Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the tropics and extratropics

Science

Volumn 275, Issue 5301, 1997, Pages 805-807

  Gu, Daifang ^a   Philander, S G H ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; PACIFIC ISLANDS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TROPICS;

EID: 0031037673     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5301.805     Document Type: Article

References (22)

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2. S. G. H. Philander, El Niño, La Niña, and the Souththern Oscillation (Academic Press, New York, 1990); D. Neelin et al., Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 26, 617 (1994).
3. D. Gu and S. G. H. Philander, J. Clim. 8, 864 (1995); K. Trenberth and T. J. Hoar, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 57 (1996); T. Knutson, S. Manabe, D. Gu, J. Clim., in press.
4. D. Gu and S. G. H. Philander, J. Clim. 8, 864 (1995); K. Trenberth and T. J. Hoar, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 57 (1996); T. Knutson, S. Manabe, D. Gu, J. Clim., in press.
5. D. Gu and S. G. H. Philander, J. Clim. 8, 864 (1995); K. Trenberth and T. J. Hoar, Geophys. Res. Lett. 23, 57 (1996); T. Knutson, S. Manabe, D. Gu, J. Clim., in press.
6. M. Latif et al., Clim. Dyn. 9, 167 (1994).
7. M. Ji et al., J. Clim. 9, 3105 (1996).
8. This statement does not exclude exchanges between the narrow equatorial zone and the neighboring region that cause variations in the mean depth of the thermocline, primarily within the tropics. F.-F. Jin [Science 274, 76 (1996)] discusses such exchanges.
9. D. Gu, S. G. H. Philander, M. McPhaden, in preparation.
10. R. A. Fine et al., J. Phys. Oceanogr. 17, 553 (1987).
11. Z. Liu and S. G. H. Philander, ibid. 25, 449 (1995); Z. Liu et al., ibid. 24, 2606 (1994); P. Lu and J. P. McCreary, ibid. 25, 2606 (1995).
12. Z. Liu and S. G. H. Philander, ibid. 25, 449 (1995); Z. Liu et al., ibid. 24, 2606 (1994); P. Lu and J. P. McCreary, ibid. 25, 2606 (1995).
13. Z. Liu and S. G. H. Philander, ibid. 25, 449 (1995); Z. Liu et al., ibid. 24, 2606 (1994); P. Lu and J. P. McCreary, ibid. 25, 2606 (1995).
14. C. Deser, M. A. Alexander, M. S. Timlin, J. Clim. 9, 1840 (1996).
15. N.-C. Lau and M. Nath, ibid. 7, 1184 (1994); K. Trenberth and J. W. Hurrell, Clim. Dyn. 9, 303 (1994).
16. N.-C. Lau and M. Nath, ibid. 7, 1184 (1994); K. Trenberth and J. W. Hurrell, Clim. Dyn. 9, 303 (1994).
17. M. Latif and T. P. Barnett, Science 266, 634 (1994).
18. Equations similar to Eqs. 2, 3, and 4 have been discussed in connection with a delayed oscillator theory for El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. See, for example, P. S. Schopf and M. J. Suarez, J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 549 (1988); for a more general discussion, see L. Gyori and G. Ladas, Oscillation Theory of Delay Differential Equations (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1991).
19. Equations similar to Eqs. 2, 3, and 4 have been discussed in connection with a delayed oscillator theory for El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. See, for example, P. S. Schopf and M. J. Suarez, J. Atmos. Sci. 45, 549 (1988); for a more general discussion, see L. Gyori and G. Ladas, Oscillation Theory of Delay Differential Equations (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1991).
20. Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, D. S. Battisti, J. Clim., in press.
21. M. J. McPhaden, Oceanography 2, 36 (1993).
22. We benefited from discussions with K. Bryan, A. Bush, T. Delworth, I. Held, M. Latif, N.-C. Lau, S. Manabe, I. Orlanski, and R. Toggweiler. S. Harper provided Fig. 2; M. McPhaden provided data for Fig. 1. This research was supported by NOAA under contract NOAA-NA56GP0226 and by NASA under contract UCLA-NASA-NAG5-2224.