메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 147, Issue , 2004, Pages 121-142

Tropical atlantic variability: Patterns, mechanisms, and impacts

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 81255127477     PISSN: 00658448     EISSN: 23288779     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1029/147GM07     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (364)

References (147)
  • 1
    • 0024256666 scopus 로고
    • On the functioning of the Southern Oscillation in the South American sector
    • Aceituno, P., On the functioning of the Southern Oscillation in the South American sector: Part I: Surface climate, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 505-524, 1988.
    • (1988) Part I: Surface Climate, Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.97 , pp. 505-524
    • Aceituno, P.1
  • 2
    • 0037101693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of ENSO on air-sea interaction in the Atlantic
    • Alexander, M. A., and J. D. Scott, The influence of ENSO on air-sea interaction in the Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(14), 1701, doi: 10.1029/2001GL014347, 2002.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.14
    • Alexander, M.A.1    Scott, J.D.2
  • 3
    • 0037104707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans
    • Alexander, M. A., I. Bladé, M. Newman, J. R. Lanzante, N.-C. Lau, and J. D. Scott, The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans, J. Clim., 15, 2205-2231, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Clim. , vol.15 , pp. 2205-2231
    • Alexander, M.A.1    Bladé, I.2    Newman, M.3    Lanzante, J.R.4    Lau, N.-C.5    Scott, J.D.6
  • 5
    • 0141682940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The annual cycle over the tropical Atlantic South America, and Africa
    • Biasutti, M., D. S. Battisti, and E. S. Sarachik, The annual cycle over the tropical Atlantic South America, and Africa, J. Clim., 16, 2491-2508, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Clim. , vol.16 , pp. 2491-2508
    • Biasutti, M.1    Battisti, D.S.2    Sarachik, E.S.3
  • 6
    • 0000397542 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Mon
    • Bjerknes, J., Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 163-172, 1969.
    • (1969) Weather Rev. , vol.97 , pp. 163-172
    • Bjerknes, J.1
  • 7
    • 0033607501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AndM. Kashgarian, Eight centuries of North Atlantic Ocean atmosphere variability
    • Black, D. E., L. C. Peterson, J. T. Overpeck, A. Kaplan, M. N. Evans, andM. Kashgarian, Eight centuries of North Atlantic Ocean atmosphere variability, Science, 286, 1709-1713, 1999.
    • (1999) Science , vol.286 , pp. 1709-1713
    • Black, D.E.1    Peterson, L.C.2    Overpeck, J.T.3    Kaplan, A.4    Evans, M.N.5
  • 8
    • 0027028629 scopus 로고
    • Spatial features of the near-surface and midwater circulation patterns off western and southern South Africa and their role in the life histories of various commercially fished species
    • Boyd, A. J., J. Taunton-Clark, and G. P. J. Oberholster, Spatial features of the near-surface and midwater circulation patterns off western and southern South Africa and their role in the life histories of various commercially fished species, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sei., 12, 189-206, 1992.
    • (1992) S. Afr. J. Mar. Sei. , vol.12 , pp. 189-206
    • Boyd, A.J.1    Taunton-Clark, J.2    Oberholster, G.P.J.3
  • 9
    • 0034353321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An interpretation of the results from atmospheric general circulation models forced by the time history of the observed sea surface temperature distribution, Geophys. Res
    • Bretherton, C. S., and D. S. Battisti, An interpretation of the results from atmospheric general circulation models forced by the time history of the observed sea surface temperature distribution, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 767-770, 2000.
    • (2000) Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 767-770
    • Bretherton, C.S.1    Battisti, D.S.2
  • 10
    • 0029414678 scopus 로고
    • Trends of southern African sea level: Statistical analysis and interpretation
    • Brundrit, G. B., Trends of southern African sea level: Statistical analysis and interpretation, S. Afr. J. Mar. Sei., 16, 9-17, 1995.
    • (1995) S. Afr. J. Mar. Sei. , vol.16 , pp. 9-17
    • Brundrit, G.B.1
  • 11
    • 0028263272 scopus 로고
    • Warm events in the tropical Atlantic
    • Carton, J. A., and B. Huang, Warm events in the tropical Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 888-903, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.24 , pp. 888-903
    • Carton, J.A.1    Huang, B.2
  • 12
    • 0030479910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decadal and interannual SST variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean
    • Carton, J. A., X. Cao, B. S. Giese, and A. M. da Silva, Decadal and interannual SST variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1165-1175, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.26 , pp. 1165-1175
    • Carton, J.A.1    Cao, X.2    Giese, B.S.3    Da Silva, A.M.4
  • 13
    • 0030963262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic ocean from thermodynamic air-sea interactions
    • Chang, P., L. Ji, and H. Li, A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic ocean from thermodynamic air-sea interactions, Nature, 385, 516-518, 1997.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.385 , pp. 516-518
    • Chang, P.1    Ji, L.2    Li, H.3
  • 14
    • 15144346705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature
    • Chang, P., L. Ji, H. Li, C. Penland, and L. Matrosova, Prediction of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1193-1196, 1998.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 1193-1196
    • Chang, P.1    Ji, L.2    Li, H.3    Penland, C.4    Matrosova, L.5
  • 15
    • 0034232995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of local sea surface temperatures on atmospheric circulation over the tropical Atlantic sector
    • Chang, P., R. Saravanan, L. Ji, and G. C. Hegerl, The effects of local sea surface temperatures on atmospheric circulation over the tropical Atlantic sector, J. Clim., 13, 2195-2216, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 2195-2216
    • Chang, P.1    Saravanan, R.2    Ji, L.3    Hegerl, G.C.4
  • 16
    • 0035254971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hybrid coupled model study of tropical Atlantic variability
    • Chang, P., L. Ji, and R. Saravanan, A hybrid coupled model study of tropical Atlantic variability, J. Clim., 14, 361-390, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 361-390
    • Chang, P.1    Ji, L.2    Saravanan, R.3
  • 17
    • 0042283552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Atlantic seasonal predictability: The roles of El Nino remote influence and thermodynamic air-sea feedback
    • Chang, P., R. Saravanan, and L. Ji, Tropical Atlantic seasonal predictability: The roles of El Nino remote influence and thermodynamic air-sea feedback, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(10), 1501, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016119, 2003.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , Issue.10
    • Chang, P.1    Saravanan, R.2    Ji, L.3
  • 18
    • 0037106794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical tropospheric temperature variations caused by ENSO and their influence on the remote tropical climate
    • Chiang, J. C. H., and A. H. Sobel, Tropical tropospheric temperature variations caused by ENSO and their influence on the remote tropical climate, J. Clim., 15, 2616-2631, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Clim. , vol.15 , pp. 2616-2631
    • Chiang, J.C.H.1    Sobel, A.H.2
  • 19
    • 0035359728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative roles of elevated heating and sea surface temperature gradients in driving anomalous surface winds over tropical oceans
    • Chiang, J. C. H., S. E. Zebiak, and M. A. Cane, Relative roles of elevated heating and sea surface temperature gradients in driving anomalous surface winds over tropical oceans, J. Atmos. Sei., 58, 1371-1394, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Atmos. Sei. , vol.58 , pp. 1371-1394
    • Chiang, J.C.H.1    Zebiak, S.E.2    Cane, M.A.3
  • 20
    • 0036126571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deconstructing Atlantic ITCZ variability: Influence of the local cross-equatorial SST gradient, and remote forcing from the eastern equatorial Pacific
    • Chiang, J. C. H., Y. Kushnir, and A. Giannini, Deconstructing Atlantic ITCZ variability: influence of the local cross-equatorial SST gradient, and remote forcing from the eastern equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D1), 4004, doi:10.1029/2000JD000307, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Chiang, J.C.H.1    Kushnir, Y.2    Giannini, A.3
  • 21
    • 1642286046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of the Atlantic ITCZ to conditions during Last Glacial Maximum
    • Chiang, J. C. H., M. Biasutti, and D. S. Battisti, Sensitivity of the Atlantic ITCZ to conditions during Last Glacial Maximum, Pale-oeeanograophy, 18(A), 1094, doi:10.1029/2003PA000916, 2003
    • (2003) Pale-Oeeanograophy , vol.18
    • Chiang, J.C.H.1    Biasutti, M.2    Battisti, D.S.3
  • 23
    • 0001303829 scopus 로고
    • Time and space variability of rainfall and surface circulation in the northeast Brazil-tropical Atlantic sector
    • Chu, P.-S., Time and space variability of rainfall and surface circulation in the northeast Brazil-tropical Atlantic sector, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 26, 363-369, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.26 , pp. 363-369
    • Chu, P.-S.1
  • 24
    • 0041532715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SST-forced surface wind variability in the tropical Atlantic: An empirical model
    • Chung, C., S. Nigam, and J. A. Carton, SST-forced surface wind variability in the tropical Atlantic: An empirical model, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D15), 4244, doi:10.1029/2001JD000324, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Chung, C.1    Nigam, S.2    Carton, J.A.3
  • 25
    • 0000822262 scopus 로고
    • The Pacific El Nino phenomenon and the Atlantic circulation, Mon
    • Covey, D. L., and S. Hastenrath, The Pacific El Nino phenomenon and the Atlantic circulation, Mon. Weather Rev., 106, 1280-1287, 1978.
    • (1978) Weather Rev. , vol.106 , pp. 1280-1287
    • Covey, D.L.1    Hastenrath, S.2
  • 27
    • 0029535087 scopus 로고
    • Forcing of anomalous sea surface temperature evolution in the tropical Atlantic during Pacific warm events.
    • Curtis, S., and S. Hastenrath, Forcing of anomalous sea surface temperature evolution in the tropical Atlantic during Pacific warm events. J Geophys. Res., 100, 15, 835-15, 847, 1995.
    • (1995) J Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 835-915
    • Curtis, S.1    Hastenrath, S.2
  • 28
    • 0037113342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A diagnostic study of the role of remote forcing in tropical Atlantic variability
    • Czaja, A., P. van der Vaart, and J. Marshall, A diagnostic study of the role of remote forcing in tropical Atlantic variability, J. Clim., 15, 3280-3290, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Clim. , vol.15 , pp. 3280-3290
    • Czaja, A.1    Van Der Vaart, P.2    Marshall, J.3
  • 29
    • 18244391234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • STOIC: A study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions
    • Davey, M. K., et al., STOIC: a study of coupled model climatology and variability in tropical ocean regions, Clim. Dyn., 18, 403-420, 2002.
    • (2002) Clim. Dyn. , vol.18 , pp. 403-420
    • Davey, M.K.1
  • 30
    • 0032148167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulated interannual to decadal variability in the tropical and sub-tropical North Atlantic
    • Delworth, T. L., and V M. Mehta, Simulated interannual to decadal variability in the tropical and sub-tropical North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 2825-2828, 1998.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.25 , pp. 2825-2828
    • Delworth, T.L.1    Mehta, V.M.2
  • 31
    • 0342656235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual to decadal variability in the tropical Atlantic
    • Dommenget, D., and M. Latif, Interannual to decadal variability in the tropical Atlantic, J. Clim., 13, 777-792, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 777-792
    • Dommenget, D.1    Latif, M.2
  • 32
    • 0036705517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjustment of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system to a sudden change in the thermohaline circulation
    • Dong, B.-W., and R. T. Sutton, Adjustment of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system to a sudden change in the thermohaline circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(15), 1728 doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015229, 2002.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.15
    • Dong, B.-W.1    Sutton, R.T.2
  • 33
    • 0030946848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Atlantic SST variability and its relation to El Nino-Southern Oscillation
    • Enfield, D. B., and D. A. Mayer, Tropical Atlantic SST variability and its relation to El Nino-Southern Oscillation, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 929-945, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 929-945
    • Enfield, D.B.1    Mayer, D.A.2
  • 34
    • 0033190465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiscale variabilities in global sea surface temperatures and their relationships with tropospheric climate patterns
    • Enfield, D. B., and A. M. Mestas-Nuez, Multiscale variabilities in global sea surface temperatures and their relationships with tropospheric climate patterns, J. Clim., 12, 2719-2733, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Clim. , vol.12 , pp. 2719-2733
    • Enfield, D.B.1    Mestas-Nuez, A.M.2
  • 35
    • 0033560597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How ubiquitous is the dipole relationship in tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures
    • Enfield, D. B., A. M. Mestas-Nunez, D. A. Mayer, and L. Cid-Ser-rano, How ubiquitous is the dipole relationship in tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures?, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 7841-7848, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res , vol.104 , pp. 7841-7848
    • Enfield, D.B.1    Mestas-Nunez, A.M.2    Mayer, D.A.3    Cid-Ser-Rano, L.4
  • 36
    • 0022839918 scopus 로고
    • Sahel rainfall and world-wide sea temperatures
    • Folland, C. K., T. N. Palmer, and D. E. Parker, Sahel rainfall and world-wide sea temperatures, Nature, 320, 602-607, 1986.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.320 , pp. 602-607
    • Folland, C.K.1    Palmer, T.N.2    Parker, D.E.3
  • 37
    • 0035342907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictability of northeast Brazil rainfall and real-time forecast skill, 1987-98
    • Folland, C. K., A. W. Colman, D. P. Powell, and M. K. Davey, Predictability of northeast Brazil rainfall and real-time forecast skill, 1987-98. J. Clim., 14, 1937-1958, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 1937-1958
    • Folland, C.K.1    Colman, A.W.2    Powell, D.P.3    Davey, M.K.4
  • 38
    • 84995028839 scopus 로고
    • Sea surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves, and air-sea feedback in the middle latitudes
    • Frankignoul, C., Sea surface temperature anomalies, planetary waves, and air-sea feedback in the middle latitudes, Rev. Geophys., 23, 357-390, 1985.
    • (1985) Rev. Geophys. , vol.23 , pp. 357-390
    • Frankignoul, C.1
  • 39
    • 0035888565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do tropical sea surface temperatures influence the seasonal distribution of precipitation in the equatorial Amazon
    • Fu, R., R. E. Dickinson, M. Chen, and H. Wang, How do tropical sea surface temperatures influence the seasonal distribution of precipitation in the equatorial Amazon?, J. Clim., 14, 4003-4026, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 4003-4026
    • Fu, R.1    Dickinson, R.E.2    Chen, M.3    Wang, H.4
  • 40
    • 0034037729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interannual variability of Caribbean rainfall, ENSO, and the Atlantic Ocean
    • Giannini, A., Y. Kushnir, and M. A. Cane, Interannual variability of Caribbean rainfall, ENSO, and the Atlantic Ocean, J. Clim., 13, 297-311, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 297-311
    • Giannini, A.1    Kushnir, Y.2    Cane, M.A.3
  • 41
    • 0028590663 scopus 로고
    • The seasonal cycle in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model
    • Giese, B. S., and J. A. Carton, The seasonal cycle in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model, J. Clim., 7, 1208-1217, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Clim. , vol.7 , pp. 1208-1217
    • Giese, B.S.1    Carton, J.A.2
  • 42
    • 0027083895 scopus 로고
    • African rainfall as a precursor of hurricane-related destruction on the U.S. east coast
    • Gray, W. M., and C. W. Landsea, African rainfall as a precursor of hurricane-related destruction on the U.S. east coast, Bull. Am. Mete-orol. Soc., 75, 1352-1364, 1992.
    • (1992) Bull. Am. Mete-Orol. Soc. , vol.75 , pp. 1352-1364
    • Gray, W.M.1    Landsea, C.W.2
  • 43
    • 0035870399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coupled land/atmosphere interactions in the West African monsoon
    • Grodsky, S. A., and J. A. Carton, Coupled land/atmosphere interactions in the West African monsoon, Geophys. Res. Letts., 28, 1503-1506, 2001.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Letts. , vol.28 , pp. 1503-1506
    • Grodsky, S.A.1    Carton, J.A.2
  • 44
    • 0141676180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intertropical Convergence Zone in the South Atlantic and the equatorial cold tongue
    • Grodsky S.A., and J. A. Carton, Intertropical Convergence Zone in the South Atlantic and the equatorial cold tongue, J. Clim., 16, 723-733, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Clim. , vol.16 , pp. 723-733
    • Grodsky, S.A.1    Carton, J.A.2
  • 45
    • 0031671505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A decadal climate cycle in the North Atlantic Ocean as simulated by the ECHO coupled GCM
    • Grötzner, A., M. Latif, and T. P. Barnett, A decadal climate cycle in the North Atlantic Ocean as simulated by the ECHO coupled GCM, J.Clim., 11, 831-847, 1998.
    • (1998) J.Clim. , vol.11 , pp. 831-847
    • Grötzner, A.1    Latif, M.2    Barnett, T.P.3
  • 46
    • 0035681835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal and interannual changes in intense Benguela upwelling (1982-1999), Oceanol
    • Hagen, E., R. Feistel, J. J. Agenbag, andT. Ohde, Seasonal and interannual changes in intense Benguela upwelling (1982-1999), Oceanol. Acta, 24, 557-567, 2001.
    • (2001) Acta , vol.24 , pp. 557-567
    • Hagen, E.1    Feistel, R.2    Agenbag, J.J.3    Ohde, T.4
  • 47
    • 0036101629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The low-frequency variability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean
    • Häkkinen, S., and K.C. Mo, The low-frequency variability of the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Clim., 15, 237-250, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Clim. , vol.15 , pp. 237-250
    • Häkkinen, S.1    Mo, K.C.2
  • 48
    • 0001370629 scopus 로고
    • A historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the phisical cause of the said winds
    • Hailey, E., A historical account of the trade winds, and monsoons, observable in the seas between and near the Tropicks, with an attempt to assign the phisical cause of the said winds, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, 16, 153-168, 1686.
    • (1686) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London , vol.16 , pp. 153-168
    • Hailey, E.1
  • 49
    • 0021535168 scopus 로고
    • Interannual variability and annual cycle: Mechanisms of circulation and climate in the tropical Atlantic sector
    • Hastenrath, S., Interannual variability and annual cycle: Mechanisms of circulation and climate in the tropical Atlantic sector, Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 1097-1107, 1984.
    • (1984) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.112 , pp. 1097-1107
    • Hastenrath, S.1
  • 50
    • 0025679899 scopus 로고
    • Decadal-scale changes of the circulation in the tropical Atlantic sector associated with Sahel drought
    • Hastenrath, S., Decadal-scale changes of the circulation in the tropical Atlantic sector associated with Sahel drought, Int. J. Clima-tol., 10, 459-472, 1990.
    • (1990) Int. J. Clima-Tol. , vol.10 , pp. 459-472
    • Hastenrath, S.1
  • 52
    • 0027444136 scopus 로고
    • Further work on the prediction of northeast Brazil rainfall anomalies
    • Hastenrath, S., and L. Greischar, Further work on the prediction of northeast Brazil rainfall anomalies, J. Clim., 6, 743-758, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Clim. , vol.6 , pp. 743-758
    • Hastenrath, S.1    Greischar, L.2
  • 53
    • 84987064340 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of climate hazards in Northeast Brazil
    • Hastenrath, S., and L. Heller, Dynamics of climate hazards in Northeast Brazil, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 103, 77-92, 1977.
    • (1977) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.103 , pp. 77-92
    • Hastenrath, S.1    Heller, L.2
  • 54
    • 0001233206 scopus 로고
    • Atmosphere-ocean mechanisms of climate anomalies in the Angola-tropical Atlantic sector
    • Hirst, A., and S. Hastenrath, Atmosphere-ocean mechanisms of climate anomalies in the Angola-tropical Atlantic sector, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 73, 1146-1157, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.73 , pp. 1146-1157
    • Hirst, A.1    Hastenrath, S.2
  • 55
    • 0002395151 scopus 로고
    • Observation de response du type “El Nino” dans l’At-lantique tropical oriental—Golfe de Guinee, Oceanol
    • Hisard, P., Observation de response du type “El Nino” dans l’At-lantique tropical oriental—Golfe de Guinee, Oceanol. Acta, 3, 69-78, 1980.
    • (1980) Acta , vol.3 , pp. 69-78
    • Hisard, P.1
  • 56
    • 0022843405 scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric conditions in the Atlantic sector during 1983 and 1984
    • Horel, J. D., V E. Kousky, and M. T. Kagano, Atmospheric conditions in the Atlantic sector during 1983 and 1984, Nature, 310, 248-251, 1986.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.310 , pp. 248-251
    • Horel, J.D.1    Kousky, V.E.2    Kagano, M.T.3
  • 57
    • 0042501402 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variations of the subsurface thermal structure in the Gulf of Guinea
    • Houghton, R. W., Seasonal variations of the subsurface thermal structure in the Gulf of Guinea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 2070-2081, 1983.
    • (1983) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.13 , pp. 2070-2081
    • Houghton, R.W.1
  • 58
    • 0000603239 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of sea surface temperature to ther-mocline depth at annual and interannual time scales in the tropical Atlantic Ocean
    • Houghton, R. W., The relationship of sea surface temperature to ther-mocline depth at annual and interannual time scales in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15173-15185, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 15173-15185
    • Houghton, R.W.1
  • 59
    • 0027088080 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics of low-frequency sea surface temperature fluctuations in the tropical Atlantic
    • Houghton, R. W., and Y. M. Tourre, Characteristics of low-frequency sea surface temperature fluctuations in the tropical Atlantic, J. Clim., 5, 765-771, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Clim. , vol.5 , pp. 765-771
    • Houghton, R.W.1    Tourre, Y.M.2
  • 60
    • 0036870735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ENSO effect on the tropical Atlantic variability: A regionally coupled model study
    • Huang, B., P. S. Schopf, and Z. Pan, The ENSO effect on the tropical Atlantic variability: A regionally coupled model study, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(21), 2039, doi:10.1029/2002GL014872, 2002.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.21
    • Huang, B.1    Schopf, P.S.2    Pan, Z.3
  • 62
    • 0036670433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wind Stress Effects on Subsurface Pathways from the Subtropical to Tropical Atlantic
    • Inui, T., A. Lazar, P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, and A. Busalacchi, Wind Stress Effects on Subsurface Pathways from the Subtropical to Tropical Atlantic, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 2257-2276, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.32 , pp. 2257-2276
    • Inui, T.1    Lazar, A.2    Malanotte-Rizzoli, P.3    Busalacchi, A.4
  • 63
    • 0034744810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-seasonal modulation of convection in the West African monsoon, Geophys. Res
    • Janicot S., and B. Sultan, Intra-seasonal modulation of convection in the West African monsoon, Geophys. Res. Letts., 28, 523-526, 2001.
    • (2001) Letts. , vol.28 , pp. 523-526
    • Janicot, S.1    Sultan, B.2
  • 64
    • 0035329586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the meridional overturning circulation on tropical-subtropical pathways
    • Jochum, M., and P. Malanotte-Rizzoli, Influence of the meridional overturning circulation on tropical-subtropical pathways, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1313-1323, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.31 , pp. 1313-1323
    • Jochum, M.1    Malanotte-Rizzoli, P.2
  • 66
    • 0029768948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project
    • Kalnay, E., et al., The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437-471, 1996.
    • (1996) Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.77 , pp. 437-471
    • Kalnay, E.1
  • 67
    • 0033117701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge
    • Klein, S. A., B. J. Soden, and N.-C. Lau, Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge, J. Clim., 12, 917-932, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Clim. , vol.12 , pp. 917-932
    • Klein, S.A.1    Soden, B.J.2    Lau, N.-C.3
  • 68
    • 0036956068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A simple coupled model of tropical Atlantic decadal climate variability
    • Kushnir, Y, R. Seager, J. Miller, and J. C. H. Chiang, A simple coupled model of tropical Atlantic decadal climate variability, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(23), 2133, doi:10.1029/2002GL 015874, 2002a.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.23
    • Kushnir, Y.1    Seager, R.2    Miller, J.3    Chiang, J.C.H.4
  • 69
    • 0037104714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: Synthesis and evaluation
    • Kushnir, Y, W. A. Robinson, I. Bladé, N. M. J. Hall, S. Peng, and R. Sutton, Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: Synthesis and evaluation, J. Clim., 15, 2233-2256, 2002b.
    • (2002) J. Clim. , vol.15 , pp. 2233-2256
    • Kushnir, Y.1    Robinson, W.A.2    Bladé, I.3    Hall, N.M.J.4    Peng, S.5    Sutton, R.6
  • 70
    • 0001142622 scopus 로고
    • Further case studies of tropical Atlantic surface atmospheric and oceanic patterns associated with sub-Saharan drought
    • Lamb, P. J., and R. A. Peppier, Further case studies of tropical Atlantic surface atmospheric and oceanic patterns associated with sub-Saharan drought, J. Clim., 5, 476-488, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Clim. , vol.5 , pp. 476-488
    • Lamb, P.J.1    Peppier, R.A.2
  • 71
    • 0030427363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lag relationships involving tropical sea surface temperatures
    • Lanzante, J. R., Lag relationships involving tropical sea surface temperatures, J. Clim., 9, 2568-2578, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Clim. , vol.9 , pp. 2568-2578
    • Lanzante, J.R.1
  • 72
    • 0029413453 scopus 로고
    • Interactions of the tropical oceans
    • Latif, M., and T. P. Barnett, Interactions of the tropical oceans. J. Clim., 8, 952-964, 1995.
    • (1995) J. Clim. , vol.8 , pp. 952-964
    • Latif, M.1    Barnett, T.P.2
  • 73
    • 0035401720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of ENSO on SST variability in the North Pacific and North Atlantic: Seasonal dependence and role of extratropical sea-air coupling
    • Lau, N.-C., and M. J. Nath, Impact of ENSO on SST variability in the North Pacific and North Atlantic: Seasonal dependence and role of extratropical sea-air coupling, J. Clim., 14, 2846-2866, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 2846-2866
    • Lau, N.-C.1    Nath, M.J.2
  • 74
    • 0030866290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the seasonal cycle of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean
    • Li, T., and S. G. H. Philander, On the seasonal cycle of the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, J Clim., 10, 813-817, 1997.
    • (1997) J Clim. , vol.10 , pp. 813-817
    • Li, T.1    Philander, S.G.H.2
  • 75
    • 0037768370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric response to North Atlantic SST anomalies in seasonal prediction experiments
    • Lin, H., and J. Derome, The atmospheric response to North Atlantic SST anomalies in seasonal prediction experiments, Tellus, 55A, 193-207, 2003.
    • (2003) Tellus , vol.55 , pp. 193-207
    • Lin, H.1    Derome, J.2
  • 76
    • 0000838089 scopus 로고
    • On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics
    • Lindzen, R. S., and S. Nigam, On the role of sea surface temperature gradients in forcing low-level winds and convergence in the tropics, J. Atmos. Sei., 44, 2418-2436, 1987.
    • (1987) J. Atmos. Sei. , vol.44 , pp. 2418-2436
    • Lindzen, R.S.1    Nigam, S.2
  • 77
    • 0022848982 scopus 로고
    • Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature and rainfall variations in subsaharan Africa
    • Lough, J. M., Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature and rainfall variations in subsaharan Africa, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 561-570, 1986.
    • (1986) Mon. Weather Rev. , vol.114 , pp. 561-570
    • Lough, J.M.1
  • 78
    • 0030426468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of North Atlantic low-frequency SST variability
    • Luksch, U., Simulation of North Atlantic low-frequency SST variability, J. Clim., 9, 2083-2092, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Clim. , vol.9 , pp. 2083-2092
    • Luksch, U.1
  • 79
    • 0027526859 scopus 로고
    • Case studies of extreme climatic events in the Amazon basin
    • Marengo, J. A., and S. Hastenrath, Case studies of extreme climatic events in the Amazon basin, J. Clim., 6, 617-627, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Clim. , vol.6 , pp. 617-627
    • Marengo, J.A.1    Hastenrath, S.2
  • 80
    • 0000630239 scopus 로고
    • Sea surface temperature related to rain in Ceara, Northeastern Brazil
    • Markham, C. G., and D. R. McLain, Sea surface temperature related to rain in Ceara, Northeastern Brazil, Nature, 265, 320-323, 1977.
    • (1977) Nature , vol.265 , pp. 320-323
    • Markham, C.G.1    McLain, D.R.2
  • 81
    • 0035714103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Atlantic climate variability: Phenomena, impacts and mechanisms
    • Marshall, J., et al., North Atlantic climate variability: Phenomena, impacts and mechanisms, Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1863-1898, 2001.
    • (2001) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.21 , pp. 1863-1898
    • Marshall, J.1
  • 82
    • 0032463205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability of the tropical ocean surface temperatures at decadal-multidecadal time scales. Part I: The Atlantic Ocean
    • Mehta, V M. Variability of the tropical ocean surface temperatures at decadal-multidecadal time scales. Part I: The Atlantic Ocean, J. Clim., 11, 2351-2375 1998.
    • (1998) J. Clim. , vol.11 , pp. 2351-2375
    • Mehta, V.M.1
  • 83
    • 0034352582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceanic influence on the North Atlantic Oscillation and associated Northern Hemisphere climate variations: 1959-1993
    • Mehta, V. M., M. J. Suarez, J. Manganello, and T. L. Delworth, Oceanic influence on the North Atlantic Oscillation and associated Northern Hemisphere climate variations: 1959-1993, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 121-124, 2000.
    • (2000) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 121-124
    • Mehta, V.M.1    Suarez, M.J.2    Manganello, J.3    Delworth, T.L.4
  • 84
    • 0000446536 scopus 로고
    • Annual and interannual variability of temperature in the eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean - hypothesis of an Atlantic El Nino
    • Merle, J., Annual and interannual variability of temperature in the eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean - hypothesis of an Atlantic El Nino, Oceanol. Acta, 3, 209-220, 1980.
    • (1980) Oceanol. Acta , vol.3 , pp. 209-220
    • Merle, J.1
  • 85
    • 0035254931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eastern equatorial Pacific SST variability: ENSO and non-ENSO components and their climatic associations
    • Mestas-Nunez, A. M., and D. B. Enfield, Eastern equatorial Pacific SST variability: ENSO and non-ENSO components and their climatic associations, J. Clim., 14, 391-402, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 391-402
    • Mestas-Nunez, A.M.1    Enfield, D.B.2
  • 86
    • 0027042704 scopus 로고
    • The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature
    • Mitchell, T. P., and J. M. Wallace, The annual cycle in equatorial convection and sea surface temperature, J. Clim., 5, 1140-1156, 1992.
    • (1992) J. Clim. , vol.5 , pp. 1140-1156
    • Mitchell, T.P.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 87
    • 0019748175 scopus 로고
    • On the dynamics of droughts in northeast Brazil: Observations, theory and numerical experiments with a general circulation model
    • Moura, A., and J. Shukla, On the dynamics of droughts in northeast Brazil: Observations, theory and numerical experiments with a general circulation model, J. Atmos. Sei., 38, 2653-2675, 1981.
    • (1981) J. Atmos. Sei. , vol.38 , pp. 2653-2675
    • Moura, A.1    Shukla, J.2
  • 88
    • 0000286787 scopus 로고
    • Influence of northern hemisphere general circulation on drought in Northeast Brazil
    • Namias, J., Influence of northern hemisphere general circulation on drought in Northeast Brazil, Tellus, 24, 336-42, 1972.
    • (1972) Tellus , vol.24 , pp. 336-342
    • Namias, J.1
  • 90
    • 0030425712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress, and rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and South America
    • Nobre, P., and J. Shukla, Variations of sea surface temperature, wind stress, and rainfall over the tropical Atlantic and South America, J. Clim., 9, 2464-2479, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Clim. , vol.9 , pp. 2464-2479
    • Nobre, P.1    Shukla, J.2
  • 91
    • 1642314647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interhemispheric coherence of tropical climate variability: Effect of climatological ITCZ
    • Okajima, H., S.-P. Xie, and A. Numaguti, Interhemispheric coherence of tropical climate variability: Effect of climatological ITCZ, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 81, 1371-1386, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.81 , pp. 1371-1386
    • Okajima, H.1    Xie, S.-P.2    Numaguti, A.3
  • 92
    • 7044247832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction of the Atlantic equatorial cold tongue and African monsoon
    • Okumura, Y. and S.-P. Xie, Interaction of the Atlantic equatorial cold tongue and African monsoon, J. Clim., 17, in press, 2004.
    • (2004) J. Clim. , vol.17
    • Okumura, Y.1    Xie, S.-P.2
  • 93
    • 0035870403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Atlantic air-sea interaction and its influence on the NAO
    • Okumura, Y., S.-P. Xie, A. Numaguti, and Y. Tanimoto, Tropical Atlantic air-sea interaction and its influence on the NAO, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1507-1510, 2001.
    • (2001) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.28 , pp. 1507-1510
    • Okumura, Y.1    Xie, S.-P.2    Numaguti, A.3    Tanimoto, Y.4
  • 94
    • 0028560913 scopus 로고
    • Interdecadal changes of surface temperature since the late 19th century
    • Parker, D. E., P. D. Jones, A. Bevan, and C. K. Folland, Interdecadal changes of surface temperature since the late 19th century, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 14373-14399, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.99 , pp. 14373-14399
    • Parker, D.E.1    Jones, P.D.2    Bevan, A.3    Folland, C.K.4
  • 95
    • 0037092315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • North Atlantic SST forcing of the NAO and relationships with intrinsic hemispheric variability
    • Peng, S., W. A. Robinson, and S. Li, North Atlantic SST forcing of the NAO and relationships with intrinsic hemispheric variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(8), 1276, doi:10.1029/2001GL014043, 2002.
    • Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.29 , Issue.8
    • Peng, S.1    Robinson, W.A.2    Li, S.3
  • 96
    • 0031927070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prediction of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures using linear inverse modeling
    • Penland, C., and L. Matrosova, Prediction of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures using linear inverse modeling, J. Clim., 11, 483-496, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Clim. , vol.11 , pp. 483-496
    • Penland, C.1    Matrosova, L.2
  • 97
    • 0034623778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid changes in the hydrologie cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last glacial
    • Peterson, L. C., G. H. Huag, K. A. Hughen, and U. Rohl, Rapid changes in the hydrologie cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last glacial, Science, 290, 1947-1951, 2000.
    • (2000) Science , vol.290 , pp. 1947-1951
    • Peterson, L.C.1    Huag, G.H.2    Hughen, K.A.3    Rohl, U.4
  • 98
    • 0022846587 scopus 로고
    • Unusual conditions in the tropical Atlantic Ocean in 1984
    • Philander, S. G. H., Unusual conditions in the tropical Atlantic Ocean in 1984, Nature, 222, 236-238, 1986.
    • (1986) Nature , vol.222 , pp. 236-238
    • Philander, S.G.H.1
  • 99
    • 0019660873 scopus 로고
    • The oceanic response to cross-equatorial winds (With application to coastal upwelling in low latitudes)
    • Philander, S. G. H., and R. C. Pacanowski, The oceanic response to cross-equatorial winds (with application to coastal upwelling in low latitudes), Tellus, 33, 201-210, 1981.
    • (1981) Tellus , vol.33 , pp. 201-210
    • Philander, S.G.H.1    Pacanowski, R.C.2
  • 100
    • 0000990673 scopus 로고
    • A model of the seasonal cycle in the tropical Atlantic Ocean
    • Philander, S. G. H., and R. C. Pacanowski, A model of the seasonal cycle in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 14192-14206, 1986.
    • (1986) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.91 , pp. 14192-14206
    • Philander, S.G.H.1    Pacanowski, R.C.2
  • 101
    • 0032216006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observed decadal midlatitude and tropical Atlantic climate variability, Geophys. Res
    • Rajagopalan, B., Y. Kushnir, and Y. Tourre, Observed decadal midlatitude and tropical Atlantic climate variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 3967-3970, 1998.
    • (1998) Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 3967-3970
    • Rajagopalan, B.1    Kushnir, Y.2    Tourre, Y.3
  • 102
    • 0029473106 scopus 로고
    • On the severe drought of 1993 in Northeast Brazil
    • Rao, V B., K. Hada, and D. L. Herdies, On the severe drought of 1993 in Northeast Brazil, Int. J. Climatol., 15, 697-704, 1995.
    • (1995) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.15 , pp. 697-704
    • Rao, V.B.1    Hada, K.2    Herdies, D.L.3
  • 103
    • 0034112366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation
    • Robertson, A. W., C. R. Mechoso, and Y.-J. Kim, The influence of Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies on the North Atlantic Oscillation, J. Clim., 13, 122-138, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 122-138
    • Robertson, A.W.1    Mechoso, C.R.2    Kim, Y.-J.3
  • 104
    • 85040230902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the predictability of North Atlantic climate
    • edited by J. W. Hurrell etal.,, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC
    • Rodwell, M. J., On the predictability of North Atlantic climate, in The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact, edited by J. W. Hurrell etal., pp. 173-192, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 2003.
    • (2003) The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climatic Significance and Environmental Impact , pp. 173-192
    • Rodwell, M.J.1
  • 105
    • 0033602372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceanic forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and European climate
    • Rodwell, M. J., D. R Rowell, and C. K. Folland, Oceanic forcing of the wintertime North Atlantic Oscillation and European climate, Nature, 398, 320-323, 1999.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 320-323
    • Rodwell, M.J.1    Rowell, D.R.2    Folland, C.K.3
  • 106
    • 0034275047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structure of inter-annual-to-decadal climate variability in the tropical Atlantic sector
    • Ruiz-Barradas, A., J. A. Carton, and S. Nigam, Structure of inter-annual-to-decadal climate variability in the tropical Atlantic sector, J. Clim., 13, 3285-3297, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 3285-3297
    • Ruiz-Barradas, A.1    Carton, J.A.2    Nigam, S.3
  • 107
    • 0042346356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the atmosphere in climate variability of the tropical Atlantic
    • Ruiz-Barradas, A., J. A. Carton, and S. Nigam, Role of the atmosphere in climate variability of the tropical Atlantic, J. Clim., 16, 2052-2065, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Clim. , vol.16 , pp. 2052-2065
    • Ruiz-Barradas, A.1    Carton, J.A.2    Nigam, S.3
  • 108
    • 0034233077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interaction between tropical Atlantic variability and El Nino-Southern Oscillation
    • Saravanan, R., and P Chang, Interaction between tropical Atlantic variability and El Nino-Southern Oscillation, J. Clim., 13, 2177-2194, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 2177-2194
    • Saravanan, R.1    Chang, P.2
  • 111
    • 0035284376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking for the role of the ocean in tropical Atlantic decadal climate variability
    • Seager, R., Y. Kushnir, P. Chang, N. Naik, J. Miller, and W. Hazeleger, Looking for the role of the ocean in tropical Atlantic decadal climate variability, J. Clim., 14, 638-655, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Clim. , vol.14 , pp. 638-655
    • Seager, R.1    Kushnir, Y.2    Chang, P.3    Naik, N.4    Miller, J.5    Hazeleger, W.6
  • 112
    • 0026283611 scopus 로고
    • Simple climate indices for the tropical Atlantic Ocean and some applications
    • Servain, J., Simple climate indices for the tropical Atlantic Ocean and some applications, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 15, 137-15, 146, 1991.
    • (1991) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.96 , pp. 137-215
    • Servain, J.1
  • 113
    • 0019951446 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of remote forcing in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean
    • Servain, J., J. Picaut, and J. Merle, Evidence of remote forcing in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 457-463, 1982.
    • (1982) J. Phys. Oceanogr. , vol.12 , pp. 457-463
    • Servain, J.1    Picaut, J.2    Merle, J.3
  • 114
    • 0033557393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between the equatorial and meridional modes of climatic variability in the tropical Atlantic
    • Servain, J., I. Wainer, J. P. McCreary, and A. Dessier, Relationship between the equatorial and meridional modes of climatic variability in the tropical Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 485-488, 1999.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 485-488
    • Servain, J.1    Wainer, I.2    McCreary, J.P.3    Dessier, A.4
  • 116
    • 0034273696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The elements of climate variability in the tropical Atlantic region
    • Sutton, R. T., S. P. Jewson, and D. P. Rowell, The elements of climate variability in the tropical Atlantic region, J. Clim., 13, 3261-3284, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Clim. , vol.13 , pp. 3261-3284
    • Sutton, R.T.1    Jewson, S.P.2    Rowell, D.P.3
  • 117
    • 3142589196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The North Atlantic Oscillation—What role for the ocean?
    • Sutton, R. T., W. A. Norton, and S. P. Jewson, The North Atlantic Oscillation—What role for the ocean?, Atmospheric Science Letters, 1(2), doi: 10.1006/asle.2000.0018, 2001.
    • (2001) Atmospheric Science Letters , vol.1 , Issue.2
    • Sutton, R.T.1    Norton, W.A.2    Jewson, S.P.3
  • 118
    • 0033074811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocean-atmosphere variability over the pan-Atlantic basin
    • Tanimoto, Y., and S.-P. Xie, Ocean-atmosphere variability over the pan-Atlantic basin, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 77, 31-46, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.77 , pp. 31-46
    • Tanimoto, Y.1    Xie, S.-P.2
  • 119
    • 0036822426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-hemispheric decadal variations in SST, surface wind, heat flux and cloud cover over the Atlantic Ocean
    • Tanimoto, Y., and S.-P. Xie, Inter-hemispheric decadal variations in SST, surface wind, heat flux and cloud cover over the Atlantic Ocean, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 80, 1199-1219, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.80 , pp. 1199-1219
    • Tanimoto, Y.1    Xie, S.-P.2
  • 120
    • 0037107216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the tropical Atlantic versus the tropical Pacific on Caribbean rainfall
    • Taylor, M. A., D. B. Enfield, and A. A. Chen, Influence of the tropical Atlantic versus the tropical Pacific on Caribbean rainfall, J. Geophys. Res., 107(C9), 3127 doi: 10.1029/2001JC 001097, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Taylor, M.A.1    Enfield, D.B.2    Chen, A.A.3
  • 121
    • 0037113133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature forcing of quasi-decadal climate variability over the North Atlantic-European region
    • Terray, L., and C. Cassou, Tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature forcing of quasi-decadal climate variability over the North Atlantic-European region, J. Clim., 15, 3170-3187, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Clim. , vol.15 , pp. 3170-3187
    • Terray, L.1    Cassou, C.2
  • 122
    • 0037367568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The JET 2000 Project: Aircraft observa-tions of the African easterly jet and African easterly waves, Bull. Am
    • Thorncroft, C. D., et al., The JET 2000 Project: Aircraft observa-tions of the African easterly jet and African easterly waves, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 337-351, 2003.
    • (2003) Meteorol. Soc. , vol.86 , pp. 337-351
    • Thorncroft, C.D.1
  • 123
    • 0033172537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AndY. Kushnir, Dominant patterns of climate variability in the Atlantic Ocean during the last 136 years
    • Tourre, Y. M., B. Rajagopalan, andY. Kushnir, Dominant patterns of climate variability in the Atlantic Ocean during the last 136 years, J. Clim., 12, 2285-2299, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Clim. , vol.12 , pp. 2285-2299
    • Tourre, Y.M.1    Rajagopalan, B.2
  • 124
    • 0031420880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atmosphere-ocean coupled variability in the South Atlantic
    • Venegas, S. A., L. A. Mysak, and D. N. Straub, Atmosphere-ocean coupled variability in the South Atlantic, J. Clim., 10, 2904-2920, 1997.
    • (1997) J. Clim. , vol.10 , pp. 2904-2920
    • Venegas, S.A.1    Mysak, L.A.2    Straub, D.N.3
  • 125
    • 0033172677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The atmospheric response over the North Atlantic to decadal changes in sea surface temperature
    • Venzke, S., M. R. Allen, R. T. Sutton, and D. P. Rowell, The atmospheric response over the North Atlantic to decadal changes in sea surface temperature, J. Clim., 12, 2562-2584, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Clim. , vol.12 , pp. 2562-2584
    • Venzke, S.1    Allen, M.R.2    Sutton, R.T.3    Rowell, D.P.4
  • 126
    • 0036231020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and application of a mesoscale climate model for the tropics: Influence of sea surface temperature anomalies on the West African monsoon
    • Vizy, E. K., and K. H. Cook, Development and application of a mesoscale climate model for the tropics: Influence of sea surface temperature anomalies on the West African monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 107(D3), 4023, doi:10.1029/2001JD000686, 2002.
    • (2002) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.107
    • Vizy, E.K.1    Cook, K.H.2
  • 127
    • 0030435835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms controlling variability of the inter-hemispheric sea surface temperature gradient in the tropical Atlantic
    • Wagner, R. G., Mechanisms controlling variability of the inter-hemispheric sea surface temperature gradient in the tropical Atlantic, J. Clim., 9, 2010-2019, 1996.
    • (1996) J. Clim. , vol.9 , pp. 2010-2019
    • Wagner, R.G.1
  • 128
    • 0028311153 scopus 로고
    • Surface conditions associated with anomalous rainfall in the Guinea coastal region
    • Wagner, R. G., and A. da Silva, Surface conditions associated with anomalous rainfall in the Guinea coastal region, Int. J. Climatol., 14, 179-200, 1994.
    • (1994) Int. J. Climatol. , vol.14 , pp. 179-200
    • Wagner, R.G.1    Da Silva, A.2
  • 129
    • 0346056666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling climate variability in the tropical Atlantic atmosphere
    • Wang, J., and J.A. Carton, Modeling climate variability in the tropical Atlantic atmosphere, J. Clim., 16, 3858-3876, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Clim. , vol.16 , pp. 3858-3876
    • Wang, J.1    Carton, J.A.2
  • 130
    • 0033453321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tropical-extratropical connection in the Atlantic atmosphere-ocean variability, Geophys. Res
    • Watanabe, M., and M. Kimoto, Tropical-extratropical connection in the Atlantic atmosphere-ocean variability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2247-2250, 1999.
    • (1999) Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 2247-2250
    • Watanabe, M.1    Kimoto, M.2
  • 131
    • 0033190441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of decadal climate oscillations in the North Atlantic detected in observations and a coupled GCM
    • Watanabe, M., M. Kimoto, T. Nitta, and M. Kachi, A comparison of decadal climate oscillations in the North Atlantic detected in observations and a coupled GCM, J. Clim., 12, 2920-2940, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Clim. , vol.12 , pp. 2920-2940
    • Watanabe, M.1    Kimoto, M.2    Nitta, T.3    Kachi, M.4
  • 132
    • 84987097983 scopus 로고
    • Empirical orthogonal analysis of Atlantic Ocean surface temperatures
    • Weare, B. C., Empirical orthogonal analysis of Atlantic Ocean surface temperatures, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 103, 467 478, 1977.
    • (1977) Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.103 , Issue.467
    • Weare, B.C.1
  • 133
    • 0036662808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is tropical Atlantic variability driven by the North Atlantic Oscillation?
    • Wu, L., and Z. Liu, Is tropical Atlantic variability driven by the North Atlantic Oscillation? Geophys. Res. Lett. 29(13), 1653, doi: 10.1029/2002GL014939, 2002.
    • (2002) Geophys. Res. Lett , vol.29 , Issue.13
    • Wu, L.1    Liu, Z.2
  • 136
    • 0030482032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions
    • Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions, J Clim., 9, 840-858, 1996.
    • (1996) J Clim. , vol.9 , pp. 840-858
    • Xie, P.1    Arkin, P.A.2
  • 137
    • 0028560934 scopus 로고
    • On the genesis of the equatorial annual cycle
    • Xie, S.-P., On the genesis of the equatorial annual cycle. J. Clim., 7, 2008-2013, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Clim. , vol.7 , pp. 2008-2013
    • Xie, S.-P.1
  • 138
    • 0033055968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A dynamic ocean-atmosphere model of the tropical Atlantic decadal variability
    • Xie, S.-E, A dynamic ocean-atmosphere model of the tropical Atlantic decadal variability, J. Clim., 12, 64-70, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Clim. , vol.12 , pp. 64-70
    • Xie, S.-E.1
  • 140
    • 84981590409 scopus 로고
    • A coupled ocean-atmosphere model of relevance to the ITCZ in the eastern Pacific
    • Xie, S.-P., and S.G.H. Philander, A coupled ocean-atmosphere model of relevance to the ITCZ in the eastern Pacific, Tellus, 46A, 340-350, 1994.
    • (1994) Tellus , vol.46 , pp. 340-350
    • Xie, S.-P.1    Philander, S.G.H.2
  • 141
    • 2042504909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • AndY. Tanimoto, A pan-Atlantic decadal climate oscillation
    • Xie, S.-P., andY. Tanimoto, A pan-Atlantic decadal climate oscillation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 2185-2188, 1998.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 2185-2188
    • Xie, S.-P.1
  • 142
    • 0033153636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How and why climate variability differs between the tropical Pacific and Atlantic
    • Xie, S.-P., Y. Tanimoto, H. Noguchi, and T. Matsuno, How and why climate variability differs between the tropical Pacific and Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1609-1612, 1999.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 1609-1612
    • Xie, S.-P.1    Tanimoto, Y.2    Noguchi, H.3    Matsuno, T.4
  • 143
    • 0033560471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A linkage between decadal climate variations in the Labrador Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean
    • Yang, J.Y., A linkage between decadal climate variations in the Labrador Sea and the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1023-1026, 1999.
    • (1999) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.26 , pp. 1023-1026
    • Yang, J.Y.1
  • 144
    • 0028590907 scopus 로고
    • The signature of ENSO in global temperature and precipitation fields derived from the microwave sounding unit
    • Yulaeva, E., and J. M. Wallace, The signature of ENSO in global temperature and precipitation fields derived from the microwave sounding unit, J. Clim., 7, 1719-1736, 1994.
    • (1994) J. Clim. , vol.7 , pp. 1719-1736
    • Yulaeva, E.1    Wallace, J.M.2
  • 145
    • 0027798617 scopus 로고
    • 'air-sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region
    • Zebiak, S. E., 'air-sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region, J. Clim., 6, 1567-1586, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Clim. , vol.6 , pp. 1567-1586
    • Zebiak, S.E.1
  • 146
    • 0000335201 scopus 로고
    • A model El Nifio-Southem Oscillation, Mon
    • Zebiak, S. E., and M. A. Cane, A model El Nifio-Southem Oscillation, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 2262-2278, 1987.
    • (1987) Weather Rev. , vol.115 , pp. 2262-2278
    • Zebiak, S.E.1    Cane, M.A.2
  • 147
    • 0031806783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Latent heat flux and interannual variability of the coupled atmosphere-ocean system
    • Zhou, Z., and J. A. Carton, Latent heat flux and interannual variability of the coupled atmosphere-ocean system, J. Atmos. Sei., 55, 494-501, 1998.
    • (1998) J. Atmos. Sei. , vol.55 , pp. 494-501
    • Zhou, Z.1    Carton, J.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.