Role of B Cells in Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis

International Review of Neurobiology

Volumn 79, Issue , 2007, Pages 13-42

  Nikbin, Behrouz ^a   Bonab, Mandana Mohyeddin ^a   Khosravi, Farideh ^a   Talebian, Fatemeh ^a  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIGEN;

ANIMAL; B LYMPHOCYTE; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; AUTOANTIGENS; B-LYMPHOCYTES; HUMANS; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS;

EID: 34248663226     PISSN: 00747742     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7742(07)79002-5     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Adams C.V. The onset and progression of the lesion in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 25 (1975) 165-182
2. Agius M.A., Kirvan C.A., Schafer A.L., Gudipati E., and Zhu S. High prevalence of anti-alpha-crystallin antibodies in multiple sclerosis: Correlation with severity and activity of disease. Acta Neurol. Scand. 100 (1999) 139-147
3. Ahonen C.L., Ahonen C., Manning E., Erickson L.D., O'Connor B., Lind E.F., Pullen S.S., Kehry M.R., and Noelle R.J. The CD40-TRAF6 axis controls affinity maturation and the generation of long-lived plasma cells. Nat. Immunol. 3 (2002) 451-456
4. Alter A., Duddy M., Hebert S., Biernacki K., Prat A., Antel J.P., Yong V.W., Nuttall R.K., Pennington C.J., Edwards D.R., and Bar-Or A. Determinants of human B cell migration across brain endothelial cells. J. Immunol. 170 (2003) 4497-4505
5. Ang C.W., Jacobs B.C., and Laman J.D. The Guillain-Barre syndrome: A true case of molecular mimicry. Trends Immunol. 25 (2004) 61-66
6. Anthony I.C., Crawford D.H., and Bell J.E. B lymphocytes in the normal brain: Contrasts with HIV-associated lymphoid infiltrates and lymphomas. Brain 126 (2003) 1058-1067
7. Arce S., Luger E., Muehlinghaus G., Cassese G., Hauser A., Horst A., Lehnert K., Odendahl M., Honemann D., Heller K.D., Kleinschmidt H., Dorner T., et al. CD38 low IgG-secreting cells are precursors of various CD38 high-expressing plasma cell populations. J. Leukoc. Biol. 75 (2004) 1022-1028
8. Archelos J.J., Storch M.K., and Hartung H.P. The role of B cells and autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 47 (2000) 694-706
9. Avery D.T., Ellyard J.I., Mackay F., Corcoran L.M., Hodgkin P.D., and Tangye S.G. Increased expression of CD27 on activated human memory B cells correlates with their commitment to the plasma cell lineage. J. Immunol. 174 7 (2005) 4034-4042
10. Baker K.P., Edwards B.M., Main S.H., Choi G.H., Wager R.E., Halpern W.G., Lappin P.B., Riccobene T., Abramian D., Sekut L., Sturm B., Poortman C., et al. Generation and characterization of LymphoStat-B, a human monoclonal antibody that antagonizes the bioactivities of B lymphocyte stimulator. Arthritis Rheum. 48 (2003) 3253-3265
11. Banki K., Colombo E., Sia F., Halladay D., Mattson D.H., Tatum A.H., Massa P.T., Phillips P.E., and Perl A. Oligodendrocyte-specific expression and autoantigenicity of transaldolase in multiple sclerosis. J. Exp. Med. 180 5 (1994) 1649-1663
12. Bansil S., Cook S.D., and Rohowsky-Kochan C. Multiple sclerosis: Immune mechanism and update on current therapies. Ann. Neurol. 37 Suppl. 1 (1995) S87-S101
13. Baranzini S.E., Jeong M.C., Butunoi C., Murray R.S., Bernard C.C.A., and Oksenberg J.R. B cell repertoire diversity and clonal expansion in multiple sclerosis brain lesions. J. Immunol. 163 (1999) 5133-5144
14. Barrington R.A., Pozdnyakova O., Zafari M.R., Benjamin C.D., and Carroll M.C. B lymphocyte memory: Role of stromal cell complement and FcγRIIB receptors. J. Exp. Med. 196 (2002) 1189-1199
15. Birnbaum G., and Kotilinek L. Heat shock or stress proteins and their role as autoantigens in multiple sclerosis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 835 (1997) 157-167
16. Brezinschek H.P., Foster S.J., Brezinschek R.I., Dorner T., Domiati-Saad R., and Lipsky P.E. Analysis of the human VH gene repertoire differential effects of selection and somatic hypermutation on human peripheral CD5(+)/IgM+ and CD5(-)/IgM+ B cells. J. Clin. Invest. 99 (1997) 2488-2501
17. Bronstein J.M., Lallone R.L., Seitz R.S., Ellison G.W., and Myers L.W. A humoral response to oligodendrocyte-specific protein in MS: A potential molecular mimic. Neurology 53 (1999) 154-161
18. Brunner C., Lassmann H., Weahneldt T.V., Matthieu J.M., and Linington C. Differential ultrastructural localization of myelin basic protein, myelin/oligodendroglial glycoprotein, and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phospho diesterase in the CNS of adult rat. J. Neurochem. 52 (1989) 296-304
19. Burgoon M.P., Hammack B.N., Owens G.P., Maybach A.L., Eikelenboom M.J., and Gilden D.H. Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in cerebrospinal fluid during Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathy are directed against VZV. Ann. Neurol. 54 (2003) 459-463
20. Burnet F.M. A modification of Jerne's theory of antibody production using the concept of clonal selection. CA Cancer J. Clin. 26 (1976) 119-121
21. Burgoon M.P., Gilden D.H., and Owens G.P. B cells in multiple sclerosis. Front. Biosci. 9 (2004) 786-796
22. Cassese G., Lindenau S., de Boer B., Arce S., Hauser A., Riemekasten G., Berek C., Hiepe F., Radbruch A., and Manz R.A. Inflamed kidneys of NZB/W mice are a major site for the homeostasis of plasma cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 31 (2001) 2726-2732
23. Cepok S., Jacobsen M., Schock S., Omer B., Jaekel S., Boddeker I., Oertel W.H., Sommer N., and Hemmer B. Patterns of cerebrospinal fluid pathology correlate with disease progression in multiple sclerosis. Brain 124 (2001) 2169-2176
24. Cepok S., Rosche B., Grummel V., Vogel F., Zhou D., Sayn J., Sommer N., Hartung H.P., and Hemmer B. Short-lived plasma blasts are the main B cell effector subset during the course of multiple sclerosis. Brain 128 (2005) 1667-1676
25. Chan O.T., Madaio M.P., and Shlomchik M.J. B cells are required for lupus nephritis in the polygenic, Fas-intact MRL model of systemic autoimmunity. J. Immunol. 163 (1999) 3592-3596
26. Cole S.R., Beck R.W., Moke P.S., Kaufman D.I., and Tourtellotte W.W. The predictive value of CSF oligoclonal banding for MS 5 years after optic neuritis. Optic Neuritis Study Group. Neurology 51 (1998) 885-887
27. Colombo M., Dono M., Gazzola P., Roncella S., Valetto A., Chiorazzi N., Mancardi G.L., and Ferrarini M. Accumulation of clonally related B lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J. Immunol. 164 (2000) 2782-2789
28. Corcione A., Casazza S., Ferretti E., Giunti D., Zappia E., Pistorio A., Gambini C., Mancardi L., Uccelli A., and Pistoia V. Recapitulation of B cell differentiation in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 11064-11069
29. Corcione A., Aloisi F., Serafini B., Capello E., Mancardi G.L., Pistoia V., and Uccelli A. B-cell differentiation in the CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun. Rev. 4 (2005) 549-554
30. Correale J., and de Los Milagros Bassani Molinas M. Oligoclonal bands and antibody responses in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 249 (2002) 375-389
31. Cremer N.E., Johnson K.P., Fein G., and Likosky W.H. Comprehensive viral immunology of multiple sclerosis. II. Analysis of serum and CSF antibodies by standard serologic methods. Arch. Neurol. 37 (1980) 610-615
32. Cross A.H. The return of the B-cell. Neurology 54 (2000) 1214-1215
33. Cross A.H., Trotter J.L., and Lyons J.A. B-cells and antibodies in CNS demyelinating disease. J. Neuroimmunol. 112 (2001) 1-14
34. Cruz M., Olsson T., Ernerudh J., Hojeberg B., and Link H. Immunoblot detection of oligoclonal anti-myelin basic protein IgG antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 37 (1987) 1515-1519
35. Dalakas M.C. B cells in the pathophysiology of autoimmune neurological disorders: A credible therapeutic target. Pharmacol. Ther. 112 (2006) 57-70
36. Dorner T., and Radbruch A. Selecting B cells and plasma cells to memory. J. Exp. Med. 201 (2005) 497-499
37. Egawa T., Kawabata K., Kawamoto H., Amada K., Okamoto R., Fujii N., Kishimoto T., Katsura Y., and Nagasawa T. The earliest stages of B cell development require a chemokine stromal cellderived factor/pre-B cell growth-stimulating factor. Immunity 15 (2001) 323-334
38. Erickson L.D., Vogel L.A., Cascalho M., Wong J., Wabl M., Durell B.G., and Noelle R.J. B cell immunopoiesis: Visualizing the impact of CD40 engagement on the course of T cell-independent immune responses in an Ig transgenic system. Eur. J. Immunol. 30 (2000) 3121-3131
39. Erickson L.D., Durell B.G., Vogel L.A., O'Connor B.P., Cascalho M., Yasui T., Kikutani H., and Noelle R.J. Short-circuiting long-lived humoral immunity by the heightened engagement of CD40. J. Clin. Invest. 109 (2002) 613-620
40. Esiri M.M. Immunoglobulin containing cells in multiple sclerosis plaques. Lancet 2 (1977) 478
41. Filippini G., Comi G.C., Cosi V., Bevilacqua L., Ferrarini M., Martinelli V., Bergamaschi R., Filippi M., Citterio A., D'Incerti L., Campi A., Sberna M., et al. Sensitivities and predictive values of paraclinical tests for diagnosing multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. 241 (1994) 132-137
42. Fillatreau S., Sweenie C.H., McGeachy M.J., Gray D., and Anderton S.M. B cells regulate autoimmunity by provision of IL-10. Nat. Immunol. 3 (2002) 944-950
43. Forghani B., Cremer N.E., Johnson K.P., Ginsberg A.H., and Likosky W.H. Viral antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis and control patients: Comparison between radioimmunoassay and conventional techniques. J. Clin. Microbiol. 7 (1978) 63-69
44. Foy T., Aruffo A., Bajorath J., Buhlmann J.E., and Noelle R.J. Immune regulation by CD40 and its ligand GP39. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14 (1996) 591-617
45. Frohman E.M., Racke M.K., and Raine C.S. Multiple sclerosis-the plaque and its pathogenesis. N. Engl. J. Med. 354 (2006) 942-955
46. Fuller A.C., Kang B., Kang H.K., Yahikozowa H., Dal Canto M.C., and Kim B.S. Gender bias in Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease correlates with the level of antiviral immune responses. J. Immunol. 175 (2005) 3955-3963
47. Gay D., and Esiri M. Blood-brain barrier damage in acute multiple sclerosis plaques. An immunocytological study. Brain 114 (1991) 557-572
48. Giles P.D., and Wroe S.J. Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal IgM in multiple sclerosis: Analytical problems and clinical limitations. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 27 (1990) 199-207
49. Giunti D., Borsellino G., Benelli R., Marchese M., Capello E., Valle M.T., Pedemonte E., Noonan D., Albini A., Bernardi G., Mancardi G.L., Battistini L., et al. Phenotypic and functional analysis of T cells homing into the CSF of subjects with inflammatory diseases of the CNS. J. Leukoc. Biol. 73 (2003) 584-590
50. Goldsby R.A., Kindt T.J., and Osborne B.A. Kuby Immunology. 4th edn. (1996), WH Freeman and Company, New York
51. Gray D., Siepmann K., van Essen D., Poudrier J., Wykes M., Jainandunsing S., Bergthorsdottir S., and Dullforce P. B-T lymphocyte interactions in the generation and survival of memory cells. Immunol. Rev. 150 (1996) 45-61
52. Grimaldi L.M., Roos R.P., Devare S.G., Casey J.M., Maruo Y., Hamada T., and Tashiro K. HTLV-I-associated myelopathy: Oligoclonal immunoglobulin G bands contain anti-HTLV-I p24 antibody. Ann. Neurol. 24 (1988) 727-731
53. Hannet I., Erkeller-Yuksel F., Lydyard P., Deneys V., and DeBruyere M. Developmental and maturational changes in human blood lymphocyte subpopulations. Immunol. Today 13 (1992) 215
54. Hauser A.E., Debes G.F., Arce S., Cassese G., Hamann A., Radbruch A., and Manz R.A. Chemotactic responsiveness toward ligands for CXCR3 and CXCR4 is regulated on plasma blasts during the time course of a memory immune response. J. Immunol. 169 (2002) 1277-1282
55. Hela-Felicitas P., and Reske D. Expansion of antibody reactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients-follow-up and clinical implications. Cerebrospinal Fluid Res. 2 (2005) 3
56. Hjelmstrom P. Lymphoid neogenesis: De novo formation of lymphoid tissue in chronic inflammation through expression of homing chemokines. J. Leukoc. Biol. 69 (2001) 331-339
57. Hogquist K.A., Baldwin T.A., and Jameson S.C. Central tolerance: Learning self-control in the thymus. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5 (2005) 772-782
58. Horikawa Y., Tsubaki T., and Nakajima M. Rubella antibody in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1 (1973) 996-997
59. Hoyer B.F., Moser K., Hauser A.E., Peddinghaus A., Voigt C., Eilat D., Radbruch A., Hiepe F., and Manz. Short-lived plasmablasts and long-lived plasma cells contribute to chronic humoral autoimmunity in NZB/W mice. J. Exp. Med. 199 (2004) 1577-1584
60. Jersild C., Svejgaard A., and Fog T. HL-A antigens and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1 (1972) 1240-1241
61. Ji H., Korganow A.S., Mangialaio S., Hoglund P., Andre I., Luhder F., Gonzalez A., Poirot L., Benoist C., and Mathis D. Different modes of pathogenesis in T-cell dependent autoimmunity: Clues from two TCR transgenic systems. Immunol. Rev. 169 (1999) 139-146
62. Ji H., Ohmura K., Mahmood U., Lee D.M., Hofhuis F.M., Boackle S.A., Takahashi K., Holers V.M., Walport M., Gerard C., Ezekowitz A., Carroll M.C., et al. Arthritis critically dependent on innate immune system players. Immunity 16 (2002) 157-168
63. Karni A., Bakimer-Kleiner R., Abramsky O., and Ben-Nun A. Elevated levels of antibody to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein is not specific for patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 56 (1999) 311-315
64. Keegan M., Konig F., McClelland R., Bruck W., Morales Y., Bitsch A., Panitch H., Lassmann H., Weinshenker B., Rodriguez M., Parisi J., and Lucchinetti C.F. Relation between humoral pathological changes in multiple sclerosis and response to therapeutic plasma exchange. Lancet 366 (2005) 526-527
65. Kerlero de Rosbo N., Milo R., Lees M.B., Burger D., Bernard C.C., and Ben-Nun A. Reactivity to myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes respond predominantly to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein. J. Clin. Invest. 92 (1993) 2602-2608
66. Kim H.J., Krenn V., Steinhauser G., and Berek C. Plasma cell development in synovial germinal centers in patients with rheumatoid and reactive arthritis. J. Immunol. 162 (1999) 3053-3062
67. Kantor A. A new nomenclature for B cells. Immunol. Today 12 (1991) 388-391
68. Koch G., Osmond D.G., Julius M.H., and Benner R. The mechanism of thymus-dependent antibody formation in bone marrow. J. Immunol. 126 (1981) 1447-1451
69. Krumbholz M., Theil D., Derfuss T., Rosenwald A., Schrader F., Monoranu C.M., Kalled S.L., Hess D.M., Serafini B., Aloisi F., Wekerle H., Hohlfeld R., et al. BAFF is produced by astrocytes and up-regulated in multiple sclerosis lesions and primary central nervous system lymphoma. J. Exp. Med. 201 (2005) 195-200
70. Kurtzke J.F., and Bui-Quoc-Huong. Multiple sclerosis in a migrant population: 2. Half-orientals immigrating in childhood. Ann. Neurol. 8 3 (1980) 256-260
71. Kurtzke J.F., Delasnerie-Laupretre N., and Wallin M.T. Multiple sclerosis in North African migrants to France. Acta Neurol. Scand. 98 (1998) 302-309
72. Lang H.L.E., Jacobsen H., Ikemizu S., Andersson C., Harlos K., Madsen L., Hjorth P., Sondergaard L., Svejgaard A., Wucherpfenning K., Stuart D.I., Bell J.I., et al. A functional and structural basis for TCR cross-reactivity in multiple sclerosis. Nat. Immunol. 3 (2002) 940-943
73. Lassmann H., Raine C.S., Antel J., and Prineas J.W. Immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: Report on an international meeting held at the Institute of Neurology of the University of Vienna. J. Neuroimmunol. 86 (1998) 213-217
74. Lebar R., Lubetzki C., Vincent C., Lombrail P., and Boutry J.M. The M2 autoantigen of central nervous system myelin, a glycoprotein present in oligodendrocyte membrane. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 66 (1986) 423-434
75. Levin M.C., Lee S.M., Morcos Y., Brady J., and Stuart J. Cross-reactivity between immunodominant human T lymphotropic virus type I tax and neurons: Implications for molecular mimicry. J. Infect. Dis. 186 (2002) 1514-1517
76. Lichtman M.A. The ultrastructure of the hemopoietic environment of the marrow: A review. Exp. Hematol. 9 (1981) 391-410
77. Lineberry N., and Fathman C.G. T cell anergy: Where it's LAT. Immunity 24 (2006) 501-503
78. Linington C., and Lassmann H. Antibody responses in chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: Correlation of serum demyelinating activity with antibody titer to the myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). J. Neuroimmunol. 17 (1987) 61-69
79. Link H., and Laurenzi M.A. Immunoglobulin class and light chain type of oligoclonal bands in CSF in multiple sclerosis determined by agarose gel electrophoresis and immunofixation. Ann. Neurol. 6 (1979) 107-110
80. Lipsky P.E. Systemic lupus erythematosus: An autoimmune disease of B cell hyperactivity. Nat. Immunol. 2 (2001) 764-766
81. Liu Y.J., Johnson G.D., Gordon J., and MacLennan I.C. Germinal centres in T-cell-dependent antibody responses. Immunol. Today 13 (1992) 17-21
82. Lolli F., Siracusa G., Amato M.P., Fratiglioni L., Dal Pozzo G., Galli E., and Amaducci L. Intrathecal synthesis of free immunoglobulin light chains and IgM in initial multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 83 (1991) 239-243
83. Lucchinetti C., Bruck W., Parisi J., Scheithauer B., Rodriguez M., and Lassmann H. Heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis lesions: Implications for the pathogenesis of demyelination. Ann. Neurol. 47 (2000) 707-717
84. Ma Q., Jones D., Borghesani P.R., Segal R.A., Nagasawa T., Kishimoto T., Bronson R.T., and Springer T.A. Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 9448-9453
85. Mackay F., and Tangye S.G. The role of the BAFF/APRIL system in B cell homeostasis and lymphoid cancers. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 4 (2004) 347-354
86. Manz R.A., Thiel A., and Radbruch A. Lifetime of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Nature 388 (1997) 133-134
87. Manz R.A., Lohning M., Cassese G., Thiel A., and Radbruch A. Survival of long-lived plasma cells is independent of antigen. Int. Immunol. 10 (1998) 1703-1711
88. Manz R.A., Arce S., Cassese G., Hauser A.E., Hiepe F., and Radbruch A. Humoral immunity and long-lived plasma cells. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 14 (2002) 517-521
89. Martinez A., Mas A., de las Heras V., Arroyo R., Fernandez-Arquero M., de la Concha E.G., and Urcelay E. Early B-cell factor gene association with multiple sclerosis in the Spanish population. BMC Neurol. 5 (2005) 19
90. Matsushita T., Fujimoto M., Hasegawa M., Komura K., Takehara K., Tedder T.F., and Sato S. Inhibitory role of CD19 in the progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by regulating cytokine response. Am. J. Pathol. 168 (2006) 812-821
91. Mattson D.H., Roos R.P., and Arnason B.G. Isoelectric focusing of IgG eluted from multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis brains. Nature 287 (1980) 335-337
92. Mattson D.H., Roos R.P., and Arnason B.G. Oligoclonal IgG in multiple sclerosis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis brains. J. Neuroimmunol. 2 (1982) 261-276
93. Mauri C., Gray D., Mushtaq N., and Londei M. Prevention of arthritis by interleukin 10-producing B cells. J. Exp. Med. 197 (2003) 489-501
94. Mayo I., Arribas J., Villoslada P., Alvarez DoForno R., Rodriguez-Vilarino S., Montalban X., De Sagarra M.R., and Castano J.G. The proteasome is a major autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. Brain 125 (2002) 2658-2667
95. Melchers F., and Rolink A.R. B cell tolerance-how to make it and how to break it. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 305 (2006) 1-23
96. Mix E., Olsson T., Correale J., Baig S., Kostulas V., Olsson O., and Link H.B. Cells expressing CD5 are increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 79 (1990) 21-27
97. Moller J.R., Johnson D., Brady R.O., Tourtellotte W.W., and Quarles R.H. Antibodies to myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG) in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients. J. Neuroimmunol. 22 (1989) 55-61
98. Morgan B.P., and Gasque P. Expression of complement in the brain: Role in health and disease. Immunol. Today 17 (1996) 461-466
99. Moser K., Muehlinghaus G., Manz R., Mei H., Voigt C., Yoshida T., Dorner T., Hiepe F., and Radbruch A. Long-lived plasma cells in immunity and immunopathology. Immunol. Lett. 103 (2006) 83-85
100. Muehlinghaus G., Cigliano L., Huehn S., Peddinghaus A., Leyendeckers H., Hauser A.E., Hiepe F., Radbruch A., Arce S., and Manz R.A. Regulation of CXCR3 and CXCR4 expression during terminal differentiation of memory B cells into plasma cells. Blood 105 (2005) 3965-3971
101. Nagasawa T. Microenvironmental niches in the bone marrow required for B-cell development. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6 (2006) 107-116
102. Noelle R.J., and Erickson L.D. Determinations of B cell fate in immunity and autoimmunity. Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. 8 (2005) 1-24
103. Norrby E. Viral antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Prog. Med. Virol. 24 (1978) 1-39
104. O'Connor B.P., Cascalho M., and Noelle R.J. Short-lived and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells are derived from a novel precursor population. J. Exp. Med. 195 (2002) 737-745
105. O'Connor B.P., Gleeson M.W., Noelle R.J., and Erickson L.D. The rise and fall of long-lived humoral immunity: Terminal differentiation of plasma cells in health and disease. Immunol. Rev. 194 (2003) 61-76
106. Ochsenbein A.F., Pinschewer D.D., Sierro S., Horvath E., Hengartner H., and Zinkernagel R.M. Protective long-term antibody memory by antigen-driven and T help-dependent differentiation of long-lived memory B cells to short-lived plasma cells independent of secondary lymphoid organs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 13263-13268
107. Odendahl M., Mei H., Hoyer B.F., Jacobi A.M., Hansen A., Muehlinghaus G., Berek C., Hiepe F., Manz R., Radbruch A., and Dorner T. Generation of migratory antigen-specific plasma blasts and mobilization of resident plasma cells in a secondary immune response. Blood 105 (2005) 1614-1621
108. Olerup O., and Hillert J. HLA class II-associated genetic susceptibility in multiple sclerosis: A critical evaluation. Tissue Antigens 38 (1991) 1-15
109. Owens G.P., Kraus H., Burgoon M.P., Smith-Jensen T., Devlin M.E., and Gilden D.H. Restricted use of VH4 germline segments in an acute multiple sclerosis brain. Ann. Neurol. 43 (1998) 236-243
110. Owens G.P., Ritchie A.M., Burgoon M.P., Williamson R.A., Corboy J.R., and Gilden D.H. Single-cell repertoire analysis demonstrates that clonal expansion is a prominent feature of the B cell response in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid. J. Immunol. 171 (2003) 2725-2733
111. - T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 127 (1981) 1420-1423
112. Pillai S. Two lymphoid roads diverge-but does antigen bade B cells to take the road less traveled?. Immunity 23 (2005) 242-244
113. Prineas J.W., Kwon E.E., Cho E.S., Sharer L.R., Barnett M.H., Oleszak E.L., Hoffman B., and Morgan B.P. Immunopathology of secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 50 (2001) 646-657
114. Qin D., Wu J., Vora K.A., Ravetch J.V., Szakal A.K., Manser T., and Tew J.G. Fc gamma receptor IIB on follicular dendritic cells regulates the B cell recall response. J. Immunol. 164 (2000) 6268-6275
115. Qin Y., and Duquette P. B-cell immunity in MS. Int. MS J. 10 (2003) 110-120
116. Qin Y.F., Duquette P., Zhang Y.P., Talbot P., Poole R., and Antel J. Clonal expansion and somatic hypermutation of V-H genes of B cells from cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 102 (1998) 1045-1050
117. Raine C.S., Mokhtarian F., and Mac Farlin D.E. Adoptively transferred chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mouse: Neuropathologic analysis. Lab. Invest. 51 (1984) 534-546
118. Reff M.E., Carner K., Chambers K.S., Chinn P.C., Leonard J.E., Raab R., Newman R.A., Hanna N., and Anderson D.R. Depletion of B cells in vivo by a chimeric mouse human monoclonal antibody to CD20. Blood 83 (1994) 435-445
119. Reindl M., Linington C., Brehm U., Egg R., Dilitz E., Deisenhammer F., Poewe W., and Berger T. Antibodies against the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and the myelin basic protein in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases: A comparative study. Brain 122 (1999) 2047-2056
120. Saito E., Fujimoto M., Hasegawa M., Komura K., Hamaguchi Y., Kaburagi Y., Nagaoka T., Takehara K., Tedder T.F., and Sato S. CD19-dependent B lymphocyte signaling thresholds influence skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in the tight-skin mouse. J. Clin. Invest. 109 (2002) 1453-1462
121. Salmi A., Reunanen M., Ilonen J., and Panelius M. Intrathecal antibody synthesis to virus antigens in multiple sclerosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 52 (1983) 241-249
122. Sellebjerg F., Jaliashvili I., Christiansen M., and Garred P. Intrathecal activation of the complement system and disability in multiple sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 157 (1998) 168-174
123. Serafini B., Rosicarelli B., Magliozzi R., Stigliano E., and Aloisi F. Detection of ectopic B-cell follicles with germinal centers in the meninges of patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol. 14 (2004) 164-174
124. Sesboue R., Daveau M., Degos J.D., Martin-Mondiere C., Goust J.M., and Schuller E. IgG (Gm) allotypes and multiple sclerosis in a French population: Phenotype distribution and quantitative abnormalities in CSF with respect to sex, disease severity, and presence of intrathecal antibodies. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 37 (1985) 143-153
125. Smith K.G., Hewitson T.D., Nossal G.J., and Tarlinton D.M. The phenotype and fate of the antibody-forming cells of the splenic foci. Eur. J. Immunol. 26 (1996) 444-448
126. Smith-Jensen T., Burgoon M.P., Anthony J., Kraus H., Gilden D.H., and Owens G.P. Comparison of immunoglobulin G heavy-chain sequences in MS and SSPE brains reveals an antigen-driven response. Neourology 54 (2000) 1227-1232
127. Soderstrom M., Link H., Xu Z., and Fredriksson S. Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis: Anti-MBP and anti-MBP peptide antibody-secreting cells are accumulated in CSF. Neurology 43 (1993) 1215-1222
128. Sospedra M., and Martin R. Immunology of multiple sclerosis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 23 (2005) 683-747
129. Storch M.K., Piddlesden S., Haltia M., Iivanainen M., Morgan P., and Lassmann H. Multiple sclerosis: In situ evidence for antibody and complement-mediated demyelination. Ann. Neurol. 43 (1998) 465-471
130. Stuve O., Cepok S., Elias B., Saleh A., Hartung H.P., Hemmer B., and Kieseier B.C. Clinical stabilization and effective B-lymphocyte depletion in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of a patient with fulminant relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol. 62 (2005) 1620-1623
131. Svensson L., Abdul-Majid K.B., Bauer J., Lassmann H., Harris R.A., and Holmdahl R. A comparative analysis of B cell-mediated myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathogenesis in B cell-deficient mice reveals an effect on demyelination. Eur. J. Immunol. 32 (2002) 1939-1946
132. Sze D.M., Toellner K.M., Garcia de Vinuesa C., Taylor D.R., and MacLennan I.C. Intrinsic constraint on plasmablast growth and extrinsic limits of plasma cell survival. J. Exp. Med. 192 (2000) 813-821
133. Taams L.S., and Akbar A.N. Peripheral generation and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 293 (2005) 115-131
134. Tan E.M. Autoantibodies in pathology and cell biology. Cell 67 (1991) 841-842
135. Tangye S.G., Avery D.T., and Hodgkin P.D. A division-linked mechanism for the rapid generation of Ig-secreting cells from human memory B cells. J. Immunol. 170 (2003) 261-269
136. Thangarajh M., Gomes A., Masterman T., Hillert J., and Hjelmstrom P. Expression of B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family (BAFF) and its receptors in multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimmunol. 152 (2004) 183-190
137. Tedder T.F., Poe J.C., Fujimoto M., Haas K.M., and Sato S. The CD19-CD21 signal transduction complex of B lymphocytes regulates the balance between health and autoimmune disease: Systemic sclerosis as a model system. Curr. Dir. Autoimmun. 8 (2005) 55-90
138. Tokoyoda K., Egawa T., Sugiyama T., Choi B.I., and Nagasawa T. Cellular niches controlling B lymphocyte behaviour within bone marrow during development. Immunity 20 (2004) 707-718
139. Tourtellotte W. On cerebrospinal fluid immunoglobulin-G (IgG) quotients in multiple sclerosis and other diseases. A review and a new formula to estimate the amount of IgG synthesized per day by the central nervous system. J. Neurol. Sci. 10 (1970) 279-304
140. Villar L.M., Sadaba M.C., Roldan E., Masjuan J., Gonzalez-Porque P., Villarrubia N., Espino M., Garcia-Trujillo J.A., Bootello A., and Alvarez-Cermeno J.C. Intrathecal synthesis of oligoclonal IgM against myelin lipids predicts an aggressive disease course in MS. J. Clin. Invest. 115 (2005) 187-194
141. Vos Q., Lees A., Wu Z.Q., Snapper C.M., and Mond J.J. B-cell activation by T-cell-independent type 2 antigens as an integral part of the humoral immune response to pathogenic microorganisms. Immunol. Rev. 176 (2000) 154-170
142. Wagner S.D., and Neuberger M.S. Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14 (1996) 441-457
143. Walsh M.J., and Murray J.M. Dual implication of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′ phosphodiesterase as major autoantigen and C3 complement-binding protein in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J. Clin. Invest. 101 (1998) 1923-1931
144. Warren K.G., and Catz I. Relative frequency of autoantibodies to myelin basic protein and proteolipid protein in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid. J. Neurol. Sci. 121 (1994) 66-73
145. Warren K.G., Catz I., Johnson E., and Mielke B. Anti-myelin basic protein and anti-proteolipid protein specific forms of multiple sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 35 (1994) 280-289
146. Weinstein E., Peeva E., Putterman C., and Diamond B. B-cell biology. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 30 (2004) 159-174
147. Wekerle H. The viral triggering of autoimmune disease. Nat. Med. 4 (1998) 770-771
148. Wekerle H. Breaking ignorance: The case of the brain. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 305 (2006) 25-50
149. Wekerle H., and Hohlfeld R. Molecular mimicry in multiple sclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 349 (2003) 185-186
150. Williamson R.A., Burgoon M.P., Owens G.P., Ghausi O., Leclerc E., Firme L., Carlson S., Corboy J., Parren P.W., Sanna P.P., Gilden D.H., and Burton D.R. Anti-DNA antibodies are a major component of the intrathecal B cell response in multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001) 1793-1798
151. Wu X., Jiang N., Fang Y.F., Xu C., Mao D., Singh J., Fu Y.X., and Molina H. Impaired affinity maturation in Cr2-/- mice is rescued by adjuvants without improvement in germinal center development. J. Immunol. 165 (2000) 3119-3127
152. Xiao B.G., Linington C., and Link H. Antibodies to myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with multiple sclerosis and controls. J. Neuroimmunol. 31 (1991) 91-96