메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 19, Issue 20, 2006, Pages 5100-5121

Atlantic climate variability and predictability: A CLIVAR perspective

(19)  Hurrell, J W a   Visbeck, M b   Busalacchi, A c   Clarke, R A d   Delworth, T L e   Dickson, R R f   Johns, W E g   Koltermann, K P h   Kushnir, Y i   Marshall, D j   Mauritzen, C k   McCartney, M S l   Piola, A m   Reason, C n   Reverdin, G o   Schott, F b   Sutton, R j   Wainer, I p   Wright, D d  


Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE CHANGE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EID: 33750808453     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3902.1     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (77)

References (181)
  • 1
    • 0037471002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abrupt climate change
    • Coauthors
    • Alley, R. B., and Coauthors, 2003: Abrupt climate change. Science, 299, 2005-2010.
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 2005-2010
    • Alley, R.B.1
  • 2
    • 0037099035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NAO troposphere-stratosphere connection
    • Ambaum, M. H., and B. J. Hoskins, 2002: The NAO troposphere-stratosphere connection. J. Climate, 15, 1969-1978.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 1969-1978
    • Ambaum, M.H.1    Hoskins, B.J.2
  • 3
    • 0942299884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of decadal-scale Indian Ocean SST anomalies on Sahelian rainfall and the North Atlantic Oscillation
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL018426
    • Bader, J., and M. Latif, 2003: The impact of decadal-scale Indian Ocean SST anomalies on Sahelian rainfall and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 2169, doi:10.1029/2003GL018426.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , pp. 2169
    • Bader, J.1    Latif, M.2
  • 4
    • 0037091259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Where to took for anthropogenic change in the ocean
    • Banks, H., and R. Wood, 2002: Where to took for anthropogenic change in the ocean. J. Climate, 15, 879-891.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 879-891
    • Banks, H.1    Wood, R.2
  • 5
    • 1642463753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual to decadal variability of the meridional overturning circulation of the Atlantic: A comparison of the response to atmospheric fluctuations in three ocean models
    • International CLIVAR Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom
    • Beismann, J.-O., C. W. Böning, and D. Stammer, 2002: Interannual to decadal variability of the meridional overturning circulation of the Atlantic: A comparison of the response to atmospheric fluctuations in three ocean models. CLIVAR Exchanges, No. 25, International CLIVAR Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom, 34-46.
    • (2002) CLIVAR Exchanges , Issue.25 , pp. 34-46
    • Beismann, J.-O.1    Böning, C.W.2    Stammer, D.3
  • 6
    • 0036115891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stratospheric forcing of surface climate in the Arctic Oscillation
    • Black, R. X., 2002: Stratospheric forcing of surface climate in the Arctic Oscillation. J. Climate, 115, 268-277.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.115 , pp. 268-277
    • Black, R.X.1
  • 7
    • 0342545892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Upper layer cooling and freshening in the Norwegian Sea in relation to atmospheric forcing
    • Blindheim, J., V. Borovkov, B. Hansen, S.-A. Malmberg, W. R. Turrell, and S. Osterhus, 2000: Upper layer cooling and freshening in the Norwegian Sea in relation to atmospheric forcing. Deep-Sea Res., 47A, 655-680.
    • (2000) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.47 A , pp. 655-680
    • Blindheim, J.1    Borovkov, V.2    Hansen, B.3    Malmberg, S.-A.4    Turrell, W.R.5    Osterhus, S.6
  • 8
    • 0030477472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deep-water formation and meridional overturning in a high-resolution model of the North Atlantic
    • Böning, C. W., F. O. Bryan, W. R. Holland, and R. Döscher, 1996: Deep-water formation and meridional overturning in a high-resolution model of the North Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1142-1164.
    • (1996) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.26 , pp. 1142-1164
    • Böning, C.W.1    Bryan, F.O.2    Holland, W.R.3    Döscher, R.4
  • 9
    • 0034965339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal cycle of meridional heat transport in the subtropical North Atlantic: A model intercomparison in relation to observations near 25°N
    • Pergamon
    • Böning, C. W., C. Dieterich, B. Barnier, and Y. Jia, 2001: Seasonal cycle of meridional heat transport in the subtropical North Atlantic: A model intercomparison in relation to observations near 25°N. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 48, Pergamon, 231-253.
    • (2001) Progress in Oceanography , vol.48 , pp. 231-253
    • Böning, C.W.1    Dieterich, C.2    Barnier, B.3    Jia, Y.4
  • 10
    • 0000761264 scopus 로고
    • On the deep-water flow through the Faroe bank channel
    • Borenäs, K. M., and P. A. Lundberg, 1988: On the deep-water flow through the Faroe bank channel. J. Geophys. Res., 93 (C2), 1281-1292.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93 , Issue.C2 , pp. 1281-1292
    • Borenäs, K.M.1    Lundberg, P.A.2
  • 11
    • 0037098978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circumglobal teleconnections, the jet stream waveguide, and the North Atlantic oscillation
    • Branstator, G., 2002: Circumglobal teleconnections, the jet stream waveguide, and the North Atlantic oscillation. J. Climate, 15, 1893-1910.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 1893-1910
    • Branstator, G.1
  • 12
    • 0034353321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An interpretation of the results from atmospheric general circulation models forced by the time history of the observed sea surface temperature distribution
    • Bretherton, C. S., and D. S. Battisti, 2000: An interpretation of the results from atmospheric general circulation models forced by the time history of the observed sea surface temperature distribution. Geophys. Res. Lett, 27, 767-770.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.27 , pp. 767-770
    • Bretherton, C.S.1    Battisti, D.S.2
  • 13
    • 0031410346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in temperature and tracer distributions within the Arctic Ocean: Results from the 1994 Arctic Ocean section
    • Coauthors
    • Carmack, E. C., and Coauthors, 1997: Changes in temperature and tracer distributions within the Arctic Ocean: Results from the 1994 Arctic Ocean section. Deep-Sea Res., 44B, 1487-1502.
    • (1997) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.44 B , pp. 1487-1502
    • Carmack, E.C.1
  • 14
    • 0028263272 scopus 로고
    • Warm events in the tropical Atlantic
    • Carton, J. A., and B. Huang, 1994: Warm events in the tropical Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 888-903.
    • (1994) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.24 , pp. 888-903
    • Carton, J.A.1    Huang, B.2
  • 15
    • 1842790787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Atlantic winter climate regimes: Spatial asymmetry, stationarity with time, and oceanic forcing
    • Cassou, C., L. Terray, J. W. Hurrell, and C. Deser, 2004: North Atlantic winter climate regimes: Spatial asymmetry, stationarity with time, and oceanic forcing. J. Climate, 17, 1055-1068.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 1055-1068
    • Cassou, C.1    Terray, L.2    Hurrell, J.W.3    Deser, C.4
  • 16
    • 25444511354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Atlantic influence on European heat waves
    • Cassou, C., L. Terray, and A. S. Phillips, 2005: Tropical Atlantic influence on European heat waves. J. Climate, 18, 2805-2811.
    • (2005) J. Climate , vol.18 , pp. 2805-2811
    • Cassou, C.1    Terray, L.2    Phillips, A.S.3
  • 17
    • 0030963262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean from thermodynamic air-sea interactions
    • Chang, P., L. Ji, and H. Li, 1997: A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean from thermodynamic air-sea interactions. Nature, 385, 516-518.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 516-518
    • Chang, P.1    Ji, L.2    Li, H.3
  • 18
    • 0034232995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of local sea surface temperatures on atmospheric circulation over the tropical Atlantic sector
    • Chang, P., R. Saravanan, L. Ji, and G. C. Hegerl, 2000: The effect of local sea surface temperatures on atmospheric circulation over the tropical Atlantic sector. J. Climate, 13, 2195-2216.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 2195-2216
    • Chang, P.1    Saravanan, R.2    Ji, L.3    Hegerl, G.C.4
  • 19
    • 0035254971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hybrid coupled model study of tropical Atlantic variability
    • Chang, P., L. Ji, and R. Saravanan, 2001: A hybrid coupled model study of tropical Atlantic variability. J. Climate, 14, 361-390.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 361-390
    • Chang, P.1    Ji, L.2    Saravanan, R.3
  • 20
    • 0000667135 scopus 로고
    • Propagation of planetary waves between the troposphere and stratosphere
    • Chen, P., and W. A. Robinson, 1992: Propagation of planetary waves between the troposphere and stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2533-2545.
    • (1992) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.49 , pp. 2533-2545
    • Chen, P.1    Robinson, W.A.2
  • 21
    • 0036126571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deconstructing Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone variability: Influence of the local cross-equatorial SST gradient and remote forcing from the eastern equatorial Pacific
    • doi:10.1029/2000JD000307
    • Chiang, J. C. H., Y. Kushnir, and A. Giannini, 2002: Deconstructing Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone variability: Influence of the local cross-equatorial SST gradient and remote forcing from the eastern equatorial Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4004, doi:10.1029/ 2000JD000307.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 4004
    • Chiang, J.C.H.1    Kushnir, Y.2    Giannini, A.3
  • 22
    • 0033082738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eurasian snow cover variability and Northern Hemisphere climate redictability
    • Cohen, J., and D. Entekhabi, 1999: Eurasian snow cover variability and Northern Hemisphere climate redictability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 345-348.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 345-348
    • Cohen, J.1    Entekhabi, D.2
  • 23
    • 0035532852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of snow cover on Northern Hemisphere climate variability
    • Cohen, J., and D. Entekhabi, 2001: The influence of snow cover on Northern Hemisphere climate variability. Atmos. Oceanogr., 39, 35-53.
    • (2001) Atmos. Oceanogr. , vol.39 , pp. 35-53
    • Cohen, J.1    Entekhabi, D.2
  • 24
    • 14744296961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • South Atlantic response to El Niño-Southern Oscillation induced climate variability in an OGCM
    • C12015, doi:10.1029/2004JC002301
    • Colberg, F., C. J. C. Reason, and K. Rodgers, 2004: South Atlantic response to El Niño-Southern Oscillation induced climate variability in an OGCM. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C12015, doi:10.1029 /2004JC002301.
    • (2004) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Colberg, F.1    Reason, C.J.C.2    Rodgers, K.3
  • 25
    • 11044231554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Atlantic decadal predictability
    • International CLIVAR Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom
    • Collins, M., A. Carril, H. Drange, H. Pohlmann, R. Sutton, and L. Terray, 2003: North Atlantic decadal predictability. CLIVAR Exchanges, No. 28, International CLIVAR Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom, 6-7.
    • (2003) CLIVAR Exchanges , Issue.28 , pp. 6-7
    • Collins, M.1    Carril, A.2    Drange, H.3    Pohlmann, H.4    Sutton, R.5    Terray, L.6
  • 26
    • 0032982989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of summer temperature, rainfall and pressure in Europe from preceding winter North Atlantic ocean temperature
    • Colman, A., and M. Davey, 1999: Prediction of summer temperature, rainfall and pressure in Europe from preceding winter North Atlantic ocean temperature. Int. J. Climatol., 19, 513-536.
    • (1999) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.19 , pp. 513-536
    • Colman, A.1    Davey, M.2
  • 27
    • 85040222179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-proxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index: A critical review and a new well-verified winter NAO index reconstruction back to AD 1400
    • Amer. Geophys. Union
    • Cook, E. R., 2003: Multi-proxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index: A critical review and a new well-verified winter NAO index reconstruction back to AD 1400. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 134, Amer. Geophys. Union, 63-79.
    • (2003) The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, Geophys. Monogr. , vol.134 , pp. 63-79
    • Cook, E.R.1
  • 28
    • 0002289566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Projections of future climate change
    • Coauthors, J. T. Houghton et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press
    • Cubasch, U., and Coauthors, 2001: Projections of future climate change. Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, J. T. Houghton et al., Eds., Cambridge University Press, 525-582.
    • (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis , pp. 525-582
    • Cubasch, U.1
  • 29
    • 0035712281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation
    • Curry, R., and M. S. McCartney, 2001: Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 3374-3400.
    • (2001) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.31 , pp. 3374-3400
    • Curry, R.1    McCartney, M.S.2
  • 30
    • 0346727131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A change in the fresh water balance of the Atlantic over the past four decades
    • Curry, R., R. R. Dickson, and I. Yashayaev, 2003: A change in the fresh water balance of the Atlantic over the past four decades. Nature, 426, 826-829.
    • (2003) Nature , vol.426 , pp. 826-829
    • Curry, R.1    Dickson, R.R.2    Yashayaev, I.3
  • 31
    • 4344645524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why is north tropical Atlantic SST variability stronger in boreal spring?
    • Czaja, A., 2004: Why is north tropical Atlantic SST variability stronger in boreal spring? J. Climate, 17, 3017-3025.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 3017-3025
    • Czaja, A.1
  • 32
    • 0037113342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A diagnostic study of the role of remote forcing in tropical Atlantic variability
    • Czaja, A., P. van der Vaart, and J. Marshall, 2002: A diagnostic study of the role of remote forcing in tropical Atlantic variability. J. Climate, 15, 3280-3290.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 3280-3290
    • Czaja, A.1    van der Vaart, P.2    Marshall, J.3
  • 34
    • 18244391234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STOIC: A study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions
    • Coauthors
    • Davey, M. K., and Coauthors, 2002: STOIC: A study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions. Climate Dyn., 18, 403-420.
    • (2002) Climate Dyn. , vol.18 , pp. 403-420
    • Davey, M.K.1
  • 35
    • 0034318946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implications of the recent trend in the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation for the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation
    • Delworth, T. L., and K. W. Dixon, 2000: Implications of the recent trend in the Arctic/North Atlantic Oscillation for the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. J. Climate, 13, 3721-3727.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 3721-3727
    • Delworth, T.L.1    Dixon, K.W.2
  • 36
    • 0034708627 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of early 20th Century global warming
    • Delworth, T. L., and T. R. Knutson, 2000: Simulation of early 20th Century global warming. Science, 287, 2246-2250.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 2246-2250
    • Delworth, T.L.1    Knutson, T.R.2
  • 37
    • 0033809760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere
    • Delworth, T. L., and M. E. Mann, 2000: Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Climate Dyn., 16, 661-676.
    • (2000) Climate Dyn. , vol.16 , pp. 661-676
    • Delworth, T.L.1    Mann, M.E.2
  • 38
    • 0030762585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmosphere-ocean interaction on weekly timescales in the North Atlantic and Pacific
    • Deser, C., and M. S. Timlin, 1997: Atmosphere-ocean interaction on weekly timescales in the North Atlantic and Pacific. J. Climate, 10, 393-408.
    • (1997) J. Climate , vol.10 , pp. 393-408
    • Deser, C.1    Timlin, M.S.2
  • 39
    • 0034144615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic sea ice variability in the context of recent atmospheric circulation trends
    • Deser, C., J. E. Walsh, and M. S. Timlin, 2000: Arctic sea ice variability in the context of recent atmospheric circulation trends. J. Climate, 13, 617-633.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 617-633
    • Deser, C.1    Walsh, J.E.2    Timlin, M.S.3
  • 40
    • 1842740336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of North Atlantic SST and sea ice anomalies on the winter circulation in CCM3. Part II: Direct and indirect components of the response
    • Deser, C., G. Magnusdottir, R. Saravanan, and A. Phillips, 2004: The effects of North Atlantic SST and sea ice anomalies on the winter circulation in CCM3. Part II: Direct and indirect components of the response. J. Climate, 17, 877-889.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 877-889
    • Deser, C.1    Magnusdottir, G.2    Saravanan, R.3    Phillips, A.4
  • 41
    • 0030302515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic
    • Pergamon
    • Dickson, R. R., J. Lazier, J. Meincke, P. Rhines, and J. Swift, 1996: Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 38, Pergamon, 241-295.
    • (1996) Progress in Oceanography , vol.38 , pp. 241-295
    • Dickson, R.R.1    Lazier, J.2    Meincke, J.3    Rhines, P.4    Swift, J.5
  • 42
    • 0034253092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Arctic Ocean response to the North Atlantic Oscillation
    • Coauthors
    • Dickson, R. R., and Coauthors, 2000: The Arctic Ocean response to the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 2671-2696.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 2671-2696
    • Dickson, R.R.1
  • 43
    • 0037171772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic over the past four decades
    • Dickson, R. R., I. Yashayaev, J. Meincke, W. Turrell, S. Dye, and J. Holfort, 2002: Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic over the past four decades. Nature, 416, 832-837.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.416 , pp. 832-837
    • Dickson, R.R.1    Yashayaev, I.2    Meincke, J.3    Turrell, W.4    Dye, S.5    Holfort, J.6
  • 45
    • 0033373383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of transient surface fluxes on North Atlantic overturning in a coupled GCM climate change experiment
    • Dixon, W. K., T. L. Delworth, M. J. Spelman, and R. J. Stouffer, 1999: The influence of transient surface fluxes on North Atlantic overturning in a coupled GCM climate change experiment. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2749-2752.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 2749-2752
    • Dixon, W.K.1    Delworth, T.L.2    Spelman, M.J.3    Stouffer, R.J.4
  • 46
    • 0036705517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjustment of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system to a sudden change in the Thermohaline Circulation
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL015229
    • Dong, B.-W., and R. T. Sutton, 2002: Adjustment of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system to a sudden change in the Thermohaline Circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1728, doi:10.1029/2002GL015229.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , pp. 1728
    • Dong, B.-W.1    Sutton, R.T.2
  • 47
    • 2942519186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Lagrangian view of South Atlantic interocean exchange in a global ocean model compared with inverse model results
    • Donners, J., and S. S. Drijfhout, 2004: The Lagrangian view of South Atlantic interocean exchange in a global ocean model compared with inverse model results. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 1019-1035.
    • (2004) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.34 , pp. 1019-1035
    • Donners, J.1    Drijfhout, S.S.2
  • 48
    • 0035872227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of interannual to decadal variability of the North Atlantic circulation
    • Eden, C., and J. Willebrand, 2001: Mechanism of interannual to decadal variability of the North Atlantic circulation. J. Climate, 14, 2266-2280.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 2266-2280
    • Eden, C.1    Willebrand, J.2
  • 49
    • 0141738347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A damped decadal oscillation in the North Atlantic climate system
    • Eden, C., and R. J. Greatbatch, 2003: A damped decadal oscillation in the North Atlantic climate system. J. Climate, 16, 4043-4060.
    • (2003) J. Climate , vol.16 , pp. 4043-4060
    • Eden, C.1    Greatbatch, R.J.2
  • 50
    • 0035874457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S
    • Enfield D. B., A. M. Mestas-Nunez, and P. J. Trimble, 2001: The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2077-2080.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 2077-2080
    • Enfield, D.B.1    Mestas-Nunez, A.M.2    Trimble, P.J.3
  • 51
    • 0034670346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teleconnections and ENSO: The time scale, power spectra, and climate noise properties
    • Feldstein, S. B., 2000: Teleconnections and ENSO: The time scale, power spectra, and climate noise properties. J. Climate, 13, 4430-4440.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 4430-4440
    • Feldstein, S.B.1
  • 52
    • 0036464981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The recent trend and variance increase of the annular mode
    • Feldstein, S. B., 2002: The recent trend and variance increase of the annular mode. J. Climate, 15, 88-94.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 88-94
    • Feldstein, S.B.1
  • 55
    • 0022839918 scopus 로고
    • Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperature 1901-1985
    • Folland, C. K., T. N. Palmer, and D. E. Parker, 1986: Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperature 1901-1985. Nature, 320, 602-607.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.320 , pp. 602-607
    • Folland, C.K.1    Palmer, T.N.2    Parker, D.E.3
  • 56
    • 0033805061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-latitude circulation and mass transport pathways in a model of the tropical Atlantic Ocean
    • Fratantoni, D. M., W. E. Johns, T. L. Townsend, and H. E. Hulburt, 2000: Low-latitude circulation and mass transport pathways in a model of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1944-1966.
    • (2000) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.30 , pp. 1944-1966
    • Fratantoni, D.M.1    Johns, W.E.2    Townsend, T.L.3    Hulburt, H.E.4
  • 57
    • 0034707034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data
    • Ganachaud, A., and C. Wunsch, 2000: Improved estimates of global ocean circulation, heat transport and mixing from hydrographic data. Nature, 408, 453-457.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.408 , pp. 453-457
    • Ganachaud, A.1    Wunsch, C.2
  • 58
    • 21044453178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signal propagation related to the North Atlantic overturning
    • L09602, doi:10.1029/2004GL021002
    • Getzlaff, J., C. W. Böning, C. Eden, and A. Biastoch, 2005: Signal propagation related to the North Atlantic overturning. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L09602, doi:10.1029/2004GL021002.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32
    • Getzlaff, J.1    Böning, C.W.2    Eden, C.3    Biastoch, A.4
  • 59
    • 0242410711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceanic forcing of Sahel rainfall on interannual to interdecadal time scales
    • Giannini, A., R. Saravanan, and P. Chang, 2003: Oceanic forcing of Sahel rainfall on interannual to interdecadal time scales. Science, 302, 1027-1030.
    • (2003) Science , vol.302 , pp. 1027-1030
    • Giannini, A.1    Saravanan, R.2    Chang, P.3
  • 62
    • 0036740406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of seasonal climate forecasts to persisted SST anomalies
    • Goddard, L. and S. J. Mason, 2002: Sensitivity of seasonal climate forecasts to persisted SST anomalies. Climate Dyn., 19, 633-647.
    • (2002) Climate Dyn. , vol.19 , pp. 633-647
    • Goddard, L.1    Mason, S.J.2
  • 63
    • 0036946376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large-ensemble model study of the wintertime AO-NAO and the role of interannual snow perturbations
    • Gong, G., D. Entekhabi, and J. Cohen, 2002: A large-ensemble model study of the wintertime AO-NAO and the role of interannual snow perturbations. J. Climate, 15, 3488-3499.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 3488-3499
    • Gong, G.1    Entekhabi, D.2    Cohen, J.3
  • 64
    • 77956752174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synoptic study of warm rings in the North Brazil Current retroflection region using satellite altimetry
    • G. J. Goni and P.M. Rizzoli, Eds., Elsevier Oceanography Series, Elsevier
    • Goni, G. J., and W. E. Johns, 2003: Synoptic study of warm rings in the North Brazil Current retroflection region using satellite altimetry. Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean, G. J. Goni and P.M. Rizzoli, Eds., Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 68, Elsevier, 335-356.
    • (2003) Interhemispheric Water Exchange in the Atlantic Ocean , vol.68 , pp. 335-356
    • Goni, G.J.1    Johns, W.E.2
  • 66
    • 0030621009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictability of North Atlantic multidecadal climate variability
    • Griffies, S. M., and K. Bryan, 1997: Predictability of North Atlantic multidecadal climate variability. Science, 275, 181-184.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 181-184
    • Griffies, S.M.1    Bryan, K.2
  • 67
    • 0031671505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A decadal climate cycle in the North Atlantic Ocean as simulated by the ECHO coupled GCM
    • Groetzner, A., M. Latif, and T. P. Barnett, 1998: A decadal climate cycle in the North Atlantic Ocean as simulated by the ECHO coupled GCM. J. Climate, 11, 831-847.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 831-847
    • Groetzner, A.1    Latif, M.2    Barnett, T.P.3
  • 69
    • 0031037673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the Tropics and Extratropics
    • Gu, D., and S. G. H. Philander, 1997: Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the Tropics and Extratropics. Science, 272, 805-807.
    • (1997) Science , vol.272 , pp. 805-807
    • Gu, D.1    Philander, S.G.H.2
  • 70
    • 0042239282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation and propagation of great salinities anomalies
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL017065
    • Haak, H., J. Jungclaus, U. Mikolajewicz, and M. Latif, 2003: Formation and propagation of great salinities anomalies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1473, doi:10.1029/2003GL017065.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , pp. 1473
    • Haak, H.1    Jungclaus, J.2    Mikolajewicz, U.3    Latif, M.4
  • 71
    • 0032717396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An idealized Great Salinity Anomaly simulation using a coupled ocean and ice model for the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans
    • Häkkinen, S., 1999: An idealized Great Salinity Anomaly simulation using a coupled ocean and ice model for the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans. J. Climate, 12, 1781-1795.
    • (1999) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 1781-1795
    • Häkkinen, S.1
  • 73
    • 0000903175 scopus 로고
    • The Southern Oscillation in the tropical Atlantic sector
    • Hastenrath, S., L. C. Castro, and P. Acietuno, 1987: The Southern Oscillation in the tropical Atlantic sector. Atmos. Phys., 60, 447-463.
    • (1987) Atmos. Phys. , vol.60 , pp. 447-463
    • Hastenrath, S.1    Castro, L.C.2    Acietuno, P.3
  • 74
    • 0026295396 scopus 로고
    • On the "downward control" of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces
    • Haynes, P. H., C. J. Marks, M. E. McIntyre, T. G. Shepherd, and K. P. Shine, 1991: On the "downward control" of extratropical diabatic circulations by eddy-induced mean zonal forces. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 651-678.
    • (1991) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.48 , pp. 651-678
    • Haynes, P.H.1    Marks, C.J.2    McIntyre, M.E.3    Shepherd, T.G.4    Shine, K.P.5
  • 75
    • 0038510809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the Atlantic in a high-resolution ocean model
    • Hazeleger, W., P. de Vries, and Y. Friocourt, 2003: Sources of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the Atlantic in a high-resolution ocean model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 677-693.
    • (2003) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.33 , pp. 677-693
    • Hazeleger, W.1    de Vries, P.2    Friocourt, Y.3
  • 76
    • 0141426750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rotating hydraulics and up-stream basin circulation
    • Helfrich, K. R., and L. J. Pratt, 2003: Rotating hydraulics and up-stream basin circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1651-1663.
    • (2003) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.33 , pp. 1651-1663
    • Helfrich, K.R.1    Pratt, L.J.2
  • 77
    • 0034353259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for a recent change in the link between the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic sea ice export
    • Hilmer, M., and T. Jung, 2000: Evidence for a recent change in the link between the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic sea ice export. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 989-992.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 989-992
    • Hilmer, M.1    Jung, T.2
  • 78
    • 0001233206 scopus 로고
    • Atmosphere-ocean mechanisms of climate anomalies in the Angola-tropical Atlantic sector
    • Hirst, A. C., and S. Hastenrath, 1983: Atmosphere-ocean mechanisms of climate anomalies in the Angola-tropical Atlantic sector. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 1146-1157.
    • (1983) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.13 , pp. 1146-1157
    • Hirst, A.C.1    Hastenrath, S.2
  • 79
    • 0035815468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical origins for recent North Atlantic climate change
    • Hoerling, M. P., J. W. Hurrell, and T. Xu, 2001: Tropical origins for recent North Atlantic climate change. Science, 292, 90-92.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 90-92
    • Hoerling, M.P.1    Hurrell, J.W.2    Xu, T.3
  • 80
    • 4544311385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twentieth century North Atlantic climate change. Part II: Understanding the effect of Indian Ocean warming
    • Hoerling, M. P., J. W. Hurrell, T. Xu, G. Bates, and A. Phillips, 2004: Twentieth century North Atlantic climate change. Part II: Understanding the effect of Indian Ocean warming. Climate Dyn., 23, 391-405.
    • (2004) Climate Dyn. , vol.23 , pp. 391-405
    • Hoerling, M.P.1    Hurrell, J.W.2    Xu, T.3    Bates, G.4    Phillips, A.5
  • 81
    • 33746445500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and attribution of twentieth-century northern and southern African rainfall change
    • Hoerling, M. P., J. W. Hurrell, and J. Eischeid, 2006: Detection and attribution of twentieth-century northern and southern African rainfall change. J. Climate, 19, 3989-4008.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 3989-4008
    • Hoerling, M.P.1    Hurrell, J.W.2    Eischeid, J.3
  • 82
    • 0029479274 scopus 로고
    • Decadal trends in the North Atlantic oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation
    • Hurrell, J. W., 1995: Decadal trends in the North Atlantic oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation. Science, 269, 676-679.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 676-679
    • Hurrell, J.W.1
  • 83
    • 0029777750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on Northern Hemisphere temperatures
    • Hurrell, J. W., 1996: Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on Northern Hemisphere temperatures. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 665-668.
    • (1996) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.23 , pp. 665-668
    • Hurrell, J.W.1
  • 84
    • 2442632375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A change in the summer atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic
    • International CLIVAR Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom
    • Hurrell, J. W., and C. K. Folland, 2002: A change in the summer atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic. CLIVAR Exchanges, No. 25, International CLIVAR Project Office, Southampton, United Kingdom, 52-54.
    • (2002) CLIVAR Exchanges , Issue.25 , pp. 52-54
    • Hurrell, J.W.1    Folland, C.K.2
  • 87
    • 4544244563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twentieth Century North Atlantic climate change. Part I: Assessing determinism
    • Hurrell, J. W., M. P. Hoerling, A. Phillips, and T. Xu, 2004: Twentieth Century North Atlantic climate change. Part I: Assessing determinism. Climate Dyn., 23, 371-389.
    • (2004) Climate Dyn. , vol.23 , pp. 371-389
    • Hurrell, J.W.1    Hoerling, M.P.2    Phillips, A.3    Xu, T.4
  • 88
    • 0034814650 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of ocean heat transport variability
    • Jayne, S. R., and J. Marotzke, 2001: The dynamics of ocean heat transport variability. Rev. Geophys., 39, 385-411.
    • (2001) Rev. Geophys. , vol.39 , pp. 385-411
    • Jayne, S.R.1    Marotzke, J.2
  • 89
    • 0035329586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the Meridional Overturning Circulation on tropical-subtropical pathways
    • Jochum, M., and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, 2001: Influence of the Meridional Overturning Circulation on tropical-subtropical pathways. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1313-1323.
    • (2001) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.31 , pp. 1313-1323
    • Jochum, M.1    Malanotte-Rizzoli, P.2
  • 90
    • 3843103846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic climate change: Observed and modeled temperature and sea-ice variability
    • Coauthors
    • Johannessen, O. M., and Coauthors, 2003: Arctic climate change: Observed and modeled temperature and sea-ice variability. Tellus, 56, 328-341.
    • (2003) Tellus , vol.56 , pp. 328-341
    • Johannessen, O.M.1
  • 91
    • 0036529809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A theory for the surface Atlantic response to thermohaline variability
    • Johnson, H. L., and D. P. Marshall, 2002: A theory for the surface Atlantic response to thermohaline variability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1121-1132.
    • (2002) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.32 , pp. 1121-1132
    • Johnson, H.L.1    Marshall, D.P.2
  • 92
    • 0035957741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of climate over the last millennium
    • Jones, P. D., T. J. Osborn, and K. R. Briffa, 2001: The evolution of climate over the last millennium. Science, 292, 662-667.
    • (2001) Science , vol.292 , pp. 662-667
    • Jones, P.D.1    Osborn, T.J.2    Briffa, K.R.3
  • 93
    • 0038158085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic warming: Evolution and spreading of the 1990s warm event in the Nordic seas and the Arctic Ocean
    • doi:10.1029/2001JC001265
    • Karcher, M. J., R. Gerdes, F. Kauker, and C. Köberle, 2003: Arctic warming: Evolution and spreading of the 1990s warm event in the Nordic seas and the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3034, doi:10.1029/ 2001JC001265.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 3034
    • Karcher, M.J.1    Gerdes, R.2    Kauker, F.3    Köberle, C.4
  • 94
    • 0141501457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure and variability of the Denmark Strait Overflow: Model and observations
    • doi:10.1029/2002JC001548
    • Käse, R. H., J. B. Girton, and T. B. Sanford, 2003: Structure and variability of the Denmark Strait Overflow: Model and observations. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 3181, doi:10.1029/2002JC001548.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 3181
    • Käse, R.H.1    Girton, J.B.2    Sanford, T.B.3
  • 95
    • 0023125153 scopus 로고
    • Establishment of deep ocean circulation driven by deep-water production
    • Kawase, M., 1987: Establishment of deep ocean circulation driven by deep-water production. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 2294-2317.
    • (1987) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.17 , pp. 2294-2317
    • Kawase, M.1
  • 96
  • 97
    • 0033117701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge
    • Klein, S. A., B. J. Soden, and N.-C. Lau, 1999: Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge. J. Climate, 12, 917-932.
    • (1999) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 917-932
    • Klein, S.A.1    Soden, B.J.2    Lau, N.-C.3
  • 98
    • 0037104714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: Synthesis and evaluation
    • Kushnir, Y., W. A. Robinson, I. Bladé, N. M. J. Hall, S. Peng, and R. T. Sutton, 2002a: Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: Synthesis and evaluation. J. Climate, 15, 2233-2256.
    • (2002) J. Climate , vol.15 , pp. 2233-2256
    • Kushnir, Y.1    Robinson, W.A.2    Bladé, I.3    Hall, N.M.J.4    Peng, S.5    Sutton, R.T.6
  • 99
    • 0036956068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple coupled model of tropical Atlantic decadal climate variability
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL015874
    • Kushnir, Y., R. Seager, J. Miller, and J. C. H. Chiang, 2002b: A simple coupled model of tropical Atlantic decadal climate variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2133, doi:10.1029/2002GL015874.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , pp. 2133
    • Kushnir, Y.1    Seager, R.2    Miller, J.3    Chiang, J.C.H.4
  • 100
    • 0034210560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical stabilization of the thermohaline circulation in a greenhouse warming simulation
    • Latif, M., E. Roeckner, U. Mikolajewicz, and R. Voss, 2000: Tropical stabilization of the thermohaline circulation in a greenhouse warming simulation. J. Climate, 13, 1809-1813.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 1809-1813
    • Latif, M.1    Roeckner, E.2    Mikolajewicz, U.3    Voss, R.4
  • 102
    • 0002372117 scopus 로고
    • The salinity decrease in the Labrador Sea over the past thirty years
    • D. G. Martinson et al., Eds., National Academy Press
    • Lazier, J. R. N., 1995: The salinity decrease in the Labrador Sea over the past thirty years. Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales, D. G. Martinson et al., Eds., National Academy Press, 295-304.
    • (1995) Natural Climate Variability on Decade-to-Century Time Scales , pp. 295-304
    • Lazier, J.R.N.1
  • 103
    • 0001138910 scopus 로고
    • The standard error of time-averaged estimates of climatic means
    • Leith, C. E., 1973: The standard error of time-averaged estimates of climatic means. J. Appl. Meteor., 12, 1066-1069.
    • (1973) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.12 , pp. 1066-1069
    • Leith, C.E.1
  • 104
    • 0036555091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The changing relationship between the NAO and Northern Hemisphere climate variability
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL014052
    • Lu, J., and R. J. Greatbatch, 2002: The changing relationship between the NAO and Northern Hemisphere climate variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1148, doi:10.1029/2001GL014052.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , pp. 1148
    • Lu, J.1    Greatbatch, R.J.2
  • 105
    • 30744470876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceanic forcing of the late 20th century Sahel drought
    • L22706, doi:10.1029/2005GL023316
    • Lu, J., and T. L. Delworth, 2005: Oceanic forcing of the late 20th century Sahel drought. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L22706, doi:10.1029/ 2005GL023316.
    • (2005) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.32
    • Lu, J.1    Delworth, T.L.2
  • 106
    • 5044220484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the trend in Northern Hemisphere winter atmospheric circulation during the last half of the twentieth century
    • Lu, J., R. J. Greatbatch, and K. A. Peterson, 2004: On the trend in Northern Hemisphere winter atmospheric circulation during the last half of the twentieth century. J. Climate, 17, 3745-3760.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 3745-3760
    • Lu, J.1    Greatbatch, R.J.2    Peterson, K.A.3
  • 107
    • 0000248457 scopus 로고
    • Estimates of the natural variability of time-averaged sea-level pressure
    • Madden, R. A., 1976: Estimates of the natural variability of time-averaged sea-level pressure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 942-952.
    • (1976) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.104 , pp. 942-952
    • Madden, R.A.1
  • 108
    • 1842740338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of North Atlantic SST and sea ice anomalies on the winter circulation in CCM3. Part I: Main features and storm track characteristics of the response
    • Magnusdottir, G., C. Deser, and R. Saravanan, 2004: The effects of North Atlantic SST and sea ice anomalies on the winter circulation in CCM3. Part I: Main features and storm track characteristics of the response. J. Climate, 17, 857-876.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 857-876
    • Magnusdottir, G.1    Deser, C.2    Saravanan, R.3
  • 109
    • 0033880481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water mass pathways between the subtropical and tropical ocean in a climatological simulation of the North Atlantic ocean circulation
    • Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., K. Hedstrom, H. Arango, and D. B. Haidvogel, 2000: Water mass pathways between the subtropical and tropical ocean in a climatological simulation of the North Atlantic ocean circulation. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 32, 331-371.
    • (2000) Dyn. Atmos. Oceans , vol.32 , pp. 331-371
    • Malanotte-Rizzoli, P.1    Hedstrom, K.2    Arango, H.3    Haidvogel, D.B.4
  • 110
    • 0000284534 scopus 로고
    • Two stable eqilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model
    • Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1988: Two stable eqilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 1, 841-866.
    • (1988) J. Climate , vol.1 , pp. 841-866
    • Manabe, S.1    Stouffer, R.J.2
  • 111
    • 0035714103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Atlantic climate variability: Phenomena, impacts and mechanisms
    • Coauthors
    • Marshall, J., and Coauthors, 2001: North Atlantic climate variability: Phenomena, impacts and mechanisms. Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1863-1898.
    • (2001) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.21 , pp. 1863-1898
    • Marshall, J.1
  • 112
    • 2442644927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictability of winter climate over the North Atlantic European region during ENSO events
    • Mathieu, P.-P., R. T. Sutton, B. Dong, and M. Collins, 2004: Predictability of winter climate over the North Atlantic European region during ENSO events. J. Climate, 17, 1953-1974.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 1953-1974
    • Mathieu, P.-P.1    Sutton, R.T.2    Dong, B.3    Collins, M.4
  • 113
    • 0037101695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Canada basin, 1989-1995: Upstream events and far-field effects of the Barents sea
    • doi:10.1029/2001JC000904
    • McLaughlin, F., E. Carmack, R. Macdonald, A.J. Weaver, and J. Smith, 2002: The Canada basin, 1989-1995: Upstream events and far-field effects of the Barents sea. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 3982, doi:10.1029/ 2001JC000904.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107 , pp. 3982
    • McLaughlin, F.1    Carmack, E.2    Macdonald, R.3    Weaver, A.J.4    Smith, J.5
  • 114
    • 0032463205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of the tropical ocean surface temperatures at decadal-multidecadal timescales. Part I: The Atlantic Ocean
    • Mehta, V. M., 1998: Variability of the tropical ocean surface temperatures at decadal-multidecadal timescales. Part I: The Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 11, 2351-2375.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 2351-2375
    • Mehta, V.M.1
  • 115
    • 0034352582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceanic influence on the North Atlantic Oscillation and associated Northern Hemisphere climate variations: 1959-1993
    • Mehta, V., M. Suarez, J. V. Manganello, and T. D. Delworth, 2000: Oceanic influence on the North Atlantic Oscillation and associated Northern Hemisphere climate variations: 1959-1993. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 121-124.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 121-124
    • Mehta, V.1    Suarez, M.2    Manganello, J.V.3    Delworth, T.D.4
  • 116
    • 0037654728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tropical Atlantic meridional SST gradient index and its relationships with the SOI, NAO, and Southern Ocean
    • Melice, J.-L., and J. Servain, 2003: The tropical Atlantic meridional SST gradient index and its relationships with the SOI, NAO, and Southern Ocean. Climate Dyn., 20, 447-464.
    • (2003) Climate Dyn. , vol.20 , pp. 447-464
    • Melice, J.-L.1    Servain, J.2
  • 117
    • 0033847564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2-induced changes of the ocean's circulation and climate
    • 2-induced changes of the ocean's circulation and climate. Climate Dyn., 16, 627-642.
    • (2000) Climate Dyn. , vol.16 , pp. 627-642
    • Mikolajewicz, U.1    Voss, R.2
  • 118
    • 0038266819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of the Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations to the outgoing longwave radiation
    • Miller, A. J., S. Zhou, and S.-K. Yang, 2003: Relationship of the Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations to the outgoing longwave radiation. J. Climate, 16, 1583-1592.
    • (2003) J. Climate , vol.16 , pp. 1583-1592
    • Miller, A.J.1    Zhou, S.2    Yang, S.-K.3
  • 119
    • 0030425712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress, and rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and South America
    • Nobre, P., and J. Shukla, 1996: Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress, and rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and South America. J. Climate, 9, 2464-2479.
    • (1996) J. Climate , vol.9 , pp. 2464-2479
    • Nobre, P.1    Shukla, J.2
  • 120
    • 0035114194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atlantic inflow to the Nordic Seas: Current structure and volume fluxes from moored current meters, VM-ADCP and SeaSoar-CTD observations, 1995-1999
    • Orvik, K. A., O. Skagseth, and M. Mork, 2001: Atlantic inflow to the Nordic Seas: Current structure and volume fluxes from moored current meters, VM-ADCP and SeaSoar-CTD observations, 1995-1999. Deep-Sea Res., 48A, 937-957.
    • (2001) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.48 A , pp. 937-957
    • Orvik, K.A.1    Skagseth, O.2    Mork, M.3
  • 121
    • 3142613186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulating the winter North Atlantic Oscillation: The roles of internal variability and greenhouse gas forcing
    • Osborn, T. J., 2004: Simulating the winter North Atlantic Oscillation: The roles of internal variability and greenhouse gas forcing. Climate Dyn., 22, 605-623.
    • (2004) Climate Dyn. , vol.22 , pp. 605-623
    • Osborn, T.J.1
  • 122
    • 0033405223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the North Atlantic oscillation as simulated by a climate model
    • Osborn, T. J., K. R. Briffa, S. F. B. Tett, P. D. Jones, and R. M. Trigo, 1999: Evaluation of the North Atlantic oscillation as simulated by a climate model. Climate Dyn., 15, 685-702.
    • (1999) Climate Dyn. , vol.15 , pp. 685-702
    • Osborn, T.J.1    Briffa, K.R.2    Tett, S.F.B.3    Jones, P.D.4    Trigo, R.M.5
  • 123
    • 3543083343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble System for Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction (DEMETER)
    • Coauthors
    • Palmer, T. N., and Coauthors, 2004: Development of a European Multimodel Ensemble System for Seasonal-to-Interannual Prediction (DEMETER). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 853-872.
    • (2004) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.85 , pp. 853-872
    • Palmer, T.N.1
  • 124
    • 0041344623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms for the NAO responses to the North Atlantic SST tripole
    • Peng, S., W. A. Robinson, and S. Li, 2003: Mechanisms for the NAO responses to the North Atlantic SST tripole. J. Climate, 16, 1987-2004.
    • (2003) J. Climate , vol.16 , pp. 1987-2004
    • Peng, S.1    Robinson, W.A.2    Li, S.3
  • 125
    • 0022846587 scopus 로고
    • Unusual conditions in the tropical Atlantic Ocean in 1984
    • Philander, S. G. H., 1986: Unusual conditions in the tropical Atlantic Ocean in 1984. Nature, 322, 236-238.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.322 , pp. 236-238
    • Philander, S.G.H.1
  • 126
    • 0036555118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropospheric response to stratospheric perturbations in a relatively simple general circulation model
    • doi:10.1029/2001GL014284
    • Polvani, L. M., and P. J. Kushner, 2002: Tropospheric response to stratospheric perturbations in a relatively simple general circulation model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1114, doi:10.1029/2001GL014284.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , pp. 1114
    • Polvani, L.M.1    Kushner, P.J.2
  • 127
    • 0028193714 scopus 로고
    • Outflows and deep water production by marginal seas
    • Pergamon
    • Price, J. F., and M. O. N. Baringer, 1994: Outflows and deep water production by marginal seas. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 33, Pergamon, 161-200.
    • (1994) Progress in Oceanography , vol.33 , pp. 161-200
    • Price, J.F.1    Baringer, M.O.N.2
  • 128
    • 0030859852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean
    • Proshutinsky, A. Y., and M. A. Johnson, 1997: Two circulation regimes of the wind-driven Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 12 493-12 514.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 12493-12514
    • Proshutinsky, A.Y.1    Johnson, M.A.2
  • 129
    • 8644254270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simplified linear framework for interpreting patterns of Northern Hemisphere wintertime climate variability
    • Quadrelli, R., and J. M. Wallace, 2004: A simplified linear framework for interpreting patterns of Northern Hemisphere wintertime climate variability. J. Climate, 17, 3728-3744.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 3728-3744
    • Quadrelli, R.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 130
    • 0000009788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the inuence of Southern Hemisphere winds on North Atlantic Deep Water flow
    • Rahmstorf, S., and M. H. England, 1997: On the inuence of Southern Hemisphere winds on North Atlantic Deep Water flow. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 2040-2054.
    • (1997) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.27 , pp. 2040-2054
    • Rahmstorf, S.1    England, M.H.2
  • 131
    • 0032216006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed decadal midlatitude and tropical Atlantic climate variability
    • Rajagopalan, B., Y. Kushnir, and Y. Tourre, 1998: Observed decadal midlatitude and tropical Atlantic climate variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3967-3970.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 3967-3970
    • Rajagopalan, B.1    Kushnir, Y.2    Tourre, Y.3
  • 132
    • 10344260911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative importance of Northern Hemisphere circulation modes in predicting regional climate change
    • Rauthe, M., and H. Paeth, 2004: Relative importance of Northern Hemisphere circulation modes in predicting regional climate change. J. Climate, 17, 4180-4189.
    • (2004) J. Climate , vol.17 , pp. 4180-4189
    • Rauthe, M.1    Paeth, H.2
  • 133
    • 0036662803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO-like decadal patterns and South African rainfall
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL014663
    • Reason, C. J. C. and M. Rouault, 2002: ENSO-like decadal patterns and South African rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1638, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL014663.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , pp. 1638
    • Reason, C.J.C.1    Rouault, M.2
  • 134
    • 0033835011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ENSO and climatic signals across the Indian Ocean basin in the global context: Part I, interannual composite patterns
    • Reason, C. J. C., R. J. Allan, J. A. Lindesay, and T. J. Ansell, 2000: ENSO and climatic signals across the Indian Ocean basin in the global context: Part I, interannual composite patterns. Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1285-1327.
    • (2000) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.20 , pp. 1285-1327
    • Reason, C.J.C.1    Allan, R.J.2    Lindesay, J.A.3    Ansell, T.J.4
  • 135
    • 33750836671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences of large scale climate modes and Agulhas system variability on the BCLME region
    • V. Shannon et al., Eds., Large Marine Ecosystems, Elsevier
    • Reason, C. J. C., P. Florenchie, M. Rouault, and J. Veitch, 2006: Influences of large scale climate modes and Agulhas system variability on the BCLME region. Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem, V. Shannon et al., Eds., Large Marine Ecosystems, Vol. 14, Elsevier, 223-239.
    • (2006) Benguela: Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem , vol.14 , pp. 223-239
    • Reason, C.J.C.1    Florenchie, P.2    Rouault, M.3    Veitch, J.4
  • 136
    • 0037218246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to the "Inter-ocean exchange around Southern Africa"
    • Richardson, P. L., J. R. E. Lutjeharms, and O. Boebel, 2003: Introduction to the "Inter-ocean exchange around Southern Africa." Deep-Sea Res., 50B, 1-12.
    • (2003) Deep-Sea Res. , vol.50 B , pp. 1-12
    • Richardson, P.L.1    Lutjeharms, J.R.E.2    Boebel, O.3
  • 137
    • 0034112366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation
    • Robertson, A. W., C. R. Mechoso, and Y. J. Kim, 2000: The influence of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 122-138.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 122-138
    • Robertson, A.W.1    Mechoso, C.R.2    Kim, Y.J.3
  • 139
    • 0033602372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceanic forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and European climate
    • Rodwell, M. J., D. P. Rowell, and C. K. Folland, 1999: Oceanic forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and European climate. Nature, 398, 320-323.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 320-323
    • Rodwell, M.J.1    Rowell, D.P.2    Folland, C.K.3
  • 140
    • 0042991429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • South East tropical Atlantic warm events and southern African rainfall
    • doi:10.1029/2002GL014840
    • Rouault, M., P. Florenchie, N. Fauchereau, and C. J. C. Reason, 2003: South East tropical Atlantic warm events and southern African rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 8009, doi:10.1029/2002GL014840
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , pp. 8009
    • Rouault, M.1    Florenchie, P.2    Fauchereau, N.3    Reason, C.J.C.4
  • 141
    • 84998541075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thermodynamic coupling and predictability of tropical sea surface temperature
    • Amer. Geophys. Union
    • Saravanan, R., and P. Chang, 2004: Thermodynamic coupling and predictability of tropical sea surface temperature. Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 147, Amer. Geophys. Union, 171-180.
    • (2004) Earth's Climate: The Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction, Geophys. Monogr. , vol.147 , pp. 171-180
    • Saravanan, R.1    Chang, P.2
  • 142
    • 0028182144 scopus 로고
    • An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65-70 years
    • Schlesinger, M. E., and N. Ramankutty, 1994: An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65-70 years. Nature, 367, 723-726.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.367 , pp. 723-726
    • Schlesinger, M.E.1    Ramankutty, N.2
  • 143
    • 0037742720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forcing of Northern Hemisphere climate trends
    • Schneider, E. K., L. Bengtsson, and Z.-Z. Hu, 2003: Forcing of Northern Hemisphere climate trends. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 1504-1521.
    • (2003) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.60 , pp. 1504-1521
    • Schneider, E.K.1    Bengtsson, L.2    Hu, Z.-Z.3
  • 145
    • 20744445859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The shallow and deep western boundary circulation of the South Atlantic at 5°-11°S
    • Schott, F., M. Dengler, R. Zantopp, L. Stramma, J. Fischer, and P. Brandt, 2005: The shallow and deep western boundary circulation of the South Atlantic at 5°-11°S. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 2031-2053.
    • (2005) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.35 , pp. 2031-2053
    • Schott, F.1    Dengler, M.2    Zantopp, R.3    Stramma, L.4    Fischer, J.5    Brandt, P.6
  • 147
    • 0022767555 scopus 로고
    • On the existence of an El Niño-type phenomenon in the Benguela system
    • Shannon, L. V., A. J. Boyd, G. B. Brundrit, and J. Taunton-Clark, 1986: On the existence of an El Niño-type phenomenon in the Benguela system. J. Mar. Res., 44, 495-520.
    • (1986) J. Mar. Res. , vol.44 , pp. 495-520
    • Shannon, L.V.1    Boyd, A.J.2    Brundrit, G.B.3    Taunton-Clark, J.4
  • 148
    • 0033519653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing
    • Shindell, D. T., R. L. Miller, G. Schmidt, and L. Pandolfo, 1999: Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing. Nature, 399, 452-455.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.399 , pp. 452-455
    • Shindell, D.T.1    Miller, R.L.2    Schmidt, G.3    Pandolfo, L.4
  • 149
    • 0034957709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Northern hemisphere winter climate response to greenhouse gas, ozone, solar, and volcanic forcing
    • Shindell, D. T., G. A. Schmidt, R. L. Miller, and D. Rind, 2001: Northern hemisphere winter climate response to greenhouse gas, ozone, solar, and volcanic forcing. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7193-7210.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 7193-7210
    • Shindell, D.T.1    Schmidt, G.A.2    Miller, R.L.3    Rind, D.4
  • 150
    • 0035302732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Circulation, renewal, and modification of Antarctic Mode and Intermediate Water
    • Sloyan, B. M., and S. R. Rintoul, 2001: Circulation, renewal, and modification of Antarctic Mode and Intermediate Water. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1005-1030.
    • (2001) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.31 , pp. 1005-1030
    • Sloyan, B.M.1    Rintoul, S.R.2
  • 151
    • 2342553423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The circulation of summer halocline water in the Arctic Ocean
    • C02027, doi:10.1029/2003JC002009
    • Steele, M., J. Morison, W. Ermold, I. Rigor, M. Ortmeyer, and K. Shimada, 2003: The circulation of summer halocline water in the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 109, C02027, doi:10.1029/2003JC002009.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.109
    • Steele, M.1    Morison, J.2    Ermold, W.3    Rigor, I.4    Ortmeyer, M.5    Shimada, K.6
  • 152
    • 0037303938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The North Atlantic Oscillation in coupled climate models: A CMIP1 evaluation
    • Stephenson, D. B., and V. Pavan, 2003: The North Atlantic Oscillation in coupled climate models: A CMIP1 evaluation. Climate Dyn., 20, 381-399.
    • (2003) Climate Dyn. , vol.20 , pp. 381-399
    • Stephenson, D.B.1    Pavan, V.2
  • 153
    • 0034101455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the North Atlantic Oscillation a random walk?
    • Stephenson, D. B., V. Pavan, and R. Bojariu, 2000: Is the North Atlantic Oscillation a random walk? Int. J. Climatol., 20, 1-18.
    • (2000) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.20 , pp. 1-18
    • Stephenson, D.B.1    Pavan, V.2    Bojariu, R.3
  • 155
    • 0033567614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean
    • Stramma, L., and M. England, 1999: On the water masses and mean circulation of the South Atlantic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20 863-20 883.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 20863-20883
    • Stramma, L.1    England, M.2
  • 156
    • 0344984309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of the ocean on North Atlantic climate variability 1871-1999
    • Sutton, R. T., and D. L. R. Hodson, 2003: The influence of the ocean on North Atlantic climate variability 1871-1999. J. Climate, 16, 3296-3313.
    • (2003) J. Climate , vol.16 , pp. 3296-3313
    • Sutton, R.T.1    Hodson, D.L.R.2
  • 157
    • 21644449084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atlantic Ocean forcing of North American and European summer climate
    • Sutton, R. T., and D. L. R. Hodson, 2005: Atlantic Ocean forcing of North American and European summer climate. Science, 309, 115-118.
    • (2005) Science , vol.309 , pp. 115-118
    • Sutton, R.T.1    Hodson, D.L.R.2
  • 158
    • 0034273696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The elements of climate variability in the tropical Atlantic region
    • Sutton, R. T., S. P. Jewson, and D. P. Rowell, 2000: The elements of climate variability in the tropical Atlantic region. J. Climate, 13, 3261-3284.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 3261-3284
    • Sutton, R.T.1    Jewson, S.P.2    Rowell, D.P.3
  • 159
    • 3142589196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The North Atlantic Oscillation - What role for the ocean?
    • Sutton, R. T., W.A. Norton, and S.P. Jewson, 2001: The North Atlantic Oscillation - What role for the ocean? Atmos. Sci. Lett., 1, 89-100.
    • (2001) Atmos. Sci. Lett. , vol.1 , pp. 89-100
    • Sutton, R.T.1    Norton, W.A.2    Jewson, S.P.3
  • 161
    • 0033924559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part II: Trends
    • Thompson, D. W. J., J. M. Wallace, and G. C. Hegerl, 2000: Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part II: Trends. J. Climate, 13, 1018-1036.
    • (2000) J. Climate , vol.13 , pp. 1018-1036
    • Thompson, D.W.J.1    Wallace, J.M.2    Hegerl, G.C.3
  • 163
    • 0035878104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms determining the Atlantic thermohaline circulation reponse to greenhouse gas forcing in a non-fluxadjusted coupled climate model
    • Thorpe, R. B., J. M. Gregory, T. C. Johns, R. A. Wood, and J. F. B. Mitchell, 2001: Mechanisms determining the Atlantic thermohaline circulation reponse to greenhouse gas forcing in a non-fluxadjusted coupled climate model. J. Climate, 14, 3102-3116.
    • (2001) J. Climate , vol.14 , pp. 3102-3116
    • Thorpe, R.B.1    Gregory, J.M.2    Johns, T.C.3    Wood, R.A.4    Mitchell, J.F.B.5
  • 164
    • 0036872425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The need for a systems approach to climate observations
    • Trenberth, K. E., T. R. Karl, and T. W. Spence, 2002: The need for a systems approach to climate observations. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1593-1602.
    • (2002) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.83 , pp. 1593-1602
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Karl, T.R.2    Spence, T.W.3
  • 165
    • 33750821709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monitoring and prediction of the earth's climate: A future perspective
    • Trenberth, K. E., B. Moore, T. R. Karl, and C. Nobre, 2006: Monitoring and prediction of the earth's climate: A future perspective. J. Climate, 19, 5001-5008.
    • (2006) J. Climate , vol.19 , pp. 5001-5008
    • Trenberth, K.E.1    Moore, B.2    Karl, T.R.3    Nobre, C.4
  • 166
    • 0032693781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A shift of the NAO and increasing storm track activity over Europe due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing
    • Ulbrich, U., and M. Christoph, 1999: A shift of the NAO and increasing storm track activity over Europe due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. Climate Dyn., 15, 551-559.
    • (1999) Climate Dyn. , vol.15 , pp. 551-559
    • Ulbrich, U.1    Christoph, M.2
  • 167
    • 0036315114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global climatic impacts of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation
    • Vellinga, M., and R. A. Wood, 2002: Global climatic impacts of a collapse of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation. Climate Change, 54, 251-267.
    • (2002) Climate Change , vol.54 , pp. 251-267
    • Vellinga, M.1    Wood, R.A.2
  • 168
    • 0033172677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric response over the North Atlantic to decadal changes in sea surface temperatures
    • Venzke, S., M. R. Allen, R. T. Sutton, and D. P. Rowell, 1999: The atmospheric response over the North Atlantic to decadal changes in sea surface temperatures. J. Climate, 12, 2562-2584.
    • (1999) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 2562-2584
    • Venzke, S.1    Allen, M.R.2    Sutton, R.T.3    Rowell, D.P.4
  • 171
    • 0032430690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and short-lead time prediction of summer rainfall in tropical North Africa at interannual and multidecadal timescales
    • Ward, M. N., 1998: Diagnosis and short-lead time prediction of summer rainfall in tropical North Africa at interannual and multidecadal timescales. J. Climate, 11, 3167-3191.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 3167-3191
    • Ward, M.N.1
  • 172
    • 0032216214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative impacts of snow and sea surface temperature anomalies on an extreme phase in the winter atmospheric circulation
    • Watanabe, M., and T. Nitta, 1998: Relative impacts of snow and sea surface temperature anomalies on an extreme phase in the winter atmospheric circulation. J. Climate, 11, 2837-2857.
    • (1998) J. Climate , vol.11 , pp. 2837-2857
    • Watanabe, M.1    Nitta, T.2
  • 173
    • 0033080350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal changes in the atmospheric circulation and associated surface climate variations in the Northern Hemisphere winter
    • Watanabe, M., and T. Nitta, 1999: Decadal changes in the atmospheric circulation and associated surface climate variations in the Northern Hemisphere winter. J. Climate, 12, 494-509.
    • (1999) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 494-509
    • Watanabe, M.1    Nitta, T.2
  • 174
  • 175
    • 0000475959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interpretation of short climate records, with comments on the North Atlantic Oscillation and Southern Oscillations
    • Wunsch, C., 1999: The interpretation of short climate records, with comments on the North Atlantic Oscillation and Southern Oscillations. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 80, 245-255.
    • (1999) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 245-255
    • Wunsch, C.1
  • 176
    • 0033055968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dynamic atmosphere-ocean model of the tropical Atlantic decadal variability
    • Xie, S.-P., 1999: A dynamic atmosphere-ocean model of the tropical Atlantic decadal variability. J. Climate, 12, 64-70.
    • (1999) J. Climate , vol.12 , pp. 64-70
    • Xie, S.-P.1
  • 177
    • 2042504909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pan-Atlantic decadal climate oscillation
    • Xie, S.-P., and Y. Tanimoto, 1998: A pan-Atlantic decadal climate oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2185-2188.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 2185-2188
    • Xie, S.-P.1    Tanimoto, Y.2
  • 179
    • 0033560471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A linkage between decadal climate variations in the Labrador Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean
    • Yang, J., 1999: A linkage between decadal climate variations in the Labrador Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1023-1026.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 1023-1026
    • Yang, J.1
  • 180
    • 0027798617 scopus 로고
    • Air-sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region
    • Zebiak, S. E., 1993: Air-sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region. J. Climate, 6, 1567-1586.
    • (1993) J. Climate , vol.6 , pp. 1567-1586
    • Zebiak, S.E.1
  • 181
    • 0141649467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational evidence for flow between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic: The Atlantic subtropical cells
    • Zhang, D., M. J. McPhaden, and W. E. Johns, 2003: Observational evidence for flow between the subtropical and tropical Atlantic: The Atlantic subtropical cells. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 33, 1783-1797.
    • (2003) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.33 , pp. 1783-1797
    • Zhang, D.1    McPhaden, M.J.2    Johns, W.E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.