Can HIV be cured? Mechanism of HIV persistence and strategies to combat it

Current HIV Research

Volumn 2, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 99-111

  Hamer, Dean H ^a  

^a NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

HIV 1; Immunotoxin; Latency; Viral Reservoir

Indexed keywords

12 DEOXYPHORBOL 13 ACETATE; 12 DEOXYPHORBOL 13 PHENYLACETATE; 12 DEOXYPHORBOL DERIVATIVE; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; BUTYRIC ACID; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD45 ANTIGEN; DIACYLGLYCEROL DERIVATIVE; DIPHTHERIA TOXIN; HYBRID PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOTOXIN; IMMUNOTOXIN 3B3; INTERLEUKIN 2; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 7; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY CD3; OKT 3; PHORBOL ESTER; PROSTRATIN; PROTEINASE; PSEUDOMONAS EXOTOXIN; RAC PROTEIN; RICIN; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS ENVELOPE PROTEIN;

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL DESTRUCTION; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOKINE RELEASE; CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTE; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG POTENTIATION; GENE ACTIVATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IATROGENIC DISEASE; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER TOXICITY; MEMORY CELL; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; NONHUMAN; PERSISTENT VIRUS INFECTION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REMISSION; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN IRRITATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; VIRUS GENOME; VIRUS INHIBITION; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS VIRULENCE; DRUG EFFECT; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY; VIROLOGY; VIRUS ACTIVATION; VIRUS LATENCY;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOTOXINS; VIRUS ACTIVATION; VIRUS LATENCY; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 3042719556     PISSN: 1570162X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1570162043484915     Document Type: Review

References (184)

1. Abbas UL, Mellors JW. (2002). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 99: 13377-13378.
2. Adams M, Sharmeen L, Kimpton J, Romeo JM, Garcia JV, Peterlin BM, Groudine M, Emerman M. (1994). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 91: 3862-3866.
3. Altfeld M, Rosenberg ES. (2000). Current Opinions in Immunology. 12: 375-380.
4. Ashorn P, Englund G, Martin MA, Moss B, Berger EA. (1991). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 163: 703-709.
5. Ashorn P, Moss B, Weinstein JN, Chaudhary VK, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I, Berger EA. (1990). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 87: 8889-8893.
6. Bera TK, Kennedy PE, Berger EA, Barbas III CF, Pastan I. (1998). Molecular Medicine. 4: 384-391, 1998.
7. Berger EA, Chaudhary VK, Clouse KA, Jaraquemada D, Nicholas JA, Rubino KL, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I, B., M. (1990). AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 6: 795-804.
8. Berger EA, Clouse KA, Chaudhary VK, Chakrabarti S, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I, Moss B. (1989). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 86: 9539-9543.
9. Berger EA, Clouse KA, Chaudhary VK, Chakrabarti S, FitzGerald DJ, Pastan I, Moss B. (1989). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 86: 9539-9543.
10. Berger EA, Moss B, Pastan I. (1998). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 95: 11511-11513.
11. Birk M, Aleman S, Visco-Comandini U, Sonnerborg A. (2000). HIV Med. 1: 205-211.
12. Blankson JN, Persaud D, Siliciano RF. (2002). Annual Review of Medicine. 53: 557-593.
13. Blanpain C, Libert F, Vassart G, Parmentier M. (2002). Receptors Channels. 8: 19-31.
14. Bocklandt S, Blumberg PM, Hamer DH. (2003). Antiviral Research. 59: 89-98.
15. Brooks DG, Hamer DH, Arlen PA, Gao L, Bristol G, Kitchen CM, Berger EA, Zack JA. (2003). Immunity. 19: 413-423.
16. Brooks DG, Kitchen SG, Kitchen CM, Scripture-Adams DD, Zack JA. (2001). Nature Medicine. 7: 459-464.
17. Bruhl H, Cihak J, Stangassinger M, Schlondorff D, Mack M. (2001). Journal of Immunology. 166: 2420-2426.
18. Bushman F. (2003). Aids. 17: 749-750.
19. Butler SL, Johnson EP, Bushman FD. (2002). Journal of Virology. 76: 3739-3747.
20. Carr A. (2003). Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2: 624-634.
21. Cashmore AR, Seelye RN, Cain BE, Mack H, Schmidt RJ, Hecker, E. (1976). Tet Letters. 20: 1737-1738.
22. Chan DC, Chutkowski CT, Kim PS. (1998). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 95: 15613-15617.
23. Chan DC, Kim PS. (1998). Cell. 93: 681-684.
24. Chang TL, Chang CH, Simpson DA, Xu Q, Martin PK, Lagenaur LA, Schoolnik, GK, Ho DD, Hillier SL, Holodniy M, Lewicki JA, Lee PP. (2003). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 100: 11672-11677.
25. Chapuis AG, Rizzardi PG, D'Agostino C, Attinger A, Knabenhans C, Fleury S, Acha-Orbea H, Pantaleo G. (2000). Nature Medicine. 6: 762-768.
26. Chaudhary VK, Mizukami T, Fuerst TR, FitzGerald DJ, Moss B, Pastan I, Berger, EA. (1988). Nature. 335: 369-372.
27. Chun T-W, Carruth L, Finzi D, Shen X, DiGluseppe JA, Taylor H, Hermankova M, Chadwick K, Margollick J, Quinn TC, Kuo Y-H, Brookmeyer R, Zelger MA, Barditch-Crovo P, Siliciano RF. (1997). Nature. 387: 183-191.
28. Chun T-W, Davey Jr. RT, Ostrowski M, Justement JS, Engel D, Mullins JI, Fauci AS. (2000). Nature Medicine. 6: 757-761.
29. Chun TW, Engel D, Mizell SB, Ehler LA, Fauci AS. (1998). Journal of Experimental Medicine. 188: 83-91.
30. Chun TW, Engel D, Mizell SB, Hallahan CW, Fischette M, Park S, Davey RT, Jr., Dybul M, Kovacs JA, Metcalf JA, Mican JM, Berrey MM, Corey L, Lane HC, Fauci AS. (1999). Nature Medicine. 5: 651-655.
31. Chun T-W, Engel D., Berrey M.M., Shea T., Corey L. and Fauci A.S. (1998). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 95: 8869-8873.
32. Chun TW, Fauci AS. (1999). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 96: 10958-10961.
33. Chun T-W, Stuyver L, Mizell SB, Ehler LA, Mican JAM, Baseler M, Lloyd AL, Nowak MA, Fauci AS. (1997). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 94: 13193-13197.
34. Coull JJ, He G, Melander C, Rucker VC, Dervan PB, Margolis DM. (2002). Journal of Virology. 76: 12349-12354.
35. Coull JJ, Romerio F, Sun JM, Volker JL, Galvin KM, Davie JR, Shi Y, Hansen U, Margolis DM. (2000). Journal of Virology. 74: 6790-6799.
36. Davey Jr RT, Bhat N, Yoder C, Chun T-W, Metcalf JA, Dewar R, Natarajan V, Lempicki RA, Adelsberger JW, Miller KD, Kovacs JA, Polis MA, Walker RE, Falloon J, Masur H, Gee D, Baseler M, Dimitrov DS, Fauci AS, Lane HC. (1999). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 96: 15109-15114.
37. Davey Jr RT, Boenning CM, Herpin BR, Batts DH, Metcalf JA, Wathen L, Cox SR, Polis MA, Kovacs JA, Falloon J, Walker RE, Salzman N, Masur H, Lane HC. (1994). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 170: 1190-1188.
38. Deeks, SG, Wagner, B, Anton, PA, Mitsuyasu, RT, Scadden, DT, Huang, C, Macken, C, Richman, DD, Christopherson, C, June, CH, Lazar, R, Broad, DF, Jalali, S, Hege, KM. (2002). Molecular Therapy. 5: 788-797.
39. Di Mascio M, Dornadula G, Zhang H, Sullivan J, Xu Y, Kulkosky J, Pomerantz RJ, Perelson AS. (2003). Journal of Virology. 77: 2271-2275.
40. Dornadula G, Nunnari G, Vanella M, Roman J, Babinchak T, DeSimone J, Stern J, Braffman M, Zhang H, Pomerantz RJ. (2001). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 183: 1682-1687.
41. Dornadula G, Zhang H, VanUitert B, Stern J, Livornese L, Jr., Ingerman MJ, Witek J, Kedanis RJ, Natkin J, DeSimone J, Pomerantz RJ. (1999). Journal of the American Medical Association. 282: 1627-1632.
42. Douek DC, Brenchley JM, Betts MR, Ambrozak DR, Hill BJ, Okamoto Y, Casazza JP, Kuruppu J, Kunstman K, Wolinsky S, Grossman Z, Dybul M, Oxenius A, Price DA, Connors M, Koup RA. (2002). Nature. 417: 95-98.
43. Douek DC, Picker LJ, Koup RA. (2003). Annual Review of Immunology. 21: 265-304.
44. Dybul M, Hidalgo B, Chun TW, Belson M, Migueles SA, Justement JS, Herpin B, Perry C, Hallahan CW, Davey RT, Metcalf JA, Connors M, Fauci AS. (2002). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 185: 61-68.
45. Eckert DM, Kim PS. (2001). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 98: 11187-11192.
46. Eckert DM, Kim PS. (2001). Annual Review of Biochemistry. 70: 777-810.
47. Emiliani S, Fischle W, Ott M, Van Lint C, Amella CA, Verdin E. (1998). Jorunal of Virology. 72: 1666-1670.
48. Este JA. (2003). Current Medicinal Chemistry. 10: 1617-1632.
49. Evans FJ, Schmidt RJ. (1979). Acta Pharmacology and Toxicology (Copenh). 45: 181-191.
50. Eyre RC, Zheng G, Kiessling AA. (2000). Urology. 55: 591.
51. Ferguson NM, deWolf F, Ghani AC, Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Reiss P, Lange JM, Danner SA, Garnett GP, Goudsmit J, Anderson RM. (1999). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 96: 15167-15172.
52. Finzi D, Blankson J, Siliciano JD, Margolick JB, Chadwick, K, Pierson, T, Smith, K, Lisziewicz J, Lori F, Flexner C, Quinn TC, Chaisson RE, Rosenberg E, Walker B, Gange S, Gallant J, Siliciano RF. (1999). Nature Medicine. 5: 512-517.
53. Foli A, Lori F, Maserati R, Tinelli C, Minoli L, Lisziewicz J. (1997). Antiviral Therapy. 2: 31-38.
54. Foli A, Seminari E, Ravot E, Lisziewicz J, Lori F. (2002). Journal of Biological Regulation Homeostasis Agents. 16: 64-68.
55. Folks T, Powell DM, Lightfoote MM, Benn S, Martin MA, Fauci AS. (1986). Science. 231: 600-602.
56. Folks TM, Justement J, Kinter A, Dinarello CA, Fauci AS. (1987). Science. 238: 800-802.
57. Fraser C, Ferguson NM, Ghani AC, Prins JM, Lange JM, Goudsmit J, Anderson RM, de Wolf F. (2000). Aids. 14: 659-669.
58. Frenkel LM, Wang Y, Learn GH, McKernan JL, Ellis GM, Mohan KM, Holte SE, De Vange SM, Pawluk DM, Melvin AJ, Lewis PF, Heath LM, Beck IA, Mahalanabis M, Naugler WE, Tobin NH, Mullins JI. (2003). Journal of Virology. 77: 5721-5730.
59. Frost SD, Gunthard HF, Wong JK, Havlir D, Richman DD, Leigh Brown AJ. (2001). Virology. 284: 250-258.
60. Fry TJ, Moniuszko M, Creekmore S, Donohue SJ, Douek DC, Giardina S, Hecht TT, Hill BJ, Komschlies K, Tomaszewski J, Franchini G, Mackall CL. (2003). Blood. 101: 2294-2299.
61. Furtado MR, Callaway DS, Phair JP, Kunstman KJ, Stanton JL, Macken CA, Perelson AS, Wolinsky SM. (1999). New England Journal of Medicine. 340: 1614-1622.
62. Furuta RA, Wild CT, Weng Y, Weiss CD. (1998). Nature Structural Biology. 5: 276-279.
63. Ghani AC, Ferguson NM, Fraser C, Donnelly CA, Danner S, Reiss P, Lange J, Goudsmit J, Anderson RM, De Wolf F. (2002). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 30: 167-176.
64. Goldstein H, Pettoello-Mantovani M, Bera TK, Pastan I, Berger EA. (2000). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 181: 921-926.
65. Gulakowski RJ, McMahon JB, Buckheit RW, Jr., Gustafson KR, Boyd MR. (1997). Antiviral Research. 33: 87-97.
66. Gulick RM. (2002). Drugs. 62: 245-253.
67. Gulick RM, Mellors JW, Havlir D, Eron JJ, Gonzalez C, McMahon D, Richman DD, Valentine FT, Jonas L, Meibohm A, Emini EA, Chodakewitz JA. (1997). New England Journal of Medicine. 337: 734-739.
68. Gustafson KR, Cardellina JH, 2nd, McMahon JB, Gulakowski RJ, Ishitoya J, Szallasi Z, Lewin NE, Blumberg PM, Weislow OS, Beutler JA, et al. (1992). Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 35: 1978-1986.
69. Hamer DH, Bocklandt S, McHugh L, Chun TW, Blumberg PM, Sigano DM, Marquez VE. (2003). Journal of Virology. 77: 10227-10236.
70. Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, Grimes JM, Demeter LM, Currier JS, Eron JJ, Jr., Feinberg JE, Balfour HH, Jr., Deyton LR, Chodakewitz JA, Fischl MA. (1997). New England Journal of Medicine. 337: 725-733.
71. Han XM, Laras A, Rounseville MP, Kumar A, Shank PR. (1992). Journal of Virology. 66: 4065-4072.
72. Havlir DV, Gilbert PB, Bennett K, Collier AC, Hirsch MS, Tebas P, Adams EM, Wheat LJ, Goodwin D, Schnittman S, Holohan MK, Richman DD. (2001). Aids. 15: 1379-1388.
73. He G, Ylisastigui L, Margolis DM. (2002). DNA and Cell Biology. 21: 697-705.
74. Hergenhahn M, Kusumoto S, Hecker E. (1984). Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 108: 98-109.
75. Hockett RD, Kilby JM, Derdeyn CA, Saag MS, Sillers M, Squires K, Chiz S, Nowak MA, Shaw GM, Bucy RP. (1999). Journal of Experimental Medicine. 189: 1545-1554.
76. Hossain MM, Coull JJ, Drusano GL, Margolis DM. (2002). Antiviral Research. 55: 41-52.
77. Imamichi H, Crandall KA, Natarajan V, Jiang MK, Dewar RL, Berg S, Addam A, Bosche M, Metcalf JA, Davey Jr RT, Lane HC. (2001). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 183: 36-50.
78. Izopet J, Cazabat M, Pasquier C, Sandres-Saune K, Bonnet E, Marchou B, Massip P, Puel J. (2002). Virology. 302: 393-404.
79. Jakobovits A, Rosenthal A, Capon DJ. (1990). Embo J. 9: 1165-1170.
80. Jiang S, Lin K, Strick N, Neurath AR. (1993). Nature. 365: 113.
81. Jordan A, Bisgrove D, Verdin E. (2003). Embo J. 22: 1868-1877.
82. Kagnoff MF, Roebuck KA. (1999). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 179 Suppl 3: S444-447.
83. Kashanchi F, Melpolder JC, Epstein JS, Sadaie MR. (1997). Journal of Medical Virology. 52: 179-189.
84. Kennedy PE, Moss B, Berger EA. (1993). Virology. 192: 376-379.
85. Kilby JM, Hopkins S, Venetta TM, DiMassimo B, Cloud GA, Lee JY, Alldredge L, Hunter E, Lambert D, Bolognesi D, Matthews T, Johnson MR, Nowak MA, Shaw GM, Saag MS. (1998). Nature Medicine. 4: 1302-1307.
86. Kilby, JM, Lalezari, JP, Eron, JJ, Carlson, M, Cohen, C, Arduino, RC, Goodgame, JC, Gallant, JE, Volberding, P, Murphy, RL, Valentine, F, Saag, MS, Nelson, EL, Sista, PR, Dusek, A. (2002). AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 18: 685-693.
87. Korin YD, Brooks DG, Brown S, Korotzer A, Zack JA. (2002). Journal of Virology. 76: 8118-8123.
88. Kulkosky J, Culnan DM, Roman J, Dornadula G, Schnell M, Boyd MR, Pomerantz RJ. (2001). Blood. 98: 3006-3015.
89. Kulkosky J, Nunnari G, Otero M, Calarota S, Dornadula G, Zhang H, Malin A, Sullivan J, Xu Y, DeSimone J, Babinchak T, Stern J, Cavert W, Haase A, Pomerantz RJ. (2002). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 186: 1403-1411.
90. Kulkosky J, Pomerantz RJ. (2002). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 35: 1520-1526.
91. Kulkosky J, Sullivan J, Xu Y, Malin-Markham A, Otero M, Calarota S, Zielinski J, Culnan DM, Pomerantz RJ. (2003). Virology. 314: 617-629.
92. Kwong PD, Wyatt R, Robinson J, Sweet RW, Sodroski J, Hendrickson WA. (1998). Nature. 393: 648-655.
93. Lafeuillade A, Chollet L, Hittinger G, Profizi N, Costes O, Poggi C. (1998). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177: 235-238.
94. Lambotte O, Taoufik Y, de Goer MG, Wallon C, Goujard C, Delfraissy JF. (2000). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 23: 114-119.
95. Laughlin MA, Chang GY, Oakes JW, Gonzalez-Scarano F, Pomerantz RJ. (1995). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology. 9: 332-339.
96. Laughlin MA, Zeichner S, Kolson D, Alwine JC, Seshamma T, Pomerantz RJ, Gonzalez-Scarano F. (1993). Virology. 196: 496-505.
97. Lewin SR, Vesanen M, Kostrikis L, Hurley A, Duran M, Zhang L, Ho DD, Markowitz M. (1999). Journal of Virology. 73: 6099-6103.
98. Lin PF, Blair W, Wang T, Spicer T, Guo Q, Zhou N, Gong YF, Wang HG, Rose R, Yamanaka G, Robinson B, Li CB, Fridell R, Deminie C, Demers G, Yang, Z Zadjura L, Meanwell N, Colonno R. (2003). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA.
99. Lin X, Irwin D, Kanazawa S, Huang L, Romeo J, Yen TS, Peterlin BM. (2003). Journal of Virology. 77: 8227-8236.
100. Little SJ, Holte S, Routy JP, Daar ES, Markowitz M, Collier AC, Koup RA, Mellors JW, Connick E, Conway B, Kilby M, Wang L, Whitcomb JM, Hellmann NS, Richman DD. (2002). New England Journal of Medicine. 347: 385-394.
101. Lori F, Lisziewicz J. (1998). Antivir Therapy. 3 Suppl 4: 25-33.
102. Lori F, Lisziewicz J. (2000). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 30 Suppl 2: S193-197.
103. Louis JM, Bewley CA, Clore GM. (2001). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276: 29485-29489.
104. Lueders KK, De Rosa SC, Valentin A, Pavlakis GN, Roederer M, Hamer DH. (2004). AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 20: 145-150.
105. Magnani M, Balestra E, Fraternale A, Aquaro S, Paiardini M, Cervasi B, Casabianca A, Garaci E, Perno CF. (2003). Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 74: 764-771.
106. Margolis D, Heredia A, Gaywee J, Oldach D, Drusano G, Redfield R. (1999). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 21: 362-370.
107. Margolis DM, Kewn S, Coull JJ, Ylisastigui L, Turner D, Wise H, Hossain MM, Lanier ER, Shaw LM, Back D. (2002). Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. 31: 45-49.
108. Marquez VE, Nacro K, Benzaria S, Lee J, Sharma R, Teng K, Milne GW, Bienfait B, Wang S, Lewin NE, Blumberg PM. (1999). Pharmacological Therapy. 82: 251-261.
109. Martinez MA, Cabana M, Ibanez A, Clotet B, Arno A, Ruiz L. (1999). Virology. 256: 180-187.
110. Martinez-Picado J, Morales-Lopetegi K, Wrin T, Prado JG, Frost SD, Petropoulos CJ, Clotet B, Ruiz L. (2002). Aids. 16: 895-899.
111. Martin-Serrano J, Folgueira L, Lain de Lera T, Pedraza M-A, Lemichez E, Sanchez-Palomino S, Noriega AR, Boquet P, Alcami J. (1998). Aids. 12: 859-863.
112. McCoig C, Van Dyke G, Chou C-S, Picker LJ, Ramilo O, Vitetta ES. (1999). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 96: 11482-11485.
113. McGrath KM, Hoffman NG, Resch W, Nelson JA, Swanstrom R. (2001). Virus Research. 76: 137-160.
114. McHugh L, Hu S, Lee BK, Santora K, Kennedy PE, Berger EA, Pastan I, Hamer DH. (2002). Journal of Biological Chemistry.
115. Melikyan GB, Markosyan RM, Hemmati H, Delmedico MK, Lambert DM, Cohen FS. (2000). Journal of Cell Biology. 151: 413-423.
116. Mitsuyasu RT Anton PA Deeks SG, Scadden DT, Connick E, Downs MT, Bakker A, Roberts MR, June CH, Jalali S, Lin AA, Pennathur-Das R, Hege KM. (2000). Blood. 96: 785-793.
117. Morlese J, Teo IA, Choi JW, Gazzard B, Shaunak S. (2003). Aids. 17: 679-683.
118. Nabel G, Baltimore D. (1987). Nature. 326: 711-713.
119. Nunnari G, Otero M, Dornadula G, Vanella M, Zhang H, Frank I, Pomerantz RJ. (2002). Aids. 16: 39-45.
120. Okamoto Y, Douek DC, McFarland RD, Koup RA. (2002). Blood. 99: 2851-2858.
121. Okamoto Y, Douek DC, McFarland RD, Koup RA. (2002). Advances in Experimental Medical Biology. 512: 81-90.
122. Palella FJ, Jr., Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, Aschman DJ, Holmberg SD. (1998). New England Journal of Medicine. 338: 853-860.
123. Paredes R, Lopez Benaldo de Quiros JC, Fernandez-Cruz E, Clotet B, Lane HC. (2002). AIDS Review. 4: 36-40.
124. Patterson BK, McCallister S, Schutz M, Siegel JN, Shults K, Flener Z, Landay A. (2001). Aids. 15: 1635-1641.
125. Pau AK, Tavel JA. (2002). Current Opinions in Pharmacology. 2: 433-439.
126. Pereira LA, Bentley K, Peeters A, Churchill MJ, Deacon NJ. (2000). Nucleic Acids Research. 28: 663-668.
127. Perelson AS, Essunger P, Cao Y, Vesanen M, Hurley A, Saksela K, Markowitz M, Ho DD. (1997). Nature. 387: 188-191.
128. Persaud D, Zhou Y, Siliciano JM, Siliciano RF. (2003). Journal of Virology. 77: 1659-1665.
129. Peterlin BM, Trono D. (2003). Nature Reviews Immunology. 3: 97-107.
130. Picker LJ, Maino VC. (2000). Current Opinions in Immunology. 12: 381-386.
131. Pierson T, McArthur J, Siliciano RF. (2000). Annual Reviews in Immunology. 18: 665-708.
132. Pierson TC, Kieffer TL, Ruff CT, Buck C, Gange SJ, Siliciano, RF. (2002). Journal of Virology. 76: 4138-4144.
133. Piguet V, Trono D. (2001). Seminian Immunology. 13: 51-57.
134. Pincus SH. (1996). Antiviral Research. 33: 1-9.
135. Pincus SH, Cole RL, Hersh EM, Lake D, Masuho Y, Durda PJ, McClure J. (1991). Journal of Immunology. 146: 4315-4324.
136. Pincus SH, Fang H, Wilkinson, RA, Marcotte, TK, Robinson, JE, Olson, WC. (2003). Journal of Immunology. 170: 2236-2241.
137. Pincus SH, Wehrly K, Cole R, Fang H, Lewis GK, McClure J, Conley AJ, Wahren B, Posner MR, Notkins AL, Tilley SA, Pinter A, Eiden L, Teintze M, Dorward D, Tolstikov VV. (1996). AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 12: 1041-1051.
138. Polis MA, Suzman DL, Yoder CP, Shen JM, Mican JM, Dewar RL, Metcalf JA, Falloon J, Davey RT, Jr., Kovacs JA, Feinberg MB, Masur H, Piscitelli SC. (2003). Aids. 17: 1167-1172.
139. Pomerantz RJ. (2001). Aids. 15: 1201-1211.
140. Pomerantz RJ. (2002). Clinincal Infectious Diseases. 34: 91-97.
141. Pomerantz RJ, Seshamma T, Trono D. (1992). Journal of Virology. 66: 1809-1813.
142. Prins JM, Jurriaans S, van Praag RM, Blaak H, van Rij R, Schellekens PT, ten Berge, IJ Yong SL, Fox CH, Roos MT, de Wolf F, Goudsmit J, Schuitemaker H, Lange JM. (1999). Aids. 13: 2405-2410.
143. Quivy, V, Adam, E, Collette, Y, Demonte, D, Chariot, A, Vanhulle, C, Berkhout, B, Castellano, R, de Launoit, Y, Burny, A, Piette, J, Bours, V, Van Lint, C. (2002). Journal of Virology. 76: 11091-11103.
144. Ramachandran RV, Katzenstein DA, Wood R, Batts DH, Merigan TC. (1994). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 170: 1009-1013.
145. Ramratnam B, Zhang L, Boden D, Hurley A, Fang F, Macken CA, Ho DD. (2000). Nature Medicine. 6: 82-85.
146. Reinhardt RL, Khoruts A, Merica R, Zell T, Jenkins MK. (2001). Nature. 410: 101-105.
147. Richards J, Auger J, Peace D, Gale D, Michel J, Koons A, Haverty T, Zivin R, Jolliffe L, Bluestone JA. (1999). Cancer Research. 59: 2096-2101.
148. Roberts MR, Qin L, Zhang D, Smith DH, Tran AC, Dull TJ, Groopman JE, Capon DJ, Byrn RA, Finer MH. (1994). Blood. 84: 2878-2889.
149. Roebuck KA, Gu DS, Kagnoff MF. (1996). Aids. 10: 819-826.
150. Roebuck KA, Saifuddin M. (1999). Gene Expression. 8: 67-84.
151. Romeo C, Seed B. (1991). Cell. 64: 1037-1046.
152. Romerio F, Gabriel MN, Margolis DM. (1997). Journal of Virology. 71: 9375-9382.
153. Root MJ, Hamer DH. (2003). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 100: 5016-5021.
154. Root, MJ, Kay, MS, Kim, PS. (2001). Science. 291: 884-888.
155. Ruff, CT, Ray, SC, Kwon, P, Zinn, R, Pendleton, A, Hutton, N, Ashworth, R, Gange, S, Quinn, TC, Siliciano, RF, Persaud, D. (2002). Journal of Virology. 76: 9481-9492.
156. Saavedra-Lozano J, McCoig C, Xu J, Cao Y, Keiser P, Ghetie V, Siliciano RE, Siliciano JD, Picker LJ, Ramilo O, Vitetta ES. (2002). Journal of Infectious Diseases. 185: 306-314.
157. Saksena NK, Potter SJ. (2003). AIDS Reviews. 5: 3-18.
158. Sankatsing SU, van Praag RM, van Rij RP, Rientsma R, Jurriaans S, Lange JM, Prins JM, Schuitemaker H. (2003). Antiviral Therapy. 8: 137-142.
159. Schroder AR, Shinn P, Chen H, Berry C, Ecker JR, Bushman F. (2002). Cell. 110: 521-529.
160. Scozzafava A, Mastrolorenzo A, Supuran CT. (2002). Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry. 17: 69-76.
161. Scripture-Adams DD, Brooks DG, Korin YD, Zack JA. (2002). Journal of Virology. 76: 13077-13082.
162. Sharkey ME, Teo I, Greenough T, Sharova N, Luzuriaga K, Sullivan JL, Bucy RP, Kostrikis LG, Haase A, Veryard C, Davaro RE, Cheeseman SH, Daly JS, Bova C, Ellison III RT, Mady B, Lai KK, Moyle G, Nelson M, Gazzard B, Shaunak S, Stevenson M. (2000). Nature Medicine. 6: 76-81.
163. Shen A, Zink MC, Mankowski JL, Chadwick K, Margolick JB, Carruth LM, Li M, Clements JE, Siliciano RE. (2003). Journal of Virology. 77: 4938-4949.
164. Siliciano JD, Kajdas J, Finzi D, Quinn TC, Chadwick K, Margolick JB, Kovacs C, Gange SJ, Siliciano RE. (2003). Nature Medicine. 9: 727-728.
165. Siliciano RF. (1999). Aids. 13: 549-558.
166. Sonza S, Mutimer HP, Oelrichs R, Jardine D, Harvey K, Dunne A, Purcell DF, Birch C, Crowe SM. (2001). Aids. 15: 17-22.
167. Stellbrink HJ, van Lunzen J, Westby M, O'Sullivan E, Schneider C, Adam A, Weitner L, Kuhlmann B, Hoffmann C, Fenske S, Aries PS, Degen O, Eggers C, Petersen H, Haag F, Horst HA, Dalhoff K, Mocklinghoff C, Cammack N, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P. (2002). Aids. 16: 1479-1487.
168. Swingler S, Brichacek B, Jacque JM, Ulich C, Zhou J, Stevenson M. (2003). Nature. 424: 213-219.
169. Tong-Starksen SE, Luciw PA, Peterlin BM. (1987). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 84: 6845-6849.
170. van Heeswijk RP, Veldkamp A, Mulder JW, Meenhorst PL, Lange JM, Beijnen JH, Hoetelmans RM. (2001). Antiviral Therapy. 6: 201-229.
171. van Praag RM, Prins JM, Roos MT, Schellekens PT, Ten Berge IJ, Yong SL, Schuitemaker H, Eerenberg AJ, Jurriaans S, de Wolf F, Fox CH, Goudsmit J, Miedema F, Lange JM. (2001). Journal of Clinical Immunology. 21: 218-226.
172. Van Qijen MGCT, Preijers FWMB. (1997). Journal of Drug Targeting. 5: 75-91.
173. van Rij RP, van Praag RM, Prins JM, Rientsma R, Jurriaans S, Lange JM, Schuitemaker H. (2002). Antiviral Therapy. 7: 37-41.
174. van Rij RP, Visser JA, van Praag RM, Rientsma R, Prins JM, Lange JM, Schuitemaker H. (2002). Journal of Virology. 76: 3054-3058.
175. Walker RE, Bechtel CM, Natarajan V, Baseler M, Hege KM, Metcalf JA, Stevens R, Hazen A, Blaese RM, Chen CC, Leitman SF, Palensky J, Wittes J, Davey RT, Jr., Falloon J, Polis MA, Kovacs JA, Broad DF, Levine BL, Roberts MR, Masur H, Lane HC. (2000). Blood. 96: 467-474.
176. Weverling GJ, Lange JM, Jurriaans S, Prins JM, Lukashov VV, Notermans DW, Roos M, Schuitemaker H, Hoetelmans RM, Danner SA, Goudsmit J, de Wolf F. (1998). Aids. 12: F117-122.
177. Wild CT, Shugars DC, Greenwell TK, McDanal CB, Matthews TJ. (1994). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 91: 9770-9774.
178. Yang OO, Tran AC, Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Roberts MR, Walker BD. (1997). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 94: 11478-11483.
179. Yang X, Chen Y, Gabuzda D. (1999). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274: 27981-27988.
180. Zack JA, Arrigo SJ, Weitsman SR, Go AS, Haislip A, Chen IS. (1990). Cell. 61: 213-222.
181. Zhang H, Dornadula G, Beumont M, Livornese L, Jr., Van Uitert B, Henning K, Pomerantz RJ. (1998). New England Journal of Medicine. 339: 1803-1809.
182. Zhang L, Chung C, Hu BS, He T, Guo Y, Kim AJ, Skulsky E, Jin X, Hurley A, Ramratnam B, Markowitz M, Ho DD. (2000). Journal of Clinical Investigation. 106: 839-845.
183. Zhang L, Ramratnam B, Tenner-Racz K, He Y, Vesanen M, Lewin S, Talal A, Racz P, Perelson AS, Korber BT, Markowitz M, Ho DD. (1999). New England Journal of Medicine. 340: 1605-1613.
184. Zhu T, Muthui D, Holte S, Nickle D, Feng F, Brodie S, Hwangbo Y, Mullins JI, Corey L. (2002). Journal of Virology. 76: 707-716.