Modulation of Ionotropic GABA Receptors by Natural Products of Plant Origin

Advances in Pharmacology

Volumn 54, Issue , 2006, Pages 285-316

  Johnston, Graham A R ^a   Hanrahan, Jane R ^b   Chebib, Mary ^b   Duke, Rujee K ^a   Mewett, Kenneth N ^a  

^a University of Sydney   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; FLAVONOID; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT;

ANIMAL; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

ANIMALS; FLAVONOIDS; GABA AGONISTS; HUMANS; MOLECULAR STRUCTURE; PLANT PREPARATIONS; RECEPTORS, GABA; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 33846145140     PISSN: 10543589     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S1054-3589(06)54012-8     Document Type: Review

References (140)

1. Aherne S.A., and O'Brien N.M. Dietary flavonols: Chemistry, food content, and metabolism. Nutrition 18 (2002) 75-81
2. A receptor subtypes in vitro. Pharmacology 63 (2001) 34-41
3. A receptor binding in mouse forebrain membranes. Neurochem. Int. 31 (1997) 1-10
4. A receptor function. J. Physiol. 546 (2003) 641-646
5. Avallone R., Zanoli P., Puia G., Kleinschnitz M., Schreier P., and Baraldi M. Pharmacological profile of apigenin, a flavonoid isolated from Matricaria chamomilla. Biochem. Pharmacol. 59 (2000) 1387-1394
6. Baraldi M., Avallone R., Corsi L., Venturini I., Baraldi C., and Zeneroli M.L. Endogenous benzodiazepines. Therapie 55 (2000) 143-146
7. Bastianetto S., Zheng W.H., and Quirion R. Neuroprotective abilities of resveratrol and other red wine constituents against nitric oxide-related toxicity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Br. J. Pharmacol. 131 (2000) 711-720
8. A receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 68 (2005) 787-792
9. Baureithel K.H., Büter K.B., Engesser A., Burkard W., and Schaffer W. Inhibition of benzodiazepine binding in vitro by amentoflavone, a constituent of various species of Hypericum. Pharm. Acta Helv. 72 (1997) 153-157
10. Bouche N., and Fromm H. GABA in plants: Just a metabolite?. Trends Plant Sci. 9 (2004) 110-115
11. Bouche N., Lacombe B., and Fromm H. GABA signaling: A conserved and ubiquitous mechanism. Trends Cell Biol. 13 (2003) 607-610
12. Brochet D., Chermat R., DeFeudis F.V., and Drieu K. Effects of single intraperitoneal injections of an extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) and its terpene trilactone constituents on barbital-induced narcosis in the mouse. Gen. Pharmacol. 33 (1999) 249-256
13. Burns J., Yokota T., Ashihara H., Lean M.E.J., and Crozier A. Plant foods and herbal sources of resveratrol. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (2002) 3337-3340
14. Butterweck V., Nahrstedt A., Evans J., Hufeisen S., Rauser L., Savage J., Poedak B., Ernsberger P., and Roth B.L. In vitro receptor screening of pure constitutents of St. John's wort reveals novel interactions with a number of GPCRs. Psychopharmacology 162 (2002) 193-202
15. C receptor antagonist. Proc. Aust. Neurosci. Soc. 14 (2003) P136
16. A receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 68 (2004) 1631-1638
17. Chang H.M., Chui K.Y., Tan F.W., Zhong Z.P., Lee C.M., Sham H.L., and Wong H.N. Structure-activity relationship of miltirone, an active central benzodiazepine ligand isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen). J. Med. Chem. 34 (1991) 1675-1692
18. Chatterjee S.S., Kondratskaya E.L., and Krishtal O.A. Structure-activity studies with Ginkgo biloba extract constituents as receptor-gated chloride channel blockers and modulators. Pharmacopsychiatry 36 (2003) S68-S77
19. Chebib M., and Johnston G.A.R. GABA-activated ligand gated ion channels: Medicinal chemistry and molecular biology. J. Med. Chem. 43 (2000) 1427-1447
20. A receptor channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Arch. Pharm. Res. 26 (2003) 28-33
21. Choi Y.B., Kim Y.I., Lee K.S., Kim B.S., and Kim D.J. Protective effect of epigallocatechin gallate on brain damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Brain Res. 1019 (2004) 47-54
22. Christopoulos A. Allosteric binding sites on cell-surface receptors: Novel targets for drug discovery. Nature Rev. Drug Discov. 1 (2002) 198-210
23. Clark J.B. Effect of a polyacetylenic fish poison on the oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18 (1969) 73-83
24. Curtis D.R., and Johnston G.A.R. Convulsant alkaloids. Neuropoisons 2 (1974) 207-248
25. Curtis D.R., Duggan A.W., Felix D., and Johnston G.A.R. Bicuculline and central GABA receptors. Nature 228 (1970) 676-677
26. DeFeudis F.V. Bilobalide and neuroprotection. Pharmacol. Res. 46 (2002) 565-568
27. 3 receptor activity by an effect on the agonist-induced desensitization. Neuropharmacology 46 (2004) 192-201
28. 5a receptor in vitro. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 138 (2005) 191-197
29. Du X.M., Sun N.Y., Takizawa N., Guo Y.T., and Shoyama Y. Sedative and anticonvulsant activities of goodyerin, a flavonol glycoside from Goodyera schlechtendaliana. Phytother. Res. 16 (2002) 261-263
30. Fernandez S., Wasowski C., Paladini A.C., and Marder M. Sedative and sleep-enhancing properties of linarin, a flavonoid-isolated from Valeriana officinalis. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 77 (2004) 399-404
31. Ferreira A.C.S., Barbe J.-C., and Bertrand A. 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone: A key odorant of the typical aroma of oxidative aged port wine. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2003) 4356-4363
32. C antagonists for the treatment of myopia. PCT Int. Appl. (2004) 8 20030627
33. Fukuyama Y., Nakade K., Minoshima Y., Yokoyama R., Zhai H., and Mitsumoto Y. Neurotrophic activity of honokiol on the cultures of fetal rat cortical neurons. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 12 (2002) 1163-1166
34. C receptors in short-term memory formation in young chicks. Neuroscience 131 (2005) 567-576
35. Gottesmann C. GABA mechanisms and sleep. Neuroscience 111 (2002) 231-239
36. C receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 461 (2003) 79-87
37. A receptors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 69 (2005) 1101-1111
38. Gutmann H., Bruggisser R., Schaffner W., Bogman K., Botomino A., and Drewe J. Transport of amentoflavone across the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Planta Med. 68 (2002) 804-807
39. A-benzodiazepine receptor complex by a new component from Cyperus rotundus. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25 (2002) 128-130
40. A receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 491 (2004) 1-8
41. Hanchar H.J., Wallner M., and Olsen R.W. Alcohol effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors: Are extrasynaptic receptors the answer?. Life Sci. 76 (2004) 1-8
42. A receptors. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 13 (2003) 2281-2284
43. Harris R.A. Transfected cells for study of alcohol actions on GABA(a) receptors. Addict. Biol. 1 (1996) 157-163
44. Havsteen B.H. The biochemistry and medical significance of the flavonoids. Pharmacol. Ther. 96 (2002) 67-202
45. Heim K.E., Tagliaferro A.R., and Bobilya D.J. Flavonoid antioxidants: Chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J. Nutr. Biochem. 13 (2002) 572-584
46. Hold K.M., Sirisoma N.S., Ikeda T., Narahashi T., and Casida J.E. α-Thujone (the active component of absinthe): γ-Aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation and metabolic detoxification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 (2000) 3826-3831
47. A receptor β3 subunit deletions. Ann. Neurol. 49 (2001) 110-113
48. Hossain S.J., Aoshima H., Koda H., and Kiso Y. Potentiation of the ionotropic GABA receptor response by whiskey fragrance. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (2002) 6828-6834
49. A receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50 (2002) 3954-3960
50. A receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2003) 7568-7575
51. A receptors. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 68 (2004) 1842-1848
52. Hosseinzadeh H., and Parvardeh S. Anticonvulsant effects of thymoquinone, the major constituent of Nigella sativa seeds, in mice. Phytomedicine 11 (2004) 56-64
53. A receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 464 (2003) 1-8
54. A receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 494 (2004) 131-138
55. C receptors. Neuroscience 137 (2006) 607-617
56. Huen M.S., Hui K.M., Leung J.W., Sigel E., Baur R., Wong J.T., and Xue H. Naturally occurring 2′-hydroxyl-substituted flavonoids as high-affinity benzodiazepine site ligands. Biochem. Pharmacol. 66 (2003) 2397-2407
57. Huen M.S., Leung J.W., Ng W., Lui W.S., Chan M.N., Wong J.T., and Xue H. 5,7-Dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone, a benzodiazepine site ligand isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, with selective antagonistic properties. Biochem. Pharmacol. 66 (2003) 125-132
58. Huh S.W., Bae S.M., Kim Y.W., Lee J.M., Namkoong S.E., Lee I.P., Kim S.H., Kim C.K., and Ahn W.S. Anticancer effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate on ovarian carcinoma cell lines. Gynacol. Oncol. 94 (2004) 760-768
59. Hussain T., Gupta S., Adhami V.M., and Mukhtar H. Green tea constituent epigallocatechin-3-gallate selectively inhibits COX-2 without affecting COX-1 expression in human prostate carcinoma cells. Int. J. Cancer 113 (2005) 660-669
60. C receptors. Neurosci. Lett. 312 (2001) 121-123
61. A receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 278 (2003) 49279-49285
62. Jacobson K.A., Moro S., Manthey J.A., West P.L., and Ji X.D. Interactions of flavones and other phytochemicals with adenosine receptors. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 505 (2002) 163-171
63. Jarboe C.H., Porter L.A., and Buckler R.T. Structural aspects of picrotoxinin action. J. Med. Chem. 2 (1968) 729-731
64. A receptor pharmacology. Pharmacol. Ther. 69 (1996) 173-198
65. A receptor channel pharmacology. Curr. Pharm. Design 11 (2005) 1867-1885
66. Johnston G.A.R., and Beart P.M. Flavonoids: Some of the wisdom of sage?. Br. J. Pharmacol. 142 (2004) 809-810
67. Johnston G.A.R., Curtis D.R., De Groat W.C., and Duggan A.W. Central actions of ibotenic acid and muscimol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 17 (1968) 2488-2489
68. C receptors as drug targets. Curr. Drug Targets CNS Neurol. Disord. 2 (2003) 260-268
69. A receptor alpha(6) subunit gene inactivation inhibits delta subunit expression. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 1350-1362
70. Jones F.A., Chatterjee S.S., and Davies J.A. Effects of bilobalide on amino acid release and electrophysiology of cortical slices. Amino Acids 22 (2002) 369-379
71. A receptor function and pharmacology in epilepsy and status epilepticus. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 3 (2003) 12-18
72. Kavvadias D., Monschein V., Sand P., Riederer P., and Schreier P. Constituents of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) with in vitro affinity to human brain benzodiazepine receptor. Planta Med. 69 (2003) 113-117
73. Kavvadias D., Sand P., Youdim K.A., Qaiser M.Z., Rice-Evans C., Baur R., Sigel E., Rausch W.-D., Riederer P., and Schreier P. The flavone hispidulin, a benzodiazepine receptor ligand with positive allosteric properties, traverses the blood-brain barrier and exhibits anti-convulsive effects. Br. J. Pharmacol. 142 (2004) 811-820
74. Kawai K., Tsuno N.H., Kitayama J., Okaji Y., Yazawa K., Asakage M., Sasaki S., Watanabe T., Takahashi K., and Nagawa H. Epigallocatechin gallate induces apoptosis of monocytes. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115 (2005) 186-191
75. A receptor response. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2003) 5238-5244
76. Kuribara H., Stavinoha W.B., and Maruyama Y. Honokiol, a putative anxiolytic agent extracted from magnolia bark, has no diazepam-like side-effects in mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 51 (1999) 97-103
77. Kuribara H., Kishi E., Kimura M., Weintraub S.T., and Maruyama Y. Comparative assessment of the anxiolytic-like activities of honokiol and derivatives. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 67 (2000) 597-601
78. Lambert J.D., and Yang C.S. Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents. J. Nutr. 133 (2003) 3262S-3267S
79. Le Marchand L. Cancer preventive effects of flavonoids: A review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 56 (2002) 296-301
80. Le Novere N., and Changeux J.P. The ligand gated ion channel database: An example of a sequence database in neuroscience. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 356 (2001) 1121-1130
81. Lee C.M., Wong H.N., Chui K.Y., Choang T.F., Hon P.M., and Chang H.M. Miltirone, a central benzodiazepine receptor partial agonist from a Chinese medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza. Neurosci. Lett. 127 (1991) 237-241
82. Lee J.H., Song D.K., Jung C.H., Shin D.H., Park J., Kwon T.K., Jang B.C., Mun K.C., Kim S.P., Suh S.I., and Bae J.H. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates glutamate-induced cytotoxicity via intracellular Ca modulation in PC12 cells. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 31 (2004) 530-536
83. Levites Y., Amit T., Youdim M.B., and Mandel S. Involvement of protein kinase C activation and cell survival/cell cycle genes in green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate neuroprotective action. J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 30574-30580
84. Liou K.T., Lin S.M., Huang S.S., Chih C.L., and Tsai S.K. Honokiol ameliorates cerebral infarction from ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Planta Med. 69 (2003) 130-134
85. Liou K.T., Shen Y.C., Chen C.F., Tsao C.M., and Tsai S.K. Honokiol protects rat brain from focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and reactive oxygen species production. Brain Res. 992 (2003) 159-166
86. Liu B., Hattori N., Zhang N.Y., Wu B., Yang L., Kitagawa K., Xiong Z.M., Irie T., and Inagaki C. Anxiolytic agent, dihydrohonokiol-B, recovers amyloid beta protein-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 384 (2005) 44-47
87. Losi G., Puia G., Garzon G., de Vuono M.C., and Baraldi M. Apigenin modulates GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission in cultured cortical neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 502 (2004) 41-46
88. 2+ mobilization in rat uterus. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 368 (2003) 262-269
89. Luk K.C., Stern L., Weigele M., O'Brien R.A., and Spirst N. Isolation and identification of "diazepam-like" compounds in bovine brain. J. Nat. Prod. 46 (1983) 852-861
90. A receptor ligands of flavonoid structure. Curr. Top. Med. Chem. 2 (2002) 853-867
91. Marder M., Viola H., Wasowski C., Fernandez S., Medina J.H., and Paladini A.C. 6-Methylapigenin and hesperidin: New valeriana flavonoids with activity on the CNS. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75 (2003) 537-545
92. A-receptor subtypes really occur in the brain?. Trends Neurosci. 19 (1996) 139-143
93. A receptor alpha(1) subtype. Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 587-592
94. Medina J.H., Viola H., Wolfman C., Marder M., Wasowski C., Calvo D., and Paladini A.C. Overview-flavonoids-a new family of benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Neurochem. Res. 22 (1997) 419-425
95. Mihalek R.M., Banerjee P.K., Korpi E.R., Quinlan J.J., Firestone L.L., Mi Z.P., Lagenaur C., Tretter V., Sieghart W., Anagnostaras S.G., Sage J.R., Fanselow M.S., et al. Attenuated sensitivity to neuroactive steroids in gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptor delta subunit knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 12905-12910
96. Misra R. Modern drug development from traditional medicinal plants using radioligand receptor-binding assays. Med. Res. Rev. 18 (1998) 383-402
97. A receptors. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 421 (2001) 85-91
98. Mojzisova G., and Kuchta M. Dietary flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease. Physiol. Res. 50 (2001) 529-535
99. Nakashima T., Akamatsu M., Hatanaka A., and Kiyohara T. Attenuation of stress-induced elevations in plasma ACTH level and body temperature in rats by green odor. Physiol. Behav. 80 (2004) 481-488
100. Narahashi T., Kuriyama K., Illes P., Wirkner K., Fischer W., Muhlberg K., Scheibler P., Allgaier C., Minami K., Lovinger D., Lallemand F., Ward R.J., et al. Neuroreceptors and ion channels as targets of alcohol. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 25 (2001) 182S-188S
101. Nielsen M., Frokjaer S., and Braestrup C. High affinity of the naturally-occurring biflavonoid, amentoflavone, to brain benzodiazepine receptors in vitro. Biochem. Pharmacol. 37 (1988) 3285-3287
102. A receptor changes in delta subunit-deficient mice: Altered expression of alpha 4 and gamma 2 subunits in the forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 446 (2002) 179-197
103. Perry E.K., Pickering A.T., Wang W.W., Houghton P.J., and Perry N.S. Medicinal plants and Alzheimer's disease: From ethnobotany to phytotherapy. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 51 (1999) 527-534
104. Perry N.B., Anderson R.E., Brennan N.J., Douglas M.H., Heaney A.J., McGimpsey J.A., and Smallfield B.M. Essential oils from Dalmation sage (Salvia officinalis l.): Vaiations among individuals, plant parts, seasons, and sites. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47 (1999) 2048-2054
105. Perry N.S., Howes M.-J., Houghton P., and Perry E. Why sage may be a wise memory remedy: Effects of salvia on the nervous system. Med. Arom. Plants Indust. Profiles 14 (2000) 207-223
106. A receptors and a homo-oligomeric GABA receptor from Drosophila melanogaster. Br. J. Pharmacol. 140 (2003) 1363-1372
107. C receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 67 (2005) 470-479
108. Quilliam J.P., and Stables R. Convulsant effects of cunaniol, a polyacetylenic alcohol isolated from the plant Clibadium sylvestre, on frogs and mice. Pharmacol. Res. Comm. 1 (1969) 7-14
109. 35S]thionate binding to chloride channel of rat cerebrocortical membranes in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 135 (1992) 224-226
110. Sasaki K., Hatta S., Haga M., and Ohshika H. Effects of bilobalide on gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and glutamic acid decarboxylase in mouse brain. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 367 (1999) 165-173
111. Sasaki K., Oota I., Wada K., Inomata K., Ohshika H., and Haga M. Effects of bilobalide, a sesquiterpene in Ginkgo biloba leaves, on population spikes in rat hippocampal slices. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Toxicol. Pharmacol. 124 (1999) 315-321
112. Skerritt J.H., Willow M., and Johnston G.A.R. Diazepam enhancement of low affinity GABA binding to rat brain membranes. Neurosci. Lett. 29 (1982) 63-66
113. A receptor delta subunit. J. Neurophysiol. 90 (2003) 903-910
114. 3H] muscimol binding sites three-fold in rat forebrain membranes in vitro using a filtration assay, by allosterically increasing the affinities of low-affinity sites. Neurochem. Res. 24 (1999) 593-602
115. 3H](-)-epigallocatechin gallate, a cancer preventive tea polyphenol, in mouse tissue. Carcinogenesis 19 (1998) 1771-1776
116. Sun A.Y., Simonyi A., and Sun G.Y. The "French paradox" and beyond: Neuroprotective effects of polyphenols. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 32 (2002) 314-318
117. A receptor in rat thalamus. Mol. Pharmacol. 56 (1999) 110-115
118. Tildesley N.T., Kennedy D.O., Perry E.K., Ballard C.G., Savelev S., Wesnes K.A., and Scholey A.B. Salvia lavandulaefolia (Spanish sage) enhances memory in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75 (2003) 669-674
119. Topliss J.G., Clark A.M., Ernst E., Hufford C.D., Johnston G.A.R., Rimoldi J.M., and Weimann B.J. Natural and synthetic substances related to human health - (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure Appl. Chem. 74 (2002) 1957-1985
120. Turner R.T., Evans G.L., Zhang M.Z., Maran A., and Sibonga J.D. Is resveratrol an estrogen agonist in growing rats?. Endocrinology 140 (1999) 50-54
121. Uwai K., Ohashi K., Takaya Y., Ohta T., Tadano T., Kisara K., Shibusawa K., Sakakibara R., and Oshima Y. Exploring the structural basis of neurotoxicity in C(17)-polyacetylenes isolated from water hemlock. J. Med. Chem. 43 (2000) 4508-4515
122. - current in acutely dissociated rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Brain Res. 889 (2001) 174-180
123. A, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors provide new insights into the ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 42 (1998) 285-332
124. Viola H., Wasowski C., Levi de Stein M., Wolfman C., Silvera R., Medina A.E., and Paladini A.C. Apigenin, a component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta Med. 61 (1995) 213-216
125. A receptor gamma 2-subunit in childhood absence epilepsy and febrile seizures. Nat. Genetics 28 (2001) 49-52
126. Wallner M., Hanchar H.J., and Olsen R.W. Ethanol enhances alpha 4 beta 3 delta and alpha 6 beta 3 delta gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors at low concentrations known to affect humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100 (2003) 15218-15223
127. A receptors via two distinct and separable mechanisms. Nat. Neurosci. 3 (2000) 1274-1281
128. A receptor complex. Planta Med. 68 (2002) 1059-1062
129. A receptors, from Valeriana wallichii. Planta Med. 68 (2002) 934-936
130. Watanabe K., Watanabe H.Y., Goto Y., Yamamoto N., and Yoshizaki M. Studies on the active principles of magnolia bark. Centrally acting muscle relaxant activity of magnolol and honokiol. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 25 (1975) 605-607
131. Watanabe K., Watanabe H., Goto Y., Yamaguchi M., Yamamoto N., and Hagino K. Pharmacological properties of magnolol and honokiol extracted from Magnolia officinalis: Central depressant effects. Planta Med. 49 (1983) 103-108
132. Weinreb O., Mandel S., Amit T., and Youdim M.B. Neurological mechanisms of green tea polyphenols in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. J. Nutr. Biochem. 15 (2004) 506-516
133. A receptor subtypes in the brain: A paradigm for CNS drug discovery?. Drug Discov. Today 8 (2003) 445-450
134. Woodman O.L., and Chan E.C. Vascular and anti-oxidant actions of flavonols and flavones. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 31 (2004) 786-790
135. Wurtman R.K., and Lee R.K.K. Compositions and methods for treatment of mild cognitive impairment. PCT Int. Appl. 2002 (2002) WO 02/28141 A2
136. C receptor agonist suppressed ammonia-induced apoptosis in cultured rat hippocampal neurons by restoring phosphorylated BAD level. J. Neurochem. 87 (2003) 791-800
137. Yang Z. GABA, a new player in the plant mating game. Devel. Cell 5 (2003) 185-186
138. Yuan C.S., Mehendale S., Xiao Y., Aung H.H., Xie J.T., and Ang-Lee M.K. The gamma-aminobutyric acidergic effects of valerian and valerenic acid on rat brainstem neuronal activity. Anesth. Analg. 98 (2004) 353-358
139. Zand R.S.R., Jenkins D.J.A., and Diamandis E.P. Steroid hormone activity of flavonoids and related compounds. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 62 (2000) 35-49
140. Zanoli P., Avallone R., and Baraldi M. Behavioural characterisation of the flavonoids apigenin and chrysin. Fitoterapia 71 (2000) S117-S123