The North Atlantic oscillation

Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment

Volumn 14, Issue 4-5, 2000, Pages 213-242

  Greatbatch, R J ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034345610     PISSN: 14363240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s004770000047     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Aagaard K, Carmack EC (1989) The role of sea-ice and other freshwater in the Arctic circulation. J. Geophys. Res., 94: 14485-14498
2. Andrews DG, Holton JR, Leovy CB (1987) Middle Atmosphere Dynamics. Academic Press, pp. 489
3. Appenzeller C, Stocker TF, Anklin M (1998) North Atlantic Oscillation dynamics recorded in Greenland ice cores. Science, 282: 446-449
4. Baldwin MP, Cheng X, Dunkerton TJ (1994) Observed correlations between winter-mean tropospheric and stratospheric circulation anomalies. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21: 1141-1144
5. Baldwin MP, Dunkerton TJ (1999) Propagation of the Arctic Oscillation from the stratosphere to the troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 104: 30937-30946
6. Barnett TP (1985) Variations in near-global sea level pressure. J. Atmos. Sci., 42: 478-501
7. Barnston AG, Livezey RE (1987) Classification, seasonality and persistence of low frequency atmospheric circulation patterns. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115: 1083-1126
8. Barsugli JJ, Battisti DS (1998) The basic effects of atmosphere-ocean thermal coupling on midlatitude variability. J. Atmos. Sci., 55: 477-493
9. Battisti DS, Bhatt US, Alexander MA (1995) A modelling study of the interannual variability in the wintertime North Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 8: 3067-3083
10. Belkin IM, Levitus S, Antonov J, Malmberg S-A (1998) Great Salinity Anomalies in the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr., 41: 1-68
11. Bjerknes J (1964) Atlantic air-sea interaction. Adv. Geophys., 10: 1-82
12. Bretherton CS, Battisti DS (2000) An interpretation of the results from atmospheric general circulation models forced by the time history of the observed sea surface temperature distribution. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27: 767-770
13. Broecker WS (1991) The great ocean conveyor. Oceanography, 4: 79-89
14. Cayan DR (1992) Latent and sensible heat flux anomalies over the northern oceans: Driving the sea surface temperature. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22: 859-881
15. Cheng X, Dunkerton TJ (1995) Orthogonal rotation of spatial patterns derived from singular value decomposition analysis. J. Climate, 8: 2631-2643
16. Cook ER, D'Arrigo RD, Briffa KR (1998) The North Atlantic Oscillation and its expression in circum-Atlantic tree-ring chronologies from North America and Europe. The Holecene, 8: 9-17
17. Cullen H, D'Arrigo R, Cook E, Mann ME (2000) Multiproxy reconstructions of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Paleoceanography, in press
18. Curry RG, McCartney MS, Joyce TM (1998) Oceanic transport of subpolar climate signals to mid-depth subtropical waters. Nature, 391: 575-577
19. Czaja A, Frankignoul C (1999) Influence of the North Atlantic SST on the atmospheric circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26: 2969-2972
20. Delworth TL (1996) North Atlantic interannual variability in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 9: 2356-2375
21. Delworth TL, Greatbatch RJ (2000) Multidecadal thermohaline circulation variability driven by atmospheric surface flux forcing. J. Climate, 13: 1481-1495
22. Delworth TL, Manabe S, Stouffer RJ (1993) Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 6: 1993-2011
23. Derome J, Brunet G, Wang Y (2000) On the potential vorticity balance on an isentropic surface during normal and anomalous winters. Mon. Wea. Rev., in press
24. Deser C (2000) A note on the teleconnectivity of the Arctic Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27: 779-782
25. Deser C, Blackmon ML (1993) Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during winter: 1900-1989. J. Climate, 6: 1743-1753
26. Dickson RR, Lazier J, Meincke J, Rhines P, Swift J (1996) Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Prog. Oceanogr., 38: 214-295
27. Dickson RR, Meinke J, Malmberg S-A, Lee AJ (1988) The Great Salinity Anomaly in the Northern North Atlantic, 1968-1982. Prog. Oceanogr., 20: 103-151
28. Dippner JW (1997a) SST anomalies in the North Sea in relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation and the influence on the theoretical spawning time of fish. Dtsch. Hydrogr., Z49: 267-275
29. Dippner JW (1997b) Recruitment success of different fish stocks in the North Sea in relation to climate variability. Dtsch. Hydrogr., Z49: 277-293
30. Eden C, Jung T (2000) North Atlantic interdecadal variability: Oceanic response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (1865-1997). J. Climate, in press
31. Eden C, Willebrand J (2000) Mechanism of interannual to decadal variability of the North Atlantic circulation. J. Climate, in press
32. Ezer T, Mellor GL, Greatbatch RJ (1995) On the interpentadal variability of the North Atlantic Ocean: Model simulated changes in transport, meridional heat flux and coastal sea level between 1955-59 and 1970-1974. J. Geophy. Res., 100: 10,559-10,566
33. Fyfe JC, Boer GJ, Flato GM (1999) The Arctic and Antarctic Oscillations and their projected changes under global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26: 1606-1604
34. Greatbatch RJ, Fanning AF, Goulding A, Levitus S (1991) A diagnosis of interpentadal circulation changes in the North Atlantic. J. Geophys. Res., 96: 22009-22024
35. Greatbatch RJ, Peterson KA, Roth H (1997) Interdecadal variability in a coarse resolution model with North Atlantic bottom topography. Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
36. Greatbatch RJ, Zhang S (1995) An interdecadal oscillation in an idealised ocean basin forced by constant heat flux. J. Climate, 8: 81-91
37. Griffies S, Bryan K (1996) Predictability of North Atlantic multidecadal climate variability. Science, 275: 181-184
38. Griffies S, Tziperman E (1995) A linear thermohaline oscillator driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 8: 2440-2453
39. Grötzner A, Latif M, Barnett TP (1998) A decadal climate cycle in the North Atlantic Ocean as simulated by the ECHO coupled model. J. Climate, 11: 831-847
40. Häkkinen S (1993) An Arctic source for the Great Salinity Anomaly: A simulation of the Arctic ice-ocean system for 1955-1975. J. Geophys. Res., 98: 16397-16410
41. Häkkinen S (1999) Variability of the simulated meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic for the period 1951-1993. J. Geophys. Res., 104: 10991-11007
42. Hall MM, Bryden H (1982) Direct estimates and mechanisms of ocean heat transport. Deep Sea Res. Part A, 29: 339-359
43. Halliwell GR (1997) Decadal and multidecadal North Atlantic SST anomalies driven by standing and propagating basin-scale atmospheric anomalies. J. Climate, 10: 2405-2411
44. Halliwell GR (1998) Simulation of North Atlantic decadal/multidecadal winter SST anomalies driven by basin-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28: 5-21
45. Halliwell GR, Mayer DA (1996) Frequency response properties of forced climate SST anomaly variability in the North Atlantic. J. Climate, 9: 3575-3587
46. Hansen DV, Bezdek H (1996) On the nature of decadal anomalies in North Atlantic sea surface temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 101: 8749-8758
47. Heyen H, Dippner JW (1998) Salinity variability in the German Bight in relation to climate variability. Tellus, 50A: 545-556
48. Huang J, Shabbar A, Higuchi K (2000) The relationship between the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and blocking episodes in the North Atlantic. Int. J. Climatol., submitted
49. Hurrell JW (1995a) Transient eddy forcing of the rotational flow during northern winter. J. Atmos. Sci., 52: 2286-2301
50. Hurrell JW (1995b) Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional temperatures and precipitation. Science, 269: 676-679
51. Hurrell JW (1996) Influence of variations in extratropical wintertime teleconnections on Northern Hemisphere temperature. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23: 665-668
52. Hurrell JW, van Loon H (1997) Decadal variations in climate associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. Climate Change, 36: 301-326
53. Ikeda M (1990) Decadal oscillations of the air-ice-ocean system in the Northern hemisphere. Atmos-Ocean., 28: 106-139
54. Ikeda M, Symonds G, Yao T (1988) Simulated fluctuations in annual Labrador Sea ice cover. Atmos-Ocean., 26: 16-39
55. James IN, James PM (1989) Ultra-low-frequency variability in a simple atmospheric circulation model. Nature, 342: 53-55
56. Kalnay E, et al. (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40 year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 77: 437-471
57. Kitoh A, Koide H, Kodera K, Yukimoto S, Noda A (1996) Interannual variability in the stratospheric-tropospheric circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23: 535-546
58. Kodera K, Chiba M, Koide H, Kitoh A, Nikaidou Y (1996) Interannual variability of the winter stratosphere and troposphere in the Northern hemisphere. J. Met. Soc. Japan, 74: 365-382
59. Kushnir Y (1994) Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmospheric conditions. J. Climate, 7: 141-157
60. Kushnir Y (1999) Europe's winter prospects. Nature, 398: 289-291
61. Kushnir Y, Held IM (1995) Equilibrium atmospheric response to North Atlantic SST anomalies. J. Climate, 9: 1208-1220
62. Lau N-C (1997) Interactions between global SST anomalies and the midlatitude atmospheric circulation. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 78: 21-33
63. Lazier JRN (1980) Oceanic conditions at Ocean Weather Ship Bravo, 1964-1974. Atmos-Ocean, 18: 227-238
64. Limpasuvan V, Hartmann DL (1999) Eddies and the annular modes of climate variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26: 3133-3136
65. Loewe F (1937) A period of warm winters in western Greenland and the temperature seesaw between western Greenland and central Europe. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc., 63: 365-372
66. Loewe F (1966) The temperature seesaw between western Greenland and Europe. Weather, 21: 241-246
67. Luterbacher J, Schmutz C, Gyalistras D, Xoplaki E (1999) Reconstruction of monthly NAO and EU indices. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26: 2745-2748
68. Mann KH, Drinkwater K (1994) Environmental influences on fish and shellfish production in the Northwest Atlantic. Environ. Rev., 2: 16-32
69. Marshall J, Johnson H, Goodman J (2000) A study of the interaction of the North Atlantic Oscillation with the ocean circulation. J. Climate, in press
70. Marshall J, Schott F (1999) Open ocean deep convection: observations, models and theory. Rev. of Geophysics, 37: 1-64
71. McCartney M (1997) Is the ocean at the helm? Nature, 388: 521-522
72. Mehta VM, Suarez MJ, Manganello J, Delworth TL (2000) Oceanic influence on the North Atlantic Oscillation and associated northern hemisphere climate variations:1959-1993. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27: 121-124
73. Meinhardus W (1898) Uber einige meteorologische Beziehungen zwischen dem Nordatlantischen Ozean und Europa im Winterhalbjahr. Meteor, Z15: 85-105
74. Mertz G, Myers RA (1994) The ecological impact of the Great Salinity Anomaly in the northern North-west Atlantic. Fish Oceanogr., 3: 1-14
75. Molinari RL, Fine RA, Wilson WD, Curry RG, Abell J, McCartney M (1998) The arrival of recently formed Labrador Sea Water in the Deep Western Boundary Current at 26.5°N. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25: 2249-2252
76. Monahan AH, Fyfe JC, Flato GM (2000) A regime view of northern hemisphere atmospheric variability and change under global warming. Geophys. Res. Lett, 27: 1139-1142
77. Mysak LA, Manak DK, Marsden RF (1990) Sea-ice anomalies observed in the Greenland and Labrador Seas during 1901-1984 and their relation to an interdecadal Arctic climate cycle. Climate Dynamics, 5: 111-133
78. Myers RA, Akenhead S, Drinkwater KF (1988) The North Atlantic Oscillation and the ocean climate of the Newfoundland shelf. NAFO SCR Doc 88/65, 22pp
79. Myers RA, Drinkwater KF, Barrowman NJ, Baird JW (1993) Salinity and recruitment of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Newfoundland region. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci., 50: 1599-1609
80. Nobre P, Shukla J (1996) Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress, and rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and South America. J. Climate, 9: 2464-2479
81. Paeth H, Hense A, Glowienka-Hense R, Voss R, Cubasch U (1999) The North Atlantic Oscillation as an indicator for greenhouse-gas induced regional climate change. Clim. Dyn., 15: 953-960
82. Peng S, Mysak LA, Ritchie H, Derome J, Dugas B (1995) The difference between early and midwinter atmospheric responses to sea surface temperature anomalies in the Northwest Atlantic. J. Climate, 8: 137-157
83. Perlwitz J, Graf H-F (1995) The statistical connection between tropospheric and stratospheric circulation of the Northern Hemisphere in winter. J. Climate, 8: 2281-2295
84. Quiroz RS (1986) The association of stratospheric warmings and tropospheric blocking. J. Geophys. Res., 91: 5277-5285
85. Read JF, Gould WJ (1992) Cooling and freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean since the 1960's. Nature, 360: 55-57
86. Reverdin G, Cayan D, Kushnir Y (1997) Decadal variability of hydrography in the upper northern North Atlantic in 1948-1990. J. Geophys. Res., 102: 8505-8532
87. Robertson AW, Mechoso CR, Kim Y-J (2000) The influence of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 13: 122-138
88. Rodwell MJ, Rowell DP, Folland CK (1999) Oceanic forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and European Climate. Nature, 398: 320-323
89. Rogers JC (1984) The association between the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Southern Oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112: 1999-2015
90. Rogers JC (1990) Patterns of low frequency monthly sea level pressure variability (1899-1996) and associated wave cyclone frequencies. J. Climate, 3: 1364-1379
91. Rogers JC, van Loon H (1979) The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and northern Europe. Part II: Some oceanic and atmospheric effects at middle and high latitudes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107: 509-519
92. Sato O, Rossby T (1995) Seasonal and secular variations in dynamic height anomaly and transport of the Gulf Stream. Deep. Sea Res., 42: 149-164
93. Shindell DT, Miller RL, Schmidt GA, Pandolfo L (1999) Simulation of recent northern climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing. Nature, 399: 452-455
94. Schott F (1966) Der Oberflächensalzgehalt in der Nordsee. Dtsch Hydrogr Z (suppl A9): 1-58
95. Shutts GJ (1986) A case study of eddy forcing during an Atlantic blocking episode. Adv. Geophys., 29: 135-162
96. Stockton C, Glueck M (1999) Long-term variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation. In: American Meteorological Society 10th Symposium on Global Change Studies, Dallas Texas, pp. 290-293
97. Sutton RT, Allen MR (1997) Decadal predictability of North Atlantic sea surface temperature and Climate. Nature, 388: 563-567
98. Sy A, Rhein M, Lazier JRN, Koltermann KP, Meincke J, Putzka A, Bersch M (1997) Surprisingly rapid spreading of newly formed intermediate waters across the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 386: 675-679
99. Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM (1998) The Arctic Oscillation signature in wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25: 1297-1300
100. Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM (2000) Annular modes in the extratropical circulation. Part I: Month to month variability. J. Climate, 13: 1000-1016
101. Thompson DWJ, Wallace JM, Hegerl GC (2000) Annular modes in the extratropical ciruclation. Part II: Trends. J. Climate, 13: 1018-1036
102. Timmermann A, Latif M, Voss R, Grötzner A (1998) Northern hemispheric interdecadal variability: A coupled air-sea mode. J. Climate, 11: 1906-1931
103. van Loon H, Rogers JC (1978) The seesaw in winter temperatures between Greenland and northern Europe. Part I: General description. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106: 296-310
104. Vautard R (1990) Multiple weather regimes over the North Atlantic: Analysis of precursors and successors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118: 2056-2081
105. Visbeck M, Cullen H, Krahmann G, Naik N (1998) An ocean model's response to North Atlantic Oscillation-like wind forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25: 4521-4524
106. Wallace JM, Gutzler DS (1981) Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109: 784-812
107. Walker GT (1924) Correlations in seasonal variations of weather IX. Mem. Ind. Meteor. Dept., 24: 275-332
108. Walker GT, Bliss EW (1932) World weather V. Mem. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 4: 53-84
109. Weaver AJ, Sarachik ES (1991) Evidence for Decadal Variability in an ocean general circulation model: An advective mechanism. Atmosphere-Ocean, 29: 197-231
110. Winton M (1997) The damping effect of bottom topography on internal decadal-scale oscillations of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26: 289-304
111. Wohlleben TMH, Weaver AJ (1995) Interdecadal climate variability in the subpolar North Atlantic. Climate Dynamics, 11: 459-467
112. Worthington LV (1977) The intensification of the Gulf Stream after the winter of 1976-77. Nature, 270: 415-417
113. Wunsch C (1999) The interpretation of short climate records, with comments on the North Atlantic and Southern Oscillations. Bull. Amer. Met. Soc., 80: 245-255
114. Zwiers FW, Wang XL, Sheng J (2000) Effects of specifying bottom boundary conditions in an ensemble of atmospheric GCM simulations. J. Geophys. Res., 105: 7295-7315