NF-κB activation in human prostate cancer: Important mediator or epiphenomenon?

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry

Volumn 91, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 100-117

  Suh, Junghan ^a   Rabson, Arnold B ^a,b  

^a RUTGERS CANCER INSTITUTE OF NEW JERSEY   (United States)

^b CABM   (United States)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; NF B; Prostate cancer; Transcription

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; CYCLIN D1; I KAPPA B; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; VASCULOTROPIN; METALLOPROTEINASE;

APOPTOSIS; CANCER CELL; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; DRUG INHIBITION; GENE EXPRESSION; HUMAN; ONCOGENE C MYC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; CELL DIVISION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; MALE; METABOLISM; ONCOGENE MYC; PHYSIOLOGY; PROSTATE TUMOR;

CELL DIVISION; CYCLIN D1; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENES, MYC; HUMANS; MALE; METALLOENDOPEPTIDASES; NF-KAPPA B; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN;

EID: 3242798367     PISSN: 07302312     EISSN: 10974644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10729     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Baeuerle PA, Baltimore D. 1996. NF-κB: Ten years after. Cell 87:13-20.
2. Baldwin AS. 2001. Control of oncogenesis and cancer therapy resistance by the transcription factor NF-kappaB. J Clin Invest 107:241-246.
3. Bancroft CC, Chen Z, Yeh J, Sunwoo JB, Yeh NT, Jackson S, Jackson C, Van Waes C. 2002. Effects of pharmacologic antagonists of epidermal growth factor receptor, PI3K and MEK signal kinases on NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation and IL-8 and VEGF expression in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines. Int J Cancer 99:538-548.
4. Beraud C, Henzel WJ, Baeuerle PA. 1999. Involvement of regulatory and catalytic subunits of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in NF-kappaB activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:429-434.
5. Bird TA, Schooley K, Dower SK, Hagen H, Virca GD. 1997. Activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB by interleukin-1 is accompanied by casein kinase II-mediated phosphorylation of the p65 subunit. J Biol Chem 272:32606-32612.
6. Biswas DK, Cruz AP, Gansberger E, Pardee AB. 2000. Epidermal growth factor-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation: A major pathway of cell-cycle progression in estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8542-8547.
7. Brown K, Gerstberger S, Carlson L, Franzoso G, Siebenlist U. 1995. Control of I kappa B-alpha proteolysis by site-specific, signal-induced phosphorylation. Science 267: 1485-1488.
8. Cabannes E, Khan G, Aillet F, Jarrett RF, Hay RT. 1999. Mutations in the IκBx gene in Hodgkin's disease suggest a tumour suppressor role for IκB. Oncogene 18:3063-3070.
9. Carrasco D, Rizzo CA, Dorfman K, Bravo R. 1996. The v-rel oncogene promotes malignant T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in transgenic mice. EMBO J 15:3640-3650.
10. Catz SD, Johnson JL. 2001. Transcriptional regulation of bcl-2 by nuclear factor kappa B and its significance in prostate cancer. Oncogene 20:7342-7351.
11. Chakraborty M, Qiu SG, Vasudevan KM, Rangnekar VM. 2001. Par-4 drives trafficking and activation of Fas and Fasl to induce prostate cancer cell apoptosis and tumor regression. Cancer Res 61:7255-7263.
12. Chen CD, Sawyers CL. 2002. NF-kappa B activates prostate-specific antigen expression and is upregulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Mol Cell Biol 22:2862-2870.
13. Chen G, Cao P, Goeddel DV. 2002a. TNF-induced recruitment and activation of the IKK complex require Cdc37 and Hsp90. Mol Cell 9:401-410.
14. Chen LF, Mu Y, Greene WC. 2002b. Acetylation of RelA at discrete sites regulates distinct nuclear functions of NF-kappaB. EMBO J 21:6539-6548.
15. Chendil D, Das A, Dey S, Mohiuddin M, Ahmed MM. 2002. Par-4, a pro-apoptotic gene, inhibits radiation-induced NF kappa B activity and Bcl-2 expression leading to induction of radiosensitivity in human prostate cancer cells PC-3. Cancer Biol Ther 1:152-160.
16. Claudio E, Brown K, Park S, Wang H, Siebenlist U. 2002. BAFF-induced NEMO-independent processing of NF-kappa B2 in maturing B cells. Nat Immunol 3:958-965.
17. Coffey RN, Watson RW, O'Neill AJ, Mc Eleny K, Fitzpatrick JM. 2002. Androgen-mediated resistance to apoptosis. Prostate 53:300-309.
18. Cogswell PC, Guttridge DC, Funkhouser WK, Baldwin AS, Jr. 2000. Selective activation of NF-kappa B subunits in human breast cancer: Potential roles for NF-kappa B2/p52 and for Bcl-3. Oncogene 19:1123-1131.
19. Coope HJ, Atkinson PG, Huhse B, Belich M, Janzen J, Holman MJ, Klaus GG, Johnston LH, Ley SC. 2002. CD40 regulates the processing of NF-kappaB2 p100 to p52. EMBO J 21:5375-5385.
20. Davis JN, Kucuk O, Sarkar FH. 1999. Genistein inhibits NF-kappa B activation in prostate cancer cells. Nutr Cancer 35:167-174.
21. Davis RE, Brown KD, Siebenlist U, Staudt LM. 2001. Constitutive nuclear factor kappaB activity is required for survival of activated B cell-like diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells. J Exp Med 194:1861-1874.
22. Dejardin E, Droin NM, Delhase M, Haas E, Cao Y, Makris C, Li ZW, Karin M, Ware CF, Green DR. 2002. The lymphotoxin-beta receptor induces different patterns of gene expression via two NF-kappaB pathways. Immunity 17:525-535.
23. Delhase M, Hayakawa M, Chen Y, Karin M. 1999. Positive and negative regulation of IkappaB kinase activity through IKKbeta subunit phosphorylation. Science 284: 309-313.
24. Dhanalakshmi S, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. 2002. Silibinin inhibits constitutive and TNFalpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB and sensitizes human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 21:1759-1767.
25. Dhanasekaran SM, Barrette TR, Ghosh D, Shah R, Varambally S, Kurachi K, Pienta KJ, Rubin MA, Chinnaiyan AM. 2001. Delineation of prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer. Nature 412:822-826.
26. Dhawan P, Richmond A. 2002. A novel NF-kappa B-inducing kinase-MAPK signaling pathway up-regulates NF-kappa B activity in melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 277: 7920-7928.
27. Dhawan P, Singh AB, Ellis DL, Richmond A. 2002. Constitutive activation of Akt/protein kinase B in melanoma leads to up-regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB and tumor progression. Cancer Res 62:7335-7342.
28. Drachenberg DE, Elgamal AA, Rowbotham R, Peterson M, Murphy GP. 1999. Circulating levels of interleukin-6 in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Prostate 41:127-133.
29. Duffey DC, Chen Z, Dong G, Ondrey FG, Wolf JS, Brown K, Siebenlist U, Van Waes C. 1999. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant inhibitor-κBx of nuclear factor-κB in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma inhibits survival, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res 59: 3468-3474.
30. El-Guendy N, Rangnekar VM. 2003. Apoptosis by Par-4 in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Exp Cell Res 283:51-66.
31. Ernst T, Hergenhahn M, Kenzelmann M, Cohen CD, Bonrouhi M, Weninger A, Klaren R, Grone EF, Wiesel M, Gudemann C, Kuster J, Schott W, Staehler G, Kretzler M, Hollstein M, Grone HJ. 2002. Decrease and gain of gene expression are equally discriminatory markers for prostate carcinoma: A gene expression analysis on total and microdissected prostate tissue. Am J Pathol 160:2169-2180.
32. Fujioka S, Sclabas GM, Schmidt C, Frederick WA, Dong QG, Abbruzzese JL, Evans DB, Baker C, Chiao PJ. 2003. Function of nuclear factor kappaB in pancreatic cancer metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 9:346-354.
33. Gasparian AV, Yao YJ, Kowalczyk D, Lyakh LA, Karseladze A, Slaga TJ, Budunova IV. 2002. The role of IKK in constitutive activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor in prostate carcinoma cells. J Cell Sci 115: 141-151.
34. Ghosh S, Karin M. 2002. Missing pieces in the NF-kappaB puzzle. Cell 109:881-896.
35. Ghosh S, May MJ, Kopp EB. 1998. NF-kappaB and Rel proteins: Evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses. Ann Rev Immunol 16:225-260.
36. Gilmore TD. 1999. Multiple mutations contribute to the oncogenicity of the retroviral oncoprotein v-Rel. Oncogene 18:6925-6937.
37. Habib AA, Chatterjee S, Park SK, Ratan RR, Lefebvre S, Vartanian T. 2001. The epidermal growth factor receptor engages receptor interacting protein and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)-inducing kinase to activate NF-kappa B. Identification of a novel receptor-tyrosine kinase signalosome. J Biol Chem 276:8865-8874.
38. Herrmann JL, Beham AW, Sarkiss M, Chiao PJ, Rands MT, Bruckheimer EM, Brisbay S, McDonnell TJ. 1997. Bcl-2 suppresses apoptosis resulting from disruption of the NF-kappa B survival pathway. Exp Cell Res 237: 101-109.
39. Hodge JC, Bub J, Kaul S, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Lindholm PF. 2003. Requirement of RhoA activity for increased nuclear factor kappaB activity and PC-3 human prostate cancer cell invasion. Cancer Res 63:1359-1364.
40. Hour TC, Chen J, Huang CY, Guan JY, Lu SH, Pu YS. 2002. Curcumin enhances cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents in prostate cancer cells by inducing p21(WAF1/CIP1) and C/EBPbeta expressions and suppressing NF-kappaB activation. Prostate 51:211-218.
41. Huang S, DeGuzman A, Bucana CD, Fidler IJ. 2000a. Nuclear factor-kappaB activity correlates with growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis of human melanoma cells in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 6:2573-2581.
42. Huang S, Robinson JB, Deguzman A, Bucana CD, Fidler IJ. 2000b. Blockade of nuclear factor-kappaB signaling inhibits angiogenesis and tumorigenicity of human ovarian cancer cells by suppressing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin 8. Cancer Res 60: 5334-5339.
43. Huang S, Pettaway CA, Uehara H, Bucana CD, Fidler IJ. 2001. Blockade of NF-kappaB activity in human prostate cancer cells is associated with suppression of angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Oncogene 20:4188-4197.
44. Imbert V, Rupec RA, Livolsi A, Pahl HL, Traenckner BM, Mueller-Diechmann C, Farahifar D, Rossi B, Auberger P, Baeuerle PA, Peyron J. 1996. Tyrosine phosphorylation of IκB-x activates NF-κB without-proteolytic degradation of IκB-α. Cell 86:787-798.
45. Karin M. 1999. The beginning of the end: IkappaB kinase (IKK) and NF-kappaB activation. J Biol Chem 274: 27339-27342.
46. Karin M, Ben-Neriah Y. 2000. Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: The control of NF-κB activity. Annu Rev Immunol 18:621-663.
47. Karin M, Lin A. 2002. NF-kappaB at the crossroads of life and death. Nat Immunol 3:221-227.
48. Karin M, Cao Y, Greten FR, Li ZW. 2002. NF-kappaB in cancer: From innocent bystander to major culprit. Nat Rev Cancer 2:301-310.
49. Keller E, Chang C, Ershler W. 1996. Inhibition of NF-κB activity through maintenance of IκBα levels contributes to dihydrotestosterone-mediated repression of the interleukin-6 promoter. J Biol Chem 271:26267-26275.
50. Kikuchi E, Horiguchi Y, Nakashima J, Kuroda K, Oya M, Ohigashi T, Takahashi N, Shima Y, Umezawa K, Murai M. 2003. Suppression of hormone-refractory prostate cancer by a novel nuclear factor kappaB inhibitor in nude mice. Cancer Res 63:107-110.
51. Kimura K, Gelmann EP. 2002. Propapoptotic effects of NF-kappaB in LNCaP prostate cancer cells lead to serine protease activation. Cell Death Differ 9:972-980.
52. Krappmann D, Emmerich F, Kordes U, Scharschmidt E, Dorken B, Scheidereit C. 1999. Molecular mechanisms of constitutive NF-kappaB/Rel activation in Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells. Oncogene 18:943-953.
53. Lee FS, Hagler J, Chen ZJ, Maniatis T. 1997. Activation of the IkappaB alpha kinase complex by MEKK1, a kinase of the JNK pathway. Cell 88:213-222.
54. Lessard L, Mes-Masson AM, Lamarre L, Wall L, Lattouf JB, Saad F. 2003. NF-kappa B nuclear localization and its prognostic significance in prostate cancer. BJU Int 91:417-420.
55. Li N, Karin M. 1998. Ionizing radiation and short wavelength UV activate NF-kappaB through two distinct mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:13012-13017.
56. Ludwig L, Kessler H, Wagner M, Hoang-Vu C, Dralle H, Adler G, Bohm BO, Schmid RM. 2001. Nuclear factor-kappaB is constitutively active in C-cell carcinoma and required for RET-induced transformation. Cancer Res 61:4526-4535.
57. Luo J, Duggan DJ, Chen Y, Sauvageot J, Ewing CM, Bittner ML, Trent JM, Isaacs WB. 2001. Human prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Molecular dissection by gene expression profiling. Cancer Res 61: 4683-4688.
58. Luo JH, Yu YP, Cieply K, Lin F, Deflavia P, Dhir R, Finkelstein S, Michalopoulos G, Becich M. 2002. Gene expression analysis of prostate cancers. Mol Carcinog 33:25-35.
59. Madrid LV, Mayo MW, Reuther JY, Baldwin AS, Jr. 2001. Akt stimulates the transactivation potential of the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-kappa B through utilization of the Ikappa B kinase and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38. J Biol Chem 276:18934-18940.
60. Magee JA, Araki T, Patil S, Ehrig T, True L, Humphrey PA, Catalona WJ, Watson MA, Milbrandt J. 2001. Expression profiling reveals hepsin overexpression in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 61:5692-5696.
61. May MJ, Ghosh S. 1998. Signal transduction through NF-kappa B. Immunol Today 19:80-88.
62. Mirchandani D, Zheng J, Miller GJ, Ghosh AK, Shibata DK, Cote RJ, Roy-Burman P. 1995. Heterogeneity in intratumor distribution of p53 mutations in human prostate cancer. Am J Pathol 147:92-101.
63. Mukhopadhyay A, Bueso-Ramos C, Chatterjee D, Pantazis P, Aggarwal BB. 2001. Curcumin downregulates cell survival mechanisms in human prostate cancer cell lines. Oncogene 20:7597-7609.
64. Nakatani K, Thompson D, Barthel A, Sakaue H, Liu W, Weigel RJ, Roth RA. 1999. Up-regulation of Akt3 in estrogen receptor-deficient breast cancers and androgen-independent prostate cancer lines. J Biol Chem 274: 21528-21532.
65. Nakshatri H, P B-N, Martin DA, Goulet RJ, Sledge GW. 1997. Constitutive activation of NF-κB during progression of breast cancer to hormone-independent growth. Mol Cell Biol 17:3629-3639.
66. Neri A, Fracchiolla NS, Migliazza A, Trecca D, Lombardi L. 1996. The involvement of the candidate proto-oncogene NFKB2/lyt-10 in lymphoid malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 23:43-48.
67. Nishimura K, Nonomura N, Satoh E, Harada Y, Nakayama M, Tokizane T, Fukui T, Ono Y, Inoue H, Shin M, Tsujimoto Y, Takayama H, Aozasa K, Okuyama A. 2001. Potential mechanism for the effects of dexamethasone on growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1739-1746.
68. Okamoto M, Oyasu R. 1997. Interleukin-6 as a paracrine and autocrine growth factor in human prostatic carcinoma cells in vitro. Cancer Res 57:141-146.
69. Ondrey FG, Dong G, Sunwoo J, Chen Z, Wolf JS, Crowl-Bancroft CV, Mukaida N, Van Waes C. 1999. Constitutive activation of transcription factors NF-(kappa)B, AP-1, and NF-IL6 in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines that express pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokines. Mol Carcinog 26:119-129.
70. Pajonk F, Pajonk K, McBride WH. 1999. Inhibition of NF-κB, clonagenicity, and radiosensitivity of human cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1956-1960.
71. Palayoor ST, Youmell MY, Calderwood SK, Coleman CN, Price BD. 1999. Constitutive activation of IkappaB kinase alpha and NF-kappaB in prostate cancer cells in inhibited by ibuprofen. Oncogene 18:7389-7394.
72. Palvimo JJ, Reinikainen P, Ikonen T, Kallio PJ, Moilanen A, Janne OA. 1996. Mutual transcriptional interference between RelA and androgen receptor. J Biol Chem 271: 24151-24156.
73. Patel NM, Nozaki S, Shortle NH, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Newton TR, Rice S, Gelfanov V, Boswell SH, Goulet RJ, Jr., Sledge GW, Jr., Nakshatri H. 2000. Paclitaxel sensitivity of breast cancer cells with constitutively active NF-kappaB is enhanced by IkappaBalpha super-repressor and parthenolide. Oncogene 19:4159-4169.
74. Pianetti S, Arsura M, Romieu-Mourez R, Coffey RJ, Sonenshein GE. 2001. Her-2/neu overexpression induces NF-kappaB via a PI3-kinase/Akt pathway involving calpain-mediated degradation of IkappaB-alpha that can be inhibited by the tumor suppressor PTEN. Oncogene 20:1287-1299.
75. Rayet B, Gélinas C. 1999. Aberrant rel/nfkb genes and activity in human cancer. Oncogene 18:6938-6947.
76. Rhodes DR, Barrette TR, Rubin MA, Ghosh D, Chinnaiyan AM. 2002. Meta-analysis of microarrays: Interstudy validation of gene expression profiles reveals pathway dysregulation in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 62:4427-4433.
77. Ripple MO, Henry WF, Schwarze SR, Wilding G, Weindruch R. 1999. Effect of antioxidants on androgen-induced AP-1 and NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in prostate carcinoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1227-1232.
78. Romieu-Mourez R, Landesman-Bollag E, Seldin DC, Traish AM, Mercurio F, Sonenshein GE. 2001. Roles of IKK kinases and protein kinase CK2 in activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in breast cancer. Cancer Res 61:3810-3818.
79. Rudolph D, Yeh WC, Wakeham A, Rudolph B, Nallainathan D, Potter J, Elia AJ, Mak TW. 2000. Severe liver degeneration and lack of NF-kappaB activation in NEMO/IKKgamma-deficient mice. Genes Dev 14:854-862.
80. Senftleben U, Cao Y, Xiao G, Greten FR, Krahn G, Bonizzi G, Chen Y, Hu Y, Fong A, Sun SC, Karin M. 2001. Activation by IKKalpha of a second, evolutionary conserved, NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Science 293:1495-1499.
81. Shattuck-Brandt RL, Richmond A. 1997. Enhanced degradation of I-kappaB alpha contributes to endogenous activation of NF-kappaB in Hs294T melanoma cells. Cancer Res 57:3032-3039.
82. Shimada K, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Kishi M, Yonehara S, Konishi N. 2002. Contributions of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B to N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Mol Carcinog 35:127-137.
83. Shimada K, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Kishi M, Konishi N. 2003. Roles of p38- and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated pathways in 2-methoxyestradiol-induced p53 induction and apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 24:1067-1075.
84. Singh D, Febbo PG, Ross K, Jackson DG, Manola J, Ladd C, Tamayo P, Renshaw AA, D'Amico AV, Richie JP, Lander ES, Loda M, Kantoff PW, Golub TR, Sellers WR. 2002. Gene expression correlates of clinical prostate cancer behavior. Cancer Cell 1:203-209.
85. Sovak MA, Bellas RE, Kim DW, Zanieski GJ, Rogers AE, Traish AM, Sonenshein GE. 1997. Aberrant nuclear factor-kappaB/Rel expression and the pathogenesis of breast cancer. J Clin Invest 100:2952-2960.
86. Suh J, Payvandi F, Edelstein LC, Amenta PS, Zong WX, Gélinas C, Rabson AB. 2002. Mechanisms of constitutive NF-kappaB activation in human prostate cancer cells. Prostate 52:183-200.
87. Sumitomo M, Tachibana M, Nakashima H, Murai M, Miyajima A, Kimura F, Hayakawa M, Nakamura H. 1999. An essential role for nuclear factor kappa B in preventing TNF-alpha-induced cell death in prostate cancer cells. J Urol 161:674-679.
88. Suzuki H, Freije D, Nusskern DR, Okami K, Cairns P, Sidransky D, Isaacs WB, Bova GS. 1998. Interfocal heterogeneity of PTEN/MMAC1 gene alterations in multiple metastatic prostate cancer tissues. Cancer Res 58:204-209.
89. Tai DI, Tsai SL, Chang YH, Huang SN, Chen TC, Chang KS, Liaw YF. 2000. Constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappaB in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 89: 2274-2281.
90. Takaesu G, Surabhi RM, Park KJ, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Matsumoto K, Gaynor RB. 2003. TAK1 is critical for IkappaB kinase-mediated activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. J Mol Biol 326:105-115.
91. Thakur S, Lin HC, Tseng WT, Kumar S, Bravo R, Foss F, Gélinas C, Rabson AB. 1994. Rearrangement and altered expression of the NFKB-2 gene in human cutaneous T-lymphoma cells. Oncogene 9:2335-2344.
92. Traencker EB, Pahl HL, Henkel T, Schmidt KN, Wilk S, Baeurle PA. 1995. Phosphorylation of human IκB-α on serines 32 and 36 controls IκB-α proteolysis and NF-κB activation in response to diverse stimuli. EMBO J 14: 2876-2883.
93. Uzzo RG, Leavis P, Hatch W, Gabai VL, Dulin N, Zvartau N, Kolenko VM. 2002. Zinc inhibits nuclear factor-kappa B activation and sensitizes prostate cancer cells to cytotoxic agents. Clin Cancer Res 8:3579-3583.
94. Wang D, Baldwin AS, Jr. 1998. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB- dependent transcription by tumor necrosis factor-alpha is mediated through phosphorylation of RelA/p65 on serine 529. J Biol Chem 273:29411-29416.
95. Wang CY, Mayo MW, Baldwin AS, Jr. 1996. TNF- and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: Potentiation by inhibition of NF-kappaB. Science 274:784-787.
96. Wang SI, Parsons R, Ittmann M. 1998. Homozygous deletion of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in a subset of prostate adenocarcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 4:811-815.
97. Wang W, Abbruzzese JL, Evans DB, Larry L, Cleary KR, Chiao PJ. 1999. The nuclear factor-kappa B RelA transcription factor is constitutively activated in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 5: 119-127.
98. Wang D, Westerheide SD, Hanson JL, Baldwin AS, Jr. 2000. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced phosphorylation of RelA/p65 on Ser529 is controlled by casein kinase II. J Biol Chem 275:32592-32597.
99. Welsh JB, Sapinoso LM, Su AI, Kern SG, Wang-Rodriguez J, Moskaluk CA, Frierson HF, Jr., Hampton GM. 2001. Analysis of gene expression identifies candidate markers and pharmacological targets in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 61:5974-5978.
100. Yang J, Richmond A. 2001. Constitutive IkappaB kinase activity correlates with nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human melanoma cells. Cancer Res 61:4901-4909.
101. Yang J, Lin Y, Guo Z, Cheng J, Huang J, Deng L, Liao W, Chen Z, Liu Z, Su B. 2001. The essential role of MEKK3 in TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation. Nat Immunol 2: 620-624.
102. Yin L, Wu L, Wesche H, Arthur CD, White JM, Goeddel DV, Schreiber RD. 2001. Defective lymphotoxin-beta receptor-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity in NIK-deficient mice. Science 291:2162-2165.
103. Zandi E, Karin M. 1999. Bridging the gap: Composition, regulation, and physiological function of the IkappaB kinase complex. Mol Cell Biol 19:4547-4551.
104. Zerbini LF, Wang Y, Cho JY, Libermann TA. 2003. Constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappaB p50/p65 and Fra-1 and JunD is essential for deregulated interleukin 6 expression in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 63:2206-2215.
105. Zhao Q, Lee FS. 1999. Mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase kinases 2 and 3 activate nuclear factor-kappaB through IkappaB kinase-alpha and IkappaB kinase- beta. J Biol Chem 274:8355-8358.
106. Zhong H, SuYang H, Erdjument-Bromage H, Tempst P, Ghosh S. 1997. The transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB is regulated by the IkappaB-associated PKAc subunit through a cyclic AMP-independent mechanism. Cell 89:413-424.
107. Zhong H, Voll RE, Ghosh S. 1998. Phosphorylation of NF-kappa B p65 by PKA stimulates transcriptional activity by promoting a novel bivalent interaction with the coactivator CBP/p300. Mol Cell 1:661-671.