From traditional Ayurvedic medicine to modern medicine: Identification of therapeutic targets for suppression of inflammation and cancer

Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 87-118

  Aggarwal, Bharat B ^a   Ichikawa, Haruyo ^a   Garodia, Prachi ^a   Weerasinghe, Priya ^a   Sethi, Gautam ^a   Bhatt, Indra D ^a   Pandey, Manoj K ^a   Shishodia, Shishir ^b   Nair, Muraleedharan G ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b TEXAS SOUTHERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; Ayurvedic medicine; Cancer; Inflammation; Metastasis

Indexed keywords

CELL CYCLE PROTEIN; CHEMOKINE; CURCUMIN; CYCLIN D1; CYCLIN E; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; CYTOKINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; FLAVOPIRIDOL; FLICE INHIBITORY PROTEIN; GENE PRODUCT; GROWTH FACTOR; GUGGULSTERONE; HERBACEOUS AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 1; INTERLEUKIN 6; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; MYC PROTEIN; PROSTAGLANDIN; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN BCL XL; RESVERATROL; SURVIVIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; WITHANOLIDE; X LINKED INHIBITOR OF APOPTOSIS;

ALLOPATHY; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; AYURVEDA; CANCER; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER SURGERY; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL INVASION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET THERAPY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; METASTASIS; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, PHYTOGENIC; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; MEDICINE, AYURVEDIC; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 33144487679     PISSN: 14728222     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14728222.10.1.87     Document Type: Review

References (163)

1. NEWMAN DJ, CRAGG GM, SNADER KM: Natural products as sources of new drugs over the period 1981-2002. J. Nat. Prod. (2003) 66:1022-1037.
2. CRAIG WJ: Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. (1997) 97:S199-S204.
3. CRAIG WJ: Health-promoting properties of common herbs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1999) 70:491S-499S.
4. COUSSENS LM, WERB Z: Inflammation and cancer. Nature (2002) 420:860-867.
5. BALKWILL F, MANTOVANI A: Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet (2001) 357:539-545.
6. HAHN WC, WEINBERG RA: Rules for making human tumor cells. N. Engl. J. Med. (2002) 347:1593-1603.
7. AGGARWAL BB: Nuclear factor-kappaB: the enemy within. Cancer Cell (2004) 6:203-208.
8. EFERL R, WAGNER EF: AP-1: a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer (2003) 3:859-868.
9. GARG A, AGGARWAL BB: Nuclear transcription factor-kappaB as a target for cancer drug development. Leukemia (2002) 16:1053-1068.
10. KORUTLA L, CHEUNG YJ, MENDELSOHN J, KUMAR R: Inhibition of ligand-induced activation of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine phosphorylation by curcumin. Carcinogenesis (1995) 16:1741-1745.
11. HONG RL, SPOHN WH, HUNG MC: Curcumin inhibits tyrosine kinase activity of p185neu and also depletes p185neu. Clin. Cancer Res. (1999) 5:1884-1891.
12. YU H, JOVE R: The STATs of cancer-new molecular targets come of age. Nat. Rev. Cancer (2004) 4:97-105.
13. HONG J, LAMBERT JD, LEE SH et al.: Involvement of multidrug resistance-associated proteins in regulating cellular levels of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and its methyl metabolites. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2003) 310:222-227.
14. LO MUZIO L, STAIBANO S, PANNONE G et al.: The human multidrug resistance gene (MDR-1): immunocytochemical detection of its expression in oral SCC. Anti-Cancer Res. (2000) 20:2891-2897.
15. JAIN V, DAS SN, LUTHRA K et al.: Differential expression of multidrug resistance gene product, P-glycoprotein, in normal, dysplastic and malignant oral mucosa in India. Int. J. Cancer (1997) 74:128-133.
16. KIM WJ, KAKEHI Y, WU WJ et al.: Expression of multidrug resistance-related genes (mdrl, MRP. GST-pi and DNA topoisomerase II) in urothelial cancers. Br. J. Urol. (1996) 78:361-368.
17. SUBBARAMAIAH K, DANNENBERG AJ: Cyclooxygenase 2: a molecular target for cancer prevention and treatment. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (2003) 24:96-102,
18. FOLKMAN J: Fundamental concepts of the angiogenic process. Curr. Mol. Med. (2003) 3:643-651.
19. HENDRIX MJ, SEFTOR EA, HESS AR, SEFTOR RE: Vasculogenic mimicry and tumour-cell plasticity: lessons from melanoma. Nat. Rev. Cancer (2003) 3:411-421.
20. SHERR CJ: The Pezcoller lecture: cancer cell cycles revisited. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:3689-3695.
21. CHARAKA: Charaka Samhita. Chaukhamba Orientalia. Varanasi, India (700 BC).
22. SUSRUTA. Susruta Samhita. Chaukhamba Surbharati Publications. Varanasi, India (700 BC).
23. MISRA B: Bhawa Prakash Nighantu. Chaukhamba Publications. Varanasi, India (1600 AD).
24. KAPOOR LD: Handbook of ayurvedic medicinal plants. CRC Press. Florida (1990).
25. BALACHANDRAN P, GOVINDARAJAN R: Cancer-an ayurvedic perspective. Pharmacol. Res. (2005) 51:19-30.
26. SINGH RH: An assessment of the ayurvedic concept of cancer and a new paradigm of anticancer treatment in Ayurveda. J. Altern. Complement. Med. (2002) 8:609-614.
27. SMIT HF, WOERDENBAG HJ, SINGH RH et al.: Ayurvedic herbal drugs with possible cytostatic activity. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1995) 47:75-84.
28. URIZAR NL, MOORE DD: GUGULIPID: A natural cholesterol-lowering agent. Ann. Rev. Nutr. (2003) 23:303-313.
29. SINAL CJ, GONZALEZ FJ: Guggulsterone: an old approach to a new problem. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. (2002) 13:275-276.
30. GUJRAL ML, SAREEN K, TANGRI KK et al.: Antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory activity of gum guggul (Balsamodendron mukul Hook). Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. (1960) 4:267-273.
31. SHARMA JN: Comparison of the anti-inflammatory activity of Commiphora mukul (an indigenous drug) with those of phenylbutazone and ibuprofen in experimental arthritis induced by mycobacterial adjuvant. Arzneimittelforschung (1977) 27:1455-1457.
32. SINGH BB, MISHRA LC, VINJAMURY SP et al.: The effectiveness of Commiphora mukul for osteoarthritis of the knee: an outcomes study. Altern. Ther. Health Med. (2003) 9:74-79.
33. URIZAR NL, LIVERMAN AB, DODDS DT et al.: A natural product that lowers cholesterol as an antagonist ligand for FXR. Science (2002) 296:1703-1706.
34. WU J, XIA C, MEIER J et al.: The hypolipidemic natural product guggulsterone acts as an antagonist of the bile acid receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. (2002) 16:1590-1597.
35. CUI J, HUANG L. ZHAO A et al.: Guggulsterone is a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in coactivator association assays but acts to enhance transcription of bile salt export pump. J. Biol. Chem. (2003) 278:10214-10220.
36. MESELHY MR: Inhibition of LPS-induced NO production by the oleogum resin of Commiphora wightii and its constituents. Phytochemistry (2003) 62:213-218.
37. YAMAMOTO Y, GAYNOR RB: Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer. J. Clin. Invest. (2001) 107:135-142.
38. SHISHODIA S, AGGARWAL BB: Guggulsterone inhibits NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha kinase activation, suppresses expression of anti-apoptotic gene products, and enhances apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. (2004) 279:47148-47158.
39. BHARTI AC, DONATO N, AGGARWAL BB: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive and IL-6-inducible STAT3 phosphorylation in human multiple myeloma cells. J. Immunol. (2003) 171:3863-3871.
40. ANTO RJ, MUKHOPADHYAY A, DENNING K, AGGARWAL BB: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) induces apoptosis through activation of caspase-8, BID cleavage and cytochrome c release: its suppression by ectopic expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl. Carcinogenesis (2002) 23:143-150.
41. MUKHOPADHYAY A, BUESO-RAMOS C, CHATTERJEE D et al.: Curcumin downregulates cell survival mechanisms in human prostate cancer cell lines. Oncogene (2001) 20:7597-7609.
42. MUKHOPADHYAY A, BANERJEE S, STAFFORD LJ et al.: Curcumin-induced suppression of cell proliferation correlates with down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression and CDK4-mediated retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Oncogene (2002) 21:8852-8861.
43. AGGARWAL BB, KUMAR A, BHARTI AC: Anticancer potential of curcumin: preclinical and clinical studies. Anti-Cancer Res. (2003) 23:363-398.
44. SHISHODIA S, POTDAR P, GAIROLA CG, AGGARWAL BB: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) down-regulates cigarette smoke-induced NF-kappaB activation through inhibition of IkappaBalpha kinase in human lung epithelial cells: correlation with suppression of COX-2, MMP-9 and cyclin D1. Carcinogenesis (2003) 24:1269-1279.
45. BHARTI AC, TAKADA Y, AGGARWAL B: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand-induced NF-kappa B activation in osteoclast precursors and suppresses osteoclastogenesis. J. Immunol. (2004) 172:5940-5947.
46. BHARTI AC, SHISHODIA S, REUBEN JM et al.: Nuclear factor-kappaB and STAT3 are constitutively active in CD138+ cells derived from multiple myeloma patients, and suppression of these transcription factors leads to apoptosis. Blood (2004) 103:3175-3184.
47. BHARTI AC, DONATO N, SINGH S, AGGARWAL BB: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) down-regulates the constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and IkappaBalpha kinase in human multiple myeloma cells, leading to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Blood (2003) 101:1053-1062.
48. AGGARWAL S, TAKADA Y, SINGH S et al.: Inhibition of growth and survival of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells by curcumin via modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling. Int. J. Cancer (2004) 111:679-692.
49. AGGARWAL BB, TAKADA Y, OOMMEN OV: From chemoprevention to chemotherapy: common targets and common goals. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2004) 13:1327-1338.
50. LI L, AGGARWAL BB, SHISHODIA S et al.: Nuclear factor-kappaB and IkappaB kinase are constitutively active in human pancreatic cells, and their down-regulation by curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is associated with the suppression of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis. Cancer (2004) 101:2351-2362.
51. DORAI T, AGGARWAL BB: Role of chemopreventive agents in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett. (2004) 215:129-140.
52. TAKADA Y, BHARDWAJ A, POTDAR P, AGGARWAL BB: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents differ in their ability to suppress NF-kappaB activation, inhibition of expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and cyclin D1, and abrogation of tumor cell proliferation. Oncogene (2004) 23:9247-9258.
53. AGGARWAL BB, SHISHODIA S: Suppression of the nuclear factor-kappaB activation pathway by spice-derived phytochemicals: reasoning for seasoning. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (2004) 1030:434-441.
54. BHARTI AC, TAKADA Y, AGGARWAL BB: PARP cleavage and caspase activity to assess chemosensitivity. Methods Mol. Med. (2005) 111:69-78.
55. SIWAK DR, SHISHODIA S, AGGARWAL BB, KURZROCK R: Curcumin-induced antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in melanoma cells are associated with suppression of IkappaB kinase and nuclear factor kappaB activity and are independent of the B-Raf/mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway and the Akt pathway. Cancer (2005) 104:879-890.
56. SHISHODIA S, AMIN HM, LAI R, AGGARWAL BB: Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) inhibits constitutive NF-kappaB activation, induces G1/S arrest, suppresses proliferation, and induces apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2005) 70:700-713.
57. YAN C, JAMALUDDIN MS, AGGARWAL B et al.: Gene expression profiling identifies activating transcription factor 3 as a novel contributor to the proapoptotic effect of curcumin. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2005) 4:233-241.
58. SHISHODIA S, GETHI G, AGGARWAL BB: Curcumin: Getting back to the roots. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (2005) (In Press).
59. AGGARWAL BB, KUMAR A, BHARTI AC: Therapeutic potential of curcumin derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa). Marcel Dekker. New York (2004).
60. AGGARWAL BB, KUMER S, AGGARWAL S, SHISHODIA S: Curcumin derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa): A spice for all seasons. In: Phytochmeicals in Cancer Chemoprevention, Bagchi D, Preuss HG (Eds.), CRC press (2005).
61. PAUL B, MASIH I, DEOPUJARI J, CHARPENTIER C: Occurrence of resveratrol and pterostilbene in age-old darakchasava, an ayurvedic medicine from India. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1999) 68:71-76.
62. MANNA SK, MUKHOPADHYAY A, AGGARWAL BB: Resveratrol suppresses TNF-induced activation of nuclear transcription factors NF-kappa B, activator protein-1, and apoptosis: potential role of reactive oxygen intermediates and lipid peroxidation. J. Immunol. (2000) 164:6509-6519.
63. BANERJEE S, BUESO-RAMOS C, AGGARWAL BB: Suppression of 7,12-dimethylbenz (a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats by resveratrol: role of nuclear factor-kappaB, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloprotease 9. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:4945-4954.
64. ESTROV Z, SHISHODIA S, FADERL S et al.: Resveratrol blocks interleukin-1beta-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB, inhibits proliferation, causes S-phase arrest, and induces apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells. Blood (2003) 102:987-995.
65. AGGARWAL BB, BHARDWAJ A, AGGARWAL RS et al.: Role of resveratrol in prevention and therapy of cancer: preclinical and clinical studies. Anti-Cancer Res. (2004) 24:2783-2840.
66. CARLSON BA, DUBAY MM, SAUSVILLE EA et al.: Flavopiridol induces G1 arrest with inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2 and CDK4 in human breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. (1996) 56:2973-2978.
67. LOSIEWICZ MD, CARLSON BA, KAUR G et al.: Potent inhibition of CDC2 kinase activity by the flavonoid L86-8275. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1994) 201:589-595.
68. DE AZEVEDO WF Jr, MUELLER-DIECKMANN HJ, SCHULZE-GAHMEN U et al.: Structural basis for specificity and potency of a flavonoid inhibitor of human CDK2, a cell cycle kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1996) 93:2735-2740.
69. WORLAND PJ, KAUR G, STETLER-STEVENSON M et al.: Alteration of the phosphorylation state of p34cdc2 kinase by the flavone L86-8275 in breast carcinoma cells. Correlation with decreased H1 kinase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1993) 46:1831-1840.
70. KAUR G, STETLER-STEVENSON M, SEBERS S et al.: Growth inhibition with reversible cell cycle arrest of carcinoma cells by flavone L86-8275. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1992) 84:1736-1740.
71. BIBLE KC, KAUFMANN SH: Flavopiridol: a cytotoxic flavone that induces cell death in noncycling A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. (1996) 56:4856-4861.
72. KONIG A, SCHWARTZ GK, MOHAMMAD RM et al.: The novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol downregulates Bcl-2 and induces growth arrest and apoptosis in chronic B-cell leukemia lines. Blood (1997) 90:4307-4312.
73. ARGUELLO F, ALEXANDER M, STERRY JA et al.: Flavopiridol induces apoprosis of normal lymphoid cells, causes immunosuppression, and has potent antitumor activity In vivo against human leukemia and lymphoma xenografts. Blood (1998) 91:2482-2490.
74. BYRD JC, SHINN C, WASELENKO JK et al.: Flavopiridol induces apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells via activation of caspase-3 without evidence of bcl-2 modulation or dependence on functional p53. Blood (1998) 92:3804-3816.
75. GOJO I, ZHANG B, FENTON RG: The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells through transcriptional repression and down-regulation of Mcl-1. Clin. Cancer Res. (2002) 8:3527-3538.
76. PATEL V, SENDEROWICZ AM, PINTO D Jr et al.: Flavopiridol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, suppresses the growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas by inducing apoptosis. J. Clin. Invest. (1998) 102:1674-1681.
77. SHAPIRO GI, SUPKO JG, PATTERSON A et al.: A Phase II trial of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol in patients with previously untreated stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7:1590-1599.
78. SENDEROWICZ AM, SAUSVILLE EA: Preclinical and clinical development of cyclin-dependent kinase modulators. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (2000) 92:376-387.
79. KARP JE, ROSS DD, YANG W et al.: Timed sequential therapy of acute leukemia with flavopiridol: in vitro model for a Phase I clinical trial. Clin. Cancer Res. (2003) 9:307-315.
80. BIBLE KC, KAUFMANN SH: Cytotoxic synergy between flavopiridol (NSC 649890, L86-8275) and various antineoplastic agents: the importance of sequence of administration. Cancer Res. (1997) 57:3375-3380.
81. NAHTA R, IGLEHART JD, KEMPKES B, SCHMIDT EV: Rate-limiting effects of Cyclin D1 in transformation by ErbB2 predicts synergy between herceptin and flavopiridol. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:2267-2271.
82. WU K, WANG C, D'AMICO M et al.: Flavopiridol and trastuzumab synergistically inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cells: association with selective cooperative inhibition of cyclin D1-dependent kinase and Akt signaling pathways. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2002) 1:695-706.
83. CARTEE L, MAGGIO SC, SMITH R et al.: Protein kinase C-dependent activation of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-mediated extrinsic cell death pathway underlies enhanced apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells exposed to bryostatin 1 and flavopiridol. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2003) 2:83-93.
84. KIM DM, KOO SY, JEON K et al. Rapid induction of apoptosis by combination of flavopiridol and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in human cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. (2003) 63:621-626.
85. TAKADA Y, AGGARWAL BB: Flavopiridol inhibits NF-kappaB activation induced by various carcinogens and inflammatory agents through inhibition of IkappaBalpha kinase and p65 phosphorylation: abrogation of cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase-2, and matrix metalloprotease-9. J. Biol. Chem. (2004) 279:4750-4759.
86. KITAYAMA T, OKAMOTO T, HILL RK et al.: Chemistry of zerumbone. 1. Simplified isolation, conjugate addition reactions, and a unique ring contracting transannular reaction of its dibromide. J. Org. Chem. (1999) 64:2667-2672.
87. DEV S: Zermbone, a monocytclic sesquiterpene ketone. Chem. & Ind. (1956):1051.
88. MURAKAMI A. TAKAHASHI M, JIWAJINDA S et al.: Identification of zerumbone in Zingiber zerumbet Smith as a potent inhibitor of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced Epstein-Barr virus activation. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. (1999) 63:1811-1812.
89. MURAKAMI A, TAKAHASHI D, KOSHIMIZU K, OHIGASHI H: Synergistic suppression of superoxide and nitric oxide generation from inflammatory cells by combined food factors. Mutat. Res. (2003) 523-524:151-161.
90. TANAKA T, SHIMIZU M, KOHNO H et al.: Chemoprevention of azoxymethane-induced rat aberrant crypt foci by dietary zerumbone isolated from Zingiber zerumbet. Life Sci. (2001) 69:1935-1945.
91. MURAKAMI A, TANAKA T, LEE JY et al.: Zerumbone, a sesquiterpene in subtropical ginger, suppresses skin tumor initiation and promotion stages in ICR mice. Int. J. Cancer (2004) 110:481-490.
92. OZAKI Y, KAWAHARA N, HARADA M: Anti-inflammatory effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb and its active principles. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) (1991) 39:2353-2356.
93. KIRANA C, MCINTOSH GH, RECORD IR, JONES GP: Antitumor activity of extract of Zingiber aromaticum and its bioactive sesquiterpenoid zerumbone. Nutr. Cancer (2003) 45:218-225.
94. MURAKAMI A, TAKAHASHI D, KINOSHITA T et al.: Zerumbone, a Southeast Asian ginger sesquiterpene, markedly suppresses free radical generation, proinflammatory protein production, and cancer cell proliferation accompanied by apoptosis: the alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group is a prerequisite. Carcinogenesis (2002) 23:795-802.
95. MURAKAMI A, HAYASHI R, TANAKA T et al.: Suppression of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice by zerumbone, a subtropical ginger sesquiterpene, and nimesulide: separately and in combination. Biochem Pharmacol. (2003) 66:1253-1261.
96. MURAKAMI A, MATSUMOTO K, KOSHIMIZU K, OHIGASHI H: Effects of selected food factors with chemopreventive properties on combined lipopolysaccharide-and interferon-gamma-induced IkappaB degradation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Cancer Lett. (2003) 195:17-25.
97. TAKADA Y, MURAKAMI A, AGGARWAL BB: Zerumbone abolishes NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha kinase activation leading to suppression of antiapoptotic and metastatic gene expression, upregulation of apoptosis, and downregulation of invasion. Oncogene (2005) 24:6957-6969.
98. KIRTIKAR KR, BASU BD: Indian Medicinal Plants (1935).
99. NO AUTHORS LISTED: Hager's handburch der Pharmazeut, Praxis, Springer-Verlag. Berlin (1972).
100. NO AUTHORS LISTED: The Wealth of India; Raw Materials, CSIR publications, Delhi (1948).
101. REDDY GK, CHANDRAKASAN G, DHAR SC: Studies on the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans under the influence of new herbal anti-inflammatory agents. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1989) 38:3527-3534.
102. SAFAYHI H, MACK T, SABIERAJ J et al.: Boswellic acids: novel, specific, nonredox inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1992) 261:1143-1146.
103. SAFAYHI H, SAILER ER, AMMON HP: Mechanism of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid. Mol. Pharmacol. (1995) 47:1212-1216.
104. AMMON HP, SAFAYHI H, MACK T, SABIERAJ J: Mechanism of antiinflammatory actions of curcumine and boswellic acids. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1993) 38:113-119.
105. KAPIL A, MOZA N: Anticomplementary activity of boswellic acids-an inhibitor of C3-convertase of the classical complement pathway. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. (1992) 14:1139-1143.
106. SAFAYHI H, RALL B, SAILER ER, AMMON HP: Inhibition by boswellic acids of human leukocyte elastase. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (1997) 281:460-463.
107. GERHARDT H, SEIFERT F, BUVARI P et al.: [Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extract H 15]. Z. Gastroenterol. (2001) 39:11-17.
108. GUPTA I, PARIHAR A, MALHOTRA P et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur. J. Med. Res. (1997) 2:37-43.
109. KRIEGLSTEIN CF, ANTHONI C, RIJCKEN EJ et al.: Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid, a constituent of a herbal medicine from Boswellia serrata resin, attenuates experimental ileitis. Int. J. Colorectal Dis. (2001) 16:88-95.
110. REDDY GK, DHAR SC: Effect of a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent on lysosomal stability in adjuvant induced arthritis. Ital. J. Biochem. (1987) 36:205-217.
111. SHARMA ML, BANI S, SINGH GB: Anti-arthritic activity of boswellic acids in bovine serum albumin (BSA)-induced arthritis. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. (1989) 11:647-652.
112. SAFAYHI H, MACK T, AMMON HP: Protection by boswellic acids against galactosamine/endotoxin-induced hepatitis in mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1991) 41:1536-1537.
113. KIMMATKAR N, THAWANI V, HINGORANI L, KHIYANI R: Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee-a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine (2003) 10:3-7.
114. WINKING M, SARIKAYA S, RAHMANIAN A et al.: Boswellic acids inhibit glioma growth: a new treatment option? J. Neurooncol. (2000) 46:97-103.
115. GLASER T, WINTER S, GROSCURTH P et al.: Boswellic acids and malignant glioma: induction of apoptosis but no modulation of drug sensitivity. Br. J. Cancer (1999) 80:756-765.
116. JING Y, NAKAJO S, XIA L et al.: Boswellic acid acetate induces differentiation and apoptosis in leukemia cell lines. Leuk. Res. (1999) 23:43-50.
117. SHAO YC, HO T, CHIN CK et al.: Inhibitory activity of boswellic acids from Boswellia serrata against human leukemia HL-60 cells in culture. Planta Med. (1998) 64:328-331.
118. LIU JJ, NILSSON A, OREDSSON S et al.: Boswellic acids trigger apoptosis via a pathway dependent on caspase-8 activation but independent on Fas/Fas ligand interaction in colon cancer HT-29 cells. Carcinogenesis (2002) 23:2087-2093.
119. ZHAO W, ENTSCHLADEN F, LIU H et al.: Boswellic acid acetate induces differentiation and apoptosis in highly metastatic melanoma and fibrosarcoma cells. Cancer Detect. Prev. (2003) 27:67-75.
120. HUANG MT, BADMAEV V, DING Y et al.: Anti-tumor and anti-carcinogenic activities of triterpenoid, beta-boswellic acid. Biofactors (2000) 13:225-230.
121. STEINMETZ KA, POTTER JD: Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. (1996) 96:1027-1039.
122. TAKADA Y, ANDREEFF M, AGGARWAL BB: Indole-3-carbinol suppresses NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha kinase activation, causing inhibition of expression of NF-kappaB-regulated antiapoptotic and metastatic gene products and enhancement of apoptosis in myeloid and leukemia cells. Blood (2005) 106:641-649.
123. AGGARWAL BB, ICHIKAWA H: Molecular targets and anticancer potential of indole-3-carbinol and its derivatives. Cell Cycle (2005) 4:1201-1215.
124. GARG AK, BUCHHLOZ TA, AGGARWAL BB: Chemosensitization and radiosensitization of tumors by plant polyphenols. Antioxidant and Redox Signaling (2005) (In Press).
125. DEVI PU, RAO BS, SOLOMON FE: Effect of plumbagin on the radiation induced cytogenetic and cell cycle changes in mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo. Indian J. Exp. Biol. (1998) 36:891-895.
126. SHARADA AC, SOLOMON FE, DEVI PU et al.: Antitumor and radiosensitizing effects of withaferin A on mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in vivo. Acta Oncol. (1996) 35:95-100.
127. GANASOUNDARI A, ZARE SM, DEVI PU: Modification of bone marrow radiosensensitivity by medicinal plant extracts. Br. J. Radiol. (1997) 70:599-602.
128. CHENDIL D, RANGA RS, MEIGOONI D et al.: Curcumin confers radiosensitizing effect in prostate cancer cell line PC-3. Oneogene (2004) 23:1599-1607.
129. JAGETIA GC, NAYAK V, VIDYASAGAR MS: Evaluation of the antineoplastic activity of guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia) in cultured HeLa cells. Cancer Lett. (1998) 127:71-82.
130. JAGETIA GC, VENKATESHA VA: Effect of mangiferin on radiation-induced micronucleus formation in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. (2005) 46:12-21.
131. JAGETIA GC, BALIGA MS, MALAGI KJ, SETHUKUMAR KAMATH M: The evaluation of the radioprotective effect of Triphala (an ayurvedic rejuvenating drug) in the mice exposed to gamma-radiation. Phytomedicine (2002) 9:99-108.
132. JAGETIA GC, BALIGA MS: Treatment with Alstonia scholaris enhances radiosensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. (2003) 18:917-929.
133. YOUNT G, QIAN Y, MOORE D et al.: Berberine sensitizes human glioma cells, but not normal glial cells, to ionizing radiation in vitro. J. Exp. Ther. Oncol. (2004) 4:137-143.
134. SAMAILA DB, TOY J, WANG RC, ELEGBEDE JA: Monoterpenes enhanced the sensitivity of head and neck cancer cells to radiation treatment in vitro. Anti-Cancer Res. (2004) 24:3089-3095.
135. HORSMAN MR, SIEMANN DW, CHAPLIN DJ, OVERGAARD J: Nicotinamide as a radiosensitizer in tumours and normal tissues: the importance of drug dose and timing. Radiother Oncol. (1997) 45:167-174.
136. HARBOTTLE A, DALY AK, ATHERTON K, CAMPBELL FC: Role of glutathione S-transferase P1, P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 in acquired doxorubicin resistance. Int. J. Cancer (2001) 92:777-783.
137. IERSEL ML, PLOEMEN JP, STRUIK I et al.: Inhibition of glutathione S-transferase activity in human melanoma cells by alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives. Effects of acrolein, cinnamaldehyde, citral, crotonaldehyde, curcumin, ethacrynic acid, and trans-2-hexenal. Chem. Biol. Interact. (1996) 102:117-132.
138. DUVOIX A, MORCEAU F, DELHALLE S et al.: Induction of apoptosis by curcumin: mediation by glutathione S-transferase P1-1 inhibition. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2003) 66:1475-1483.
139. OGISO Y, TOMIDA A, LEI S et al.: Proteasome inhibition circumvents solid tumor resistance to topoisomerase II-directed drugs. Cancer Res. (2000) 60:2429-2434.
140. JANA NR, DIKSHIT P, GOSWAMI A, NUKINA N: Inhibition of proteasomal function by curcumin induces apoptosis through mitochondrial pathway. J. Biol. Chem. (2004) 279:11680-11685.
141. FULDA S, DEBATIN KM: Sensitization for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis by the chemopreventive agent resveratrol. Cancer Res. (2004) 64:337-346.
142. DEVI PU: Withania somnifera Dunal (Ashwagandha): potential plant source of a promising drug for cancer chemotherapy and radiosensitization. Inadian J. Exp. Biol. (1996) 34:927-932.
143. SINGH I, SHARMA A, NUNIA V, GOYAL PK: Radioprotection of Swiss albino mice by Emblica officinalis. Phytother. Res. (2005) 19:444-446.
144. PRASAD NS, RAGHAVENDRA R, LOKESH BR, NAIDU KA: Spice phenolics inhibit human PMNL 5-lipoxygenase. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids (2004) 70:521-528.
145. ZHOU S, LIM LY, CHOWBAY B: Herbal modulation of P-glycoprotein. Drug Metab. Rev. (2004) 36:57-104.
146. SHOBA G, JOY D, JOSEPH T et al.: Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Med. (1998) 64:353-356.
147. LAMBERT JD, HONG J, KIM DH et al.: Piperine enhances the bioavailability of the tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in mice. J. Nutr. (2004) 134:1948-1952.
148. PALUMBO G, BACCHI S, PALUMBO P et al.: [Grapefruit juice: potential drug interaction]. Clin. Ter. (2005) 156:97-103.
149. LE GOFF-KLEIN N, KLEIN L, HERIN M et al.: Inhibition of in-vitro simvastatin metabolism in rat liver microsomes by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (2004) 56:1007-1014.
150. LILJA JJ, NEUVONEN M, NEUVONEN PJ: Effects of regular consumption of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of simvastatin. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2004) 58:56-60.
151. LILJA JJ, KIVISTO KT, NEUVONEN PJ: Duration of effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of the CYP3A4 substrate simvastatin. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (2000) 68:384-390.
152. ANKE J, RAMZAN I: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions with Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. F.). J. Ethnopharmacol. (2004) 93:153-160.
153. SINGH YN: Potential for interaction of kava and St. Johns wort with drugs. J. Ethnopharmacol. (2005) 100:108-113.
154. AROLD G, DONATH F, MAURER A et al.: No relevant interaction with alprazolam, caffeine, tolbutamide, and digoxin by treatment with a low-hyperforin St John's wort extract. Planta Med. (2005) 71:331-337.
155. SMITH P, BULLOCK JM, BOOKER BM et al.: The influence of St. John's wort on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of imatinib mesylate. Pharmacotherapy (2004) 24:1508-1514.
156. MANNEL M: Drug interactions with St John's wort: mechanisms and clinical implications. Drug Saf. (2004) 27:773-797.
157. KHAN S, BALICK MJ: Therapeutic plants of Ayurveda: a review of selected clinical and other studies for 166 species. J. Altern. Complement. Med. (2001) 7:405-515.
158. SAXENA S, PANT N, JAIN DC, BHAKUNI RS: Antimalarial agents from plant sources. Curr. Sci. (2003) 85:1314-1329.
159. THOMAS SC: Medicinal plants: Culture, utilization and phytopharmacology, Techno Publishing Co., Inc., USA (2000).
160. ROTBLATT M, ZIMENT I: Evidence based herbal medicine, Hanley & Belfus, Inc. (2001).
161. MILLER LG, MURRAY WJ: Herbal medicine. A clinician's guide, Pharmaceuticals Products Press, NY (1998).
162. NO AUTHORS LISTED: PDR For Herbal medicines, Medical Economics Company, Montvale, New Jersey (1999).
163. TEWARI L: Traditional Himalayan Medicine System and its Materia Medica, HIST, India (2001).