Influence of dietary components on development of the microbiota in single-stomached species

Nutrition Research Reviews

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 63-78

  Bauer, Eva ^a,b   Williams, Barbara A ^b   Smidt, Hauke ^b   Mosenthin, Rainer ^a   Verstegen, Martin W A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HOHENHEIM   (Germany)

^b WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Diet; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal tract; Microbial community; Single stomached species

Indexed keywords

AMINE; CARBOHYDRATE; CASEIN; LACTOFERRIN; LYSOZYME; MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACID; MILK FAT; NITROGEN; OLIGOSACCHARIDE; PROTEIN; TRANSFERRIN;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BIFIDOBACTERIUM; BREAST MILK; CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS; DIET; FERMENTATION; FOOD; GENOME; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; INTESTINE FLORA; LIPID COMPOSITION; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; MICROBIAL GROWTH; MICROFLORA; NITROGEN METABOLISM; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; REVIEW; WEANING;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS);

EID: 33746805041     PISSN: 09544224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/NRR2006123     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Adrian J (1976) Gums and hydrocolloids in nutrition. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 25, 189-216.
2. Amann RI, Ludwig W & Schleifer KH (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiological Reviews 59, 143-169.
3. Balmer SE, Hanvey LS & Wharton BA (1994) Diet and faecal flora in the newborn: nucleotides. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 70F, 137-140.
4. Balmer SE & Wharton BA (1989) Diet and faecal flora in the newborn: breast milk and infant formula. Archives of Disease in Childhood 64, 1672-1677.
5. Barrow PA (1992) Probiotics for chicken. In Probiotics: The Scientific Approach, pp. 225-259 [R Fuller, editor]. London: Chapman and Hall.
6. Bauer E, Williams BA, Bosch MW, Voigt C, Mosenthin R & Verstegen MWA (2004) Differences in microbial activity of digesta from three sections of the porcine large intestine according to in vitro fermentation of carbohydrate-rich substrates. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 84, 2097-2104.
7. Bauer E, Williams BA, Voigt C, Mosenthin R & Verstegen MWA (2001) Microbial activities of faeces from unweaned and adult pigs, in relation to selected fermentable carbohydrates. Animal Science 73, 313-322.
8. Beasley SS & Saris PEJ (2004) Nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from human milk. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, 5051-5053.
9. Beerens H, Romond C & Neut C (1980) Influence of breastfeeding on the bifid flora of the newborn intestine. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 2434-2439.
10. Bergsson G, Arnfinnsson J, Steingrimsson O & Thormar H (2001) Killing of Gram-positive cocci by fatty acids and monoglycerides. APMIS: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica 109, 670-678.
11. Bezkorovainy A & Topouzian N (1981) Bifidobacterium bifidus var. pennsylvanicus growth promoting activity of human milk casein and its derivatives. International Journal of Biochemistry 13, 585-590.
12. Boehm G, Jelinek J, Stahl B, Van Laere K, Knol J, Fanaro S, Moro G & Vigi V (2004) Prebiotics in infant formulas. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 38, S76-S79.
13. Botham RL, Ryden P, Robertson JA & Ring SG (1998) Structural features of polysaccharides and their influence on fermentation behaviour. In Functional Properties of Nondigestible Carbohydrates, pp. 46-49 [F Guillon, editor]. Nantes: INRA.
14. Brandtzaeg P (2003) Role of secretory antibodies in the defence against infections. International Journal of Medical Microbiology 293, 3-15.
15. Brock JH (1980) Lactoferrin in human milk: its role in iron absorption and protection against enteric infection in the newborn infant. Archives of Disease in Childhood 55, 417-421.
16. Brody EP (2000) Biological activities of bovine glycomacropeptide. British Journal of Nutrition 84, S39-S46.
17. Brown I, Warhurst M, Arcot J, Playne M, Illman RJ & Topping DL (1997) Fecal numbers of bifidobacteria are higher in pigs fed Bifidobacterium longum with a high amylose cornstarch than with a low amylose cornstarch. Journal of Nutrition 127, 1822-1827.
18. Bruininx EM, Binnendijk GP, Van der Peet-Schwering CM, Schrama JW, Den Hartog LA, Everts H & Beynen AC (2002) Effect of creep feed consumption on individual feed intake characteristics and performance of group-housed weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 80, 1413-1418.
19. Bryant MP & Robinson IM (1962) Some nutritional characteristics of predominant culturable ruminal bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology 84, 605-614.
20. Bullen CL, Tearle PV & Willis AT (1976) Bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract of infants: an in-vivo study. Journal of Medical Microbiology 9, 325-333.
21. Bullen JJ (1975) Iron-binding proteins in milk and resistance to Escherichia coli infection in infants. Postgraduate Medical Journal 51, 67-70.
22. Butler JE (1998) Immunoglobulin diversity, B-cell and antibody repertoire development in large farm animals. Scientific and Technical Review 17, 43-70.
23. Canh TT, Sutton AL, Aarnink AJA, Verstegen MWA, Schrama JW & Bakker GCM (1998) Dietary carbohydrates alter the fecal composition and pH and the ammonia emission from slurry of growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 76, 1887-1895.
24. Canh TT, Verstegen MW, Aarnink AJ & Schrama JW (1997) Influence of dietary factors on nitrogen partitioning and composition of urine and feces of fattening pigs. Journal of Animal Science 75, 700-706.
25. Carlson SE (1985) N-acetylneuraminic acid concentrations in human milk oligosaccharides and glycoproteins during lactation. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 41, 720-726.
26. Carroll L, Osman M, Davies DP & McNeish AS (1979) Bacteriological criteria for feeding raw breast-milk to babies on neonatal units. Lancet ii, 732-733.
27. Champ M, Langkilde A-M, Brouns F, Kettlitz B & Le Bail-Collet Y (2003) Advances in dietary fibre characterisation. 2. Consumption, chemistry, physiology and measurement of resistant starch; implications for health and food labelling. Nutrition Research Reviews 16, 143-161.
28. Chipman DM & Sharon N (1969) Mechanism of lysozyme action. Science 165, 454-465.
29. Choct M & Annison G (1992) Anti-nutritive effect of wheat pentosans in broiler chickens: roles of viscosity and gut microflora. British Poultry Science 33, 821-834.
30. Christensen K & Thorbek G (1987) Methane excretion in the growing pig. British Journal of Nutrition 57, 355-361.
31. Chung KT, Fulk GE & Silverman SJ (1977) Dietary effects on the composition of fecal flora of rats. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 33, 654-659.
32. Clark S, Brause B & Holt P (1969) Lipolysis and absorption of fat in the rat stomach. Gastroenterology 56, 214-222.
33. Crittenden R, Karppinen S, Ojanen S, Tenkanen M, Fagerström R, Mättö J, Saarela M, Mattila-Sandholm T & Poutanen K (2002) In vitro fermentation of cereal dietary fibre carbohydrates by probiotic and intestinal bacteria. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 82, 781-789.
34. Cummings JH & Englyst HN (1987) Fermentation in the human large intestine and the available substrates. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 1243-1255.
35. Cummings JH & Macfarlane GT (1991) The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 70, 443-459.
36. Cummings JH, Wiggins HS, Jenkins DJ, Houston H, Jivraj T, Drasar BS & Hill MJ (1978) Influence of diets high and low in animal fat on bowel habit, gastrointestinal transit time, fecal microflora, bile acid, and fat excretion. Journal of Clinical Investigation 61, 953-963.
37. Dal Bello F, Walter J, Hertel C & Hammes WP (2001) In vitro study of prebiotic properties of levan-type exopolysaccharides from lactobacilli and non-digestible carbohydrates using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 24, 232-237.
38. Dänicke S, Simon O, Jeroch H & Bedford M (1997) Interactions between dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation when rye-based diets are fed to broiler chickens. 1. Physico-chemical chyme features. British Poultry Science 38, 537-545.
39. Dänicke S, Vahjen W, Simon O & Jeroch H (1999) Effects of dietary fat type and xylanase supplementation to rye-based broiler diets on selected bacterial groups adhering to the intestinal epithelium, on transit time of feed, and on nutrient digestibility. Poultry Science 78, 1292-1299.
40. Decuypere JA & Dierick NA (2003) The combined use of triacylglycerols containing medium-chain fatty acids and exogenous lipolytic enzymes as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics in piglets: concept, possibilities and limitations. An overview. Nutrition Research Reviews 16, 193-209.
41. De Lange CFM (2000) Characterization of the non-starch polysaccharides. In Feed Evaluation - Principles and Practice, pp. 77-92 [PJ Moughan, MWA Verstegen and MI Visser-Reyneveld, editors]. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Pers.
42. Dierick NA, Decuypere JA, Molly K, Van Beek E & Vanderbeke E (2002a) The combined use of triacylglycerols containing medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and exogenous lipolytic enzymes as an alternative for nutritional antibiotics in piglet nutrition: I. In vitro screening of the release of MCFAs from selected fat sources by selected exogenous lipolytic enzymes under simulated pig gastric conditions and their effects on the gut flora of piglets. Livestock Production Science 75, 129-142.
43. Dierick NA, Decuypere JA, Molly K, Van Beek E & Vanderbeke E (2002b) The combined use of triacylglycerols (TAGs) containing medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and exogenous lipolytic enzymes as an alternative to nutritional antibiotics in piglet nutrition: II. In vivo release of MCFAs in gastric cannulated and slaughtered piglets by endogenous and exogenous lipases; effects on the luminal gut flora and growth performance. Livestock Production Science 76, 1-16.
44. Dongowski G, Huth M, Gebhardt E & Flamme W (2002) Dietary fiber-rich barley products beneficially affect the intestinal tract of rats. Journal of Nutrition 132, 3704-3714.
45. Edde L, Hipolito RB, Hwang FF, Headon DR, Shalwitz RA & Sherman MP (2001) Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gutrelated systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology, 281G, 1140-1150.
46. Edney MJ, Marchylo BA & MacGregore AW (1991) Structure of total barley β-glucan. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 97, 39-44.
47. Edwards CA & Parrett AM (2002) Intestinal flora during the first months of life: new perspectives. British Journal of Nutrition 88, S11-S18.
48. Eidelman AI & Szilagyi G (1979) Patterns of bacterial colonization of human milk. Obstetrics and Gynecology 53, 550-552.
49. Ekhart PF & Timmermans E (1996) Techniques for the production of transgalactosylated oligosaccharides (TOS). Bulletin/International Dairy Federation 313, 59-64.
50. Elliot JI, Senft B, Erhardt G & Fraser D (1984) Isolation of lactoferrin and its concentration in sows' colostrum and milk during a 21-day lactation. Journal of Animal Science 59, 1080-1084.
51. Engfer MB, Stahl B, Finke B, Sawatzki G & Daniel H (2000) Human milk oligosaccharides are resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis in the upper gastrointestinal tract. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, 1589-1596.
52. Englyst HN, Bingham SA, Runswick SA, Collinson E & Cummings JH (1989) Dietary fibre (non-starch-polysaccharides) in cereal products. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 2, 253-271.
53. Englyst HN, Kingman SM & Cummings JH (1992) Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, S33-S50.
54. Ewing WN & Cole DJA (1994) The Living Gut. Dungannon, UK: Context Publications.
55. Favier C, Vaughan EE, De Vos WM & Akkermans ADL (2002) Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 219-226.
56. Franklin MA, Mathew AG, Vickers JR & Clift RA (2002) Characterization of microbial populations and volatile fatty acids concentrations in the jejunum, ileum, and cecum of pigs weaned at 17 vs 24 days of age. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2904-2910.
57. Fuller MF, Franklin MF, McWilliam R & Pennie K (1995) The responses of growing pigs, of different sex and genotype, to dietary energy and protein. Animal Science 60, 291-298.
58. Gaskins HR (2001) Intestinal bacteria and their influence on swine growth. In Swine Nutrition, 2nd ed., pp. 585-608 [AJ Lewis and LL Southern, editors]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press LLC.
59. Gavin A & Ostovar K (1977) Microbiological characterization of human milk. Journal of Food Protection 40, 614-616.
60. Gibson GR & Roberfroid MB (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125, 1401-1412.
61. Gil A, Corral E, Martínez-Valverde A & Molina JA (1986) Effects of the addition of nucleotides to an adapted milk formula on the microbial pattern of faeces in at term newborn infants. Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology 1, 127-132.
62. Gnoth MJ, Kunz C, Kinne-Saffran E & Rudloff S (2000) Human milk oligosaccharides are minimally digested in vitro. Journal of Nutrition 130, 3014-3020.
63. Griffiths EA, Duffy LC, Schanbacher FL, Dryja D, Leavens A, Neiswander RL, Qiao H, DiRienzo D & Ogra P (2003) In vitro growth responses of bifidobacteria and enteropathogens to bovine and human lactoferrin. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 48, 1324-1332.
64. Grizard D & Barthomeuf C (1999) Non-digestible oligosaccharides used as prebiotic agents: mode of production and beneficial effects on animal and human health. Reproduction Nutrition Development 39, 563-588.
65. Gunn JS (2000) Mechanisms of bacterial resistance and response to bile. Microbes and Infection 2, 907-913.
66. Guo, FC (2003) Mushroom and herb polysaccharides as alternative for antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
67. Guo FC, Williams BA, Kwakkel RP, Li HS, Li XP, Luo JY, Li WK & Verstegen MWA (2004) Effects of mushroom and herb polysaccharides, as alternatives for an antibiotic, on the cecal microbial ecosystem in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 83, 175-182.
68. György P, Jeanloz RW, von Nicolai H & Zilliken F (1974) Undialyzable growth factors for Lactobacillus bifidus var. pennsylvanicus. Protective effect of sialic acid bound to glycoproteins and oligosaccharides against bacterial degradation. European Journal of Biochemistry 43, 29-33.
69. György P, Kuhn R, Rose CS & Zilliken F (1954) Bifidus factor. II. Its occurrence in milk from different species and in other natural products. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 48, 202-208.
70. Hamosh M (1998) Protective function of proteins and lipids in human milk. Biology of the Neonate 74, 163-176.
71. Harmsen HJ, Wildeboer-Veloo AC, Raangs GC, Wagendorp AA, Klijn N, Bindels JG & Welling GW (2000) Analysis of intestinal flora development in breast-fed and formula-fed infants by using molecular identification and detection methods. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 30, 61-67.
72. Heikkilä MP & Saris PE (2003) Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus by the commensal bacteria of human milk. Journal of Applied Microbiology 95, 471-478.
73. Hentges DJ, Marsh WW, Petschow BW, Thai WR & Carter MK (1992) Influence of infant diets on the ecology of the intestinal tract of human flora-associated mice. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14, 146-152.
74. Hidaka H, Eida T, Takizawa T, Tokunaga T & Tashiro Y (1986) Effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on intestinal flora and human health. Bifidobacteria Microflora 5, 37-50.
75. Hill IR & Porter P (1974) Studies of bactericidal activity to Escherichia coli of porcine serum and colostral immunoglobulins and the role of lysozyme with secretory IgA. Immunology 26, 1239-1250.
76. Hillman K (2001) Bacteriological aspects of the use of antibiotics and their alternatives in the feed of non-ruminant animals. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, pp. 107-134 [PC Garnsworthy and J Wiseman, editors]. Nottingham: Nottingham University Press.
77. Hoey L, Rowland IR, Lloyd AS, Clarke DB & Wiseman H (2004) Influence of soya-based infant formula consumption on isoflavone and gut microflora metabolite concentrations in urine and on faecal microflora composition and metabolic activity in infants and children. British Journal of Nutrition 91, 607-616.
78. Holt C & Jenness R (1984) Interrelationships of constituents and partition of salts in milk samples from eight species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 77A, 275-282.
79. Hopkins MJ, Englyst HN, Macfarlane S, Fume E, Macfarlane GT & McBain AJ (2003) Degradation of cross-linked and non-cross-linked arabinoxylans by the intestinal microbiota in children. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 6354-6360.
80. Hopkins MJ & Macfarlane GT (2003) Nondigestible oligosaccharides enhance bacterial colonization resistance against Clostridium difficile in vitro. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 1920-1927.
81. Houdijk J (1998) Effects of non-digestible oligosaccharides in young pig diets. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
82. Isaacs CE (2001) The antimicrobial function of milk lipids. Advances in Nutritional Research 10, 271-285.
83. Isaacs CE, Litov RE & Thormar H (1995) Antimicrobial activity of lipids added to human milk, infant formula, and bovine milk. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 6, 362-366.
84. Isaacs CE & Thormar H (1991) The role of milk-derived antimicrobial lipids as antiviral and antibacterial agents. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 310, 159-165.
85. Jonsson E & Hemmingsson S (1991) Establishment in the piglet gut of lactobacilli capable of degrading mixed-linked beta-glucans. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 70, 512-516.
86. Jouany JP (1994) Manipulation of microbial activity in the rumen. Archiv für Tierernährung 46, 133-153.
87. Kabara JJ, Swieczkowski DM, Conley AJ & Truant JP (1972) Fatty acids and derivatives as antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 2, 23-28.
88. Karlsson K-A, Ångström J, Bergström J & Lanne B (1992) Microbial interaction with animal cell surface carbohydrates. APMIS: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, et Immunologica Scandinavica 100, Suppl. 27, 71-83.
89. Kauf AC & Kensinger RS (2002) Purification of porcine beta-casein, N-terminal sequence, quantification in mastitic milk. Journal of Animal Science 80, 1863-1870.
90. King RH & Pluske JR (2003) Nutritional management of the pig in preparation for weaning. In Weaning the Pig, pp. 37-48 [JR Pluske, J Le Dividich and MWA Verstegen, editors]. Wageningen, The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
91. Kirjavainen PV, Apostolou E, Arvola T, Salminen SJ, Gibson GR & Isolauri E (2001) Characterizing the composition of intestinal microflora as a prospective treatment target in infant allergic disease. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 32, 1-7.
92. Kleessen B, Bunke H, Tovar K, Noack J & Sawatzki G (1995) Influence of two infant formulas and human milk on the development of the faecal flora in newborn infants. Acta Paediatrica 84, 1347-1356.
93. Kleessen B, Elsayed NA, Loehren U, Schroedl W & Krueger M (2003) Jerusalem artichoke stimulate growth of broiler chickens and protect them against endotoxins and potential cecal pathogens. Journal of Food Protection 66, 2171-2175.
94. Kleessen B, Stoof G, Proll J, Schmiedl D, Noack J & Blaut M (1997) Feeding resistant starch affects fecal and cecal microflora and short-chain fatty acids in rats. Journal of Animal Science 75, 2453-2462.
95. Konstantinov SR, Awati A, Smidt H, Williams BA, Akkermans ADL & De Vos WM (2004a) Specific response of a novel and abundant Lactobacillus amylovorus-like phylotype to dietary prebiotics in the guts of weaning piglets. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, 3821-3830.
96. Konstantinov SR, Favier CF, Zhu WY, Williams BA, Klüss J, Souffrant WB, De Vos WM, Akkermans ADL & Smidt H (2004b) Microbial diversity studies of the porcine gastrointestinal ecosystem during weaning transition. Animal Research 53, 317-324.
97. Konstantinov SR, Zhu WY, Williams BA, Tamminga S, De Vos WM & Akkermans ADL (2003) Effect of fermentable carbohydrates on piglet faecal bacterial communities as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 43, 225-235.
98. Kuda T, Enomoto T, Yano T & Fujii T (2000) Cecal environment and TBARS level in mice fed corn oil, beef tallow and menhaden fish oil. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 46, 65-70.
99. Kunz C (1998) Complex oligosaccharides in infant nutrition. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 146, S49-S56.
100. Kunz C & Rudioff S (1993) Biological functions of oligosaccharides in human milk. Acta Paediatrica 82, 903-912.
101. Kunz C, Rudloff S, Baier W, Klein N & Strobel S (2000) Oligosaccharides in human milk: structural, functional, and metabolic aspects. Annual Review of Nutrition 20, 699-722.
102. Labbok MH, Clark D & Goldman AS (2004) Breastfeeding: maintaining an irreplaceable immunological resource. Nature Reviews Immunology 4, 565-572.
103. Leser TD, Amenuvor JZ, Jense TK, Lindecrona RH, Boye M & Møller K (2002) Culture-independent analysis of gut bacteria: the pig gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 673-690.
104. Liepke C, Adermann K, Raida M, Magert HJ, Forssmann WG & Zucht HD (2002) Human milk provides peptides highly stimulating the growth of bifidobacteria. European Journal of Biochemistry 269, 712-718.
105. Lönnerdal B & Iyer S (1995) Lactoferrin: molecular structure and biological function. Annual Review of Nutrition 15, 93-110.
106. Lundequist B, Nord CE & Winberg J (1985) The composition of the faecal microflora in breastfed and bottle fed infants from birth to eight weeks. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 74, 45-51.
107. McBurney MI, Thompson LU, Cuff DJ & Jenkins DJA (1988) Comparison of ileal effluents, dietary fibres, and whole foods in predicting the physiological importance of colonic fermentation. American Journal of Gastroenterology 83, 536-540.
108. McDonald, DE (2001) Dietary fibre for the newly weaned pig: influences on pig performance, intestinal development and expression of experimental postweaning colibacillosis and intestinal spirochaetosis. PhD Thesis, Murdoch University, Perth.
109. Macfarlane GT, Cummings JH & Allison C (1986) Protein degradation by human intestinal bacteria. Journal of General Microbiology 132, 1647-1656.
110. Macfarlane GT, Gibson GR & Cummings JH (1992) Comparison of fermentation reactions in different regions of the human colon. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 72, 57-64.
111. Macfarlane S & Macfarlane GT (1995) Proteolysis and amino acid fermentation. In Human Colonic Bacteria: Role in Nutrition, Physiology and Pathology, pp. 75-100 [GR Gibson and GT Macfarlane, editors]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
112. Mackie RI & White BA (1997) Gastrointestinal Microbiology. New York: Chapman and Hall.
113. Mackie RI, Sghir A & Gaskins HR (1999) Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, 1035-1045.
114. McVeagh P & Miller JB (1997) Human milk oligosaccharides: only the breast. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 33, 281-286.
115. Marteau P, Pochart P, Doré J, Béra-Maillet C, Bernallier A & Corthier G (2001) Comparative study of bacterial groups within the human cecal and fecal microbiota. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, 4939-4942.
116. Martín R, Langa S, Reviriego C, Jiminez E, Marin ML, Olivares M, Boza J, Jiminez J, Fernandez L, Xaus J & Rodriguez JM (2004) The commensal microflora of human milk: new perspectives for food bacteriotherapy and probiotics. Trends in Food Science and Technology 15, 121-127.
117. Martín R, Langa S, Reviriego C, Jiminez E, Marin ML, Xaus J, Fernandez L & Rodriguez JM (2003) Human milk is a source of lactic acid bacteria for the infant gut. Journal of Pediatrics 143, 754-758.
118. Masson PL & Heremans JF (1971) Lactoferrin in milk from different species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 39B, 119-129.
119. Meisel H (1986) Chemical characterization and opioid activity of an exorphin isolated from in vivo digests of casein. FEBS Letters 196, 223-227.
120. Meisel H & Frister H (1989) Chemical characterization of bioactive peptides from in vivo digests of casein. Journal of Dairy Research 56, 343-349.
121. Mikkelsen LL, Bendixen C, Jacobsen M & Jensen BB (2003) Enumeration of bifidobacteria in gastrointestinal samples from piglets. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, 654-658.
122. Moro G, Minoli I, Mosca M, Fanaro S, Jelinek J, Stahl B & Boehm G (2002) Dosage-related bifidogenic effects of galacto- and fructooligosaccharides in formula-fed term infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 34, 291-295.
123. Mosenthin R, Sauer WC & Ahrens F (1994) Dietary pectin's effect on ileal and fecal amino acid digestibility and exocrine pancreatic secretions in growing pigs. Journal of Nutrition 124, 1222-1229.
124. Mosenthin R, Sauer WC, Henkel H, Ahrens F & De Lange CFM (1992) Tracer studies of urea kinetics in growing pigs: II. The effect of starch infusion at the distal ileum on urea recycling and bacterial nitrogen excretion. Journal of Animal Science 70, 3467-3472.
125. Moughan PJ, Birtles MJ, Cranwell PJ, Smith WC & Pedraza M (1992) The piglet as a model animal for studying aspects of digestion and absorption in milk-fed human infants. In Nutritional Triggers for Health and in Disease, pp. 40-113 [AP Simopoulos, editor]. Basel: Karger.
126. Nagy LK, Mackenzie T & Bharucha Z (1976) In vitro studies on the antimicrobial effects of colostrum and milk from vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs on Escherichia coli. Research in Veterinary Science 21, 132-140.
127. Naito S, Hayashidani H, Kaneko K, Ogawa M & Benno Y (1995) Development of intestinal lactobacilli in normal piglets. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 79, 230-236.
128. Netherwood T, Gilbert HJ, Parker DS & O'Donnell AG (1999) Probiotics shown to change bacterial community structure in the avian gastrointestinal tract. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 5134-5138.
129. Newburg DS (1999) Human milk glycoconjugates that inhibit pathogens. Current Medicinal Chemistry 6, 117-127.
130. Nuijens JH, Van Berkel PH & Schanbacher FL (1996) Structure and biological actions of lactoferrin. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 1, 285-295.
131. Okubo T, Ishihara N, Takahash H, Fujisawa T, Kim M, Yamamoto T & Misuoka T (1994) Effects of partially hydrolysed guar gum intake in human intestinal microflora and its metabolism. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 58, 1364-1369.
132. O'Sullivan D (1999) Methods for analysis of the intestinal microflora. In Probiotics: a Critical Review, pp. 23-44 [GW Tannock, editor]. Wymondham, UK: Horizon Scientific Press.
133. Ouwehand AC, Salminen SJ, Skurnik M & Conway P (1997) Inhibition of pathogen adhesion by β-lactoglobulin. International Dairy Journal 7, 685-692.
134. Parrett AM & Edwards CA (1997) In vitro fermentation of carbohydrate by breast fed and formula fed infants. Archives of Disease in Childhood 76, 249-253.
135. Parrett AM, Edwards CA & Lokerse E (1997) Colonic fermentation capacity in vitro: development during weaning in breast-fed infants is slower for complex carbohydrates than for sugars. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 927-933.
136. Pellegrini A, Thomas U, Bramaz N, Hunziker P & von Fellenberg R (1999) Isolation and identification of three bactericidal domains in the bovine alpha-lactalbumin molecule. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1426, 439-448.
137. Peterson JA, Patton S & Hamosh M (1998) Glycoproteins of the human milk fat globule in the protection of the breast-fed infant against infections. Biology of the Neonate 74, 143-162.
138. Petschow BW, Batema RP, Talbott RD & Ford LL (1998) Impact of medium-chain monoglycerides on intestinal colonisation by Vibrio cholerae or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Journal of Medical Microbiology 47, 383-389.
139. Petschow BW & Talbott RD (1990) Growth promotion of Bifidobacterium species by whey and casein fractions from human and bovine milk. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 28, 287-292.
140. Petschow BW & Talbott RD (1991) Response of bifidobacterium species to growth promoters in human and cow milk. Pediatric Research 29, 208-213.
141. Pittard WB III, Geddes KM, Brown S, Mintz S & Hulsey TC (1991) Bacterial contamination of human milk: container type and method of expression. American Journal of Perinatology 8, 25-27.
142. Poch M & Bezkorovainy A (1991) Bovine milk κ-casein trypsin digest is a growth enhancer for the genus Bifidobacterium. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39, 73-77.
143. Rathbone EB (1980) Raffinose and melezitose. In Developments in Food Carbohydrate, pp. 146-149 [CK Lee, editor]. London: Applied Science Publisher Ltd.
144. Ross AH, Eastwood MA, Brydon WG, Anderson JR & Anderson DM (1983) A study of the effects of dietary gum arabic in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37, 368-375.
145. Rudloff S & Kunz C (1997) Protein and nonprotein nitrogen components in human milk, bovine milk, and infant formula: quantitative and qualitative aspects in infant nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 24, 328-344.
146. Rueda R, Sabatel JL, Maldonado J, Molina-Font JA & Gil A (1998) Addition of gangliosides to an adapted milk formula modifies levels of fecal Escherichia coli in preterm newborn infants. Journal of Pediatrics 133, 90-94.
147. Salmon H (1999) The mammary gland and neonate mucosal immunity. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 72, 143-155.
148. Salyers AA, West SEH, Vercelotti JR & Wilkins TD (1977) Fermentation of mucins and plant polysaccharides by anaerobic bacteria from the human colon. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 34, 529-533.
149. Sanchez L, Calvo M & Brock JH (1992) Biological role of lactoferrin. Archives of Disease in Childhood 67, 657-661.
150. Satokari RM, Vaughan EE, Akkermans ADL, Saarela M & De Vos WM (2001) Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis monitoring of fecal Bifidobacterium populations in a prebiotic and probiotic feeding trial. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 24, 227-231.
151. Savage DC (1977) Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annual Review of Microbiology 31, 107-133.
152. Schmelz EM, Crall KJ, Larocque R, Dillehay DL & Merrill AH Jr (1994) Uptake and metabolism of sphingolipids in isolated intestinal loops of mice. Journal of Nutrition 124, 702-712.
153. Schroten H (2001) Chemistry of milk mucins and their antimicrobial action. In Advances in Nutritional Research, vol. 10, pp. 231-245 [B Woodward and HH Draper, editors]. New York: Plenum.
154. Schulze F & Muller G (1980) Lysozyme in sow's milk and its importance to bacterial population of the gastrointestinal tract in suckling piglets. Archiv für Experimentelle Veterinärmedizin 34, 317-324.
155. Silvi S, Rumney CJ, Cresci A & Rowland IR (1999) Resistant starch modifies gut microflora and microbial metabolism in human flora-associated rats inoculated with faeces from Italian and UK donors. Journal of Applied Microbiology 86, 521-530.
156. Simpson JM, McCracken VJ, Gaskins HR & Mackie RI (2000) Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA amplicons to monitor changes in fecal bacterial populations of weaning pigs after introduction of Lactobacillus reuteri strain MM53. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 4705-4714.
157. Smiricky-Tjardes MR, Grieshop CM, Flickinger EA, Bauer LL & Fahey GC Jr (2003) Dietary galactooligosaccharides affect ileal and total-tract nutrient digestibility, ileal and fecal bacterial concentrations, and ileal fermentative characteristics of growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science 81, 2535-2545.
158. Smith HW (1965) Development of the flora of the alimentary tract in young animals. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 90, 495-513.
159. Sprong RC, Hulstein MF & Van der Meer R (2001) Bactericidal activities of milk lipids. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, 1298-1301.
160. Staples A, Wang B & Brand-Miller J (2002) Comparison of sialic acid content in sow's milk and pig milk replacers. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of Australia 62, S237 Abstr.
161. Stark PL & Lee A (1982) The microbial ecology of the large bowel of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the first year of life. Journal of Medical Microbiology 15, 189-203.
162. Steer T, Carpenter H, Tuohy K & Gibson GR (2000) Perspectives on the role of the human gut microbiota and its modulation by pro- and prebiotics.
163. Stephen AM & Cummings JH (1979) Water holding by dietary fibre in vitro and its relationship to faecal output in man. Gut 20, 722-729.
164. Stewart CS (1997) Microorganisms in hindgut fermentors. In Gastrointestinal microbiology, pp. 142-186 [RI Mackie, BA White and RE Isaacson, editors]. New York: Chapman and Hall.
165. Strompfová V, Lauková A & Ouwehand AC (2004) Selection of enterococci for potential canine probiotic additives. Veterinary Microbiology 100, 107-114.
166. Sutton AL & Patterson JA (1996) Effects of dietary carbohydrates and organic acid additions on pathogenic E. coli and other microorganisms in the weanling pig. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Animal Nutrition, pp. 31-61 [L Babinszky, editor]. Kapsovár, Hungary: PANNON Agricultural University, Faculty of Animal Science.
167. Tanaka R, Takayama H, Morotomi M, Kuroshima T, Ueyama S & Matsumoto K (1983) Effects of administration of TOS and Bifidobacterium breve 4006 on the human fecal flora. Bifidobacteria Microflora 2, 17-24.
168. Tannock GW (2001) Molecular assessment of intestinal microflora. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 410S-414S.
169. Tannock GW, Fuller R & Pedersen K (1990) Lactobacillus succession in the piglet digestive tract demonstrated by plasmid profiling. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 56, 1310-1316.
170. Tannock GW, Munro K, Harmsen HJ, Welling GW, Smart J & Gopal PK (2000) Analysis of the fecal microflora of human subjects consuming a probiotic product containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 2578-2588.
171. Tannock GW, Tangerman A, Van Schaik A & McConnell MA (1994) Deconjugation of bile acids by lactobacilli in the mouse small bowel. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60, 3419-3420.
172. Teitelbaum JE & Walker WA (2002) Nutritional impact of pre- and probiotics as protective gastrointestinal organisms. Annual Review of Nutrition 22, 107-138.
173. Thoren-Tolling K & Martinsson K (1974) On the transferrin concentration in serum of sows and growing pigs and in sow colostrum. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 15, 120-134.
174. Thormar H, Isaacs CE, Brown HR, Barshatzky MR & Pessolano T (1987) Inactivation of enveloped viruses and killing of cells by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 31, 27-31.
175. Tomita M, Bellamy W, Takase M, Yamauchi K, Wakabayashi H & Kawase K (1991) Potent antibacterial peptides generated by pepsin digestion of bovine lactoferrin. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 4137-4142.
176. Tsuchido T, Hiraoka T, Takano M & Shibasaki I (1985) Involvement of autolysin in cellular lysis of Bacillus subtilis induced by short- and medium-chain fatty acids. Journal of Bacteriology 162, 42-46.
177. Tzortzis G, Goulas AK, Baillon M-LA, Gibson GR & Rastall RA (2004) In vitro evaluation of the fermentation properties of galactooligosaccharides synthesised by α-galactosidase from Lactobacillus reuteri. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 64, 106-111.
178. Van der Steen I, Rohde J, Zentek J & Amtsberg G (1997) Fütterungseinflüsse auf das Vorkommen und die Enterotoxinbildung von Clostridium perfringens im Darmkanal des Hundes (Dietary effects on the occurrence of Clostridium perfringers and its enterotoxin in the intestine of dogs). Kleintierpraxis 42, 871-886.
179. Van der Waaij D, Berghuis De Vries JM & Lekkerkerk Van der Wees JEC (1971) Colonization resistance of the digestive tract in conventional and antibiotic-treated mice. Journal of Hygiene 69, 405-411.
180. Van Loo J, Coussement P, De Leenherr L, Hoebregs H & Smits G (1995) On the presence of inulin and oligofructose as natural ingredients in the western diet. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 35, 525-552.
181. Van Nuenen MHMC, Meyer PD & Venema K (2003) The effect of various inulins and Clostridium difficile on the metabolic activity of the human colonic microbiota in vitro. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 15, 137-144.
182. Varel VH, Pond WG & Yen JT (1984) Influence of dietary fiber on the performance and cellulase activity of growing-finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science 59, 388-393.
183. Varel VH & Yen JT (1997) Microbial perspective on fiber utilization by swine. Journal of Animal Science 75, 2715-2722.
184. Vaughan EE, Schut F, Heilig HG, Zoetendal EG, De Vos WM & Akkermans AD (2000) A molecular view of the intestinal ecosystem. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology 1, 1-12.
185. Wagstrom EA, Yoon KJ & Zimmerman JJ (2000) Immune components in porcine mammary secretions. Viral Immunology 13, 383-397.
186. Walker RI & Owen RL (1990) Intestinal barriers to bacteria and their toxins. Annual Review of Medicine 41, 393-400.
187. Walter J, Tannock GW, Tilsala-Timisjarvi A, Rodtong S, Loach DM, Munro K & Alatossava T (2000) Detection and identification of gastrointestinal Lactobacillus species by using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and species-specific PCR primers. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 297-303.
188. Wang JF, Zhu YH, Li DF, Wang Z & Jensen BB (2004) In vitro fermentation of various fiber and starch sources by pig fecal inocula. Journal of Animal Science 82, 2615-2622.
189. Wang LL & Johnson EA (1992) Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by fatty acids and monoglycerides. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58, 624-629.
190. Wang X, Brown IL, Khaled D, Mahoney MC, Evans AJ & Conway PL (2002) Manipulation of colonic bacteria and volatile fatty acid production by dietary high amylose maize (amylomaize) starch granules. Journal of Applied Microbiology 93, 390-397.
191. Wang X & Gibson GR (1993) Effects of the in vitro fermentation of oligofructose and inulin by bacteria growing in the human large intestine. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 75, 373-380.
192. West PA, Hewitt JH & Murphy OM (1979) Influence of methods of collection and storage on the bacteriology of human milk. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 46, 269-277.
193. Williams BA, Bosch MW, Boer H, Verstegen MWA & Tamminga S (2005) An in vitro batch culture method to assess potential fermentability of ingredients for monogastric diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 123-124, 445-462.
194. Williams BA, Verstegen MWA & Tamminga S (2001) Fermentation in the monogastric large intestine: its relation to animal health. Nutrition Research Reviews 14, 207-227.
195. Xu ZR, Zou XT, Hu CH, Xia MS, Zhan XA & Wang MQ (2002) Effects of dietary fructooligosaccharides on digestive enzyme activities, intestinal microflora and morphology of growing pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 15, 1784-1789.
196. Yamauchi K, Tomita M, Giehl TJ & Ellison RT III (1993) Antibacterial activity of lactoferrin and a pepsin-derived lactoferrin peptide fragment. Infection and Immunity 61, 719-728.
197. Younes H, Garleb K, Behr S, Rémésy C & Demigné C (1995) Fermentable fibres or oligosaccharides reduce urinary nitrogen excretion by increasing urea disposal in the rat cecum. Journal of Nutrition 125, 1010-1016.
198. Zentek J (1995a) Influence of diet composition on the microbial activity in the gastro-intestinal tract of dogs. I. Effects of varying protein intake on the composition of the ileum chyme and the faeces. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 74, 43-52.
199. Zentek J (1995b) Influence of diet composition on the microbial activity in the gastro-intestinal tract of dogs. II. Effects on the microflora in the ileum chyme. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 74, 53-61.
200. Zhou J (2003) Microarrays for bacterial detection and microbial community analysis. Current Opinion in Microbiology 6, 288-294.
201. Zoetendal EG, Collier CT, Koike S, Mackie RI & Gaskins HR (2004) Molecular ecological analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiota: a review. Journal of Nutrition 134, 465-472.
202. Zoetendal EG, Von Wright A, Vilpponen-Salmela T, Ben-Amor K, Akkermans ADL & De Vos WM (2002) Mucosa-associated bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract are uniformly distributed along the colon and differ from the community recovered from feces. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, 3401-3407.
203. Zucht HD, Raida M, Adermann K, Magert HJ & Forssmann WG (1995) Casocidin-I: a casein-alpha s2 derived peptide exhibits antibacterial activity. FEBS Letters 372, 185-188.