Ingalls, and M. Undi. 1996. Production responses by early lactation cows to sunflower seed or tallow supplementation of a diet based on barley. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1817-1825.
19. Melcion, J. P., W. Zernicki, and L. Conan. 1988. L'aliment extrudé colza-pois: une nouvelle matière première. Rev. Aliment. Anim. 417:36-42.
20. Meyer, M. J., J. E. Shirley, E. C. Tigemeyer, A. F. Park, and M. J. VanBaale. 2001. Effect of mechanical processing and fat removal on the nutritive value of cottonseed for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2503-2514.
21. Mustafa, A. F., P. Y. Chouinard, and D. A. Christensen. 2003. Effects of feeding micronised flaxseed on yield and composition of milk from Holstein cows. J. Sci. Food Agric. 83:920-926.
22. Mustafa, A. F., C. Gonthier, and D. R. Ouellet. Effects of extrusion of flaxseed on ruminal and postruminal nutrient digestibilities. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 57:455-463.
23. Mustafa, A. F., J. J. McKinnon, D. A. Christensen, and T. He. 2002. Effects of micronization of flaxseed on nutrient disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract of steers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 95:123-132.
24. NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.
25. Orias, F., C. G. Aldrich, J. C. Elizalde, L. L. Bauer, and N. R. Merchen. 2002. The effects of dry extrusion temperature of whole soybeans on digestion of protein and amino acids by steers. J. Anim. Sci. 80:2493-2501.
26. Palmquist, D. L., and T. C. Jenkins. 1980. Fat in lactation rations: review. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1-14.
27. Pena, F., H. Tagari, and L. D. Satter. 1986. The effect of heat treatment of whole cottonseed on the site and extent of protein digestion in dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 62:1423-1433.
28. Petit, H. V., G. F. Tremblay, E. Tremblay, and P. Nadeau. 2002. Ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids, protein degradability, and dry matter digestibility of flaxseed treated with different sugar and heat combinations. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 82:241-250.
29. Petit, H. V. 2002. Digestion, milk production, milk composition, and blood composition of dairy cows fed whole flaxseed. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1482-1490.
30. Petit H. V., R. J. Dewhurst, J. G. Proulx, M. Khalid, W. Haresign, and H. Twagiramungu. 2001. Milk production, milk composition, and reproductive function of dairy cows fed different fats. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 81:263-271.
31. Petit, H. V., R. Rioux, and D. R. Ouellet. 1997. Milk production and intake of lactating cows fed raw or extruded peas. J. Dairy Sci. 80:3377-3385.
32. Reddy, P. V., J. L. Morrill, and T. G. Nagaraja. 1994. Release of free fatty acids from raw or processed soybeans and subsequent effects on fiber digestibilities. J. Dairy Sci. 77:3410-3416.
33. SAS User's Guide: Statistics, Version 8 Edition. 1999. SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC.
34. Sauvant, D., and P. Bas. 2001. La digestion des lipids chez le ruminant. INRA Prod. Anim. 14:303-310.
35. Schauff, D. J., J. P. Elliot, J. H. Clark, and J. K. Drackley. 1992. Effects of feeding lactating dairy cows diets containing whole soybeans and tallow. J. Dairy Sci. 75:1923-1935.
36. Schingoethe, D. J., M. J. Brouk, K. D. Lightfield, and R. J. Baer. 1996. Lactational responses of dairy cows fed unsaturated fat from extruded soybeans or sunflower seeds. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1244-1249.
37. Scott, T. A., D. K. Combs, and R. R. Grummer. 1991. Effects of roasting, extrusion, and particle size on the feeding value of soybeans for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 74:2555-2562.
38. Shabi, Z., I. Bruckental, S. Zamwell, H. Tagari, and A. Arieli. 1999. Effects of extrusion of grain and feeding frequency on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk yield and composition in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82:1252-1260.
39. Smith, R. H., and A. B. McAllan. 1974. Some factors influencing the chemical composition of mixed rumen bacteria. Br. J. Nutr. 31:27-34.
40. Stern, M. D., K. A. Santos, and L. D. Satter. 1985. Protein degradation in rumen and amino acid absorption in small intestine of lactating dairy cattle fed heat-treated whole soybeans. J. Dairy Sci. 68:45-56.
41. Sukhija, P. S., and D. L. Palmquist. 1988. Rapid method for determination of total fatty acid content and composition of feedstuffs and feces. J. Agric. Food Chem. 36:1202-1206.
42. Tesfa, A. T. 1993. Effects of rape-seed oil supplementation on digestion, microbial protein synthesis and duodenal microbial amino acid composition in ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 41:313-328.
43. Tice, E. M., M. L. Eastridge, and J. L. Firkins. 1993. Raw soybeans and roasted soybeans of different particle sizes. 1. Digestibility and utilization by lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:224-235.
44. Tymchuck, S. M., G. R. Khorasani, and J. J. Kennelly. 1998. Effect of feeding formaldehyde- and heat-treated oil seed on milk yield and milk composition. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 78:693-700.
45. Van Dijk, H. J., G. D. O'Dell, P. R. Perry, and L. W. Grimes. 1983. Extruded versus raw ground soybeans for dairy cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 66:2521-2525.
46. Wang, Y., T. A. McAllister, D. R. Zobell, M. D. Pickard, L. M. Rode, Z. Mir, and K.-J. Cheng. 1997. The effect of micronization of full-fat canola seed on digestion in the rumen and total tract of dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 77:431-440.
47. Wang, Y., T. A. McAllister, M. D. Pickard, Z. Xu, L. M. Rode, and K.-J. Cheng. 1999. Effect of micronizing full fat canola seed on amino acid disappearance in the gastrointestinal tract on dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82:537-544.
48. Ward, A. T., K. M. Wittenberg, and R. Przybylski. 2002. Bovine milk fatty acid profiles produced by feeding diets containing solin, flax and canola. J. Dairy Sci. 85:1191-1196.
49. Weiss, W. P., H. R. Conrad, and N. R. St. Pierre. 1992. A theoretically-based model for predicting total digestible nutrient values of forages and concentrates. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 39:95-110.
50. Zinn, R. A., and F. N. Owens. 1986. A rapid procedure for purine measurement and its use for estimating net ruminal protein synthesis. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 66:157-166.