The Anaphase Promoting Complex and aging: The APCs of longevity

Current Genomics

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 263-272

  Harkness, Troy A A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN   (Canada)

Author keywords

Anaphase Promoting Complex; Caloric restriction; Evolutionary conservation; Stress response pathway

Indexed keywords

ANAPHASE PROMOTING COMPLEX; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA; FOB1 PROTEIN; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; REGULATOR PROTEIN; RIBOSOME DNA; SCH9 PROTEIN KINASE; SILENT INFORMATION REGULATOR PROTEIN 2; TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN KINASE; TOR1 PROTEIN KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FKHR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXO; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR FOXO 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGING; CALORIC RESTRICTION; EUKARYOTE; GENE DELETION; GENETIC CONSERVATION; GENETIC MODEL; GENETIC SCREENING; HERITABILITY; HORMESIS; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; LIFESPAN; LONGEVITY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STOCHASTIC MODEL; STRESS; YEAST;

EUKARYOTA;

EID: 33749031846     PISSN: 13892029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138920206778426997     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Troen, B. R. The biology of aging. Mt. Sinai J. Med., 2003, 70: 3-22.
2. Helfand, S. L., Rogina, B. Genetics of aging in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Annu. Rev. Genet. 2003, 37: 329-348.
3. Sinclair, D. A. Toward a unified theory of caloric restriction and longevity regulation. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2005, 126: 987-1002.
4. Vijg, J., Suh, Y. Genetics of longevity and aging. Annu. Rev. Med. 2005, 56: 193-212.
5. Trott, A., Shaner, L. Morano, K. A. The molecular chaperone Sse1 and the growth control protein kinase Sch9 collaborate to regulate protein kinase A activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2005, 170: 1009-1021.
6. Boxenbaum, H., Neafsey, P. J., Fournier, D. J. Hormesis, Gompertz functions, and risk assessment. Drug Metab. Rev. 1988, 19: 195-229.
7. Masoro, E. J. Hormesis is the beneficial action resulting from the response of an organism to a low-intensity stressor. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2000, 19: 340-341.
8. Masoro, E. J. Overview of caloric restriction and ageing. Mech. Ageing Dev., 2005, 126: 913-922.
9. Jiang, J. C., Jaruga, E., Repnevskaya, M. V., Jazwinski, S. M. An intervention resembling caloric restriction prolongs life span and retards aging in yeast. FASEB J. 2000, 14: 2135-2137.
10. Lin, S.J., Defossez, P. A., Guarente, L: Requirement of NAD and SIR2 for life-span extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Science 2000, 289: 2126-2128.
11. Anderson, R. M., Latorre-Esteves, M., Neves, A. R., Lavu, S., Medvedik, O., Taylor, C., Howitz, K. T., Santos, H., Sinclair, D. A. Yeast life-span extension by calorie restriction is independent of NAD fluctuation. Science 2003, 302: 2124-2126.
12. Johnson, T. E., Hartman, P. S. Radiation effects on life span in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Gerontol. 1988, 43: B137-B141.
13. Lithgow, G. J., White, T. M., Hinerfeld, D. A., Johnson, T. E. Thermotolerance of a long-lived mutant of Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Gerontol. 1994, 49: B270-B276.
14. Cypser, J. R., Johnson, T. E. Multiple stressors in Caenorhabditis elegans induce stress hormesis and extended longevity. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2002, 57: B109-B114.
15. Murakami, S., Salmon, A., Miller, R. A. Multiplex stress resistance in cells from long-lived dwarf mice. FASEB J. 2003, 17: 1565-1566.
16. Lints, F. A., Bullens, P., Le Bourg, E. Hypergravity and aging in Drosophila melanogaster: 7. New longevity data. Exp. Gerontol. 1993, 28: 611-615.
17. Minois, N., Guinaudy, M. J., Payre, F., Le Bourg, E. HSP70 induction may explain the long-lasting resistance to heat of Drosophila melanogaster having lived in hypergravity. Mech. Ageing Dev. 1999, 109: 65-77.
18. Sorensen, J. G., Loeschcke, V. Larval crowding in Drosophila melanogaster induces Hsp70 expression, and leads to increased adult longevity and adult thermal stress resistance. J. Insect Physiol. 2001, 47: 1301-1307.
19. Hercus, M. J., Loeschcke, V., Rattan, S. I. Lifespan extension of Drosophila melanogaster through hormesis by repeated mild heat stress. Biogerontology 2003, 4: 149-156.
20. Fabrizio, P., Pozza, F., Pletcher, S. D., Gendron, C. M., Longo, V. D. Regulation of longevity and stress resistance by Sch9 in yeast. Science 2001, 292: 288-290.
21. Lin, S. S., Manchester, J. K., Gordon, J. I. Sip2, an N-myristoylated beta subunit of Snf1 kinase, regulates aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by affecting cellular histone kinase activity, recombination at rDNA loci, and silencing. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278: 13390-13397.
22. Kaeberlein, M., Powers, R. W. 3rd, Steffen, K. K., Westman, E. A., Hu, D., Dang, N., Kerr, E. O., Kirkland, K. T., Fields, S., Kennedy, B. K. Regulation of yeast replicative life span by TOR and Sch9 in response to nutrients. Science 2005, 310: 1193-1196.
23. Powers, R. W. 3rd, Kaeberlein, M., Caldwell, S. D., Kennedy, B. K., Fields, S. Extension of chronological life span in yeast by decreased TOR pathway signaling. Genes Dev. 2006, 20: 174-184.
24. Kotani, S., Tugendreich, S., Fujii, M., Jorgensen, P. M., Watanabe, N., Hoog, C., Hieter, P., Todokoro, K. PKA and MPF-activated polo-like kinase regulate anaphase-promoting complex activity and mitosis progression. Mol. Cell 1998, 1: 371-380.
25. Irniger, S., Baumer, M., Braus, G.H. Glucose and ras activity influence the ubiquitin ligases APC/C and SCF in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2000, 154: 1509-1521.
26. Harkness, T. A. A., Shea, K. A., Legrand, C., Brahmania, M., Davies, G. F. A functional analysis reveals dependence on the anaphase-promoting complex for prolonged life span in yeast. Genetics 2004, 168: 759-774.
27. Robine, J. M., Allard, M. The oldest human. Science 1998, 279: 1834-1835.
28. Perls, T. T., Bubrick, E., Wager, C. G., Vijg, J., Kruglyak, L. Siblings of centenarians live longer. Lancet 1998, 351: 1560.
29. Gudmundsson, H., Gudbjartsson, D. F., Frigge, M., Gulcher, J. R., Stefansson, K. Inheritance of human longevity in Iceland. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2000, 8: 743-749.
30. Kerber, R.A., O'Brien, E., Smith, K. R., Cawthon, R. M. Familial excess longevity in Utah genealogies. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2001, 56: B130-B139.
31. Perls, T. T., Wilmoth, J., Levenson, R., Drinkwater, M., Cohen, M., Bogan, H., Joyce, E., Brewster, S., Kunkel, L., Puca, A. Life-long sustained mortality advantage of siblings of centenarians. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99: 8442-8447.
32. Harman, D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J. Gerontol. 1956, 11: 298-300.
33. Balaban, R. S., Nemoto, S., Finkel, T. Mitochondria, oxidants, and aging. Cell 2005, 120: 483-495.
34. Williams, G. C. Pleiotropy, natural selection and the evolution of senescence. Evolution 1957, 11: 398-411.
35. Leroi, A. M., Bartke, A., De Benedictis, G., Franceschi, C., Gartner, A., Gonos, E. S., Fedei, M. E., Kivisild, T., Lee, S., Kartaf-Ozer, N., Schumacher, M., Sikora, E., Slagboom, E., Tatar, M., Yashin, A. I., Vijg, J., Zwaan, B. What evidence is there for the existence of individual genes with antagonistic pleiotropic effects? Mech. Ageing Dev. 2005, 126: 421-429.
36. Kirkwood, T. B., Holliday, R. The evolution of ageing and longevity. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 1979, 205: 531-546.
37. Demas, G. E., Nelson, R. J. Photoperiod, ambient temperature, and food availability interact to affect reproductive and immune function in adult male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). J. Biol. Rhythms 1998, 13: 253-262.
38. Kamiya, H., Sasaki, S., Ikeuchi, T., Umemoto, Y., Tatsura, H., Hayashi, Y., Kaneko, S., Kohri, K. Effect of simulated microgravity on testosterone and sperm motility in mice. J. Androl. 2003, 24: 885-890.
39. Weindruch, R. H., Walford, R. L. The retardation of aging and disease by dietary restriction. Springfield (Illinois): Charles C. Thomas, 1988, p. 436.
40. Corton, J. C., Brown-Borg, H. M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 in caloric restriction and other models of longevity. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2005, 60: 1494-1509.
41. Guarente, L. Calorie restriction and SIR2 genes - towards a mechanism. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2005, 126: 923-928.
42. Nikolich-Zugich, J., Messaoudi, I. Mice and flies and monkeys too: caloric restriction rejuvenates the aging immune system of nonhuman primates. Exp. Gerontol. 2005, 40: 884-893.
43. Phelan, J. P., Rose, M. R. Why dietary restriction substantially increases longevity in animal models but won't in humans. Ageing Res. Rev. 2005, 4: 339-350.
44. Wolf, G. Calorie restriction increases life span: a molecular mechanism. Nutr. Rev. 2006, 64: 89-92.
45. Kaeberlein, M., Kirkland, K. T., Fields, S., Kennedy, B. K. Sir2-independent life span extension by calorie restriction in yeast. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2: E296.
46. Kaeberlein, M., Andalis, A. A., Fink, G. R., Guarente, L. High osmolarity extends life span in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a mechanism related to calorie restriction. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22: 8056-8066.
47. Miquel, J., Lundgren, P. R., Bensch, K. G., Atlan, H. Effects of temperature on the life span, vitality and fine structure of Drosophila melanogaster. Mech. Ageing Dev. 1976, 5: 347-370.
48. Sohal, R. S., Buchan, P. B. Relationship between physical activity and life span in the adult housefly, Musca domestica. Exp. Gerontol. 1981, 16: 157-162.
49. Navarro, A., Gomez, C., Lopez-Cepero, J. M., Boveris, A. Beneficial effects of moderate exercise on mice aging: survival, behavior, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial electron transfer. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2004, 286: R505-511.
50. Magwere, T., Pamplona, R., Miwa, S., Martinez-Diaz, P., Portero-Otin, M., Brand, M. D., Partridge, L. Flight activity, mortality rates, and lipoxidative damage in Drosophila. J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2006, 61: 136-145.
51. Marden, J. H., Rogina, B., Montooth, K. L., Helfand, S. L. Conditional tradeoffs between aging and organismal performance of Indy long-lived mutant flies. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 2003, 100: 3369-3373.
52. Tatar, M., Yin, C. Slow aging during insect reproductive diapause: why butterflies, grasshoppers and flies are like worms. Exp. Gerontol. 2001, 36: 723-738.
53. McShane, T. M., Wise, P. M. Life-long moderate caloric restriction prolongs reproductive life span in rats without interrupting estrous cyclicity: effects on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone/luteinizing hormone axis. Biol. Reprod. 1996, 54: 70-75.
54. Mattison, J. A., Lane, M. A., Roth, G. S., Ingram, D. K. Calorie restriction in rhesus monkeys. Exp. Gerontol. 2003, 38: 35-46.
55. Rolland, F., Winderickx, J., Thevelein, J. M. Glucose-sensing and - signalling mechanisms in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res. 2002, 2: 183-201.
56. Tissenbaum, H. A., Guarente, L. Increased dosage of a sir-2 gene extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 2001, 410: 227-230.
57. Kaeberlein, M., McVey, M., Guarente, L. The SIR2/3/4 complex and SIR2 alone promote longevity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by two different mechanisms. Genes Dev. 1999, 13: 2570-2580.
58. Lin, S. J., Kaeberlein, M., Andalis, A. A., Sturtz, L. A., Defossez, P. A., Culotta, V. C., Fink, G. R., Guarente, L. Calorie restriction extends Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan by increasing respiration. Nature 2002, 418: 344-348.
59. Guarente, L., Kenyon, C. Genetic pathways that regulate ageing in model organisms. Nature 2000, 408: 255-262.
60. Sinclair, D. A., Guarente, L. Extrachromosomal rDNA circles - a cause of aging in yeast. Cell 1997, 91: 1033-1042.
61. Kobayashi, T., Heck, D. J., Nomura, M., Horiuchi, T. Expansion and contraction of ribosomal DNA repeats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: requirement of replication fork blocking (Fob1) protein and the role of RNA polymerase I. Genes Dev. 1998, 12: 3821-3830.
62. Defossez, P. A., Prusty, R., Kaeberlein, M., Lin, S. J., Ferrigno, P., Silver, P. A., Keil, R.L., Guarente, L. Elimination of replication block protein Fob1 extends the life span of yeast mother cells. Mol. Cell 1999, 3: 447-455.
63. Zachariae, W., Nasmyth, K. Whose end is destruction: cell division and the anaphase-promoting complex. Genes Dev. 1999, 13: 2039-2058.
64. Harper, J. W., Burton, J. L., Solomon, M. J. The anaphase-promoting complex: it's not just for mitosis any more. Genes Dev. 2002, 16: 2179-2206.
65. Woods, A., Munday, M. R., Scott, J., Yang, X., Carlson, M., Carling, D. Yeast SNF1 is functionally related to mammalian AMP-activated protein kinase and regulates acetyl-CoA carboxylase in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269: 19509-19515.
66. Momcilovic, M., Hong, S. P., Carlson, M. Mammalian TAK1 activates Snf1 protein kinase in yeast and phosphorylates AMP-activated protein kinase in vitro. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, Jul 11.
67. Carlson, M., Osmond, B. C., Botstein, D. Mutants of yeast defective in sucrose utilization. Genetics 1981, 98: 25-40.
68. Longo, V. D., Finch, C. E. Evolutionary medicine: from dwarf model systems to healthy centenarians? Science 2003, 299: 1342-1346.
69. Hasty, P., Vijg, J. Accelerating aging by mouse reverse genetics: a rational approach to understanding longevity. Aging Cell 2004, 3: 55-65.
70. Piper, P. W. Long-lived yeast as a model for ageing research. Yeast 2006, 23: 215-226.
71. Fabrizio, P., Li, L., Longo, V. D. Analysis of gene expression profile in yeast aging chronologically. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2005, 126: 11-16.
72. Kennedy, B. K., Austriaco, N. R. Jr., Guarente, L. Daughter cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from old mothers display a reduced life span. J. Cell Biol. 1994, 127: 1985-1993.
73. Hayflick, L., Moorhead, P. S. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp. Cell Res. 1961, 25: 585-621.
74. Wallace, D. C. A mitochondrial paradigm of metabolic and degenerative diseases, aging, and cancer: a dawn for evolutionary medicine. Annu. Rev. Genet. 2005, 39: 359-407.
75. Liu, L., Trimarchi, J. R., Smith, P. J., Keefe, D. L. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to telomere attrition and genomic instability. Aging Cell 2002, 1: 40-46.
76. Rasmussen, A. K., Chatterjee, A., Rasmussen, L. J., Singh, K. K. Mitochondria-mediated nuclear mutator phenotype in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 2003, 31: 3909-3917.
77. Delsite, R. L., Rasmussen, L. J., Rasmussen, A. K., Kalen, A., Goswami, P. C., Singh, K. K. Mitochondrial impairment is accompanied by impaired oxidative DNA repair in the nucleus. Mutagenesis 2003, 18: 497-503.
78. Hartman, P., Ponder, R., Lo, H. H., Ishii, N. Mitochondrial oxidative stress can lead to nuclear hypermutability. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2004, 125: 417-420.
79. Stuart, G. R., Santos, J. H., Strand, M. K., Van Houten, B., Copeland, W. C. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA defects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with mutations in DNA polymerase gamma associated with progressive external ophthalmoplegia. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2006, 15: 363-374.
80. Martin, D. E., Hall, M. N. The expanding TOR signaling network. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2005, 17: 158-166.
81. Kaeberlein, M., Kirkland, K. T., Fields, S., Kennedy, B. K. Genes determining yeast replicative life span in a long-lived genetic background. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2005, 126: 491-504.
82. Vellai, T., Takacs-Vellai, K., Zhang, Y., Kovacs, A. L., Orosz, L., Muller, F. Genetics: influence of TOR kinase on lifespan in C. elegans. Nature 2003, 426: 620.
83. Jia, K., Chen, D., Riddle, D. L. The TOR pathway interacts with the insulin signaling pathway to regulate C. elegans larval development, metabolism and life span. Development 2004, 131: 3897-3906.
84. Kapahi, P., Zid, B. M., Harper, T., Koslover, D., Sapin, V., Benzer, S. Regulation of lifespan in Drosophila by modulation of genes in the TOR signaling pathway. Curr. Biol. 2004, 14: 885-890.
85. Kapahi, P., Zid, B. TOR pathway: linking nutrient sensing to life span. Sci. Aging Knowledge Environ. 2004, 2004: PE34.
86. Crauwels, M., Donaton, M. C., Pernambuco, M. B., Winderickx, J., de Winde, J. H., Thevelein, J. M. The Sch9 protein kinase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae controls cAPK activity and is required for nitrogen activation of the fermentable-growth-medium-induced (FGM) pathway. Microbiology 1997, 143: 2627-2637.
87. Longo, V. D. The Ras and Sch9 pathways regulate stress resistance and longevity. Exp. Gerontol. 2003, 38: 807-811.
88. Kim, D., Chung, J. Akt: versatile mediator of cell survival and beyond. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2002, 35: 106-115.
89. Greer, E. L., Brunet, A. FOXO transcription factors at the interface between longevity and tumor suppression. Oncogene 2005, 24: 7410-7425.
90. Kaeberlein, M., Hu, D., Kerr, E. O., Tsuchiya, M., Westman, E. A., Dang, N., Fields, S., Kennedy, B. K. Increased life span due to calorie restriction in respiratory-deficient yeast. PLoS Genet. 2005, 1: e69.
91. Zhu, G., Spellman, P. T., Volpe, T., Brown, P. O., Botstein, D., Davis, T. N., Futcher, B. Two yeast forkhead genes regulate the cell cycle and pseudohyphal growth. Nature 2000, 406: 90-94.
92. Murphy, C. T., McCarroll, S. A., Bargmann, C. I., Fraser, A., Kamath, R. S., Ahringer, J., Li, H., Kenyon, C. Genes that act downstream of DAF-16 to influence the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 2003, 424: 277-283.
93. Lee, S. S., Kennedy, S., Tolonen, A. C., Ruvkun, G. DAF-16 target genes that control C. elegans life-span and metabolism. Science 2003, 300: 644-6447.
94. McElwee, J., Bubb, K., Thomas, J. H. Transcriptional outputs of the Caenorhabditis elegans forkhead protein DAF-16. Aging Cell 2003, 2: 111-121.
95. Kirkwood, T. B. Evolution of ageing. Nature 1977, 270: 301-304.
96. Hollenhorst, P. C., Bose, M. E., Mielke, M. R., Muller, U., Fox, C. A. Forkhead genes in transcriptional silencing, cell morphology and the cell cycle. Overlapping and distinct functions for FKH1 and FKH2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2000, 154: 1533-1548.
97. Shirayama, M., Toth, A., Galova, M., Nasmyth, K. APC(Cdc20) promotes exit from mitosis by destroying the anaphase inhibitor Pds1 and cyclin Clb5. Nature 1999, 402: 203-207.
98. Ufano, S., Pablo, M. E., Calzada, A., del Rey, F., Vazquez de Aldana, C. R. Swm1p subunit of the APC/cyclosome is required for activation of the daughter- specific gene expression program mediated by Ace2p during growth at high temperature in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Sci. 2004, 117: 545-557.
99. Harkness, T. A. A., Davies, G. F., Ramaswamy, V., Arnason, T. G. The ubiquitin-dependent targeting pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a critical role in multiple chromatin assembly regulatory steps. Genetics 2002, 162: 615-632.
100. Harkness, T. A. A., Arnason, T. G., Legrand, C., Pisclevich, M. G., Davies, G. F., Turner, E. L. Contribution of CAF-I to anaphase-promoting-complex- mediated mitotic chromatin assembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot. Cell 2005, 4: 673-684.
101. Arnason, T. G., Pisclevich, M. G., Dash, M. D., Davies, G. F., Harkness, T. A. A. Novel interaction between Apc5p and Rsp5p in an intracellular signaling pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eukaryot. Cell 2005, 4: 134-146.
102. Harkness, T. A. A. Chromatin assembly from yeast to man: Conserved factors and conserved molecular mechanisms. Curr. Genomics 2005, 6: 227-240.
103. Pedruzzi, I., Dubouloz, F., Cameroni, E., Wanke, V., Roosen, J., Winderickx, J., De Virgilio, C. TOR and PKA signaling pathways converge on the protein kinase Rim15 to control entry into G0. Mol. Cell 2003, 12: 1607-1613.
104. Martin, D. E., Soulard, A., Hall, M. N. TOR regulates ribosomal protein gene expression via PKA and the Forkhead transcription factor FHL1. Cell 2004, 119: 969-979.
105. Totter, J. R. Food restriction, ionizing radiation, and natural selection. Mech. Ageing Dev. 1985, 30: 261-271.
106. Roosen, J., Engelen, K., Marchal, K., Mathys, J., Griffioen, G., Cameroni, E., Thevelein, J. M., De Virgilio, C., De Moor, B., Winderickx, J. PKA and Sch9 control a molecular switch important for the proper adaptation to nutrient availability. Mol. Microbiol. 2005, 55: 862-880.
107. Zurita-Martinez, S. A., Cardenas, M. E. Tor and cyclic AMP-protein kinase A: two parallel pathways regulating expression of genes required for cell growth. Eukaryot. Cell 2005, 4: 63-71.
108. Rodriguez-Escudero, I., Roelants, F. M., Thomer, J., Nombela, C., Molina, M., Cid, V. J. Reconstitution of the mammalian PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway in yeast. Biochem. J. 2005, 390: 613-623.
109. Hardie, D. G. New roles for the LKB1->AMPK pathway. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2005, 17: 167-173.
110. Enjalbert, B., Parrou, J. L., Teste, M. A., Francois, J. Combinatorial control by the protein kinases PKA, PHO85 and SNF1 of transcriptional induction of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GSY2 gene at the diauxic shift. Mol. Genet. Genomics 2004, 271: 697-708.
111. Hubbard, E. J., Yang, X. L., Carlson, M. Relationship of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway to the SNF1 protein kinase and invertase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 1992, 130: 71-80.
112. Hedbacker, K., Townley, R., Carlson, M. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase regulates the subcellular localization of Snf1-Sip1 protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24: 1836-1843.
113. Fabrizio, P., Gattazzo, C., Battistella, L., Wei, M., Cheng, C., McGrew, K., Longo, V. D. Sir2 blocks extreme life-span extension. Cell 2005, 123: 655-667.
114. Imai, S., Armstrong, C. M., Kaeberlein, M., Guarente, L. Transcriptional silencing and longevity protein Sir2 is an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase. Nature 2000, 403: 795-800.
115. Bitterman, K. J., Anderson, R. M., Cohen, H. Y., Latorre-Esteves, M., Sinclair, D. A. Inhibition of silencing and accelerated aging by nicotinamide, a putative negative regulator of yeast sir2 and human SIRT1. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277: 45099-45107.
116. Zachariae, W., Shevchenko, A., Andrews, P. D., Ciosk, R., Galova, M., Stark, M. J., Mann, M., Nasmyth, K. Mass spectrometric analysis of the anaphase- promoting complex from yeast: identification of a subunit related to cullins. Science 1998, 279: 1216-1219.
117. Shirayama, M., Zachariae, W., Ciosk, R., Nasmyth, K. The Polo-like kinase Cdc5p and the WD-repeat protein Cdc20p/fizzy are regulators and substrates of the anaphase promoting complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. EMBO J. 1998, 17: 1336-1349.
118. Visintin, R., Prinz, S., Amon, A. CDC20 and CDH1: a family of substrate- specific activators of APC-dependent proteolysis. Science 1997, 278: 460-463.
119. Tinker-Kulberg, R. L., Morgan, D. O. Pds1 and Esp1 control both anaphase and mitotic exit in normal cells and after DNA damage. Genes Dev. 1999, 13: 1936-1949.