Peroxisomal membrane permeability and solute transfer

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research

Volumn 1763, Issue 12, 2006, Pages 1697-1706

  Antonenkov, Vasily D ^a   Hiltunen, J Kalervo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OULU   (Finland)

Author keywords

Channel; Membrane permeability; Peroxisome; Transporter

Indexed keywords

ACETYL COENZYME A; ACYL COENZYME A; ANION CHANNEL; CARRIER PROTEIN; COENZYME A; ESTER DERIVATIVE; GLUTATHIONE; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; HYDROLASE; HYDROXYL RADICAL; LYSOSOME ENZYME; MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN; OXIDOREDUCTASE; PORIN; POTASSIUM CHLORIDE; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE; SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDE;

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CELL PH; CELL PROTECTION; CHANNEL GATING; CYTOPLASM; FATTY ACID OXIDATION; LIPID BILAYER; LYSOSOME; MAMMAL; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT; MITOCHONDRION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PEROXISOME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; SOLUTE;

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT; COENZYME A; INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES; MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NAD; NADP; PERMEABILITY; PEROXISOMES; PYROPHOSPHATASES; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 33845294782     PISSN: 01674889     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.044     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Mannaerts G.P., Van Veldhoven P., Van Broekhoven A., Vandebroek G., and Debeer L.J. Evidence that peroxisomal acyl-CoA synthetase is located at the cytoplasmic side of the peroxisomal membrane. Biochem. J. 204 (1982) 17-23
2. Steinberg S.J., Wang S.J., Kim D.G., Mihalik S.J., and Watkins P.A. Human very-long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase: cloning, topography, and relevance to branched-chain fatty acid metabolism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257 (1999) 615-621
3. Smith B.T., Sengupta T.K., and Singh I. Intraperoxisomal localization of very-long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase: implication in X-adrenoleukodystrophy. Exp. Cell Res. 254 (2000) 309-320
4. Hajra A.K., Burke C.L., and Jones C.L. Subcellular localization of acyl coenzyme A: dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase in rat liver peroxisomes (microbodies). J. Biol. Chem. 254 (1979) 10896-10900
5. Thai T.P., Heid H., Rackwitz H.R., Hunziker A., Gorgas K., and Just W.W. Ether lipid biosynthesis: isolation and molecular characterization of human dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase. FEBS Lett. 420 (1997) 205-211
6. Cheng J.B., and Russell D.W. Mammalian wax biosynthesis. I. Identification of two fatty acyl-Coenzyme A reductases with different substrate specificities and tissue distributions. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 37789-37797
7. Cheng J.B., and Russell D.W. Mammalian wax biosynthesis. II. Expression cloning of wax synthase cDNAs encoding a member of the acyltransferase enzyme family. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 37798-37807
8. Yang J., Han X., and Gross R.W. Identification of hepatic peroxisomal phospholipase A(2) and characterization of arachidonic acid-containing choline glycerophospholipids in hepatic peroxisomes. FEBS Lett. 546 (2003) 247-250
9. Yan W., Jenkins C.M., Han X., Mancuso D.J., Sims H.F., Yang K., and Gross R.W. The highly selective production of 2-arachidonoyl lysophosphatidylcholine catalyzed by purified calcium-independent phospholipase A2gamma: identification of a novel enzymatic mediator for the generation of a key branch point intermediate in eicosanoid signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 26669-26679
10. Antonenkov V.D., Pirozhkov S.V., and Panchenko L.F. Intraparticulate localization and some properties of a clofibrate-induced peroxisomal aldehyde dehydrogenase from rat liver. Eur. J. Biochem. 149 (1985) 159-167
11. Demozay D., Rocchi S., Mas J.-C., Grillo S., Pirola L., Chavey C., and van Obberghen E. Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase. Potential role in oxidative stress protection and regulation of its gene expression by insulin. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 6261-6270
12. Islinger M., Luers G.H., Zischka M.H., Ueffing A., and Volkl A. Insights into the membrane proteome of rat liver peroxisomes: microsomal glutathione-S-transferase is shared by both subcellular compartments. Proteomics 6 (2006) 804-816
13. Heiland I., and Erdmann R. Biogenesis of peroxisomes. Topogenesis of the peroxisomal membrane and matrix proteins. FEBS J. 272 (2005) 2362-2372
14. Erdmann R., and Schliebs W. Peroxisomal matrix protein import: the transient pore model. Nat. Rev., Mol. Cell Biol. 6 (2005) 738-742
15. Alexson S.E., Fujiki Y., Shio H., and Lazarow P.B. Partial disassembly of peroxisomes. J. Cell Biol. 101 (1985) 294-304
16. Hashimoto T., Kuwabara T., Usuda N., and Nagata T. Purification of membrane polypeptides of rat liver peroxisomes. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 100 (1986) 301-310
17. Hartl F.U., and Just W.W. Integral membrane polypeptides of rat liver peroxisomes: topology and response to different metabolic states. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 255 (1987) 109-119
18. Gouveia A.M., Reguenga C., Oliveira M.E., Eckerskorn C., Sa-Miranda C., and Azevedo J.E. Alkaline density gradient floatation of membranes: polypeptide composition of the mammalian peroxisomal membrane. Anal. Biochem. 274 (1999) 270-277
19. Masters C., and Crane D. The peroxisome: a vital organelle (1995), Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
20. Hiltunen J.K., Mursula A.M., Rottensteiner H., Wierenga R.K., Kastaniotis A.J., and Gurvitz A. The biochemistry of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 27 (2003) 35-64
21. Wanders R.J.A., and Waterham H.R. Biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes revisited. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 75 (2006) 295-332
22. De Duve C., and Baudhuin P. Peroxisomes (microbodies and related particles). Physiol. Rev. 46 (1966) 323-357
23. Baudhuin P. Liver peroxisomes, cytology and function. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 168 (1969) 214-228
24. Verleur N., and Wanders R.J. Permeability properties of peroxisomes in digitonin-permeabilized rat hepatocytes. Evidence for free permeability towards a variety of substrates. Eur. J. Biochem. 218 (1993) 75-82
25. Baudhuin P. Isolation of rat liver peroxisomes. Methods Enzymol. 31 (1974) 356-368
26. Volkl A., and Fahimi H.D. Isolation and characterization of peroxisomes from the liver of normal untreated rats. Eur. J. Biochem. 149 (1985) 257-265
27. Van Veldhoven P.P., Baumgart E., and Mannaerts G.P. Iodixanol (Optiprep), an improved density gradient medium for the iso-osmotic isolation of rat liver peroxisomes. Anal. Biochem. 237 (1996) 17-23
28. Van Veldhoven P.P., Just W.W., and Mannaerts G.P. Permeability of the peroxisomal membrane to cofactors of beta-oxidation. Evidence for the presence of a pore-forming protein. J. Biol. Chem. 262 (1987) 4310-4318
29. Lamhonwah A.M., Ackerley C.A., Tilups A., Edwards V.D., Wanders R.J., and Tein I. OCTN3 is a peroxisomal membrane carnitine transporter. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 338 (2005) 1966-1972
30. Antonenkov V.D. Dehydrogenases of the pentose phosphate pathway in rat liver peroxisomes. Eur. J. Biochem. 183 (1989) 75-82
31. Wolvetang E.J., Tager J.M., and Wanders R.J. Latency of the peroxisomal enzyme acyl-CoA:dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase in digitonin permeabilized fibroblasts: the effect of ATP and ATPase inhibitors. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 170 (1990) 1135-1143
32. van Roermund C.W., Elgersma Y., Singh N., Wanders R.J., and Tabak H.F. The membrane of peroxisomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is impermeable to NAD(H) and acetyl-CoA under in vivo conditions. EMBO J. 14 (1995) 3480-3486
33. van Roermund C.W., Hettema E.H., Kal A.J., van den Berg M., Tabak H.F., and Wanders R.J. Peroxisomal beta-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: isocitrate dehydrogenase provides NADPH for reduction of double bonds at even positions. EMBO J. 17 (1998) 677-687
34. van Roermund C.W., Hettema E.H., van den Berg M., Tabak H.F., and Wanders R.J. Molecular characterization of carnitine-dependent transport of acetyl-CoA from peroxisomes to mitochondria in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and identification of a plasma membrane carnitine transporter. Agp2p, EMBO J. 18 (1999) 5843-5852
35. Henke B., Girzalsky W., Berteaux-Lecellier V., and Erdmann R. IDP3 encodes a peroxisomal NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase required for the beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 3702-3711
36. van Roermund C.W., Drissen R., van Den Berg M., Ijlst L., Hettema E.H., Tabak H.F., Waterham H.R., and Wanders R.J. Identification of a peroxisomal ATP carrier required for medium-chain fatty acid beta-oxidation and normal peroxisome proliferation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21 (2001) 4321-4329
37. Nakagawa T., Imanaka T., Morita M., Ishiguro K., Yurimoto H., Yamashita A., Kato N., and Sakai Y. Peroxisomal membrane protein Pmp47 is essential in the metabolism of middle-chain fatty acid in yeast peroxisomes and Is associated with peroxisome proliferation. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 3455-3461
38. Wylin T., Baes M., Brees C., Mannaerts G.P., Fransen M., and Van Veldhoven P.P. Identification and characterization of human PMP34, a protein closely related to the peroxisomal integral membrane protein PMP47 of Candida boidinii. Eur. J. Biochem. 258 (1998) 332-338
39. Palmieri L., Rottensteiner H., Girzalsky W., Scarcia P., Palmieri F., and Erdmann R. Identification and functional reconstitution of the yeast peroxisomal adenine nucleotide transporter. EMBO J. 20 (2001) 5049-5059
40. Visser W.F., van Roermund C.W., Waterham H.R., and Wanders R.J. Identification of human PMP34 as a peroxisomal ATP transporter. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 299 (2002) 494-497
41. Lasorsa F.M., Scarcia P., Erdmann R., Palmieri F., Rottensteiner H., and Palmieri L. The yeast peroxisomal adenine nucleotide transporter: characterization of two transport modes and involvement in DeltapH formation across peroxisomal membranes. Biochem. J. 381 (2004) 581-585
42. Nicolay K., Veenhuis M., Douma A.C., and Harder W. A 31P NMR study of the internal pH of yeast peroxisomes. Arch. Microbiol. 147 (1987) 37-41
43. Waterham H.R., Keizer-Gunnink I., Goodman J.M., Harder W., and Veenhuis M. Immunocytochemical evidence for the acidic nature of peroxisomes in methylotrophic yeasts. FEBS Lett. 262 (1990) 17-19
44. van Roermund C.W., de Jong M., van Marle J., Dansen T.B., Wanders R.J., and Waterham H.R. The peroxisomal lumen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is alkaline. J. Cell Sci. 117 (2004) 4231-4237
45. Dansen T.B., Wirtz K.W., Wanders R.J., and Pap E.H. Peroxisomes in human fibroblasts have a basic pH. Nat. Cell Biol. 2 (2000) 51-53
46. Jankowski A., Kim J.H., Collins R.F., Daneman R., Walton P., and Grinstein S. In situ measurements of the pH of mammalian peroxisomes using the fluorescent protein pHluorin. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 48748-48753
47. Price N.C., Dwek R.A., and Ratcliffe R.G. Principles and problems in physical chemistry for biochemists. third edition (2001), Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford
48. Antonenkov V.D., Sormunen R.T., and Hiltunen J.K. The rat liver peroxisomal membrane forms a permeability barrier for cofactors but not for small metabolites in vitro. J. Cell Sci. 117 (2004) 5633-5642
49. Frase F., and Zammit V.A. Submitochondrial and subcellular distributions of the carnitine-acylcarnitine carrier. FEBS Lett. 445 (1999) 41-44
50. McClelland G.B., Khanna S., Gonzalez G.F., Butz C., and Brooks G.A. Peroxisomal membrane monocarboxylate transporters: evidence for a redox shuttle system?. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 304 (2003) 130-135
51. Visser W.F., Van Roermund C.W., Ijlst L., Hellingwerf K.J., Wanders R.J., and Waterham H.R. Demonstration and characterization of phosphate transport in mammalian peroxisomes. Biochem. J. 389 (2005) 717-722
52. Labarca P., Wolff D., Soto U., Necochea C., and Leighton F. Large cation-selective pores from rat liver peroxisomal membranes incorporated to planar lipid bilayers. J. Membr. Biol. 94 (1986) 285-291
53. Lemmens M., Verheyden K., Van Veldhoven P., Vereecke J., Mannaerts G.P., and Carmeliet E. Single-channel analysis of a large conductance channel in peroxisomes from rat liver. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 984 (1989) 351-359
54. Hettema E.H., and Tabak H.F. Transport of fatty acids and metabolites across the peroxisomal membrane. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1486 (2000) 18-27
55. van Roermund C.W., Waterham H.R., Ijlst L., and Wanders R.J. Fatty acid metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 60 (2003) 1838-1851
56. Sulter G.J., Verheyden K., Mannaerts G., Harder W., and Veenhuis M. The in vitro permeability of yeast peroxisomal membranes is caused by a 31 kDa integral membrane protein. Yeast 9 (1993) 733-742
57. Reumann S., Maier E., Benz R., and Heldt H.W. The membrane of leaf peroxisomes contains a porin-like channel. J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 17559-17565
58. Reumann S., Bettermann M., Benz R., and Heldt H.W. Evidence for the presence of a porin in the membrane of glyoxysomes of castor bean. Plant Physiol. 115 (1997) 891-899
59. Reumann S., Maier E., Heldt H.W., and Benz R. Permeability properties of the porin of spinach leaf peroxisomes. Eur. J. Biochem. 251 (1998) 359-366
60. Corpas F.J., Sandalio L.M., Brown M.J., del Rio L.A., and Trelease R.N. Identification of porin-like polypeptide(s) in the boundary membrane of oilseed glyoxysomes. Plant Cell Physiol. 41 (2000) 1218-1228
61. Antonenkov V.D., Rokka A., Sormunen R.T., Benz R., and Hiltunen J.K. Solute traffic across mammalian peroxisomal membrane-single channel conductance monitoring reveals pore-forming activities in peroxisomes. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62 (2005) 2886-2895
62. Benz R. Porin from bacterial and mitochondrial outer membranes. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 19 (1985) 145-190
63. Rostovtseva T., and Colombini M. ATP flux is controlled by a voltage-gated channel from the mitochondrial outer membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 28006-28008
64. Antonenkov V.D., Sormunen R.T., and Hiltunen J.K. The behavior of peroxisomes in vitro: mammalian peroxisomes are osmotically sensitive particles. Am. J. Physiol. 287 (2004) C1623-C1635
65. Schrader M., and Fahimi H.D. Mammalian peroxisomes and reactive oxygen species. Histochem. Cell Biol. 122 (2004) 383-393
66. Wu X., Wakamiya M., Vaishnav S., Geske R., Montgomery Jr. C., Jones P., Bradley A., and Caskey C.T. Hyperuricemia and urate nephropathy in urate oxidase-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 (1994) 742-746
67. Kohler S.A., Menotti E., and Kuhn L.C. Molecular cloning of mouse glycolate oxidase. High evolutionary conservation and presence of an iron-responsive element-like sequence in the mRNA. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 2401-2407
68. Jones J.M., Morrell J.C., and Gould S.J. Identification and characterization of HAOX1, HAOX2, and HAOX3, three human peroxisomal 2-hydroxy acid oxidases. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 12590-12597
69. Zaar K., Volkl A., and Fahimi H.D. d-aspartate oxidase in rat, bovine and sheep kidney cortex is localized in peroxisomes. Biochem. J. 261 (1989) 233-238
70. Reuber B.E., Karl C., Reimann S.A., Mihalik S.J., and Dodt G. Cloning and functional expression of a mammalian gene for a peroxisomal sarcosine oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (1997) 6766-6776
71. Wu T., Yankovskaya V., and McIntire W.S. Cloning, sequencing, and heterologous expression of the murine peroxisomal flavoprotein, N1-acetylated polyamine oxidase. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 20514-20525
72. Angermuller S., Bruder G., Volkl A., Wesch H., and Fahimi H.D. Localization of xanthine oxidase in crystalline cores of peroxisomes. A cytochemical and biochemical study. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 45 (1987) 137-144
73. Frederiks W.M., and Vreeling-Sindelarova H. Ultrastructural localization of xanthine oxidoreductase activity in isolated rat liver cells. Acta Histochem. 104 (2002) 29-37
74. Keller G.A., Warner T.G., Steimer K.S., and Hallewell R.A. Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase is a peroxisomal enzyme in human fibroblasts and hepatoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88 (1991) 7381-7385
75. Dhaunsi G.S., Gulati S., Singh A.K., Orak J.K., Asayama K., and Singh I. Demonstration of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase in rat liver peroxisomes. Biochemical and immunochemical evidence. J. Biol. Chem. 267 (1992) 6870-6873
76. Singh A.K., Dobashi K., Gupta M.P., Asayama K., Singh I., and Orak J.K. Manganese superoxide dismutase in rat liver peroxisomes: biochemical and immunochemical evidence. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 197 (1999) 7-12
77. Morel F., Rauch C., Petit E., Piton A., Theret N., Coles B., and Guillouzo A. Gene and protein characterization of the human glutathione S-transferase kappa and evidence for a peroxisomal localization. J. Biol. Chem. 279 (2004) 16246-16253
78. Arand M., Knehr M., Thomas H., Zeller H.D., and Oesch F. An impaired peroxisomal targeting sequence leading to an unusual bicompartmental distribution of cytosolic epoxide hydrolase. FEBS Lett. 294 (1991) 19-22
79. Yamashita H., Avraham S., Jiang S., London R., Van Veldhoven P.P., Subramani S., Rogers R.A., and Avraham H. Characterization of human and murine PMP20 peroxisomal proteins that exhibit antioxidant activity in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 20346-20354
80. Seo M.S., Kang S.W., Kim K., Baines I.C., Lee T.H., and Rhee S.G. Identification of a new type of mammalian peroxiredoxin that forms an intramolecular disulfide as a reaction intermediate. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 20346-20354
81. Poole B. Diffusion effects in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide by rat liver peroxisomes. J. Theor. Biol. 51 (1975) 149-167
82. Santos M.J., Quintanilla R.A., Toro A., Grandy R., Dinamarca M.C., Godoy J.A., and Inestrosa N.C. Peroxisomal proliferation protects from β-amyloid neurodegeneration. J. Biol. Chem. 285 (2005) 41057-41068
83. Legakis J.E., Koepke J.I., Jedeszko C., Barlaskar F., Terlecky L.J., Edwards H.J., Walton P.A., and Terlecky S.R. Peroxisome senescence in human fibroblasts. Mol. Biol. Cell 13 (2002) 4243-4255
84. Sheikh F.G., Pahan K., Khan M., Barbosa E., and Singh I. Abnormality in catalase import into peroxisomes leads to severe neurological disorder. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95 (1998) 2961-2966
85. Goth L., and Eaton J.W. Hereditary catalase deficiencies and increased risk of diabetes. Lancet 356 (2000) 1820-1821
86. Goth L., and Vitai M. The effects of hydrogen peroxide promoted by homocysteine and inherited catalase deficiency on human hypocatalasemic patients. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 35 (2003) 882-888
87. P.M. Kidd. Glutathione: systemic protectant against oxidative and free radical damage, http://www.thorne.com/altmedrev/fulltext/glut.html (2005).
88. Dalton T.P., Chen Y., Schneider S.N., Nebert D.W., and Shertzer H.G. Genetically altered mice to evaluate glutathione homeostasis in health and disease. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 37 (2004) 1511-1526
89. Kelner M.J., and Montoya M.A. Structural organization of the human glutathione reductase gene: determination of correct cDNA sequence and identification of a mitochondrial leader sequence. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 269 (2000) 366-368
90. Haimeur A., Conseil G., Deeley R.G., and Cole S.P. The MRP-related and BCRP/ABCG2 multidrug resistance proteins: biology, substrate specificity and regulation. Curr. Drug Metab. 5 (2004) 21-53
91. Ballatori N., Hammond C.L., Cunningham J.B., Krance S.M., and Marchan R. Molecular mechanisms of reduced glutathione transport: role of the MRP/CFTR/ABCC and OATP/SLC21A families of membrane proteins. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 204 (2005) 238-255
92. Peklak-Scott C., Townsend A.J., and Morrow C.S. Dynamics of glutathione conjugation and conjugate efflux in detoxification of the carcinogen, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide: contributions of glutathione, glutathione S-transferase, and MRP1. Biochemistry 44 (2005) 4426-4433
93. Reddy J.K., and Hashimoto T. Peroxisomal β-oxidation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α: an adaptive metabolic system. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 21 (2001) 193-230
94. Kirkman H.N., Rolfo M., Ferraris A.M., and Gaetani G.F. Mechanisms of protection of catalase by NADPH. Kinetics and stoichiometry. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 13908-13914
95. Baumgart E., Fahimi H.D., Stich A., and Volkl A. l-lactate dehydrogenase A4- and A3B isoforms are bona fide peroxisomal enzymes in rat liver. Evidence for involvement in intraperoxisomal NADH reoxidation. J. Biol. Chem. 271 (1996) 3846-3855
96. Gee R., McGroarty E., Hsieh B., Wied D.M., and Tolbert N.E. Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in mammalian peroxisomes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 161 (1974) 187-193
97. Muller S., and Seitz H.J. Cloning of a cDNA for the FAD-linked glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from rat liver and its regulation by thyroid hormones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91 (1994) 10581-10585
98. Geisbrecht B.V., and Gould S.J. The human PICD gene encodes a cytoplasmic and peroxisomal NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. J. Biol. Chem. 274 (1999) 30527-30533
99. Ramsay R.R. The role of the carnitine system in peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation. Am. J. Med. Sci. 318 (1999) 28-35
100. Farrell S.O., Fiol C.J., Reddy J.K., and Bieber L.L. Properties of purified carnitine acyltransferases of mouse liver peroxisomes. J. Biol. Chem. 259 (1984) 13089-13095
101. McLennan A.G. The Nudix hydrolase superfamily. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63 (2006) 123-143
102. Gasmi L., and McLennan A.G. The mouse Nudt7 gene encodes a peroxisomal nudix hydrolase specific for coenzyme A and its derivatives. Biochem. J. 357 (2001) 33-38
103. Abdelraheim S., Spiller D., and McLennan A.G. Mammalian NADH diphosphatases of the Nudix family: cloning and characterization of the human peroxisomal NUDT12 protein. Biochem. J. 374 (2003) 329-335
104. Ofman R., Speijer D., Leen R., and Wanders R.J.A. Proteomic analysis of mouse kidney peroxisomes: identification of RP2p as a peroxisomal nudix hydrolase with acyl-coenzyme A diphosphatase activity. Biochem. J. 363 (2006) 537-547
105. Cartwright J.L., Gasmi L., Spiller D.G., and McLennan A.G. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PCD1 gene encodes a peroxisomal nudix hydrolase active toward coenzyme A and its derivatives. J. Biol. Chem. 275 (2000) 32925-32930