The peroxisome: Still a mysterious organelle

Histochemistry and Cell Biology

Volumn 129, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 421-440

  Schrader, Michael ^a   Fahimi, H Dariush ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AVEIRO   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biogenesis; Disease; Dynamin; Fatty liver disease; Mitochondria; Neuroinflammation; Organelle cross talk; Organelle dynamics; Peroxisomes; Pexophagy

Indexed keywords

ABC TRANSPORTER; ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE; CATALASE; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; DYNAMIN; MEVALONATE KINASE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; URATE OXIDASE; XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE;

ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY; ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS; AUTOPHAGY; BIOGENESIS; CATALASE DEFICIENCY; CHONDRODYSPLASIA PUNCTATA; DEMYELINATING DISEASE; DISORDERS OF PEROXISOMAL FUNCTIONS; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; FATTY LIVER; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; INFANTILE REFSUM DISEASE; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MITOCHONDRION; MULIBREY NANISM; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; NONHUMAN; OXALOSIS 1; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PEROXISOME; PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; SENSORIMOTOR NEUROPATHY; SJOEGREN LARSSON SYNDROME; ZELLWEGER SYNDROME;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTIGENS, CD146; CELL MOVEMENT; CELLS, CULTURED; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; FEMALE; HYBRIDOMAS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; KILLER CELLS, NATURAL; MICE; MICE, INBRED C57BL; MICE, KNOCKOUT; ORGANELLES; PEROXISOMES; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 41149158491     PISSN: 09486143     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0396-9     Document Type: Review

References (205)

1. Adams LA, Angulo P, Lindor KD (2005) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. CMAJ 172:899-905
2. Ahlemeyer B, Neubert I, Kovacs WJ, Baumgart-Vogt E (2007) Differential expression of peroxisomal matrix and membrane proteins during postnatal development of mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 505:1-17
3. Angermuller S, Fahimi HD (1986) Ultrastructural cytochemical localization of uricase in peroxisomes of rat liver. J Histochem Cytochem 34:159-165
4. Antonenkov VD, Hiltunen JK (2006) Peroxisomal membrane permeability and solute transfer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1697-1706
5. Bassnett S, Mataic D (1997) Chromatin degradation in differentiating fiber cells of the eye lens. J Cell Biol 137:37-49
6. Beier K, Volkl A, Fahimi HD (1992) Suppression of peroxisomal lipid beta-oxidation enzymes of TNF-alpha. FEBS Lett 310:273-276
7. Beier K, Volkl A, Fahimi HD (1997) TNF-alpha downregulates the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha and the mRNAs encoding peroxisomal proteins in rat liver. FEBS Lett 412:385-387
8. Belfort R, Harrison SA, Brown K, Darland C, Finch J, Hardies J, Balas B, Gastaldelli A, Tio F, Pulcini J, Berria R, Ma JZ, Dwivedi S, Havranek R, Fincke C, DeFronzo R, Bannayan GA, Schenker S, Cusi K (2006) A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 355:2297-2307
9. Bellu AR, Komori M, van der Klei IJ, Kiel JA, Veenhuis M (2001) Peroxisome biogenesis and selective degradation converge at Pex14p. J Biol Chem 276:44570-44574
10. Bellu AR, Salomons FA, Kiel JA, Veenhuis M, Van Der Klei IJ (2002) Removal of Pex3p is an important initial stage in selective peroxisome degradation in Hansenula polymorpha. J Biol Chem 277:42875-42880
11. Bernhard W, Rouiller C (1956) Microbodies and the problem of mitochondrial regeneration in liver cells. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2:355-360
12. Brown FR III, McAdams AJ, Cummins JW, Konkol R, Singh I, Moser AB, Moser HW (1982) Cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome and neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy: similarities in phenotype and accumulation of very long chain fatty acids. Johns Hopkins Med J 151:344-351
13. Carvalho AF, Pinto MP, Grou CP, Alencastre IS, Fransen M, Sá-Miranda C, Azevedo JE (2007) Ubiquitination of mammalian Pex5p, the peroxisomal import receptor. J Biol Chem 282:31267-31272
14. Cavalier-Smith T (1997) Cell and genome coevolution: facultative anaerobiosis, glycosomes and kinetoplastan RNA editing. Trends Genet 13:6-9
15. Cooper TG, Beevers H (1969) Beta oxidation in glyoxysomes from castor bean endosperm. J Biol Chem 244:3514-3520
16. Cunard R, Ricote M, DiCampli D, Archer DC, Kahn DA, Glass CK, Kelly CJ (2002) Regulation of cytokine expression by ligands of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors. J Immunol 168:2795-2802
17. Cutler SR, Ehrhardt DW, Griffitts JS, Somerville CR (2000) Random GFP: cDNA fusions enable visualization of subcellular structures in cells of Arabidopsis at a high frequency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:3718-3723
18. Dasgupta S, Roy A, Jana M, Hartley DM, Pahan K (2007) Gemfibrozil ameliorates relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha. Mol Pharmacol 72:934-946
19. Day CP, James OF (1998) Steatohepatitis: a tale of two "hits"? Gastroenterology 114:842-845
20. De Duve C (2007) The origin of eukaryotes: a reappraisal. Nat Rev Genet 8:395-403
21. De Duve C, Baudhuin P (1966) Peroxisomes (microbodies and related particles). Physiol Rev 46:323-357
22. Dehmer T, Heneka MT, Sastre M, Dichgans J, Schulz JB (2004) Protection by pioglitazone in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease correlates with I kappa B alpha induction and block of NF kappa B and iNOS activation. J Neurochem 88:494-501
23. Devchand PR, Keller H, Peters JM, Vazquez M, Gonzalez FJ, Wahli W (1996) The PPARalpha-leukotriene B4 pathway to inflammation control. Nature 384:39-43
24. Diab A, Deng C, Smith JD, Hussain RZ, Phanavanh B, Lovett-Racke AE, Drew PD, Racke MK (2002) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 168:2508-2515
25. Distel B, Kragt A (2006) Purification of yeast peroxisomes. Methods Mol Biol 313:21-26
26. Dunn WA Jr, Cregg JM, Kiel JA, van der Klei IJ, Oku M, Sakai Y, Sibirny AA, Stasyk OV, Veenhuis M (2005) Pexophagy: the selective autophagy of peroxisomes. Autophagy 1:75-83
27. Emanuelsson O, Elofsson A, von Heijne G, Cristobal S (2003) In silico prediction of the peroxisomal proteome in fungi, plants and animals. J Mol Biol 330:443-456
28. Erdmann R, Schliebs W (2005) Opinion: peroxisomal matrix protein import-the transient pore model. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:738-742
29. Evrard P, Caviness VS Jr, Prats-Vinas J, Lyon G (1978) The mechanism of arrest of neuronal migration in the Zellweger malformation: an hypothesis bases upon cytoarchitectonic analysis. Acta Neuropathol 41:109-117
30. Faber KN, Haan GJ, Baerends RJ, Kram AM, Veenhuis M (2002) Normal peroxisome development from vesicles induced by truncated Hansenula polymorpha Pex3p. J Biol Chem 277:11026-11033
31. Fagarasanu M, Fagarasanu A, Rachubinski RA (2006) Sharing the wealth: peroxisome inheritance in budding yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1669-1677
32. Fagarasanu A, Fagarasanu M, Rachubinski RA (2007) Maintaining peroxisome populations: a story of division and inheritance. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 23:321-344
33. Fahimi HD (1968) Cytochemical localization of peroxidase activity in rat hepatic microbodies (peroxisomes). J Histochem Cytochem 16:547-550
34. Fahimi HD (1969) Cytochemical localization of peroxidatic activity of catalase in rat hepatic microbodies (peroxisomes). J Cell Biol 43:275-288
35. Fahimi HD (1974) Effect of buffer storage on fine structure and catalase cytochemistry of peroxisomes. J Cell Biol 63:675-683
36. Fahimi HD, Reinicke A, Sujatta M, Yokota S, Ozel M, Hartig F, Stegmeier K (1982) The short- and long-term effects of bezafibrate in the rat. Ann N Y Acad Sci 386:111-135
37. Fahimi HD, Reich D, Volkl A, Baumgart E (1996) Contributions of the immunogold technique to investigation of the biology of peroxisomes. Histochem Cell Biol 106:105-114
38. Fan CY, Pan J, Usuda N, Yeldandi AV, Rao MS, Reddy JK (1998) Steatohepatitis, spontaneous peroxisome proliferation and liver tumors in mice lacking peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase. Implications for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha natural ligand metabolism. J Biol Chem 273:15639-15645
39. Farrell GC, Larter CZ (2006) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from steatosis to cirrhosis. Hepatology 43:S99-S112
40. Faust PL (2003) Abnormal cerebellar histogenesis in PEX2 Zellweger mice reflects multiple neuronal defects induced by peroxisome deficiency. J Comp Neurol 461:394-413
41. Faust PL, Banka D, Siriratsivawong R, Ng VG, Wikander TM (2005) Peroxisome biogenesis disorders: the role of peroxisomes and metabolic dysfunction in developing brain. J Inherit Metab Dis 28:369-383
42. Fujiki Y, Matsuzono Y, Matsuzaki T, Fransen M (2006) Import of peroxisomal membrane proteins: the interplay of Pex3p- and Pex19p-mediated interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1639-1646
43. Gabaldon T, Snel B, van Zimmeren F, Hemrika W, Tabak H, Huynen MA (2006) Origin and evolution of the peroxisomal proteome. Biol Direct 1:8
44. Geuze HJ, Murk JL, Stroobants AK, Griffith JM, Kleijmeer MJ, Koster AJ, Verkleij AJ, Distel B, Tabak HF (2003) Involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum in peroxisome formation. Mol Biol Cell 14:2900-2907
45. Goldfischer S, Moore CL, Johnson AB, Spiro AJ, Valsamis MP, Wisniewski HK, Ritch RH, Norton WT, Rapin I, Gartner LM (1973) Peroxisomal and mitochondrial defects in the cerebro-hepato-renal syndrome. Science 182:62-64
46. Goldman BM, Blobel G (1978) Biogenesis of peroxisomes: intracellular site of synthesis of catalase and uricase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75:5066-5070
47. Gould SJ, Collins CS (2002) Opinion: peroxisomal-protein import-is it really that complex? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3:382-389
48. Gould SG, Keller GA, Subramani S (1987) Identification of a peroxisomal targeting signal at the carboxy terminus of firefly luciferase. J Cell Biol 105:2923-2931
49. Haan GJ, Baerends RJ, Krikken AM, Otzen M, Veenhuis M, Klei IJ (2006) Reassembly of peroxisomes in Hansenula polymorpha pex3 cells on reintroduction of Pex3p involves the nuclear envelope. FEMS Yeast Res 6:186-194
50. Hajra AK, Burke CL, Jones CL (1979) Subcellular localization of acyl coenzyme A: dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase in rat liver peroxisomes (microbodies). J Biol Chem 254:10896-10900
51. Hashimoto T, Cook WS, Qi C, Yeldandi AV, Reddy JK, Rao MS (2000) Defect in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha-inducible fatty acid oxidation determines the severity of hepatic steatosis in response to fasting. J Biol Chem 275:28918-28928
52. Hawkins J, Mahony D, Maetschke S, Wakabayashi M, Teasdale RD, Boden M (2007) Identifying novel peroxisomal proteins. Proteins 69:606-616
53. Heiland I, Erdmann R (2005) Biogenesis of peroxisomes: topogenesis of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix proteins. Febs J 272:2362-2372
54. Hess R, Staubli W, Riess W (1965) Nature of the hepatomegalic effect produced by ethyl-chlorophenoxy-isobutyrate in the rat. Nature 208:856-858
55. Hettema EH, Girzalsky W, van Den Berg M, Erdmann R, Distel B (2000) Saccharomyces cerevisiae pex3p and pex19p are required for proper localization and stability of peroxisomal membrane proteins. Embo J 19:223-233
56. Heymans HS, Schutgens RB, Tan R, van den Bosch H, Borst P (1983) Severe plasmalogen deficiency in tissues of infants without peroxisomes (Zellweger syndrome). Nature 306:69-70
57. Hoepfner D, van den Berg M, Philippsen P, Tabak HF, Hettema EH (2001) A role for Vps1p, actin, and the Myo2p motor in peroxisome abundance and inheritance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 155:979-990
58. Hoepfner D, Schildknegt D, Braakman I, Philippsen P, Tabak HF (2005) Contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum to peroxisome formation. Cell 122:85-95
59. Hogenboom S, Tuyp JJ, Espeel M, Koster J, Wanders RJ, Waterham HR (2004) Mevalonate kinase is a cytosolic enzyme in humans. J Cell Sci 117:631-639
60. Hoopins S, Lackner L, Nunnari J (2007) The machines that divide and fuse mitochondria. Annu Rev Biochem 76:751-780
61. Hruban Z, Vigil EL, Slesers A, Hopkins E (1972) Microbodies: constituent organelles of animal cells. Lab Invest 27:184-191
62. Huh WK, Falvo JV, Gerke LC, Carroll AS, Howson RW, Weissman JS, O'Shea EK (2003) Global analysis of protein localization in budding yeast. Nature 425:686-691
63. Islinger M, Luers GH, Zischka H, Ueffing M, Volkl A (2006) Insights into the membrane proteome of rat liver peroxisomes: microsomal glutathione-S- transferase is shared by both subcellular compartments. Proteomics 6:804-816
64. Islinger M, Luers GH, Li KW, Loos M, Volkl A (2007) Rat liver peroxisomes after fibrate treatment: a survey using quantitative mass spectrometry. J Biol Chem 282:23055-23069
65. Issemann I, Green S (1990) Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 347:645-650
66. Iwata J, Ezaki J, Komatsu M, Yokota S, Ueno T, Tanida I, Chiba T, Tanaka K, Kominami E (2006) Excess peroxisomes are degraded by autophagic machinery in mammals. J Biol Chem 281:4035-4041
67. Janssen A, Gressens P, Grabenbauer M, Baumgart E, Schad A, Vanhorebeek I, Brouwers A, Declercq PE, Fahimi D, Evrard P, Schoonjans L, Collen D, Carmeliet P, Mannaerts G, Van Veldhoven P, Baes M (2003) Neuronal migration depends on intact peroxisomal function in brain and in extraneuronal tissues. J Neurosci 23:9732-9741
68. Jedd G, Chua NH (2002) Visualization of peroxisomes in living plant cells reveals acto-myosin-dependent cytoplasmic streaming and peroxisome budding. Plant Cell Physiol 43:384-392
69. Jourdain I, Sontam D, Johnson C, Dillies C, Hyams JS (2008) Dynamin-dependent biogenesis, cell cycle regulation and mitochondrial association of peroxisomes in fission yeast. Traffic 9:353-365
70. Kamada T, Nito K, Hayashi H, Mano S, Hayashi M, Nishimura M (2003) Functional differentiation of peroxisomes revealed by expression profiles of peroxisomal genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Physiol 44:1275-1289
71. Kashireddy PV, Rao MS (2004) Lack of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in mice enhances methionine and choline deficient diet-induced steatohepatitis. Hepatol Res 30:104-110
72. Kassmann CM, Lappe-Siefke C, Baes M, Brugger B, Mildner A, Werner HB, Natt O, Michaelis T, Prinz M, Frahm J, Nave KA (2007) Axonal loss and neuroinflammation caused by peroxisome-deficient oligodendrocytes. Nat Genet 39:969-976
73. Kawahito Y, Kondo M, Tsubouchi Y, Hashiramoto A, Bishop-Bailey D, Inoue K, Kohno M, Yamada R, Hla T, Sano H (2000) 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) induces synoviocyte apoptosis and suppresses adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. J Clin Invest 106:189-197
74. Keller GA, Gould S, Deluca M, Subramani S (1987) Firefly luciferase is targeted to peroxisomes in mammalian cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:3264-3268
75. Kiel JA, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ (2006) PEX genes in fungal genomes: common, rare or redundant. Traffic 7:1291-1303
76. Kikuchi M, Hatano N, Yokota S, Shimozawa N, Imanaka T, Taniguchi H (2004) Proteomic analysis of rat liver peroxisome: presence of peroxisome-specific isozyme of Lon protease. J Biol Chem 279:421-428
77. Kim PK, Mullen RT, Schumann U, Lippincott-Schwartz J (2006) The origin and maintenance of mammalian peroxisomes involves a de novo PEX16-dependent pathway from the ER. J Cell Biol 173:521-532
78. Klionsky DJ, Cregg JM, Dunn WA Jr, Emr SD, Sakai Y, Sandoval IV, Sibirny A, Subramani S, Thumm M, Veenhuis M, Ohsumi Y (2003) A unified nomenclature for yeast autophagy-related genes. Dev Cell 5:539-545
79. Kobayashi S, Tanaka A, Fujiki Y (2007) Fis1, DLP1, and Pex11p coordinately regulate peroxisome morphogenesis. Exp Cell Res 313:1675-1686
80. Koch A, Thiemann M, Grabenbauer M, Yoon Y, McNiven MA, Schrader M (2003) Dynamin-like protein 1 is involved in peroxisomal fission. J Biol Chem 278:8597-8605
81. Koch A, Schneider G, Luers GH, Schrader M (2004) Peroxisome elongation and constriction but not fission can occur independently of dynamin-like protein 1. J Cell Sci 117:3995-4006
82. Koch A, Yoon Y, Bonekamp NA, McNiven MA, Schrader M (2005) A role for fis1 in both mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission in Mammalian cells. Mol Biol Cell 16:5077-5086
83. Koepke JI, Nakrieko KA, Wood CS, Boucher KK, Terlecky LJ, Walton PA, Terlecky SR (2007) Restoration of peroxisomal catalase import in a model of human cellular aging. Traffic 8:1590-1600
84. Kragt A, Voorn-Brouwer T, van den Berg M, Distel B (2005a) Endoplasmic reticulum-directed Pex3p routes to peroxisomes and restores peroxisome formation in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae pex3Delta strain. J Biol Chem 280:34350-34357
85. Kragt A, Voorn-Brouwer T, van den Berg M, Distel B (2005b) The Saccharomyces cerevisiae peroxisomal import receptor Pex5p is monoubiquitinated in wild type cells. J Biol Chem 280:7867-7874
86. Kumar A, Agarwal S, Heyman JA, Matson S, Heidtman M, Piccirillo S, Umansky L, Drawid A, Jansen R, Liu Y, Cheung KH, Miller P, Gerstein M, Roeder GS, Snyder M (2002) Subcellular localization of the yeast proteome. Genes Dev 16:707-719
87. Kunau WH (2005) Peroxisome biogenesis: end of the debate. Curr Biol 15:R774-R776
88. Kunze M, Pracharoenwattana I, Smith SM, Hartig A (2006) A central role for the peroxisomal membrane in glyoxylate cycle function. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1441-1452
89. Kurochkin IV, Nagashima T, Konagaya A, Schonbach C (2005) Sequence-based discovery of the human and rodent peroxisomal proteome. Appl Bioinformatics 4:93-104
90. Kurochkin IV, Mizuno Y, Konagaya A, Sakaki Y, Schonbach C, Okazaki Y (2007) Novel peroxisomal protease Tysnd1 processes PTS1- and PTS2-containing enzymes involved in beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Embo J 26:835-845
91. Landreth G (2007) Therapeutic use of agonists of the nuclear receptor PPARgamma in Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 4:159-164
92. Lay D, B LG, Heid H, Gorgas K, Just WW (2005) Binding and functions of ADP-ribosylation factor on mammalian and yeast peroxisomes. J Biol Chem 280:34489-34499
93. Lay D, Gorgas K, Just WW (2006) Peroxisome biogenesis: where Arf and coatomer might be involved. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1678-1687
94. Lazarow PB (2003) Peroxisome biogenesis: advances and conundrums. Curr Opin Cell Biol 15:489-497
95. Lazarow PB, De Duve C (1976) A fatty acyl-CoA oxidizing system in rat liver peroxisomes; enhancement by clofibrate, a hypolipidemic drug. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:2043-2046
96. Lazarow PB, Fujiki Y (1985) Biogenesis of peroxisomes. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1:489-530
97. Leighton F, Coloma L, Koenig C (1975) Structure, composition, physical properties, and turnover of proliferated peroxisomes: a study of the trophic effects of Su-13437 on rat liver. J Cell Biol 67:281-309
98. Leon S, Goodman JM, Subramani S (2006) Uniqueness of the mechanism of protein import into the peroxisome matrix: transport of folded, co-factor-bound and oligomeric proteins by shuttling receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1552-1564
99. Li AC, Brown KK, Silvestre MJ, Willson TM, Palinski W, Glass CK (2000) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligands inhibit development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 106:523-531
100. Luers GH, Hartig R, Mohr H, Hausmann M, Fahimi HD, Cremer C, Völkl A (1998) Immuno-isolation of highly purified peroxisomes using magnetic beads and continuous immunomagnetic sorting. Electrophoresis 19:1205-1210
101. Luers GH, Thiele S, Schad A, Volkl A, Yokota S, Seitz J (2006) Peroxisomes are present in murine spermatogonia and disappear during the course of spermatogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 125:693-703
102. Marelli M, Smith JJ, Jung S, Yi E, Nesvizhskii AI, Christmas RH, Saleem RA, Tam YY, Fagarasanu A, Goodlett DR, Aebersold R, Rachubinski RA, Aitchison JD (2004) Quantitative mass spectrometry reveals a role for the GTPase Rho1p in actin organization on the peroxisome membrane. J Cell Biol 167:1099-1112
103. Marx N, Kehrle B, Kohlhammer K, Grub M, Koenig W, Hombach V, Libby P, Plutzky J (2002) PPAR activators as antiinflammatory mediators in human T lymphocytes: implications for atherosclerosis and transplantation-associated arteriosclerosis. Circ Res 90:703-710
104. Matsui M, Yamamoto A, Kuma A, Ohsumi Y, Mizushima N (2006) Organelle degradation during the lens and erythroid differentiation is independent of autophagy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 339:485-489
105. Matsuzono Y, Kinoshita N, Tamura S, Shimozawa N, Hamasaki M, Ghaedi K, Wanders RJ, Suzuki Y, Kondo N, Fujiki Y (1999) Human PEX19: cDNA cloning by functional complementation, mutation analysis in a patient with Zellweger syndrome, and potential role in peroxisomal membrane assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:2116-2121
106. McCartney AW, Greenwood JS, Fabian MR, White KA, Mullen RT (2005) Localization of the tomato bushy stunt virus replication protein p33 reveals a peroxisome-to-endoplasmic reticulum sorting pathway. Plant Cell 17:3513-3531
107. McNew JA, Goodman JM (1996) The targeting and assembly of peroxisomal proteins: some old rules do not apply. Trends Biochem Sci 21:54-58
108. Mi J, Garcia-Arcos I, Alvarez R, Cristobal S (2007a) Age-related subproteomic analysis of mouse liver and kidney peroxisomes. Proteome Sci 5:19
109. Mi J, Kirchner E, Cristobal S (2007b) Quantitative proteomic comparison of mouse peroxisomes from liver and kidney. Proteomics 7:1916-1928
110. Michalik L, Auwerx J, Berger JP, Chatterjee VK, Glass CK, Gonzalez FJ, Grimaldi PA, Kadowaki T, Lazar MA, O'Rahilly S, Palmer CN, Plutzky J, Reddy JK, Spiegelman BM, Staels B, Wahli W (2006) International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Pharmacol Rev 58:726-741
111. Monastyrska I, Klionsky DJ (2006) Autophagy in organelle homeostasis: peroxisome turnover. Mol Aspects Med 27:483-494
112. Moody DE, Reddy JK (1976) Morphometric analysis of the ultrastructural changes in rat liver induced by the peroxisome proliferator SaH 42-348. J Cell Biol 71:768-780
113. Moody DE, Reddy JK, Lake BG, Popp JA, Reese DH (1991) Peroxisome proliferation and nongenotoxic carcinogenesis: commentary on a symposium. Fundam Appl Toxicol 16:233-248
114. Motley AM, Hettema EH (2007) Yeast peroxisomes multiply by growth and division. J Cell Biol 178:399-410
115. Mullen RT, Trelease RN (2006) The ER-peroxisome connection in plants: development of the "ER semi-autonomous peroxisome maturation and replication" model for plant peroxisome biogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1655-1668
116. Muntau AC, Mayerhofer PU, Paton BC, Kammerer S, Roscher AA (2000) Defective peroxisome membrane synthesis due to mutations in human PEX3 causes Zellweger syndrome, complementation group G. Am J Hum Genet 67:967-975
117. Nagasawa T, Inada Y, Nakano S, Tamura T, Takahashi T, Maruyama K, Yamazaki Y, Kuroda J, Shibata N (2006) Effects of bezafibrate, PPAR pan-agonist, and GW501516, PPARdelta agonist, on development of steatohepatitis in mice fed a methionine- and choline-deficient diet. Eur J Pharmacol 536:182-191
118. Nagotu S, Saraya R, Otzen M, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ (2007) Peroxisome proliferation in Hansenula polymorpha requires Dnm1p which mediates fission but not de novo formation. Biochim Biophys Acta. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.10.018
119. Natter K, Leitner P, Faschinger A, Wolinski H, McCraith S, Fields S, Kohlwein SD (2005) The spatial organization of lipid synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae derived from large scale green fluorescent protein tagging and high resolution microscopy. Mol Cell Proteomics 4:662-672
120. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Caldwell SH (2003) Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: summary of an AASLD single topic conference. Hepatology 37:1202-1219
121. Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Brunt EM, Wehmeier KR, Oliver D, Bacon BR (2003) Improved nonalcoholic steatohepatitis after 48 weeks of treatment with the PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone. Hepatology 38:1008-1017
122. Neuspiel M, Schauss AC, Braschi E, Zunino R, Rippstein P, Rachubinski RA, Andrade-Navarro MA, McBride HM (2008) Cargo-selected transport from the mitochondria to peroxisomes is mediated by vesicular carriers. Curr Biol 18:102-108. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.12.038
123. Niino M (2007) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists as potential therapeutic agents in multiple sclerosis. Mini Rev Med Chem 7:1129-1135
124. Niino M, Iwabuchi K, Kikuchi S, Ato M, Morohashi T, Ogata A, Tashiro K, Onoe K (2001) Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice by an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. J Neuroimmunol 116:40-48
125. Novikoff AB, Essner E (1960) The liver cell: some new approaches to its study. Am J Med 29:102-131
126. Novikoff AB, Goldfischer S (1969) Visualization of peroxisomes (microbodies) and mitochondria with diaminobenzidine. J Histochem Cytochem 17:675-680
127. Novikoff AB, Shin WY (1964) The endoplasmic reticulum in the Golgi zone and its relations to microbodies, Golgi apparatus, and autophagic vacuoles in rat liver cells. J Microsc (Paris) 3:187-206
128. Ofman R, Speijer D, Leen R, Wanders RJ (2006) Proteomic analysis of mouse kidney peroxisomes: identification of RP2p as a peroxisomal nudix hydrolase with acyl-CoA diphosphatase activity. Biochem J 393:537-543
129. Passreiter M, Anton M, Lay D, Frank R, Harter C, Wieland FT, Gorgas K, Just WW (1998) Peroxisome biogenesis: involvement of ARF and coatomer. J Cell Biol 141:373-383
130. Perry RJ, Rachubinski RA (2007) The yeast Dsl1p secretory complex is involved in peroxisome biogenesis. In: 47th ASCB annual meeting, Washington 183 (abstract)
131. Pershadsingh HA, Heneka MT, Saini R, Amin NM, Broeske DJ, Feinstein DL (2004) Effect of pioglitazone treatment in a patient with secondary multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 1:3
132. Platta HW, Erdmann R (2007a) Peroxisomal dynamics. Trends Cell Biol 17:474-484
133. Platta HW, Erdmann R (2007b) The peroxisomal protein import machinery. FEBS Lett 581:2811-2819
134. Plutzky J (2007) Preventing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in metabolic syndrome: the role of PPARalpha. Diab Vasc Dis Res 4(Suppl 3):S12-S14
135. Poirier Y, Antonenkov VD, Glumoff T, Hiltunen JK (2006) Peroxisomal beta-oxidation-a metabolic pathway with multiple functions. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1413-1426
136. Powers JM, Moser HW, Moser AB, Upshur JK, Bradford BF, Pai SG, Kohn PH, Frias J, Tiffany C (1985) Fetal cerebrohepatorenal (Zellweger) syndrome: dysmorphic, radiologic, biochemical, and pathologic findings in four affected fetuses. Hum Pathol 16:610-620
137. Promrat K, Lutchman G, Uwaifo GI, Freedman RJ, Soza A, Heller T, Doo E, Ghany M, Premkumar A, Park Y, Liang TJ, Yanovski JA, Kleiner DE, Hoofnagle JH (2004) A pilot study of pioglitazone treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 39:188-196
138. Racke MK, Gocke AR, Muir M, Diab A, Drew PD, Lovett-Racke AE (2006) Nuclear receptors and autoimmune disease: the potential of PPAR agonists to treat multiple sclerosis. J Nutr 136:700-703
139. Rao MS, Papreddy K, Musunuri S, Okonkwo A (2002) Prevention/reversal of choline deficiency-induced steatohepatitis by a peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor alpha ligand in rats. In Vivo 16:145-152
140. Rayapuram N, Subramani S (2006) The importomer: a peroxisomal membrane complex involved in protein translocation into the peroxisome matrix. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1613-1619
141. Reddy JK, Lalwani ND (1983) Carcinogenesis by hepatic peroxisome proliferators: evaluation of the risk of hypolipidemic drugs and industrial plasticizers to humans. CRC Critical Rev Tox 12:1-58
142. Reddy JK, Rao MS (2006) Lipid metabolism and liver inflammation: II. Fatty liver disease and fatty acid oxidation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 290:G852-G858
143. Reddy JK, Azarnoff DL, Hignite CE (1980) Hypolipidaemic hepatic peroxisome proliferators form a novel class of chemical carcinogens. Nature 283:397-398
144. Reddy JK, Warren JR, Reddy MK, Lalwani ND (1982) Hepatic and renal effects of peroxisome proliferators: biological implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 386:81-110
145. Reumann S, Weber AP (2006) Plant peroxisomes respire in the light: some gaps of the photorespiratory C(2) cycle have become filled-Others remain. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1496-1510
146. Reumann S, Ma C, Lemke S, Babujee L (2004) AraPerox: a database of putative Arabidopsis proteins from plant peroxisomes. Plant Physiol 136:2587-2608
147. Reumann S, Babujee L, Ma C, Wienkoop S, Siemsen T, Antonicelli GE, Rasche N, Luder F, Weckwerth W, Jahn O (2007) Proteome analysis of arabidopsis leaf peroxisomes reveals novel targeting peptides, metabolic pathways, and defense mechanisms. Plant Cell 19(10):3170-3193
148. Rhodin J (1954) Correlation of ultrastructural organization and function in normal experimentally changed convoluted tubule cells of the mouse kidney. Ph.D. thesis. Stockholm, Aktiebolaget Godvil
149. Rouiller C, Jezequel AM (1963) Electron microscopy of the liver. In: Rouiller C, Jezequel AM (eds) The liver: morphology, biochemistry, physiology. Academic Press, New York, pp 195-264
150. Sacksteder KA, Jones JM, South ST, Li X, Liu Y, Gould SJ (2000) PEX19 binds multiple peroxisomal membrane proteins, is predominantly cytoplasmic, and is required for peroxisome membrane synthesis. J Cell Biol 148:931-944
151. Sakai Y, Koller A, Rangell LK, Keller GA, Subramani S (1998a) Peroxisome degradation by microautophagy in Pichia pastoris: identification of specific steps and morphological intermediates. J Cell Biol 141:625-636
152. Sakai Y, Yurimoto H, Matsuo H, Kato N (1998b) Regulation of peroxisomal proteins and organelle proliferation by multiple carbon sources in the methylotrophic yeast, Candida boidinii. Yeast 14:1175-1187
153. Sakai Y, Oku M, van der Klei IJ, Kiel JA (2006) Pexophagy: autophagic degradation of peroxisomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1767-1775
154. Saleem RA, Smith JJ, Aitchison JD (2006) Proteomics of the peroxisome. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1541-1551
155. Schafer H, Nau K, Sickmann A, Erdmann R, Meyer HE (2001) Identification of peroxisomal membrane proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 22:2955-2968
156. Schewe T, Halangk W, Hiebsch C, Rapoport SM (1975) A lipoxygenase in rabbit reticulocytes which attacks phospholipids and intact mitochondria. FEBS Lett 60:149-152
157. Schluter A, Fourcade S, Ripp R, Mandel JL, Poch O, Pujol A (2006) The evolutionary origin of peroxisomes: an ER-peroxisome connection. Mol Biol Evol 23:838-845
158. Schluter A, Fourcade S, Domenech-Estevez E, Gabaldon T, Huerta-Cepas J, Berthommier G, Ripp R, Wanders RJ, Poch O, Pujol A (2007) PeroxisomeDB: a database for the peroxisomal proteome, functional genomics and disease. Nucleic Acids Res 35:D815-D822
159. Schrader M (2006) Shared components of mitochondrial and peroxisomal division. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:531-541
160. Schrader M, Fahimi HD (2006) Growth and division of peroxisomes. Int Rev Cytol 255:237-290
161. Schrader M, Yoon Y (2007) Mitochondria and peroxisomes: are the 'Big Brother' and the 'Little Sister' closer than assumed? Bioessays 29:1105-1114
162. Schrader M, Burkhardt JK, Baumgart E, Luers G, Spring H, Volkl A, Fahimi HD (1996) Interaction of microtubules with peroxisomes: tubular and spherical peroxisomes in HepG2 cells and their alterations induced by microtubule-active drugs. Eur J Cell Biol 69:24-35
163. Schrader M, King SJ, Stroh TA, Schroer TA (2000) Real time imaging reveals a peroxisomal reticulum in living cells. J Cell Sci 113:3663-3671
164. Schriner SE, Linford NJ, Martin GM, Treuting P, Ogburn CE, Emond M, Coskun PE, Ladiges W, Wolf N, Van Remmen H, Wallace DC, Rabinovitch PS (2005) Extension of murine life span by overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria. Science 308:1909-1911
165. Schroder LA, Glick BS, Dunn WA (2007) Identification of pexophagy genes by restriction enzyme-mediated integration. Methods Mol Biol 389:203-218
166. Soukupova M, Sprenger C, Gorgas K, Kunau WH, Dodt G (1999) Identification and characterization of the human peroxin PEX3. Eur J Cell Biol 78:357-374
167. South ST, Gould SJ (1999) Peroxisome synthesis in the absence of preexisting peroxisomes. J Cell Biol 144:255-266
168. Spinazzola A, Viscomi C, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Carrara F, D'Adamo P, Calvo S, Marsano RM, Donnini C, Weiher H, Strisciuglio P, Parini R, Sarzi E, Chan A, Dimauro S, Rotig A, Gasparini P, Ferrero I, Mootha VK, Tiranti V, Zeviani M (2006) MPV17 encodes an inner mitochondrial membrane protein and is mutated in infantile hepatic mitochondrial DNA depletion. Nat Genet 38:570-575
169. Staels B (2007) PPAR agonists and the metabolic syndrome. Therapie 62:319-326
170. Staubli W, Schweizer W, Suter J, Weibel ER (1977) The proliferative response of hepatic peroxidomes of neonatal rats to treatment with SU-13 437 (nafenopin). J Cell Biol 74:665-689
171. Steinberg SJ, Dodt G, Raymond GV, Braverman NE, Moser AB, Moser HW (2006) Peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1733-1748
172. Su CG, Wen X, Bailey ST, Jiang W, Rangwala SM, Keilbaugh SA, Flanigan A, Murthy S, Lazar MA, Wu GD (1999) A novel therapy for colitis utilizing PPAR-gamma ligands to inhibit the epithelial inflammatory response. J Clin Invest 104:383-389
173. Subramani S (1998) Components involved in peroxisome import, biogenesis, proliferation, turnover, and movement. Physiol Rev 78:171-188
174. Subramanya S, Mensa-Wilmot K (2006) Regulated cleavage of intracellular glycosylphosphatidylinositol in a trypanosome. Peroxisome-to-endoplasmic reticulum translocation of a phospholipase C. Febs J 273:2110-2126
175. Svoboda DJ, Azarnoff DL (1966) Response of hepatic microbodies to a hypolipidemic agent, ethyl chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB). J Cell Biol 30:442-450
176. Tabak HF, Hoepfner D, Zand A, Geuze HJ, Braakman I, Huynen MA (2006) Formation of peroxisomes: present and past. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1647-1654
177. Tam YY, Fagarasanu A, Fagarasanu M, Rachubinski RA (2005) Pex3p initiates the formation of a preperoxisomal compartment from a subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 280:34933-34939
178. Tanaka A, Kobayashi S, Fujiki Y (2006) Peroxisome division is impaired in a CHO cell mutant with an inactivating point-mutation in dynamin-like protein 1 gene. Exp Cell Res 312:1671-1684
179. Terlecky SR, Koepke JI, Walton PA (2006) Peroxisomes and aging. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1749-1754
180. Thoms S, Erdmann R (2005) Dynamin-related proteins and Pex11 proteins in peroxisome division and proliferation. Febs J 272:5169-5181
181. Thoms S, Erdmann R (2006) Peroxisomal matrix protein receptor ubiquitination and recycling. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1620-1628
182. Thoms S, Debelyy MO, Nau K, Meyer HE, Erdmann R (2008) Lpx1p is a peroxisomal lipase required for normal peroxisome morphology. Febs J 275:504-514
183. Titorenko VI, Rachubinski RA (2001) The life cycle of the peroxisome. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:357-368
184. Van Ael E, Fransen M (2006) Targeting signals in peroxisomal membrane proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1629-1638
185. van den Bosch H, Schutgens RB, Wanders RJ, Tager JM (1992) Biochemistry of peroxisomes. Annu Rev Biochem 61:157-197
186. van der Klei IJ, Yurimoto H, Sakai Y, Veenhuis M (2006) The significance of peroxisomes in methanol metabolism in methylotrophic yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1453-1462
187. van Leyen K, Duvoisin RM, Engelhardt H, Wiedmann M (1998) A function for lipoxygenase in programmed organelle degradation. Nature 395:392-395
188. Visser WF, van Roermund CW, Ijlst L, Waterham HR, Wanders RJ (2007) Metabolite transport across the peroxisomal membrane. Biochem J 401:365-375
189. Völkl A, Baumgart E, Fahimi HD (1988) Localization of urate oxidase in the crystalline cores of rat liver peroxisomes by immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting. J Histochem Cytochem 36:329-336
190. Völkl A, Baumgart E, Fahimi HD (1996) Isolation and characterization of peroxisomes. In: Graham J, Rickwood D (eds) Subcellular fractionation: a practical approach. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 143-167
191. Völkl A, Mohr H, Fahimi HD (1999) Peroxisome subpopulations of the rat liver: isolation by immune free flow electrophoresis. J Histochem Cytochem 47:1111-1118
192. Wanders RJ (2000) Peroxisomes, lipid metabolism, and human disease. Cell Biochem Biophys 32:89-106
193. Wanders RJ, Waterham HR (2005) Peroxisomal disorders: I. Biochemistry and genetics of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Clin Genet 67:107-133
194. Wanders RJ, Waterham HR (2006a) Peroxisomal disorders: the single peroxisomal enzyme deficiencies. Biochim Biophys Acta 1763:1707-1720
195. Wanders RJ, Waterham HR (2006b) Biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes revisited. Annu Rev Biochem 75:295-332
196. Waterham HR, Koster J, van Roermund CW, Mooyer PA, Wanders RJ, Leonard JV (2007) A lethal defect of mitochondrial and peroxisomal fission. N Engl J Med 356:1736-1741
197. Weber G, Islinger M, Weber P, Eckerskorn C, Volkl A (2004) Efficient separation and analysis of peroxisomal membrane proteins using free-flow isoelectric focusing. Electrophoresis 25:1735-1747
198. Weller S, Gould SJ, Valle D (2003) Peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 4:165-211
199. Wiese S, Gronemeyer T, Ofman R, Kunze M, Grou CP, Almeida JA, Eisenacher M, Stephan C, Hayen H, Schollenberger L, Korosec T, Waterham HR, Schliebs W, Erdmann R, Berger J, Meyer HE, Just W, Azevedo JE, Wanders RJ, Warscheid B (2007) Proteomic characterization of mouse kidney peroxisomes by tandem mass spectrometry and protein correlation profiling. Mol Cell Proteomics 6(12):2045-2057
200. Xu J, Racke MK, Drew PD (2007) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist fenofibrate regulates IL-12 family cytokine expression in the CNS: relevance to multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 103:1801-1810
201. Yan M, Rayapuram N, Subramani S (2005) The control of peroxisome number and size during division and proliferation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17:376-383
202. Yokota S (1993) Formation of autophagosomes during degradation of excess peroxisomes induced by administration of dioctyl phthalate. Eur J Cell Biol 61:67-80
203. Yokota S (2003) Degradation of normal and proliferated peroxisomes in rat hepatocytes: regulation of peroxisomes quantity in cells. Microsc Res Tech 61:151-160
204. Yokota S, Oda T, Fahimi HD (2001) The role of 15-lipoxygenase in disruption of the peroxisomal membrane and in programmed degradation of peroxisomes in normal rat liver. J Histochem Cytochem 49:613-622
205. Zutphen T, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ (2008) Pex14 is the sole component of the peroxisomal translocon that is required for pexophagy. Autophagy 4:63-66