Float on: Lipid rafts in the lifecycle of HIV

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 2124-2135

  Wilflingseder, Doris ^a   Stoiber, Heribert ^a  

^a INNSBRUCK MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

Author keywords

HIV; Human Immunodeficiency virus; Infection; Lipid rafts; Review; Signaling; Virus

Indexed keywords

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; MAMMALIA;

GLYCOPROTEIN GP 120; NEF PROTEIN; NEF PROTEIN, HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

CELL MEMBRANE; CHEMISTRY; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; METABOLISM; PATHOGENICITY; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; VIROLOGY;

GENE PRODUCTS, NEF; HIV; HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120; HUMANS; MEMBRANE MICRODOMAINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 36049031722     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/2216     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Nayak DP, EK Hui: The role of lipid microdomains in virus biology. Subcell Biochem. 37:443-91 (2004)
2. Rawat SS, BT Johnson, A Puri: Sphingolipids: modulators of HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis. Biosci Rep. 25(5-6):329-43 (2005) (Pubitemid 41712662)
3. Viard M, I Parolini, SS Rawat, K Fecchi, M Sargiacomo, A Puri, R Blumenthal: The role of glycosphingolipids in HIV signaling, entry and pathogenesis. Glycoconj J.20(3):213-22 (2004)
4. Jolly C, QJ Sattentau: Retroviral spread by induction of virological synapses. Traffic 5(9):643-50 (2004) (Pubitemid 39199128)
5. Manes S, G del Real, C Martinez-A: Pathogens: raft hijackers. Nat Rev Immunol.3(7):557-68 (2003) (Pubitemid 37328675)
6. Morikawa Y: HIV capsid assembly.Curr HIV Res.1(1):1-14 (2003)
7. Raulin J. Human immunodeficiency virus and host cell lipids. Interesting pathways in research for a new HIV therapy. Prog Lipid Res. 41(1):27-65 (2002) (Pubitemid 32994811)
8. Dustin ML: A dynamic view of the immunological synapse. Semin Immunol. 17(6):400-10 (2005) (Pubitemid 41654692)
9. Dustin ML: Stop and go traffic to tune T cell responses. Immunity.21(3):305-14 (2004) (Pubitemid 39208332)
10. Horejsi V: Lipid rafts and their roles in T-cell activation. Microbes Infect. 7(2):310-6 (2005)
11. Horejsi V: Transmembrane adaptor proteins in membrane microdomains: important regulators of immunoreceptor signaling. Immunol Lett. 92(1-2):43-9 (2004) (Pubitemid 38470049)
12. Simons K, E Ikonen. Functional rafts in cell membranes. Nature.387(6633):569-72 (1997) (Pubitemid 27248754)
13. Brown DA, E London: Functions of lipid rafts in biological membranes. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 14:111-36 (1998) (Pubitemid 29001451)
14. Brown DA and JK Rose: Sorting of GPI-anchored proteins to glycolipid-enriched membrane subdomains during transport to the apical cell surface. Cell 68: 533-544 (1992)
15. Damjanovich S, G Vamosi, A Bodnar, L Bene: New trends in studying structure and function of biological membranes. Acta Physiol Hung.89(4):415-25 (2002)
16. Lagerholm BC, GE Weinreb, K Jacobson, NL Thompson: Detecting microdomains in intact cell membranes. Annu Rev Phys Chem.56:309-36 (2005) (Pubitemid 41156881)
17. Brown DA, E London. Structure and function of sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts. J Biol Chem. 275(23):17221-4 (2000) (Pubitemid 30430750)
18. Simons K, E Ikonen: How cells handle cholesterol. Science.290(5497):1721- 6 (2000) (Pubitemid 32004797)
19. Bromley SK, WR Burack, KG Johnson, K Somersalo, TN Sims, C Sumen, MM Davis, AS Shaw, PM Allen, ML Dustin: The immunological synapse. Annu Rev Immunol.19:375-96 (2001) (Pubitemid 32368040)
20. Riboni L, P Viani, R Bassi, A Prinetti, G Tettamant: The role of sphingolipids in the process of signal transduction. Prog Lipid Res.36(2-3):153-95 (1997) (Pubitemid 28045910)
21. Matko J, J Szollosi: Landing of immune receptors and signal proteins on lipid rafts: a safe way to be spatiotemporally coordinated? Immunol Lett 82:3-15 (2002) (Pubitemid 34468028)
22. Langlet C, AM Bernard, P Drevot, HT He: Membrane rafts and signaling by the multichain immune recognition receptors. Curr Opin Immunol.12(3):250-5 (2000) (Pubitemid 30240533)
23. Skibbens JE, MG Roth, KS Matlin: Differential extractability of influenza virus hemagglutinin during intracellular transport in polarized epithelial cells and nonpolar fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 108(3):821-32 (1989) (Pubitemid 19083736)
24. Sargiacomo M, M Sudol, Z Tang, MP Lisanti: Signal transducing molecules and glycosyl-phosphatidylinositollinked proteins form a caveolin-rich insoluble complex in MDCK cells. J Cell Biol. 122(4):789-807 (1993) (Pubitemid 23241090)
25. Gombos I, E Kiss, C Detre, G Laszlo, J Matko: Cholesterol and sphingolipids as lipid organizers of the immune cells' plasma membrane: their impact on the functions of MHC molecules, effector T-lymphocytes and T-cell death. Immunol Lett. 104(1-2):59-69( 2006) (Pubitemid 43330710)
26. Casey PJ. Protein lipidation in cell signaling. Science 268(5208):221-5 (1995)
27. Shogomori H, AT Hammond, AG Ostermeyer-Fay, DJ Barr, GW Feigenson, E London, and DA Brown: Palmitoylation and Intracellular Domain Interactions Both Contribute to Raft Targeting of Linker for Activation of T Cells. J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 280, Issue 19, 18931-18942 (2005) (Pubitemid 41379596)
28. Simons K, D Toomre: Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 1:31-9 (2000)
29. Horejsi, V., K Drbal, M Cebecauer, J Cerny, T Brdicka, P Angelisova, and H Stockinger: GPI-microdomains: a role in signalling via immunoreceptors. Immunology Today 20 (8), 356-61 (1999) (Pubitemid 29356429)
30. Harder T, P Scheiffele, P Verkade, K Simons: Lipid domain structure of the plasma membrane revealed by patching of membrane components. J Cell Biol. 141(4):929-42 (1998) (Pubitemid 28243961)
31. Janes PW, SC Ley, AI Magee: Aggregation of lipid rafts accompanies signaling via the T cell antigen receptor. J Cell Biol.147(2):447-61 (1999) (Pubitemid 29496350)
32. Gupta N, DeFranco AL. Visualizing lipid raft dynamics and early signaling events during antigen receptor-mediated Blymphocyte activation. Mol Biol Cell. 14(2):432-44 (2003) (Pubitemid 36237007)
33. Janes PW, SC Ley, AI Magee, PS Kabouridis: The role of lipid rafts in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signalling. Semin Immunol.12(1):23-34 (2000) (Pubitemid 30114013)
34. Horejsi V: The roles of membrane microdomains (rafts) in T cell activation. Immunol Rev. 191:148-64 (2003) (Pubitemid 36398855)
35. Dykstra M, A Cherukuri, HW Sohn, SJ Tzeng, SK Pierce: Location is everything: lipid rafts and immune cell signaling. Annu Rev Immunol. 21:457-81 (2003) (Pubitemid 37174538)
36. Bromley SK, WR Burack, KG Johnson, K Somersalo, TN Sims, C Sumen, MM Davis, AS Shaw, PM Allen, ML Dustin: The immunological synapse. Annu Rev Immunol.19:375-96 (2001) (Pubitemid 32368040)
37. Viola A. The amplification of TCR signaling by dynamic membrane microdomains.Trends Immunol. 22(6):322-7 (2001) (Pubitemid 32675246)
38. Viola A, S Schroeder, Y Sakakibara, A Lanzavecchia: T lymphocyte costimulation mediated by reorganization of membrane microdomains. Science 283:680-2 (1999)
39. Viola A, A Lanzavecchia: T cell activation determined by T cell receptor number and tunable thresholds. Science.273(5271):104-6 (1996) (Pubitemid 26255435)
40. Tuosto L, I Parolini, S Schroder, M Sargiacomo, A Lanzavecchia, A Viola: Organization of plasma membrane functional rafts upon T cell activation. Eur J Immunol.31(2):345-9 (2001) (Pubitemid 32166587)
41. Nguyen DH, JE Hildreth: Evidence for budding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selectively from glycolipid-enriched membrane lipid rafts. J Virol 74: 3264-72 (2000) (Pubitemid 30143751)
42. Simons K, R Ehehalt: Cholesterol, lipid rafts, and disease. J Clin Invest.110(5):597-603 (2002) (Pubitemid 34988781)
43. Solomon KR, MA Mallory, RW Finberg: Determination of the non-ionic detergent insolubility and phosphoprotein associations of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins expressed on T cells. Biochem J. 334 ( Pt 2):325-33 (1998) (Pubitemid 28448575)
44. Fivaz M, L Abrami, FG van der Goot: Landing on lipid rafts. Trends Cell Biol. 9(6):212-3 (1999)
45. Vincent S, D Gerlier, SN Manie: Measles virus assembly within membrane rafts. J Virol.74(21):9911-5 (2000)
46. Scheiffele P, A Rietveld, T Wilk, K Simons: Influenza viruses select ordered lipid domains during budding from the plasma membrane.J Biol Chem. 274(4):2038-44 (1999)
47. Scheiffele P, MG Roth, K Simons: Interaction of influenza virus haemagglutinin with sphingolipidcholesterol membrane domains via its transmembrane domain. EMBO J. 16(18):5501-8 (1997) (Pubitemid 27399842)
48. Alfsen A, P Iniguez, E Bouguyon, M Bomsel: Secretory IgA specific for a conserved epitope on gp41 envelope glycoprotein inhibits epithelial transcytosis of HIV-1. J Immunol. 166(10) 6257-65 (2001) (Pubitemid 32440758)
49. Manes S, G del Real, RA Lacalle, P Lucas, C Gomez-Mouton, S Sanchez-Palomino, R Delgado, J Alcami, E Mira, C Martinez-A: Membrane raft microdomains mediate lateral assemblies required for HIV-1 infection. EMBO Rep.1(2):190-6 (2000)
50. Peterlin BM, D Trono: Hide, shield and strike back: how HIV-infected cells avoid immune eradication. Nat Rev Immunol. 3(2):97-107 (2003) (Pubitemid 37328688)
51. Liu NQ, AS Lossinsky, W Popik, X Li, C Gujuluva, B Kriederman, J Roberts, T Pushkarsky, M Bukrinsky, M Witte, M Weinand, M Fiala. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enters brain microvascular endothelia by macropinocytosis dependent on lipid rafts and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. J Virol. 76(13):6689-700 (2002) (Pubitemid 34633535)
52. Littman DR: Chemokine receptors: keys to AIDS pathogenesis? Cell 93:677-80 (1998) (Pubitemid 28257574)
53. Wyatt R, J Sodroski: The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens. Science 280:1884-8 (1998) (Pubitemid 28299385)
54. Horuk R: Chemokine receptors and HIV-1: the fusion of two major research fields. Immunol Today. 20:89-94 (1999) (Pubitemid 29136634)
55. Manes S, E Mira, C Gomez-Mouton, RA Lacalle, P Keller, JP Labrador, AC Martinez: Membrane raft microdomains mediate front-rear polarity in migrating cells. EMBO J 18:6211-20 (1999) (Pubitemid 29533225)
56. Fantini J, D Hammache, G Pieroni, N Yahi: Role of glycosphingolipid microdomains in CD4-dependent HIV-1 fusion. Glycoconj J. 17: 199-204 (2000) (Pubitemid 32055906)
57. Halary F, A Amara, H Lortat-Jacob, M Messerle, T Delaunay, C Houles, F Fieschi, F Arenzana-Seisdedos, JF Moreau, J Dechanet-Merville: Human cytomegalovirus binding to DC-SIGN is required for dendritic cell infection and target cell trans-infection. Immunity. 217(5):653-64 (2002) (Pubitemid 35351510)
58. Alvarez CP, F Lasala, J Carrillo, O Muniz, AL Corbi, R Delgado: C-type lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN mediate cellular entry by Ebola virus in cis and in trans. J Virol. 76(13):6841-4 (2002) (Pubitemid 34633551)
59. Lozach PY, A Amara, B Bartosch, JL Virelizier, F Arenzana-Seisdedos, FL Cosset, R Altmeyer: C-type lectins L-SIGN and DC-SIGN capture and transmit infectious hepatitis C virus pseudotype particles. J Biol Chem.279(31):32035-45 (2004) (Pubitemid 39014648)
60. Colmenares M, AL Corbi, SJ Turco, L Rivas: The dendritic cell receptor DC-SIGN discriminates among species and life cycle forms of Leishmania. J Immunol. 172(2):1186-90 (2004) (Pubitemid 38113780)
61. Geijtenbeek TB, Y van Kooyk: Pathogens target DCSIGN to influence their fate DC-SIGN functions as a pathogen receptor with broad specificity. APMIS. 111(78):698-714 (2003) (Pubitemid 37130018)
62. Cambi A, K Gijzen, JM de Vries, R Torensma, B Joosten, GJ Adema, MG Netea, BJ Kullberg, L Romani, CG Figdor: The C-type lectin DC-SIGN (CD209) is an antigen-uptake receptor for Candida albicans on dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol. 33(2):532-8 (2003) (Pubitemid 36267619)
63. Geijtenbeek TB, DS Kwon, R Torensma, SJ van Vliet, GC van Duijnhoven, J Middel, IL Cornelissen, HS Nottet, VN KewalRamani, DR Littman, CG Figdor, Y van Kooyk: DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells. Cell. 100(5):587-97 (2000)
64. Cambi A, F de Lange, NM van Maarseveen, M Nijhuis, B Joosten, EM van Dijk, BI de Bakker, JA Fransen, PH Bovee-Geurts, FN van Leeuwen, NF Van Hulst, CG Figdor: Microdomains of the C-type lectin DC-SIGN are portals for virus entry into dendritic cells. J Cell Biol. 164(1):145-55 (2004) (Pubitemid 38082465)
65. Pruenster M, D Wilflingseder, Z Banki, CG Ammann, B Muellauer, M Meyer, C Speth, MP Dierich, H Stoiber: C-type lectin-independent interaction of complement opsonized HIV with monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol.35(9):2691-8 (2005) (Pubitemid 41404052)
66. Dopper S, D Wilflingseder, WM Prodinger, G Stiegler, C Speth, MP Dierich, H Stoiber: Mechanism(s) promoting HIV-1 infection of primary unstimulated T lymphocytes in autologous B cell/T cell co-cultures. Eur J Immunol. 33(8):2098-107 (2003) (Pubitemid 37010026)
67. Bajtay Z, Speth C, Erdei A, Dierich MP. Cutting edge: productive HIV-1 infection of dendritic cells via complement receptor type 3 (CR3, CD11b/CD18). J Immunol. 173(8):4775-8 (2004) (Pubitemid 39387756)
68. Gummuluru S, M Rogel, L Stamatatos, M Emerman: Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to immature dendritic cells can occur independently of DC-SIGN and mannose binding C-type lectin receptors via a cholesteroldependent pathway. J Virol. 77(23):12865-74 (2003) (Pubitemid 37430680)
69. Frankel AD, CO Pabo: Cellular uptake of the tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus. Cell. 55(6):1189-93 (1988) (Pubitemid 19020071)
70. Green M, PM Loewenstein: Autonomous functional domains of chemically synthesized human immunodeficiency virus tat trans-activator protein. Cell 55(6):1179-88 (1988) (Pubitemid 19020070)
71. Fittipaldi A, M Giacca: Transcellular protein transduction using the Tat protein of HIV-1. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 57(4):597-608 (2005) (Pubitemid 40255563)
72. Liao, Z., L. M. Cimakasky, R. Hampton, D. H. Nguyen, and J. E. Hildreth: Lipid rafts and HIV pathogenesis: host membrane cholesterol is required for infection by HIV type 1. AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir. 17:1009-1019 (2001) (Pubitemid 32881320)
73. Popik, W, TM Alce and WC Au: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 uses lipid raft-colocalized CD4 and chemokine receptors for productive entry into CD4+T cells. J. Virol. 76:4709-4722 (2002) (Pubitemid 34441677)
74. Khanna KV, KJ Whaley, L Zeitlin, TR Moench, K Mehrazar, RA Cone, Z Liao, JE Hildreth, TE Hoen, L Shultz, RB Markham: Vaginal transmission of cellassociated HIV-1 in the mouse is blocked by a topical, membrane-modifying agent. J Clin Invest. 109(2):205-11 (2002) (Pubitemid 34083740)
75. Kozak, SL, J Heard, and D Kabat: Segregation of CD4 and CXCR4 into distinct lipid microdomains in T lymphocytes suggests a mechanism for membrane destabilization by human immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. 76:1802-1815 (2002) (Pubitemid 34094628)
76. Nguyen DH and D Taub: CXCR4 function requires membrane cholesterol: implications for HIV infection. J. Immunol. 168:4121-4126 (2002) (Pubitemid 34298420)
77. DelReal G, S Jimenez-Baranda, RA Lacalle, E Mira, P Lucas, C Gomez-Mouton, AC Carrera, C Martinez-A, S Manes: Blocking of HIV-1 infection by targeting CD4 to non-raft membrane domains. J.Exp.Med.196(3): 293-301 (2002) (Pubitemid 34875659)
78. Percherancier Y, B Lagane, T Planchenault, I Staropoli, R Altmeyer, JL Virelizier, et al. HIV-1 entry into T-cells is not dependent on CD4 and CCR5 localization to sphingolipid-enriched, detergent-resistant, raft membrane domains. J Biol Chem.278:3153-61 (2003) (Pubitemid 36805610)
79. Popik W, TM Alce: CD4 receptor localized to non-raft membrane microdomains supports HIV-1 entry. Identification of a novel raft localization marker in CD4.J Biol Chem.279:704-12 (2004) (Pubitemid 38044875)
80. Hermida-Matsumoto, L., and M. D. Resh: Localization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag and Env at the plasma membrane by confocal imaging. J. Virol. 74:8670-8679 (2000) (Pubitemid 30666717)
81. Lindwasser OW, MD Resh: Multimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag promotes its localization to barges, raft-like membrane microdomains. J Virol. 75(17):7913-24 (2001) (Pubitemid 32743663)
82. Ono A, EO Freed: Plasma membrane rafts play a critical role in HIV-1 assembly and release.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98(24):13925-30 (2001) (Pubitemid 33116000)
83. Lee YM, XF Yu: Identification and characterization of virus assembly intermediate complexes in HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells. Virology. 243(1):78-93 (1998)
84. Lee YM, B Liu, XF Yu: Formation of virus assembly intermediate complexes in the cytoplasm by wild-type and assembly-defective mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and their association with membranes. J Virol.73(7):5654-62 (1999) (Pubitemid 29274850)
85. Cantin R, JF Fortin, G Lamontagne, M Tremblay: The acquisition of host-derived major histocompatibility complex class II glycoproteins by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 accelerates the process of virus entry and infection in human T-lymphoid cells.Blood. 90(3):1091-100 (1997) (Pubitemid 27314144)
86. Vanderplasschen A, M Hollinshead, GL Smith: Intracellular and extracellular vaccinia virions enter cells by different mechanisms. J Gen Virol.79 ( Pt 4):877-87 (1998) (Pubitemid 28161963)
87. Wilf(l)ingseder D, M Spruth, CG Ammann, S Dopper, C Speth, MP Dierich, H Stoiber: Complement-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 neutralisation by anti-HLA antibodies derived from polytransfused patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 131(1):62-72 (2003) (Pubitemid 36649360)
88. Frank I, H Stoiber, S Godar, H Stockinger, F Steindl, HW Katinger, and MP Dierich: Acquisition of host cellsurface-derived molecules by HIV-1. AIDS 10, 1611-1620 (1996) (Pubitemid 26394978)
89. Stoiber H, Kacani L, Speth C, Wurzner R, Dierich MP. The supportive role of complement in HIV pathogenesis. Immunol Rev 180:168-76 (2001) (Pubitemid 32472861)
90. Frank I, Kacani L, Stoiber H, Stossel H, Spruth M, Steindl F, Romani N, Dierich MP. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 derived from cocultures of immature dendritic cells with autologous T cells carries T-cell-specific molecules on its surface and is highly infectious. J Virol. 73(4):3449-54 (1999) (Pubitemid 29135740)
91. Stoiber H, Pruenster M, Ammann CG, Dierich MP. Complement-opsonized HIV: the free rider on its way to infection. Mol Immunol. 42(2):153-60 (2005) (Pubitemid 39361446)
92. Stoiber H, Speth C, Dierich MP. Role of complement in the control of HIV dynamics and pathogenesis. Vaccine 21 Suppl 2:S77-82 (2003) (Pubitemid 36588652)
93. Banki Z, H Stoiber, MP Dierich. HIV and human complement: inefficient virolysis and effective adherence. Immunol Lett. 97(2):209-14 (2005) (Pubitemid 40326953)
94. Banki Z, L Kacani, P Rusert, M Pruenster, D Wilflingseder, B Falkensammer, HJ Stellbrink, J van Lunzen, A Trkola, MP Dierich, H Stoiber: Complement dependent trapping of infectious HIV in human lymphoid tissues. AIDS19(5):481-6(2005) (Pubitemid 40515851)
95. Aloia, R. C., F. C. Jensen, C. C. Curtain, P. W. Mobley, and L. M. Gordon: Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:900-904 (1988) (Pubitemid 18073935)
96. Aloia RC, H Tian, FC Jensen: Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope and host cell plasma membranes.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 90(11):5181-5 (1993) (Pubitemid 23183001)
97. Graham DR, E Chertova, JM Hilburn, LO Arthur, JE Hildreth: Cholesterol depletion of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus with betacyclodextrin inactivates and permeabilizes the virions: evidence for virion-associated lipid rafts. J Virol. 77(15):8237-48 (2003) (Pubitemid 36871451)
98. Rousso I, MB Mixon, BK Chen, PS Kim: Palmitoylation of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is critical for viral infectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.97(25):13523-5 (2000)
99. Nguyen DG, A Booth, SJ Gould, JE Hildreth: Evidence that HIV budding in primary macrophages occurs through the exosome release pathway. J Biol Chem. 26: 278(52):52347-54 (2003) (Pubitemid 38035824)
100. Gould SJ, AM Booth, JE Hildreth: The Trojan exosome hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100(19):10592-7 (2003) (Pubitemid 37140073)
101. Sol-Foulon N, C Esnault, Y Percherancier, F Porrot, P Metais-Cunha, F Bachelerie, O Schwartz: The effects of HIV-1 Nef on CD4 surface expression and viral infectivity in lymphoid cells are independent of rafts: J. Biol. Chem 279(30): 31398-408 (2004) (Pubitemid 39037807)
102. Popik W, PM Pitha: Exploitation of cellular signaling by HIV-1: unwelcome guests with master keys that signal their entry.Virology 276(1):1-6 (2000)
103. Roscic-Mrkic B, M Fischer, C Leemann, A Manrique, CJ Gordon, JP Moore, AE Proudfoot, A Trkola: RANTES (CCL5) uses the proteoglycan CD44 as an auxiliary receptor to mediate cellular activation signals and HIV-1 enhancement.Blood. 102(4):1169-77 (2003) (Pubitemid 36988019)
104. Wilflingseder D, B Mullauer, H Schramek, Z Banki, M Pruenster, MP Dierich, H Stoiber: HIV-1-induced migration of monocyte-derived dendritic cells is associated with differential activation of MAPK pathways. J Immunol.15: 173(12):7497-505 (2004) (Pubitemid 39628190)
105. Lee C, B Tomkowicz, BD Freedman, RG Collman: HIV-1 gp120-induced TNF-{alpha} production by primary human macrophages is mediated by phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. J Leukoc Biol.78(4):1016-23 (2005) (Pubitemid 41384419)
106. Tachado SD, J Zhang, J Zhu, N Patel, H Koziel: HIV impairs TNF-alpha release in response to Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation in human macrophages in vitro.Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 33(6):610-21 (2005) (Pubitemid 41753137)
107. Kornfeld, H, WW Cruikshank, SE Pyle, JS Berman, and DM Center: Lymphocyte activation by HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Nature (London) 335:445-448 (1988)
108. Zorn NE, CL Weill and DH Russel: The HIV protein gp120 activates nuclear protein kinase C in nuclei from lymphocytes and brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 166:1133-1139 (1990) (Pubitemid 20068958)
109. Lakshmi Tamma, S. M., N. Chirmule, H. Yagura, N. Oyaizu, V. Kakyanaraman, and S. Pahwa. CD4 crosslinking (CD4XL) induces Ras activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha secretion in CD4+ T cells. Blood 90:1588-1593 (1997) (Pubitemid 27355431)
110. Briant, L., V. Robert-Hebmann, V. Sivan, A. Brunet, J. Pouysségur, and C. Devaux: Involvement of ERK module in human immunodeficiency virus-mediated CD4 signals controlling activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 transcription factors. J. Immunol. 160:1875-1885 (1998) (Pubitemid 28106476)
111. Kinet S, F Bernard, C Mongellaz, M Perreau, FD Goldman, N Taylor: gp120-mediated induction of the MAPK cascade is dependent on the activation state of CD4+lymphocytes Blood 100 (7): 2546-53 (2002)
112. Del Corno M, QH Liu, D Schols, E de Clercq, S Gessani, BD Freedman, RG Collman: HIV-1 gp120 and chemokine activation of Pyk2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases in primary macrophages mediated by calcium-dependent, pertussis toxin-insensitive chemokine receptor signaling. Blood. 98:2909-2916 (2001)
113. Schecter AD, AB Berman, L Yi, et al: HIV envelope gp120 activates human arterial smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.98:10142-10147 (2001) (Pubitemid 32802988)
114. Badr G, G Borhis, D Treton, C Moog, O Garraud, Y Richard: HIV type 1 glycoprotein 120 inhibits human B cell chemotaxis to CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL) 12, CC chemokine ligand (CCL)20, and CCL21. J Immunol. 175(1):302-10. (2005) (Pubitemid 40884332)
115. Wang JK, E Kiyokawa, E Verdin, D Trono: The Nef protein of HIV-1 associates with rafts and primes T cells for activation, PNAS 97(1): 394-9 (2000) (Pubitemid 30055842)
116. Renkema GH, K Saksela: Interactions of HIV-1 NEF with cellular signal transducing proteins. Front Biosci.5:D268-83 (2000)
117. Collette Y, S Arold, C Picard, K Janvier, S Benichou, R Benarous, D Olive, C Dumas: HIV-2 and SIV nef proteins target different Src family SH3 domains than does HIV-1 Nef because of a triple amino acid substitution. J Biol Chem. 275(6):4171-6 (1995) (Pubitemid 30094651)
118. Hiipakka M, K Saksela: Capacity of simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac Nef for high-affinity Src homology 3 (SH3) binding revealed by ligand-tailored SH3 domains. J Gen Virol. 83(Pt 12):3147-52 (2002) (Pubitemid 36054361)
119. Schrager JA, V Der Minassian, JW Marsh: HIV Nef increases T cell ERK MAP kinase activity. J Biol Chem.277:6137-6142 (2002) (Pubitemid 34968402)
120. Doms RW, D Trono: The plasma membrane as a combat zone in the HIV battlefield. Genes Dev. 14(21):2677-88 (2000) (Pubitemid 32531194)
121. Fackler OT, AS Baur: Live and let die: Nef functions beyond HIV replication. Immunity. 16(4):493-7 (2002) (Pubitemid 34442574)
122. Wolf D, V Witte, B Laffert, et al. HIV-1 Nef associated PAK and PI3-kinases stimulate Akt-independent Bad-phosphorylation to induce anti-apoptotic signals. Nature Med.7:1217-1224 (2001) (Pubitemid 33063777)
123. Geleziunas R, W Xu, K Takeda, H Ichijo, WC Greene: HIV-1 Nef inhibits ASK1-dependent death signalling providing a potential mechanism for protecting the infected host cell. Nature 410:834-838 (2001) (Pubitemid 32303784)
124. Fenard D, W Yonemoto, C de Noronha, M Cavrois, SA Williams, WC Greene: Nef Is Physically Recruited into the Immunological Synapse and Potentiates T Cell Activation Early after TCR Engagement: JI 175: 6050-57 (2005)
125. Krautkramer E, SI Giese, JE Gasteier, W Muranyi, OT Fackler: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef activates p21-activated kinase via recruitment into lipid rafts. J Virol. 2004 78(8):4085-97 (2004) (Pubitemid 38437215)
126. Lu X, X Wu, A Plemenitas, H Yu, ET Sawai, A Abo, BM Peterlin: CDC42 and Rac1 are implicated in the activation of the Nef-associated kinase and replication of HIV-1. Curr Biol.6(12):1677-84 (1996) (Pubitemid 27050236)
127. Fackler OT, W Luo, M Geyer, AS Alberts, BM Peterlin: Activation of Vav by Nef induces cytoskeletal rearrangements and downstream effector functions. Mol Cell. 3(6):729-39 (1999) (Pubitemid 29323051)
128. Simmons A, B Gangadharan, A Hodges, K Sharrocks, S Prabhakar, A Garcia, R Dwek, N Zitzmann, A McMichael. Nef-mediated lipid raft exclusion of UbcH7 inhibits Cbl activity in T cells to positively regulate signaling. Immunity. 23(6):621-34 (2005) (Pubitemid 41779484)
129. Miura-Shimura Y, L Duan, NL Rao, AL Reddi, H Shimura, R Rottapel, BJ Druker, A Tsygankov, V Band, H Band: Cbl-mediated ubiquitinylation and negative regulation of Vav. J Biol Chem.278(40):38495-504. (2003) (Pubitemid 37221744)
130. McDonald D, L Wu, SM Bohks, VN KewalRamani, D Unutmaz, TJ Hope: Recruitment of HIV and its receptors to dendritic cell-T cell junctions. Science 300(5623):1295-7 (2003) (Pubitemid 36618241)
131. Jolly C, Kashefi K, Hollinshead M, Sattentau QJ. HIV-1 cell to cell transfer across an Env-induced, actindependent synapse. J Exp Med. 199(2):283-93 (2004) (Pubitemid 38129707)
132. Djordjevic JT, SD Schibeci, GJ Stewart, P Williamson: HIV type 1 Nef increases the association of T cell receptor (TCR)-signaling molecules with T cell rafts and promotes activation-induced raft fusion. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 20(5):547-55 (2004) (Pubitemid 38720969)
133. Teis D, Huber LA. The odd couple: signal transduction and endocytosis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 60(10):2020-33 (2003) (Pubitemid 37357414)