Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: A review

Journal of the American Dietetic Association

Volumn 96, Issue 10, 1996, Pages 1027-1039

  Steinmetz, Kristi A ^a,b,e   Potter, John D ^c,d  

^a WORLD CANCER RESEARCH FUND INTERNATIONAL   (United Kingdom)

^b Fred Hutchinson Cancer Res Center ^*

^c Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^e NONE   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3 INDOLEMETHANOL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA CAROTENE; DITHIOL DERIVATIVE; FLAVONOID; FOLIC ACID; GARLIC EXTRACT; ISOFLAVONE DERIVATIVE; ISOTHIOCYANIC ACID DERIVATIVE; LIMONENE; LYCOPENE; PHYTIC ACID; PHYTOSTEROL; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; SAPONIN; SELENIUM; XANTHOPHYLL;

CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; COLON CANCER; DIETARY FIBER; DIETARY INTAKE; ENDOMETRIUM CANCER; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; FRUIT; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; MOUTH CANCER; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS CANCER; PHARYNX CANCER; REVIEW; STOMACH CANCER; VEGETABLE;

ALLIUM; ALLIUM SATIVUM; ANIMALIA; DAUCUS CAROTA; LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM;

EID: 0030411296     PISSN: 00028223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00273-8     Document Type: Review

References (262)

1. Darby WJ, Ghalioungui P, Grivetti L. Food: The Gift of Osiris. vol 2. New York, NY: Academic Press; 1977.
2. Kohman EF. The chemical components of onion vapors responsible for wound-healing qualities. Science. 1947; 106:625-627.
3. Doll R. Peto R. The Causes of Cancer. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1981.
4. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer, I: epidemiology. Cancer Causes Control. 1991; 2:325-357.
5. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer, II: mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control. 1991; 2:427-442.
6. Kväle G, Bjelke E, Gart JJ. Dietary habits and lung cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 1983; 31:397-405.
7. Colditz GA, Branch LG, Lipnick RJ. Increased green and yellow vegetable intake and lowered cancer deaths in an elderly population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985; 41:32-36.
8. Long-de W, Hammond EC. Lung cancer, fruit, green salad and vitamin pills. Chin Med J. 1985; 98:206-210.
9. Phillips RL, Snowdon DA. Dietary relationships with fatal colorectal cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1985; 74:307-317.
10. Hirayama T. Relationship of soybean paste soup intake to gastric cancer risk. Nutr Cancer. 1982; 3:223-233.
11. Hirayama T. Does daily intake of green-yellow vegetables reduce the risk of cancer in man? An example of the application of epidemiologic methods to the identification of individuals at low risk. IARC Sci Publ. 1982; 39:531-540.
12. Hirayama T. Nutrition and cancer - a large scale cohort study. Prog Clin Biol Res. 1986; 206:299-311.
13. Mills PK, Beeson WL, Abbey DE, Fraser GE, Phillips RL. Dietary habits and past medical history as related to fatal pancreas cancer risk among Adventists. Cancer. 1988; 61:2578-2585.
14. Nomura A, Grove JS, Stemmerman GN, Severson RK. A prospective study of stomach cancer and its relation to diet, cigarettes, and alcohol consumption. Cancer Res. 1990; 50:627-631.
15. Chyou P, Nomura AMY, Hankin JH, Stemmerman GN. A case-cohort study of diet and stomach cancer. Cancer Res. 1990; 50:7501-7504.
16. Hsing AW, McLaughlin JK, Schuman LM, Bjelke E, Gridley G, Wacholder S, CoChien HT, Blot WJ. Diet, tobacco use, and fatal prostate cancer: results from the Lutheran Brotherhood Cohort Study. Cancer Res. 1990; 50:6836-6840.
17. Mills PK, Beeson L, Phillips RL, Fraser GE. Bladder cancer in a low risk population: results from the Adventist Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991; 133:230-239.
18. Fraser GE, Beeson WL, Phillips RL. Diet and lung cancer in California Seventh Day Adventists. Am J Epidemiol. 1991; 133:683-693.
19. Thun MJ, Calle EE, Namboodiri MM, Flanders WD, Coates RJ, Byers T, Boffette P, Garfinkel L, Heath CW Jr. Risk factors for fatal colon cancer in a large prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992; 84:1491-1500.
20. Shibata A, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK, Henderson BE. Intake of vegetables, fruits, beta-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin supplements and cancer incidence among the elderly: a prospective study. Br J Cancer. 1992; 66:673-679.
21. Kato I, Tominaga S, Ito Y, Kobayashi S, Yoshii Y, Matsuura A, Kameya A, Kano T, Ikari A. A prospective study of atrophic gastritis and stomach cancer risk. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1992; 83:1137-1142.
22. Zheng W, McLaughlin JK, Silverman DT, Gridly G, Schuman LM, Bjelke E, Wacholder S, Co-Chien HT, Blot WJ. Cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 138:626. Abstract.
23. Zheng W, McLaughlin JK, Gridley G, Bjelke E, Schuman LM, Silverman D, Wacholder S, Co-Chien HT, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. A cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 1993; 4:477-482.
24. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD, Folsom AR. Vegetables, fruit, and lung cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Cancer Res. 1993; 53:536-543.
25. Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994; 139:1-15.
26. Rohan TE. Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 1993; 4:29-37.
27. Chyou PH, Nomura AM, Stemermann GM. A prospective study of diet, smoking, and lower urinary tract cancer. Ann Epidemiol. 1993; 3:211-216.
28. Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Hennekens CH, Speizer F, Willett WC. A prospective study of the intake of vitamins C,E, and A and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329:234-240.
29. Morabia A, Wynder EL. Dietary habits of smokers, people who never smoked, and exsmokers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990; 52:933-937.
30. Hoff G, Moen IE, Trygg K, Frolich W, Sauar J, Vatn M, Gjone E, Larsen S. Epidemiology of polyps in the rectum and sigmoid colon: evaluation of nutritional factors. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1986; 21:199-204.
31. Macquart-Moulin G, Riboli E, Cornee J, Kaaks R, Berthezene P. Colorectal polyps and diet: a case-control study in Marseilles. Int J Cancer. 1987; 40:179-188.
32. Kune GA, Kune S, Read A, MacGowan K, Penfold C, Watson LF. Colorectal polyps, diet, alcohol, and family history of colorectal cancer: a case-control study. Nutr Cancer. 1991; 16:25-30.
33. Sandler RS, Lyles CM, Peipens LA, McAuliffe CA Woosley JT, Kupper LL. Diet and risk of colorectal adenomas: macronutrients, cholesterol, and fiber. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993; 85:884-891.
34. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Relationship of diet to risk of colorectal adenoma in men. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992; 84:91-98.
35. Chang-Claude JC, Wahrendorf J, Liang QS, Rei YG, Muñoz N, Crespi M, Raedsch R, Thurnham DI, Correa P. An epidemiological study of precursor lesions of esophageal cancer among young persons in a high-risk population in Huixian, China. Cancer Res. 1990; 50:2268-2274.
36. Brock KE, Berry G, Mock PA, MacLennan R, Truswell AS, Brinton LA. Nutrients in diet and plasma and risk of in situ cervical cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988; 80:580-585.
37. La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Fasoli M, Parrazini F, Franceschi S, Gentile A, Negri E. Dietary vitamin A and the risk of intraepithelial and invasive cervical neoplasia. Gynecol Oncol. 1988; 30:187-195.
38. Kato I, Tominaga S, Ito Y, Kobayashi S, Yoshii Y, Matsuura A, Kameya A, Kano T. A comparative case-control analysis of stomach cancer and atrophic gastritis. Cancer Res. 1990; 50:6559-6564.
39. Haenszel W, Correa P, Cuello C, Guzman N, Burbano LC, Lores H, Muñoz J. Gastric cancer in Colombia, II: case-control epidemiologic study of precursor lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1976; 57:1021-1026.
40. Goodman MT, Kolonel LN, Wilkens LR, Yoshizawa CN, LeMarchand L, Hankin JH. Dietary factors in lung cancer prognosis. Eur J Cancer. 1992; 28:495-501.
41. Ingram DM, Roberts A, Nottage EM. Host factors and breast cancer growth characteristics. Eur J Cancer. 1992; 28A:1153-1161.
42. Wattenberg LW. Studies of polycyclic hydrocarbon hydroxylases of the intestine possibly related to cancer: effect of diet on benzpyrene hydroxylase activity. Cancer. 1971; 28:99-102.
43. Boyd JN, Sell S, Stoewsand GS. Inhibition of aflatoxin-induced serum alpha-fetoprotein in rats fed cauliflower. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1979; 161:473-475.
44. Troll W, Wiesner R, Shellabarger CJ, Holtzman S, Stone JP. Soybean diet lowers breast tumor incidence in irradiated rats. Carcinogenesis. 1980; 1:469-472.
45. 1-induced rat plasma alpha-foetoprotein elevation, hepatic tumorigenesis, and mutagenicity of urine. Food Chem Toxicol. 1982; 20:47-52.
46. Sparnins VL, Venegas PL, Wattenberg LW. Glutathione S-transferase activity: enhancement by compounds inhibiting chemical carcinogenesis and by dietary constituents. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982; 68:493-496.
47. 1 in rats fed green beans, beets or squash. Food Chem Toxicol. 1983; 21:37-40.
48. Rieder A, Adamek M, Wrba H. Delay of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatoma in rats by carrot feeding. Oncology. 1983; 40:120-123.
49. Wattenberg LW. Inhibition of neoplasia by minor dietary constituents. Cancer Res. 1983; 43(suppl):2448s-2453s.
50. Anshi T SS, Dolan P, Bueding E. Biochemical effects of dithiolthiones. Food Chem Toxicol. 1986; 24:405-415.
51. Stohs SJ, Lawson TA, Anderson L, Bueding E. Effects of oltipraz, BHA, ADT, and cabbage of glutathione metabolism, DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in old mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 1986; 37:137-145.
52. Birt DF, Pelling JC, Pour PM, Tibbels MG, Schweickert L, Bresnick E. Enhanced pancreatic and skin tumorigenesis in cabbage-fed hamsters and mice. Carcinogenesis. 1987; 8:913-917.
53. Temple LJ, Basu TK. Selenium and cabbage and colon carcinogenesis in mice. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987; 79:1131-1134.
54. Stoewsand GS, Anderson JL, Munson L. Protective effects of dietary brussel sprouts against mammary carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats. Cancer Lett. 1988; 39:199-207.
55. Scholar EM, Wolterman K, Birt DF, Bresnick E. The effect of diets enriched in collards on murine pulmonary metastasis. Nutr Cancer. 1989; 12:121-126.
56. Wattenberg LW, Schafer HW, Waters L Jr, Davis DW. Inhibition of mammary tumor formation by broccoli and cabbage. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 1989; 30:181.
57. Baggott JE, Ha T, Vaughn WH, Juliana MM, Hardinn JM, Grubbs CJ. Effect of miso (Japanese soybean paste) and NaCl on DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors. Nutr Cancer. 1990; 14:103-109.
58. Vang O, Jensen H, Autrup H. Induction of cytochrome P-450IAI1, IA2, IIB1, IIB2 and IIE1 by broccoli in rat liver and colon. Chem Biol Interact. 1991; 78:85-96.
59. Belman S. Onion and garlic oils inhibit tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis. 1983; 4:1063-1065.
60. Bresnick E, Birt DF, Wolterman K, Wheeler M, Markin RS. Reduction in mammary tumorigenesis in the rat by cabbage and cabbage residue. Carcinogenesis. 1990; 11:1159-1163.
61. Stoewsand GS, Anderson JL, Munson L, Lisk DJ. Effect of dietary Brussels sprouts with increased selenium content on mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. Cancer Lett. 1989; 45:43-48.
62. Maltzman TH, Hurt LM, Elson CE, Tanner MA, Gould MN. The prevention of nitrosomethylurea-incluced mammary tumors by d-limonene and orange oil. Carcinogenesis. 1989; 10:781-783.
63. Wattenberg LW, Coccia JB. Inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone carcinogenesis in mice by D-limonene and citrus fruit oils. Carcinogenesis. 1991; 12:115-117.
64. Dragsted LO, Strube M, Larsen JC. Cancer-protective factors in fruits and vegetables: biochemical and biological background. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993; 72(suppl 1):116-135.
65. Bueding E, Ansher S, Dolan P. Anticarcinogenic and other protective effects of dithiolthiones. In: Basic Life Sciences. vol 39. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1986:483-489.
66. Sparnins VL, Venegas PL, Wattenberg LW. Glutathione S-transferase activity: enhancement by compounds inhibiting chemical carcinogenesis and by dietary constituents J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982; 68:493-496.
67. Reddy BS, Rao CV, Rivenson A, Kelloff G. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by organosulfur compounds. Cancer Res. 1993; 53:3493-3498.
68. Zhang Y, Talalay P, Cho CG, Posner GH. A major inducer of anticarcinogenic protective enzymes from broccoli: isolation and elucidation of structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1992; 89:2399-2403.
69. Michnovicz JL, Bradlow HL. Altered estrogen metabolism and excretion in humans following consumption of indole-3-carbinol. Nutr Cancer. 1991; 16:59-66.
70. Wattenberg LW, Hanley AB, Barany G, Sparnins VL, Lam LKT, Fenwick GR. Inhibition of carcinogenesis by some minor dietary constituents. In: Hayashi Y, ed. Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Sci Soc Press; 1986:193-203.
71. You WC, Blot WJ, Chang YS, Ershow A, Yang ZT, An Q, Henderson BE, Fraumeni JF Jr, Wang T-G. Allium vegetables and the reduced risk of stomach cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989; 81:162-164
72. Messina M, Barnes S. The role of soy products in reducing risk of cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1991; 83:541-546.
73. Messina M, Messina V. Increasing use of soy foods and their potential role in cancer prevention. J Am Diet Assoc. 1991; 836-840.
74. Adlercreutz H. Western diet and western diseases: some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1990; 50(suppl 201):3-23.
75. Yanagihara K, Ito A, Toge T, Numoto M. Antiproliferative effects of isoflavones on human cancer cell lines established from the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer Rres. 1993; 53:5815-5821.
76. Schelp FP, Pongpaew P. Protection against cancer through nutritionally-induced increase of endogenous protease inhibitors - a hypothesis. Int J Epidemiol. 1988; 17:287-292.
77. National Research Council Committee on Diet and Health. Diet and Health: Implications for Reducing Chrome Disease Risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.
78. Cameron E, Pauling L. Cancer and Vitamin C. Palo Alto, Calif: Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine; 1979.
79. Wattenberg LW. Inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987; 60:11-18.
80. Wattenberg LW. Inhibition of neoplasia by minor dietary constituents. Cancer Res. 1983; 43(suppl):2448s-2453s.
81. Micozzi MS, Beecher GR, Taylor PR, Khachlik F. Carotenoid analyses of selected raw and cooked foods associated with a lower risk for cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990; 82:282-285.
82. MacGregor JT, Schlegel R, Wehr CM, Alperin P, Ames BN. Cytogenic damage induced by folate deficiency in mice is enhanced by caffeine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 87:9962-9965.
83. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Tricholoulos D, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993; 85:875-884.
84. Phillips RW, Kikendall JW, Luk GD, Willis SM, Murphy JR, Maydonovitch C, Bowen PE, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Wong RKH. ß-Carotene inhibits rectal mucosal ornithine decarboxylase activity in colon cancer patients. Cancer Res. 1993; 3723-3725.
85. Wolf G. Retinoids and carotenoids as inhibitors of carcinogenesis and inducers of cell-cell communication. Nutr Rev. 1994; 50:270-274.
86. Murakoshi M, Takayasu J, Kimura O, Kohmura E, Nishino H, Iwashima A, Okuzumi J, Sakai T, Sugimoto T, Imanishi J, Iwasaki R. Inhibitory effects of α-carotene on proliferation of the human neuroblastoma cell line GOTO. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989; 1649-1652.
87. Bertram JS, Kolonel LN, Meyskens FL. Rationale and strategies for chemoprevention of cancer in humans. Cancer Res. 1987; 47:3012-3031.
88. Fiala ES, Reddy BS, Weisburger JH. Naturally occurring anticarcinogenic substances in foodstuffs. Annu Rev Nutr. 1985; 5:295-321.
89. Hertog MG, Feskens EJM, Hollman PCH, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet. 1993; 342:1007-1011.
90. Phang JM, Poore CM, Lopaczynska J, Yeh GC. Flavonol-stimulated efflux of 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene in multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1993; 53:5977-5981.
91. Deschner EE, Ruperto J, Wong G, Newmark HL. Quercetin and rutin as inhibitors of azoxymethanol-induced colonic neoplasia. Carcinogenesis. 1991; 12:1193-1196.
92. Jacobs LR. Fiber and colon cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1988; 17:747-760.
93. Potter JD. The epidemiology of fiber and colorectal cancer: why don't the epidemiologic data make better sense? In: Kritchevsky D, Bonfield C, Anderson JW, eds. Dietary Fiber. New York, NY: Plenum Press; 1990:431-446.
94. Trock B, Lanza E, Grennwald P. Dietary fiber, vegetables, and colon cancer: critical review and meta-analyses of the epidemiologic evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990; 82:650-661.
95. Ames BN, Gold LS. Pesticides, risk, and applesauce. Science. 1989; 244:755-757.
96. Ames BN, Magaw R. Gold LS. Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards. Science. 1987; 236:271-276.
97. Vainio H, Heseltine E, Wilbourn J. Report on an IARC working group meeting on some naturally occuring substances. Int J Cancer. 1993; 53:535-537.
98. Mirvish SS. Effects of vitamins C and E on N-nitroso compound formation, carcinogenesis, and cancer. Cancer. 1986; 58(suppl 8): 1842-1850.
99. Oshima H, Bartsch H. Quantitative estimation of endogenous nitrosation in humans by monitoring N-nitrosoproline excreted in the urine. Cancer Res. 1981; 41:3658-3662.
100. Subar A, Heimendinger J, Krebs-Smith S, Patterson B, Kessler R, Pivonka E. 5 A Day for Better Health: A Baseline Study of Americans' Fruit and Vegetable Consumption. Washington, DC: National Cancer Institute; 1992.
101. Patterson BH, Block G. Food choices and the cancer guidelines. Am J Public Health. 1988; 78:282-286.
102. Havas S, Heimendinger J, Reynolds K, Baranowski T, Nicklas TA, Bishop D, Buller D, Sorensen G, Beresford SAA, Cowan A, Damron D. 5 A Day for Better Health: a new research initiative. J Am Diet Assoc. 1994; 94:32-36.
103. Acheson ED, Doll R. Dietary factors in carcinoma of the stomach: a study of 100 cases and 200 controls. Gut. 1964; 5:126-131.
104. Graham S, Schotz W, Martino P. Alimentary factors in the epidemiology of gastric cancer. Cancer. 1972; 30:927-938.
105. Haenszel W, Kurihara M, Segi M, Lee RK. Stomach cancer among Japanese in Hawaii. J Natl Cancer Inst 1972; 49:969-988.
106. Bjelke E. Case-control study in Norway. Scand J Gastrenterol. 1974; 9(suppl 31):42-48.
107. Bjelke E. Case-control study in Minnesota. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1974; 9(suppl 31):49-53.
108. Modan B, Lubin F, Barell V, Greenberg RA, Modan M, Graham S. The role of starches in the etiology of gastric cancer. Cancer. 1974; 34:2087-2092.
109. Haenszel W, Kurihara M, Locke FB, Shimuzu K, Segi M. Stomach cancer in Japan. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1976; 56:265-274.
110. Correa P, Fontham E, Pickle LW, Chen V, Lin V, Haenszel W. Dietary determinants of gastric cancer in Louisiana inhabitants. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1985; 75:645-654.
111. Risch HA, Jain M, Choi NW, Fodor JG, Pfeiffer CJ, Howe GR, Harrison LW, Craib KJP, Miller AB. Dietary factors and the incidence of cancer of the stomach. Am J Epidemiol. 1985; 122:947-959.
112. Tajima K, Tominaga S. Dietary habits and gastro-intestinal cancers: a comparative case-control study of stomach and large intestinal cancers in Nagoya, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1985; 76:705-716.
113. Trichopoulos D, Ouranos G, Day NE, Tzonou A, Manousos O, Papadimitriou C, Trichopoulos A. Diet and cancer of the stomach: a case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer. 1985; 36:291-297.
114. Jedrychowski W, Wahrendorf J, Popiel T, Rachtan J. A case-control study of dietary factors and stomach cancer risk in Poland. Int J Cancer. 1986; 37:837-842.
115. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Decarli A, D'Avanzo B, Franceschi S. A case-control study of diet and gastric cancer in northern Italy. Int J Cancer. 1987; 40:484-489.
116. Hu J, Zhang S, Jia E, Wang Q, Liu Y, Wu Y, Chen Y. Diet and cancer of the stomach: a case-control study in China. Int J Cancer. 1988; 41:331-335.
117. You W, Blot WJ, Chang Y, Ershow AG, Yang Z, An Q, Henderson B, Xu G, Fraumeni JF Jr, Wang T. Diet and high risk of stomach cancer in Shandong, China. Cancer Res. 1988; 48:3518-3523.
118. You WC, Blot WJ, Chang YS, Ershow AG, Yang Z, An Q, Henderson B, Xu G, Fraumeni JF Jr, Wang T. Allium vegetables and the reduced risk of stomach cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989; 81:162-164.
119. Kono S, Ikeda M, Tokudome S, Kuratsune M. A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in northern Kyushu, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res (Gann). 1988; 79:1067-1074.
120. Coggon D, Barker DJP, Cole RB, Nelson M. Stomach cancer and food storage. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989; 81:1178-1182.
121. Buiatti E, Palli D, Decarli A, Amadori D, Avellini C, Bianchi S, Biserni R, Cipriani F, Cocco P, Giacosa A, Marubini E, Puntoni R, Vindigni C, Fraumeni J Jr, Blot W. A case-control study of gastric cancer and diet in Italy. Int J Cancer. 1989; 44:611-616.
122. Demirer T, Icli F, Uzunalimoglu O, Kucuk O. Diet and stomach cancer incidence. A case-control study in Turkey. Cancer. 1990;65:2344-2348.
123. Graham S, Haughey B, Marshall J. Diet in the epidemiology of gastric cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1990; 13:19-34.
124. Wu-Williams Ah, Yu MC, Mack TM. Life-style, workplace, and stomach cancer by subsite in young men of Los Angeles County. Cancer Res. 1990; 50:2569-2576.
125. Boeing H, Frentzel-Beyme R. Regional risk factors for stomach cancer in the FRG. Environ Health. Perspect. 1991; 94:83-89.
126. González CA, Sanz JM, Marcos G, Pita S, Brullet E, Saigi E, Badia A, Riboli E. Dietary factors and stomach cancer in Spain: a multi-centre case-control study. Int J Cancer. 1991; 49:513-519.
127. Boeing H, Jedrychowski W, Wahrendorf J, Popiela T, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Kulig A. Dietary risk factors in intestinal and diffuse types of stomach cancer: multi-center case-control study in Poland. Cancer Causes Control. 1991; 2:227-233.
128. Tuyns AJ, Kaaks R, Haelterman M, Riboli E. Diet and gastric cancer: a case-control study in Belgium. Int J Cancer. 1992; 51:1-6.
129. Hoshiyama Y, Sasaba T. A case-control study of stomach cancer and its relation to diet, cigarettes, and alcohol consumption in Saitama Prefecture, Japan. Cancer Causes Control 1992; 3:441-448.
130. Memik F, Nak SG, Gulten M, Ozturk M. Gastric carcinoma in northwestern Turkey: epidemiological characteristics. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 1992; 11:335-338.
131. Jedrychowski W, Boeing H, Popiela T, Wahrendorf J, Tobiasz-Adamczyk B, Kulig J. Dietary practices in households as risk factors for stomach cancer: a familial study in Poland. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1992; 1:297-304.
132. Hansson L-E, Nyrén O, Bergstrom R, Wolk A, Lindgren A, Baron J, Adami H-O. Diet and risk of gastric cancer: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer. 1993; 55:181-189.
133. Ramón JM, Serra L, Cerdó C, Oromí J. Dietary factors and gastric cancer risk: a case-control study in Spain. Cancer. 1993; 71:1731-1735.
134. Bjelke E. Case-control study in Norway. Scand J Gastrenterol. 1974; 9(suppl 31):42-48.
135. Modan B, Barell V, Lubin F, Modan M, Greenberg RA, Graham S. Low-fiber intake as an etiologic factor in cancer of the colon. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1975; 55:15-18.
136. Phillips RL. Role of life-style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among Seventh-Day Adventists. Cancer Res. 1975; 35:3513-3522.
137. Graham S, Dayal H, Swanson M, Mittelman A, Wilkinson G. Diet in the epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1978; 61:709-714.
138. Miller AB, Howe GR, Jain M, Craib KJ, Harrison L. Food items and food groups as risk factors in a case-control study of diet and colo-rectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 1983; 32:155-161.
139. Tajima K, Tominaga S, Dietary habits and gastro-intestinal cancers: a comparative case-control study of stomach and large intestinal cancers in Nagoya, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1985; 76:705-716.
140. Macquart-Moulin G, Riboli E, Cornee J, Charnay B, Berthezene P, Day N. Case-control study on colorectal cancer and diet in Marseilles. Int J Cancer. 1986; 38:183-191.
141. Kune S, Kune GA, Watson LF. Case-control study of dietary etiological factors: the Melbourne Colorectal Cancer Study. Nutr Cancer. 1987; 9:21-42.
142. Graham S, Marshall J, Haughey B, Mittelman A, Swanson M, Zielezny M, Byers T, Wilkinson G, West D. Dietary epidemiology of cancer of the colon in western New York. Am. J Epidemiol. 1988; 128:490-503.
143. La Vecchia C, Negri E, Decarli A, D'Avanzo B, Gallotti L, Gentile A, Franceschi S. A case-control study of diet and colo-rectal cancer in northern Italy. Int J Cancer. 1988; 41:492-498.
144. Slattery ML, Sorenson AW, Mahoney AW, French TK, Kritchevsky D, Street JC, Diet and colon cancer: assessment of risk by fiber type and food source. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988; 80:1474-1480.
145. Tuyns AJ, Kaaks R, Haelterman M. Colorectal cancer and the consumption of foods: a case-control study in Belgium. Nutr Cancer. 1988; 11:189-204.
146. Young TB, Wolf DA. Case-control study of proximal and distal colon cancer and diet in Wisconsin. Int J Cancer. 1988; 42:167-175.
147. Lee HP, Gourley L, Duffy SW, Esteve J, Lee J, Day NE. Colorectal cancer and diet in an Asian population - case-control study among Singapore Chinese. Int J Cancer. 1989; 43:1007-1016.
148. Benito E, Obrador A, Stiggelbout A, Bosch FX, Mulet M, Muñoz N, Kaldor J. A population-based case-control study of colorectal cancer in Majorca, I: dietary factors. Int J Cancer. 1990; 45:69-76.
149. Hu J, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhao T, Lin S, Wang Q. Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study in China. Int J Epidemiol. 1991; 20:362-367.
150. Bidoli E, Franceschi S, Talamini R, Barra S, LaVecchia C. Food consumption and cancer of the colon and rectum in north-eastern Italy. Int J Cancer. 1992; 50;223-229.
151. Peters RK, Pike MC, Garabrant D, Mack TM. Diet and colon cancer in Los Angeles County, California. Cancer Causes Control. 1992; 3:457-474.
152. Iscovich JM, L'Abbé KA, Castelleto R, Calzona A, Bernedo A, Chopita NA, Jmelnitzsky AC, Kaldor J. Colon cancer in Agentina, I: risk from intake of dietary items. Int J Cancer 1992; 51:851-857.
153. Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Food-group consumption and colon cancer in the Adelaide Case-Control Study, I: vegetables and fruit. Int J Cancer. 1993; 53:711-719.
154. Kampman E. Do Fermented Dairy Products and Calcium Protect against Colorectal Cancer? Zeist, The Netherlands: Rijksuniversiteit of Maastricht; 1994. Dissertation.
155. Wynder EL, Bross IJ. A study of etiological factors in cancer of the esophagus. Cancer. 1961; 14:389-413.
156. De Jong UW, Breslow N, Goh Ewe Hong J, Sridharan M, Shanmugaratnam K. Aetiological factors in oesophageal cancer in Singapore Chinese. Int J Cancer. 1974; 13:291-303.
157. Cook-Mozaffari PJ, Azordegan F, Day NE, Ressicaud A, Sabai C, Aramesh B. Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian Littoral of Iran: results of a case-control study. Br J Cancer. 1979; 39:293-309.
158. Ziegler RG, Morris LE, Blot WJ, Pottern LM, Hoover R, Fraumeni JF Jr. Esophageal cancer among black men in Washington DC, II: role of nutrition. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1981; 67:1199-1206.
159. Mettlin C, Graham S, Priore R, Marshall J, Swanson M. Diet and cancer of the esophagus. Nutr Cancer. 1981; 2:143-147.
160. De Carli A, Liati P, Negri G, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Vitamin A and other dietary factors in the etiology of esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1987; 10:29-37.
161. Notani PN, Jayant K. Role of diet in upper aerodigostive tract cancers. Nutr Cancer. 1987; 10:103-113.
162. Tuyns AJ, Riboli E, Doornbos G, Pequignot G. Diet and esophageal cancer in Calvados (France). Nutr Cancer. 1987; 9:81-92.
163. Yu MC, Garabrant DH, Peters JM, Mack TM. Tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation, and carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer Res. 1988; 48:3843-3848.
164. Brown LM, Blot WJ, Shuman SH, Smith VM, Ershow AG, Marks RD, Fraumeni JF Jr. Environmental factors and high risk of esophageal cancer among men in coastal South Carolina. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988; 80:1020-1625.
165. Li J, Ershow AG, Chen Z, Wacholder S, Li G, Guo W, Li B, Blot WJ. A case-control study of cancer of the esophagus and gastric cardia in Linxian. Int J Cancer. 1989; 43:755-761.
166. Cheng KK, Day NE, Duffy SW, Lam TH, Fok M, Wong J. Pickled vegetables in the etiology of oesophageal cancer in Hong Kong Chinese. Lancet. 1992; 339:1314-1318.
167. Yu Y, Taylor PR, Li J-Y, Dawsey SM, Wang G-Q, Guo W-D, Wang W, Liu B-Q, Blot WJ, Shen Q, Li B. Retrospective cohort study of risk factors for esophageal cancer in Linxian, Peoples' Republic of China. Cancer Causes Control. 1993; 4:195-202.
168. Hu J, Nyrén O, Wolk A, Bergström R, Yuen J, Adami H-O, Guo L, Li H, Huang G, Xu X, Zhao F, Chen Y, Wang C, Qin H, Hu C, Li Y. Risk factors for oesophageal cancer in northeast China. Int J Cancer. 1994; 57:38-46.
169. MacLennan R, Da Costa J, Day NE, Law CH, Ng YK, Shanmugaratnam K. Risk factors for lung cancer in Singapore Chinese, a population with high female incidence rates. Int J Cancer. 1977; 20:854-860.
170. Mettlin C, Graham S, Swanson M. Vitamin A and cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1979; 62:1435-1438.
171. Ziegler RG, Mason TJ, Stemhagen A, Hoover R, Schoenberg JB, Gridley G, Virgo PW, Fraumeni JF Jr. Carotenoid intake, vegetables, and the risk of lung cancer among white men in New Jersey. Am J Epidemiol. 1986; 123:1080-1093.
172. Pisani P, Berrino F, Macaluso M, Pastorino U, Crosignani P, Baldasseroni A. Carrots, green vegetables and lung cancer: a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 1986; 15:463-468.
173. Koo LC. Dietary habits and lung cancer risk among Chinese females in Hong Kong who never smoked. Nutr Cancer. 1988; 11:155-172.
174. Fontham ETH, Pickle LW, Haenszel W, Correa P, Lin Y, Falk R. Dietary vitamin A and C and lung cancer risk in Louisiana. Cancer. 1988; 62:2267-2273.
175. Le Marchand L, Yoshizawa CN, Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Goodman MT. Vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in Hawaii. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989; 81:1158-1164.
176. Mettlin C. Milk drinking, other beverage habits, and lung cancer risk. Int J Cancer. 1989; 43:608-612.
177. Swanson CA, Mao BL, Li JY, Lubin JH, Yao SX, Wang JZ, Cai SK, Hou Y, Luo QS, Blot WJ. Dietary determinants of lung-cancer risk: results from a case-control study in Yunnan Province, China. Int J Cancer. 1992; 50:876-880.
178. Candelora EC, Stockwell HG, Armstrong AW, Stockwell HG, Armstrong AW, Pinkham PA. Dietary intake and risk of lung cancer in women who never smoked. Nutr Cancer. 1992; 17:263-270.
179. Gao CM, Tajima K, Kuroishi T, Hirose K, Inoue M. Protective effects of raw vegetables and fruit against lung cancer among smokers and ex-smokers: a case-control study in the Tokai area of Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1993; 84:594-600.
180. Dorgan JF, Ziegler RG, Schoenberg JB, Hartge P, McAdams MJ, Falk RT, Wilcox HB, Shaw GL. Race and sex differences in associations of vegetables, fruit, and carotenoids with lung cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 1993; 4:273-281.
181. Mayne S, Janerich D, Greenwald P, Chorost S, Tucci C, Zaman M, Melamed M, Kiely M, McKneally M. Dietary ß-carotene and lung cancer risk in non-smokers. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 138:627. Abstract.
182. Mayne ST, Janerich DT, Greenwald P, Chorost S, Tucci C, Zaman MB, Melamed MR, Kiely M. McKneally MF. Dietary beta carotene and lung cancer risk in U.S. nonsmokers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994; 86:33-38.
183. Graham S, Dayal H, Rohrer T. Dentition, diet, tobacco, and alcohol in the epidemiology of oral cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1977; 59:1611-1618.
184. Jafarey NA, Mahmood Z, Zaidi SHM. Habits and dietary pattern of cases of carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. J Pakistan Med Assoc. 1977; 27:340-489.
185. Marshall J, Graham S, Mettlin C, Shedd D, Swanson M. Diet in the epidemiology of oral cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1982; 3:145-149.
186. Winn DM, Ziegler RG, Pickle LW, Gridley G, Blot WJ, Hoover RN. Diet in the etiology of oral and pharyngeal cancer among women from the southern United States. Cancer Res. 1984; 44:1216-1222.
187. McLaughlin JK, Gridley G, Block G, Winn DM, Preston-Martin S, Schoenberg JB, Greenberg RS, Stemhagen A, Austin DF, Ershow AG, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. Dietary factors in oral and pharyngeal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988; 80:1237-1243.
188. Franco EL, Kowalski LP, Oliveira BV, Curado MP, Pereira RN, Silva ME, Fava AS, Torloni H. Risk factors for oral cancer in Brazil. Int J Cancer. 1989; 43:992-1000.
189. Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Block G, Blot WJ, Winn DM, Greenberg RS, Schoenberg JB, Preston-Martin S, Austin DF, Fraumeni J Jr. Diet and oral and pharyngeal cancer among blacks. Nutr Cancer. 1990; 14:219-225.
190. LaVecchia C, Negri E, D'Avanzo B, Boyle P, Franceschi S. Dietary indicators of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 1991; 20:39-44.
191. Franceschi S, Bidoli E, Barón AE, Barra S, Talamini R, Serraino D, La Vecchia C. Nutrition and cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx in north-east Italy. Int J Cancer. 1991; 47:20-25.
192. Oreggia F, DeStefani E, Correa P, Fierro L. Risk factors for cancer of the tongue in Uruguay. Cancer. 1991; 67:180-183.
193. Zheng W, Blot WJ, Shu X-O, Diamond BL, Gao Y-T, Ji B-T, Fraumeni JF Jr. Risk factors for oral and pharyngeal cancer in Shanghai, with emphasis on diet. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1992; 1:441-448.
194. Zheng T, Boyle P, Willett WC, Hu H, Dan J, Evstifeeva TV, Niu S, MacMahon B. A case-control study of oral cancer in Beijing, People's Republic of China: associations with nutrient intakes, foods, and food groups. Eur J Cancer. 1993; 29B:45-55.
195. Freudenheim JL, Graham S, Marshall JR, Haughey BP, Wilkinson G. A case-control study of diet and rectal cancer in western New York. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131:612-624.
196. Graham S, Marshall J, Mettlin G, Rzepka T, Nemoto T, Byers T. Diet in the epidemiology of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1982; 116:68-75.
197. Zemla B. The role of selected dietary elements in breast cancer risk among native and migrant populations in Poland. Nutr Cancer. 1984; 6:187-195.
198. Katsuoyanni K, Trichopoulos D, Boyle P, Xirouchaki E, Trichopoulou A, Lisseos B, Vasilaros S, MacMahon B. Diet and breast cancer: a case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer. 1986; 38:815-820.
199. LaVecchia C, Decarli A, Fanceschi S, Gentile A, Negri E, Parazzini F. Dietary factors and the risk of breast cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1987; 10:205-214.
200. Hislop TG, Kan L, Goldman AJ, Band PR, Brauer G. Influence of estrogen receptor status on dietary risk factors for breast cancer. Can Med Assoc J. 1988; 138:424-430.
201. Iscovich JM, Iscovich RB, Howe G, Shiboski S, Kaldor JM. A case-control study of diet and breast cancer in Argentina. Int J Cancer. 1989; 44:770-776.
202. Simard A, Vobecky J, Vobecky JS. Nutrition and life-style factors in fibrocystic disease and cancer of the breast. Cancer Detect Prev. 1990; 14:567-572.
203. Ewertz M, Gill C. Dietary factors and breast cancer risk in Denmark. Int J Cancer. 1990; 46:779-784.
204. Lee HP, Gourley L, Duffy SW, Estève J, Lee J, Day NE. Dietary effects on breast-cancer risk in Singapore. Lancet. 1991; 337:1197-1200.
205. Richardson S, Gerber M, Cenée S. The role of fat, animal protein and some vitamin consumption in breast cancer: a case-control study in southern France. Int J Cancer. 1991; 48:1-9.
206. Pawlega J. Breast cancer and smoking, vodka drinking and dietary habits. Acta Oncol. 1992; 31:387-392.
207. Kato I, Miura S, Kasumi F, Iwase T, Tashiro H, Fujita Y, Koyama H, Ikeda T, Fujiwara K, Saotome K, Asaishi K, Abe R, Nihei M, Ishida T, Yokoe T, Yamamoto H, Murata M. A case-control study of breast cancer among Japanese women: with special reference to family history and reproductive and dietary factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1992; 24:51-59.
208. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Gulie C, Negri E. Dietary factors and breast cancer risk in Vaud, Switzerland. Nutr Cancer. 1993; 19:327-335.
209. Gold EB, Gordis L, Diener MD, Seltser R, Boitnott JK, Bynum TE, Hutcheon DF. Diet and other risk factors for cancer of the pancreas. Cancer. 1985; 55:460-467.
210. Mack TM, Yu MC, Hanisch R, Henderson BE. Pancreas cancer and smoking, beverage consumption, and past medical history. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1986; 76:49-60.
211. Norell SE, Ahlbom A, Erwald R, Jacobson G, Lindberg-Navier I, Olin R, Torrnberg B, Wiechel K. Diet and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1986; 124:894-902.
212. Voirol M, Infante F, Raymond L, Hollenweger V, Zurkirch MC, Tuyns A, Loizeau E. Nutritional profile of patients with cancer of the pancreas. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1987; 117:1101-1104.
213. Falk RT, Pickle LW, Fontham ET, Correa P, Fraumeni JF. Life-style risk factors for pancreatic cancer in Louisiana: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1988; 128:324-336.
214. Olsen GW, Mandel JS, Gibson RW, Wattenberg LW, Schuman LM. A case-control study of pancreatic cancer and cigarettes, alcohol, coffee, and diet. Am J Public Health. 1989; 79:1016-1019.
215. Farrow DC, David S. Diet and the risk of pancreatic cancer in men. Am J Epidemiol. 1990; 132:423-431.
216. Bueno de Mesquita HB, Maisonneuve P, Runia S, Moerman CJ. Intake of foods and nutrients and cancer of the exocrine pancreas: a population-based case-control study in the Netherlands. Int J Cancer. 1991; 48:540-549.
217. Lyon JL, Slattery ML, Mahoney AW, Robison LM. Dietary intake as a risk factor for cancer of the exocrine pancreas. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1993; 2:513-518.
218. Haenszel W, Berg JW, Segi M, Kurihara M, Locke FB. Large-bowel cancer in Hawaiian Japanese. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1973; 51:1765-1779.
219. Bjelke E. Case-control study in Minnesota. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1974; 9(suppl 31):49-53.
220. Martinez I, Torres R, Frias Z, Colon JR, Fernández N. Factors associated with adenocarcinomas of the large bowel in Puerto Rico. In: Advances in Medical Oncology, Research, and Education. vol 3. Oxford, England: Pergamon Press; 1979:45-52.
221. Manousos O, Day NE, Trichopoulos D, Gerovassilis F, Tzonou A, Polychronopoulou A. Diet and colorectal cancer, a case-control study in Greece. Int J Cancer. 1983; 32:1-5.
222. Zaridze D, Filipchenko V, Kustov V, Serdyuk V, Duffy S. Diet and colorectal cancer: results of two case-control studies in Russia. Eur J Cancer. 1993; 29A:112-115.
223. Mettlin C, Graham S. Dietary risk factors in human bladder cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1979; 110:255-263.
224. Claude J, Kunze E, Frentzel-Beyme R, Paczkowski K, Schneider J, Schubert H. Life-style and occupational risk factors in cancer of the lower urinary tract. Am J Epidemiol. 1986; 124:578-589.
225. LaVecchia C, Negri E, Decarli A, D'Avanzo B, Liberati C, Franceschi S. Dietary factors in the risk of bladder cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1989; 12:93-101.
226. Nomura AMY, Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Yoshizawa CN. Dietary factors in cancer of the lower urinary tract. Int J Cancer. 1991; 48:199-205.
227. Riboli E, González CA, López-Abente G, Errezola M, Izarzugaza I, Escolar A, Nebot M, Hémon B, Agudo A. Diet and bladder cancer in Spain: a multi-centre case-control study. Int J Cancer. 1991; 49:214-219.
228. DeStefani E, Correa P, Fierro L, Fontham E, Chen V, Zavala D. Black tobacco, maté, and bladder cancer. Cancer. 1991; 67:536-540.
229. Marshall JR, Graham S, Byers T, Swanson M, Brasure J. Diet and smoking in the epidemiology of cancer of the cervix. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983; 70:847-851.
230. La Vecchia C, Franceschi S, Decarli A, Gentile A, Fasoli M, Pampallona S, Tognoni G. Dietary vitamin A and the risk of invasive cervical cancer. Int J Cancer. 1984; 34:319-322.
231. Verreault R, Chu J, Mandelson M, Shy K. A case-control study of diet and invasive cervical cancer. Int J Cancer. 1989; 43:1050-1054.
232. Ziegler RG, Brinton LA, Hamman RF, Lehman HF, Levine RS, Mallin K, Norman SA, Rosenthal JF, Trumble AC, Hoover RN. Diet and the risk of invasive cervical cancer among white women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 1990; 132:432-444.
233. Herrero R, Potischman N, Brinton LA, Reeves WC, Brenes MM, Tenorio F, de Britton RC, Gaitan E. A case-control study of nutrient status and invasive cervical cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1991; 134:1335-1346.
234. Zemla B, Guminski S, Franek K, Kolosza Z, Banasik R. Etiological factors in invasive corpus uteri carcinoma. Neoplasma. 1991; 38:157-163.
235. La Vecchi C, Decarli A, Fasoli M, Gentile A. Nutrition and diet in the etiology of endometrial cancer. Cancer. 1986; 57:1246-1253.
236. Zemla B, Guminski S, Banasik R. Studies of risk factors in invasive cancer of the corpus uteri. Neoplasma. 1986; 33:621-629.
237. Barbone F, Austin H, Partridge EE. Diet and endometrial cancer: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 137:393-403.
238. Shu X-O, Zheng W, Potischman N, Brinton LA, Hatch MC, Gao Y-T, Fraumeni JF Jr. A population-based case-control study of dietary factors and endometrial cancer in Shanghai, People's Republic of China. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 137:155-165.
239. Levi F, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Dietary factors and the risk of endometrial cancer. Cancer. 1993; 71:3575-3581.
240. Graham S, Mettlin C, Marshall J, Priore R, Rzepka T, Shedd D. Dietary factors in the epidemiology of cancer of the larynx. Am J Epidemiol. 1981; 113:675-680.
241. Zemla B, Day N, Swiatnicka J, Banasik R. Larynx cancer risk factors. Neoplasma. 1987; 34:223-233.
242. De Stefani, Correa P, Oreggia F, Leiva J, Rivero S, Fernandez G, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Zavala D, Fontham E. Risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Cancer. 1987; 60:3087-3091.
243. Zheng W, Blot WJ, Shu X-O, Gao Y-T, Ji B-T, Ziegler RG, Fraumeni JF Jr. Diet and other risk factors for laryngeal cancer in Shanghai, China. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136:178-191.
244. Ron E, Kleinerman RA, Boice JD, Li Volsi VA, Flannery JT, Fraumeni JF Jr. A population based case-control study of thyroid cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987; 79:1-12.
245. Franceschi S, Talamini R, Fassina A, Bidoli E. Diet and epithelial cancer of the thyroid gland. Tumori. 1990; 76:331-338.
246. Kolonel LN, Nankin JH, Wilkens LR, Fukunaga FH, Hinds MW. An epidemiologic study of thyroid cancer in Hawaii. Cancer Causes Control. 1990; 1:223-234.
247. Franceschi S, Levi F, Negri E, Fassina A, La Vecchia C. Diet and thyroid cancer: a pooled analysis of four European case-control studies. Int J Cancer. 1991; 48:395-398.
248. Wingren G, Hatschek T, Axelson O. Determinants of papillary cancer of the thyroid. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 138:482-491.
249. Schuman LM, Mandel JS, Radke A, Seal U, Halberg F. Some selected features of the epdemiology of prostatic cancer: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota case-control study, 1976-1979. In: Magnus K, ed. Trends in Cancer Incidence: Causes and Practical Implications. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corp; 1982:345-354.
250. Graham S, Haughey B, Marshall, Priore R, Byers T, Rzepka T, Mettlin C, Pontes JE. Diet in the epidemiology of the prostate gland. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983; 70:687-692.
251. Talamini R, La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Negri E, Franceschi S. Nutrition, social factors and prostatic cancer in a Northern Italian population. Br J Cancer. 1986; 53:817-821.
252. Le Marchand L, Hankin JH, Kolonel LN, Wilkens LR. Vegetable and fruit consumption in relation to prostate cancer risk in Hawaii: a reevaluation of the effect of dietary beta-carotene. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133:215-219.
253. Talamini R, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Serraino D, Barra S, Negri E. Diet and prostatic cancer. Nutr Cancer. 1993; 18:277-286.
254. Byers T, Marshall J, Graham S, Mettlin C. Swanson M. A case-control study of dietary and non-dietary factors in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983; 71:681-686.
255. La Vecchia C, Decarli A, Negri E, Parazzini F, Gentile A, Cecchetti G, Fasoli M, Franceschi S. Dietary factors and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1987; 79:663-669.
256. Zheng W, Blot WJ, Shu X-O, Diamond EL, Gao Y-T, Ji B-T, Fraumeni JF Jr. A population-based case-control study of cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in Shanghai. Int J Cancer. 1992; 557-561.
257. Zheng W, McLaughlin JK, Chow W-H, Co-Chien HT, Blot WJ. Risk factors for cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses among white men in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 138:965-972.
258. Stryker WS, Stampfer MJ, Stein EA, Kaplan L, Louis TA, Sober A, Willett WC. Diet, plasma levels of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol, and risk of malignant melanoma. Am J Epidemiol. 1990; 131:597-611.
259. Kune GA, Bannerman S, Field B, Watson LF, Cleland H, Merenstein D, Vitetta L. Diet, alcohol, smoking, serum beta-carotene, and vitamin A in male nonmelanocytic skin cancer patients and controls. Nutr Cancer. 1993; 18:237-244.
260. Sturgeon SR, Ziegler RG, Brinton LA, Nasca PC, Mallin K, Gridley G. Diet and the risk of vulvar cancer. Ann Epidemiol. 1991; 1:427-437.
261. Schiffman MH, Pickle LW, Fontham E, Zahm SH, Falk R, Mele J, Correa P, Fraumeni JF Jr. Case-control study of diet and mesothelioma in Louisiana. Cancer Res. 1988; 48:2911-2915.
262. Shu XO, Zheng W, Blot WJ, Linet MS, Gao YT. Dietary factors and risk of adult leukemia. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 138:635. Abstract.