Obesity as inflammatory disease;Otyłos̈ć jako choroba zapalna

Postepy Higieny i Medycyny Doswiadczalnej

Volumn 62, Issue , 2008, Pages 249-257

  Olszanecka Glinianowicz, Magdalena ^a   Zahorska Markiewicz, Barbara ^a  

^a Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach   (Poland)

Author keywords

Immune activation; Insulin resistance; Obesity

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; RESISTIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMAL; BIOSYNTHESIS; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MACROPHAGE; METABOLISM; OBESITY; REVIEW;

ADIPOCYTES; ADIPOKINES; ADIPOSE TISSUE; ANIMALS; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTERLEUKIN-6; LEPTIN; MACROPHAGES; OBESITY; RESISTIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 45749122413     PISSN: 00325449     EISSN: 17322693     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Aguirre V., Uchida T., Yenush L., Davis R., White M.F.: The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase promotes insulin resistance during association with insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphorylation of Ser(307). J. Biol. Chem., 2000; 275: 9047-9054
2. Aguirre V., Werner E.D., Giraud J., Lee Y.H., Shoelson S.E., White M.F.: Phosphorylation of Ser307 in insulin receptor substrate-1 blocks interactions with the insulin receptor and inhibits insulin action. J. Biol. Chem., 2002; 277: 1531-1537
3. Andreyeva T., Sturm R., Ringel J.S.: Moderate and severe obesity have large differences in health care costs. Obes. Res., 2004; 12: 1936-1943
4. Arita Y., Kihara S., Ouchi N., Takahashi M., Maeda K., Miyagawa J., Hotta K., Shimomura I., Nakamura T., Miyaoka K., Kuriyama H., Nishida M., Yamashita S., Okubo K., Matsubara K., Muraguchi M., Ohmoto Y., Funahashi T., Matsuzawa Y.: Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1999; 257: 79-83
5. Arkan M.C., Hevener A.L., Greten F.R., Maeda S., Li Z.W., Long J.M., Wynshaw-Boris A., Poli G., Olefsky J., Karin M.: IKK-b links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat. Med., 2005; 11: 191-198
6. Bataille R., Klein B.: C-reactive protein levels as a direct indicator of interleukin-6 levels in humans in vivo. Arthritis Rheum., 1992; 35: 982-984
7. Berg A.H., Combs T.P., Du X., Brownlee M., Scherer P.E.: The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat. Med., 2001; 7: 947-953
8. Berg A.H., Combs T.P., Scherer P.E.: ACRP30/adiponectin: an adipokine regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2002; 13: 84-89
9. Boden G., Shulman G.I.: Free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes: defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 2002; 32(Suppl. 3): 14-23
10. Bouwman J.J., Visseren F.L., Bouter K.P., Diepersloot R.J.: Infectioninduced inflammatory response of adipocytes in vitro. Int. J. Obes. (Lond), 2008; (w druku)
11. Brownlee M.: Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature, 2001; 414: 813-820
12. Cai D., Yuan M., Frantz D.F., Melendez P.A., Hansen L., Lee J., Shoelson S.E.: Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-b and NF-κB. Nat. Med., 2005; 11: 183-190
13. Charriere G., Cousin B., Arnaud E., Andre M., Bacou F., Penicaud L., Casteilla L.: Preadipocyte conversion to macrophage. Evidence of plasticity. J. Biol. Chem., 2003; 278: 9850-9855
14. Chen N.G., Azhar S., Abbasi F., Carantoni M., Reaven G.M.: The relationship between plasma glucose and insulin responses to oral glucose, LDL oxidation, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis, 2000; 152: 203-208
15. Choy L.N., Rosen B.S., Spiegelman B.M.: Adipsin and an endogenous pathway of complement from adipose cells. J. Biol. Chem., 1992; 267: 12736-12741
16. Cianflone K., Mas.owska M.: Differentiation-induced production of ASP in human adipocytes. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 1995; 25: 817-825
17. Cohen B., Novick D., Rubinstein M.: Modulation of insulin activities by leptin. Science, 1996; 274: 1185-1188
18. Combs T.P., Berg A.H., Obici S., Scherer P.E., Rossetti I.: Endogenous glucose production is inhibited by the adipose-derived protein Acrp30. J. Clin. Invest., 2001; 108: 1875-1881
19. Cousin B., Munoz O., Andre M., Fontanilles A.M., Dani C., Cousin J.L., Laharrague P., Casteilla L., Penicaud L.: A role for preadipocytes as macrophage-like cells. FASEB J., 1999; 13: 305-312
20. Dresner A., Laurent D., Marcucci M., Griffin M.E., Dufour S., Cline G.W., Slezak L.A., Andersen D.K., Hundal R.S., Rothman D.L., Petersen K.F., Shulman G.I.: Effects of free fatty acids on glucose transport and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. J. Clin. Invest., 1999; 103: 253-259
21. Erbay E., Cao H., Hotamisligil G.S.: Adipocyte/macrophage fatty acid binding proteins in metabolic syndrome. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2007; 9: 222-229
22. Evans J.L., Goldfine I.D., Maddux B.A., Grodsky G.M.: Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: A unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes. Endocr. Rev., 2002; 23: 599-622
23. Fain J.N., Madan A.K., Hiler M.L., Cheema P., Bahouth S.W.: Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology, 2004; 145: 2273-2282
24. Farooqi I.S., Matarese G., Lord G.M., Keogh J.M., Lawrence E., Agwu C., Sanna V., Jebb S.A., Perna F., Fontana S., Lechler R.I., DePaoli A.M., O'Rahilly S.: Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J. Clin. Invest., 2002; 110: 1093-1103
25. Frayn K.N., Karpe F., Fielding B.A., Macdonald I.A., Coppack S.W.: Integrative physiology of human adipose tissue. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 2003; 27: 875-888
26. Fruebis J., Tsao T.S., Javorschi S., Ebbets-Reed D., Erickson M.R., Yen F.T., Bihain B.E., Lodish H.F.: Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2001; 98: 2005-2010
27. Fruhbeck G., Aguado M., Martinez J.A.: In vitro lipolytic effect of leptin on mouse adipocytes: evidence for a possible autocrine/paracrine role of leptin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1997; 240: 590-594
28. Fukuhara A., Matsuda M., Nishizawa M., Segawa K., Tanaka M., Kishimoto K., Matsuki Y., Murakami M., Ichisaka T., Murakami H., Watanabe E., Takagi T., Akiyoshi M., Ohtsubo T., Kihara S., Yamashita S., Makishima M., Funahashi T., Yamanaka S., Hiramatsu R., Matsuzawa Y., Shimomura I.: Visfatin: A protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin. Science, 2005; 307: 426-430
29. Gadient R.A., Patterson P.H.: Leukemia inhibitory factor, interleukin 6, and other cytokines using the GP130 transducing receptor: roles in inflammation and injury. Stem Cells, 1999; 17: 127-137
30. Gao Z., Zhang X., Zuberi A., Hwang D., Quon M.J., Lefevre M., Ye J.: Inhibition of insulin sensitivity by free fatty acids requires activation of multiple serine kinases in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol. Endocrinol., 2004; 18: 2024-2034
31. Green A., Dobias S.B., Walters D.J., Brasier A.R.: Tumor necrosis factor increases the rate of lipolysis in primary cultures of adipocytes without altering levels of hormone sensitive lipase. Endocrinology, 1994; 134: 2581-2588
32. Harvey J., McKenna F., Herson P.S., Spanswick D., Ashford M.L.: Leptin activates ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the rat insulinsecreting cell line, CRI-G1. J. Physiol., 1997; 504: 527-535
33. Hirano T., Nakajima K., Hibi M.: Signaling mechanisms through gp130: A model of the cytokine system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 1997; 8: 241-252
34. Hirosumi J., Tuncman G., Chang L., Gorgun C.Z., Uysal K.T., Maeda K., Karin M., Hotamisligil G.S.: A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature, 2002; 420: 333-336
35. Hotamisligil G.S.: Inflammatory pathways and insulin action. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 2003; 27(Suppl.3): S53.S55
36. Hotamisligil G.S.: Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Novartis Fund. Symp., 2007; 286: 86-94
37. Hotamisligil G.S., Arner P., Caro J.F., Atkinson R.L., Spiegelman B.M.: Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factora in human obesity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest., 1995; 95: 2409-2415
38. Hung J.H., Su I.J., Lei H.Y., Wang H.C., Lin W.C., Chang W.T., Huang W., Chang W.C., Chang Y.S., Chen C.C., Lai M.D.: Endoplasmic reticulum stress stimulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 through activation of NF-κB and pp38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 2004; 279: 46384-46392
39. Kieffer T.J., Heller R.S., Habener J.F.: Leptin receptors expressed on pancreatic β-cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1996; 224: 522-527
40. Kieffer T.J., Heller R.S., Leech C.A., Holz G.G., Habener J.F.: Leptin suppression of insulin secretion by the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreatic β-cells. Diabetes, 1997; 46: 1087-1093
41. Kim Y.M., Lee B.S., Yi K.Y., Paik S.G.: Upstream NF-κB site is required for the maximal expression of mouse inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in interferon-g plus lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264-7 macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1997; 236: 655.660
42. Kroder G., Bossenmaier B., Kellerer M., Capp E., Stoyanov B., Muhlhofer A., Berti L., Horikoshi H., Ullrich A., Haring H.: Tumor necrosis factor-A-and hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance. Evidence for different mechanisms and different effects on insulin signaling. J. Clin. Invest., 1996; 97: 1471-1477
43. Kulkarni R.N., Wang Z.L., Wang R.M., Hurley J.D., Smith D.M., Ghatei M.A., Withers D.J., Gardiner J.V., Bailey C.J., Bloom S.R.: Leptin rapidly suppresses insulin release from insulinoma cells, rat and human islets and, in vivo, in mice. J. Clin. Invest., 1997; 100: 2729-2736
44. Lehrke M., Reilly M.P., Millington S.C., Iqbal N., Rader D.J., Lazar M.A.: An inflammatory cascade leading to hyperresistinemia in humans. PLoS Med., 2004; 1: 161-168
45. Libby P., Ridker P.M., Maseri A.: Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation, 2002; 105: 1135-1143
46. Lillioja S., Mott D.M., Spraul M., Ferraro R., Foley J.E., Ravussin E., Knowler W.C., Bennett P.H., Bogardus C.: Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Prospective studies of Pima Indians. N. Engl. J. Med., 1993; 329: 1988-1992
47. Lin Y., Berg A.H., Iyengar P., Lam T.K., Giacca A., Combs T.P., Rajala M.W., Du X., Rollman B., Li W., Hawkins M., Barzilai N., Rhodes C.J., Fantus I.G., Brownlee M., Scherer P.E.: The hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory response in adipocytes: The role of reactive oxygen species. J. Biol. Chem., 2005; 280: 4617-4626
48. Lindsay R.S., Funahashi T., Hanson R.L., Matsuzawa Y., Tanaka S., Tataranni P.A., Knowler W.C., Krakoff J.: Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Lancet, 2002; 360: 57-58
49. Liu L.S., Spelleken M., Röhrig K., Hauner H., Eckel J.: Tumor necrosis factor-A acutely inhibits insulin signaling in human adipocytes: implication of the p80 tumor necrosis factor receptor. Diabetes, 1998; 47: 515-522
50. McTernan C.L., McTernan P.G., Harte A.L., Levick P.L., Barnett A.H., Kumar S.: Resistin, central obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Lancet, 2002; 359: 46-47
51. Michikawa Y., Mazzucchelli F., Bresolin N., Scarlato G., Attardi G.: Aging-dependent large accumulation of point mutations in the human mtDNA control region for replication. Science, 1999; 286: 774-779
52. Mooney R.A., Senn J., Cameron S., Inamdar N., Boivin L.M., Shang Y., Furlanetto R.W.: Suppressors of cytokine signaling-1 and-6 associate with and inhibit the insulin receptor. A potential mechanism for cytokine-mediated insulin resistance. J. Biol. Chem., 2001; 276: 25889-25893
53. Obesity. Preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO, Geneva 1998
54. Ouchi N., Kihara S., Arita Y., Okamoto Y., Maeda K., Kuriyama H., Hotta K., Nishida M., Takahashi M., Muraguchi M., Ohmoto Y., Nakamura T., Yamashita S., Funahashi T., Matsuzawa Y.: Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-κB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation, 2000; 102: 1296-1301
55. Ozcan U., Cao Q., Yilmaz E., Lee A.H., Iwakoshi N.N., Ozdelen E., Tuncman G., Görgün C., Glimcher L.H., Hotamisligil G.S.: Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science, 2004; 306: 457-461
56. Patel L., Buckels A.C., Kinghorn I.J., Murdock P.R., Holbrook J.D., Plumpton C., Macphee C.H., Smith S.A.: Resistin is expressed in human macrophages and directly regulated by PPARg activators. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2003; 300: 472-476
57. Peake P.W., O'Grady S., Pussell B.A., Charlesworth J.A.: Detection and quantification of the control proteins of the alternative pathway of complement in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 1997; 27: 922-927
58. Peraldi P., Hotamisligil G.S., Buurman W.A., White M.F., Spiegelman B.M.: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibits insulin signaling through stimulation of the p55 TNF receptor and activation of sphingomyelinase. J. Biol. Chem., 1996; 271: 13018-13022
59. Perseghin G., Petersen K., Shulman G.I.: Cellular mechanism of insulin resistance: potential links with inflammation. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 2003; 27(Suppl.3): S6-S11
60. Randle P.J., Garland P.B., Hales C.N., Newsholme E.A.: The glucose fatty-acid cycle. Its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet, 1963; 1: 785-789
61. Reaven G., Abbasi F., McLaughlin T.: Obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. Recent. Prog. Horm. Res., 2004; 59: 207-223
62. Röhl M., Pasparakis M., Baudler S., Baumgartl J., Gautam D., Huth M., De Lorenzi R., Krone W., Rajewsky K., Brüning J.C.: Conditional disruption of IkB kinase 2 fails to prevent obesity-induced insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest., 2004; 113: 474-481
63. Rossetti L., Massillon D., Barzilai N., Vuguin P., Chen W., Hawkins M., Wu J., Wang J.: Short term effects of leptin on hepatic gluconeogenesis and in vivo insulin action. J. Biol. Chem., 1997; 272: 27758-27763
64. Rui L., Yuan M., Frantz D., Shoelson S., White M.F.: SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 block insulin signaling by ubiquitin-mediated degradation of IRS1 and IRS2. J. Biol. Chem., 2002; 277: 42394-42398
65. Saghizadeh M., Ong J.M., Garvey W.T., Henry R.R., Kern P.A.: The expression of TNFa by human muscle. Relationship to insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest., 1996; 97: 1111-1116
66. Saltiel A.R., Pessin J.E.: Insulin signaling pathways in time and space. Trends Cell Biol., 2002; 12: 65-71
67. Senn J.J., Klover P.J., Nowak I.A., Mooney R.A.: Interleukin-6 induces cellular insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Diabetes, 2002; 51: 3391-3399
68. Senn J.J., Klover P.J., Nowak I.A., Zimmers T.A., Koniaris L.G., Furlanetto R.W., Mooney R.A.: Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), a potential mediator of interleukin-6-dependent insulin resistance in hepatocytes. J. Biol. Chem., 2003; 278: 13740-13746
69. Sethi J.K., Hotamisligil G.S.: The role of TNF a in adipocyte metabolism. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol., 1999; 10: 19-29
70. Shimomura I., Matsuda M., Hammer R.E., Bashmakov Y., Brown M.S., Goldstein J.L.: Decreased IRS-2 and increased SREBP-1c lead to mixed insulin resistance and sensitivity in livers of lipodystrophic and ob/ob mice. Mol. Cell, 2000; 6: 77-86
71. Shulman G.I., Rothman D.L., Jue T., Stein P., DeFronzo R.A., Shulman R.G.: Quantitation of muscle glycogen synthesis in normal subjects and subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. N. Engl. J. Med., 1990; 322: 223-228
72. Silswal N., Singh A.K., Aruna B., Mukhopadhyay S., Ghosh S., Ehtesham N.Z.: Human resistin stimulates the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-A and IL-12 in macrophages by NF-κB-dependent pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2005; 334: 1092-1101
73. Stephens J.M., Lee J., Pilch P.F.: Tumor necrosis factor-induced insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is accompanied by a loss of insulin receptor substrate-1 and GLUT4 expression without a loss of insulin receptor-mediated signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem., 1997; 272: 971-976
74. Steppan C.M., Bailey S.T., Bhat S., Brown E.J., Banerjee R.R., Wright C.M., Patel H.R., Ahima R.S., Lazar M.A.: The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature, 2001; 409: 307-312
75. Steppan C.M., Lazar M.A.: Resistin and obesity-associated insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 2002; 13: 18-23
76. Sugita H., Fujimoto M., Yasukawa T., Shimizu N., Sugita M., Yasuhara S., Martyn J.A., Kaneki M.: Inducible nitric-oxide synthase and NO donor induce insulin receptor substrate-1 degradation in skeletal muscle cells. J. Biol. Chem., 2005; 280: 14203-14211
77. Tomas E., Tsao T.S., Saha A.K., Murrey H.E., Zhang C.C., Itani S.I., Lodish H.F., Ruderman N.B.: Enhanced muscle fat oxidation and glucose transport by ACRP30 globular domain: acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibition and AMP-activated protein kinase activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2002; 99: 16309-16313
78. Trayhurn P., Wang B., Wood I.S.: Hypoxia in adipose tissue: A basis for the dysregulation of tissue function in obesity? Br. J. Nutr., 2008; 99: (w druku)
79. Trujillo M.E., Scherer P.E.: Adiponectin-journey from an adipocyte secretory protein to biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. J. Intern. Med., 2005; 257: 167-175
80. Ueki K., Kondo T., Kahn C.R.: Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 cause insulin resistance through inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins by discrete mechanisms. Mol. Cell. Biol., 2004; 24: 5434-5446
81. Wellen K.E., Hotamisligil G.S.: Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J. Clin. Invest., 2003; 112: 1785-1788
82. Wellen K.E., Hotamisligil G.S.: Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J. Clin. Invest., 2005; 115: 1111-1119
83. White M.F.: The insulin signalling system and the IRS proteins. Diabetologia, 1997; 40(Suppl.2): S2-S17
84. White R.T., Damm D., Hancock N., Rosen B.S., Lowell B.B., Usher P., Flier J.S., Spiegelman B.M.: Human adipsin is identical to complement factor D and is expressed at high levels in adipose tissue. J. Biol. Chem., 1992; 267: 9210-9213
85. Xu H., Hirosumi J., Uysal K.T., Guler A.D., Hotamisligil G.S.: Exclusive action of transmembrane TNFa in adipose tissue leads to reduced adipose mass and local but not systemic insulin resistance. Endocrinology, 2002; 143: 1502-1511
86. Yamauchi T., Kamon J., Minokoshi Y., Ito Y., Waki H., Uchida S., Yamashita S., Noda M., Kita S., Ueki K., Eto K., Akanuma Y., Froguel P., Foufelle F., Ferre P., Carling D., Kimura S., Nagai R., Kahn B.B., Kadowaki T.: Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fattyacid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat. Med., 2002; 8: 1288-1295
87. Yamauchi T., Kamon J., Waki H., Imai Y., Shimozawa N., Hioki K., Uchida S., Ito Y., Takakuwa K., Matsui J., Takata M., Eto K., Terauchi Y., Komeda K., Tsunoda M., Murakami K., Ohnishi Y., Naitoh T., Yamamura K., Ueyama Y., Froguel P., Kimura S., Nagai R., Kadowaki T.: Globular adiponectin protected ob/ob mice from diabetes and ApoE-deficient mice from atherosclerosis. J. Biol. Chem., 2003; 278: 2461-2468
88. Yu C., Chen Y., Cline G.W., Zhang D., Zong H., Wang Y., Bergeron R., Kim J.K., Cushman S.W., Cooney G.J., Atcheson B., White M.F., Kraegen E.W., Shulman G.I.: Mechanism by which fatty acids inhibit insulin activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in muscle. J. Biol. Chem., 2002; 277: 50230-50236
89. Zick Y.: Role of Ser/Thr kinases in the uncoupling of insulin signaling. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 2003; 27(Suppl.3): S56-S60
90. Zierath J.R., Frevert E.U., Ryder J.W., Berggren P.O., Kahn B.B.: Evidence against a direct effect of leptin on glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipocytes. Diabetes, 1998; 47: 1-4