Molecular imaging applications for immunology

Clinical Immunology

Volumn 111, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 210-224

  Hildebrandt, Isabel Junie ^a   Gambhir, Sanjiv Sam ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Bioluminescence; Cell trafficking; Gene therapy; Molecular imaging; Noninvasive imaging; PET

Indexed keywords

GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; RECOMBINANT DNA; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BIOLUMINESCENCE; CANCER; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESEARCH; FLUORESCENCE; FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE FUSION; GENE THERAPY; GENE VECTOR; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; IMAGING; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INFLAMMATION; INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT; METASTASIS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIATION; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; ULTRASOUND; X RAY;

ANIMALS; GENE THERAPY; HUMANS; IMMUNOLOGIC TECHNIQUES; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LUMINESCENT MEASUREMENTS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MICE; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 2342538936     PISSN: 15216616     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2003.12.018     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (115)

1. Massoud T.F., Gambhir S.S. Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev. 17:2003;545-580
2. Lindner J.R. Evolving applications for contrast ultrasound. Am. J. Cardiol. 90(Suppl 10A):2002;72J-80J
3. Rudin M., Beckmann N., Porszasz R., Reese T., Bochelen D., Sauter A. In vivo magnetic resonance methods in pharmaceutical research: current status and perspectives. NMR Biomed. 12:1999;69-97
4. Gambhir S.S. Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2:2002;683-693
5. Wickline S.A., Lanza G.M. Nanotechnology for molecular imaging and targeted therapy. Circulation. 107:2003;1092-1095
6. Yang M., Baranov E., Moossa A.R., Penman S., Hoffman R.M. Visualizing gene expression by whole-body fluorescence imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2000;12278-12282
7. Contag P.R., Olomu I.N., Stevenson D.K., Contag C.H. Bioluminescent indicators in living mammals. Nat. Med. 4:1998;245-247
8. Zhang J., Campbell R.E., Ting A.Y., Tsien R.Y. Creating new fluorescent probes for cell biology. Nat. Rev., Mol. Cell Biol. 3:2002;906-918
9. Rice B.W., Cable M.D., Nelson M.B. In vivo imaging of light-emitting probes. J. Biomed. Opt. 6:2001;432-440
10. Honigman A., Zeira E., Ohana P., Abramovitz R., Tavor E., Bar I., Zilberman Y., Rabinovsky R., Gazit D., Joseph A., Panet A., Shai E., Palmon A., Laster M., Galun E. Imaging transgene expression in live animals. Mol. Ther. 4:2001;239-249
11. Billinton N., Knight A.W. Seeing the wood through the trees: a review of techniques for distinguishing green fluorescent protein from endogenous autofluorescence. Anal. Biochem. 291:2001;175-197
12. Ntziachristos V., Tung C.H., Bremer C., Weissleder R. Fluorescence molecular tomography resolves protease activity in vivo. Nat. Med. 8:2002;757-760
13. Sevick-Muraca E.M., Houston J.P., Gurfinkel M. Fluorescence-enhanced, near infrared diagnostic imaging with contrast agents. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 6:2002;642-650
14. Bremer C., Tung C.H., Bogdanov A. Jr., Weissleder R. Imaging of differential protease expression in breast cancers for detection of aggressive tumor phenotypes. Radiology. 222:2002;814-818
15. Jacobs R.E., Cherry S.R. Complementary emerging techniques: high-resolution PET and MRI. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11:2001;621-629
16. Bulte J.W., Duncan I.D., Frank J.A. In vivo magnetic resonance tracking of magnetically labeled cells after transplantation. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 22:2002;899-907
17. Rudin M., Weissleder R. Molecular imaging in drug discovery and development. Nat. Rev., Drug Discov. 2:2003;123-131
18. Turnbull D.H., Foster F.S. In vivo ultrasound biomicroscopy in developmental biology. Trends Biotechnol. 20:2002;S29-S33
19. Foster F.S., Zhang M.Y., Zhou Y.Q., Liu G., Mehi J., Cherin E., Harasiewicz K.A., Starkoski B.G., Zan L., Knapik D.A., Adamson S.L. A new ultrasound instrument for in vivo microimaging of mice. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 28:2002;1165-1172
20. Leong-Poi H., Christiansen J., Klibanov A.L., Kaul S., Lindner J.R. Noninvasive assessment of angiogenesis by ultrasound and microbubbles targeted to alpha(v)-integrins. Circulation. 107:2003;455-460
21. Lindner J.R., Song J., Christiansen J., Klibanov A.L., Xu F., Ley K. Ultrasound assessment of inflammation and renal tissue injury with microbubbles targeted to P-selectin. Circulation. 104:2001;2107-2112
22. Gambhir S.S., Herschman H.R., Cherry S.R., Barrio J.R., Satyamurthy N., Toyokuni T., Phelps M.E., Larson S.M., Balatoni J., Finn R., Sadelain M., Tjuvajev J., Blasberg R. Imaging transgene expression with radionuclide imaging technologies. Neoplasia. 2:2000;118-138
23. Cherry S.R., Gambhir S.S. Use of positron emission tomography in animal research. ILAR J. 42:1991;219-232
24. Ritman E.L. Molecular imaging in small animals-roles for micro-CT. J. Cell. Biochem., Suppl. 39:2002;116-124
25. Hanazono Y., Brown K.E., Dunbar C.E. Primary T lymphocytes as targets for gene therapy. J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. 9:2000;611-620
26. Naldini L. Lentiviruses as gene transfer agents for delivery to non-dividing cells. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 9:1998;457-463
27. Huang L., Viroonchaatapan E. Chapter 1: introduction. Huang L., Hung M.-C., Wagner E. Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy. 1999;4-22 Academic Press, London
28. Welsh S., Kay S.A. Reporter gene expression for monitoring gene transfer. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8:1997;617-622
29. Ray P., Bauer E., Iyer M., Barrio J.R., Satyamurthy N., Phelps M.E., Herschman H.R., Gambhir S. Monitoring gene therapy with reporter gene imaging. Semin. Nucl. Med. 31:2001;320-321
30. Liang Q., Gotts J., Satyamurthy N., Barrio J., Phelps M.E., Gambhir S.S., Herschman H.R. Noninvasive, repetitive, quantitative measurement of gene expression from a bicistronic message by positron emission tomography, following gene transfer with adenovirus. Mol. Ther. 6:2002;73-82
31. Yaghoubi S.S., Wu L., Liang Q., Toyokuni T., Barrio J.R., Namavari M., Satyamurthy N., Phelps M.E., Herschman H.R., Gambhir S.S. Direct correlation between positron emission tomographic images of two reporter genes delivered by two distinct adenoviral vectors. Gene Ther. 8:2001;1072-1080
32. Green L.A., Yap C.S., Nguyen K., Barrio J.R., Namavari M., Satyamurthy N., Phelps M.E., Sandgren E.P., Herschman H.R., Gambhir S.S. Indirect monitoring of endogenous gene expression by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of reporter gene expression in transgenic mice. MIB. 4:2002;71-81
33. Iyer M., Wu L., Carey M., Wang L., Smallwood A., Gambhir S.S. Two-step transcriptional amplification as a method for imaging reporter gene expression using weak promoters. PNAS. 98:2001;14595-14600
34. Sun X., Annala A., Yaghoubi S., Barrio J.R., Nguyen K., Toyokuni T., Satyamurthy N.M., Phelps M.E., Herschman H., Gambhir S. Quantitative imaging of gene induction in living animals. Gene Ther. 8:2001;1572-1579
35. Yu Y.A., Szalay A.A. A Renilla luciferase-Aequorea GFP (ruc-gfp) fusion gene construct permits real-time detection of promoter activation by exogenously administered mifepristone in vivo. Mol. Genet. Genomics. 268:2002;169-178
36. Iyer M., Wu L., Carey M., Wang Y., Smallwood A., Gambhir S.S. Two-step transcriptional amplification as a method for imaging reporter gene expression using weak promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:2001;14595-14600
37. Zhang L., Adams J.Y., Billick E., Ilagan R., Iyer M., Le K., Smallwood A., Gambhir S.S., Carey M., Wu L. Molecular engineering of a two-step transcription amplification (TSTA) system for transgene delivery in prostate cancer. Mol. Ther. 5:2002;223-232
38. Bhaumik S., Gambhir S.S. Optical imaging of Renilla luciferase reporter gene expression in living mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:2002;377-382
39. Yang M., Baranov E., Jiang P., Sun F.X., Li X.M., Li L., Hasegawa S., Bouvet M., Al-Tuwaijri M., Chishima T., Shimada H., Moossa A.R., Penman S., Hoffman R.M. Whole-body optical imaging of green fluorescent protein-expressing tumors and metastases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2000;1206-1211
40. Liang Q., Satyamurthy N., Barrio J.R., Toyokuni T., Phelps M.P., Gambhir S.S., Herschman H.R. Noninvasive, quantitative imaging in living animals of a mutant dopamine D2 receptor reporter gene in which ligand binding is uncoupled from signal transduction. Gene Ther. 8:2001;1490-1498
41. Ray P., Bauer E., Iyer M., Barrio J.R., Satyamurthy N., Phelps M.E., Herschman H.R., Gambhir S. Monitoring gene therapy with reporter gene imaging. Semin. Nucl. Med. 31:2001;320-321
42. Groot-Wassink T., Aboagye E.O., Glaser M., Lemoine N.R., Vassaux G. Adenovirus biodistribution and noninvasive imaging of gene expression in vivo by positron emission tomography using human sodium/iodide symporter as reporter gene. Hum. Gene Ther. 13:2002;1723-1735
43. MacLaren D.C., Gambhir S.S., Satyamurthy N., Barrio J.R., Sharfstein S., Toyokuni T., Wu L., Berk A.J., Cherry S.R., Phelps M.E., Herschman H.R. Repetitive, non-invasive imaging of the dopamine D2 receptor as a reporter gene in living animals. Gene Ther. 6:1999;785-791
44. Gambhir S.S., Barrio J.R., Herschman H.R., Phelps M.E. Imaging gene expression: principles and assays. J. Nucl. Cardiol. 6:1999;219-233
45. Gambhir S.S., Bauer E., Black M.E., Liang Q., Kokoris M.S., Barrio J.R., Iyer M., Namavari M., Phelps M.E., Herschman H.R. A mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase reporter gene shows improved sensitivity for imaging reporter gene expression with positron emission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2000;2785-2790
46. Paquin A., Jaalouk D.E., Galipeau J. Retrovector encoding a green fluorescent protein-herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase fusion protein serves as a versatile suicide/reporter for cell and gene therapy applications. Hum. Gene Ther. 12:2001;13-23
47. Yaghoubi S.S., Barrio J.R., Toyokuni T., Namavari M., Satyamurthy N., Herschman H.R., Phelps M.E., Gambhir S.S. Monitoring HSV1-TK suicide gene therapy with MicroPET. J. Nucl. Med. 42:2001;. (275 pp.)
48. Jacobs A., Dubrovin M., Hewett J., Sena-Esteves M., Tan C.W., Slack M., Sadelain M., Breakefield X.O., Tjuvajev J.G. Functional coexpression of HSV-1 thymidine kinase and green fluorescent protein: implications for noninvasive imaging of transgene expression. Neoplasia. 1:1999;154-161
49. Ray P., Wu A.M., Gambhir S.S. Optical bioluminescence and positron emission tomography imaging of a novel fusion reporter gene in tumor xenografts of living mice. Cancer Res. 63:2003;1160-1165
50. Ray P., De A., Min J.J., Tsien R.Y., Gambhir S.S. Imaging tri-fusion multimodality reporter gene expression in living subjects. Cancer Res. 64:2004;1323-1330
51. Tjuvajev J.G., Joshi A., Callegari J., Lindsley L., Joshi R., Balatoni J., Finn R., Larson S.M., Sadelain M., Blasberg R.G. A general approach to the non-invasive imaging of transgenes using cis-linked herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase. Neoplasia. 1:1999;315-320
52. Yu Y., Annala A.J., Barrio J.R., Toyokuni T., Satyamurthy N., Namavari M., Cherry S.R., Phelps M.E., Herschman H.R., Gambhir S.S. Quantification of target gene expression by imaging reporter gene expression in living animals. Nat. Med. 6:2000;933-937
53. Chappell S.A., Edelman G.M., Mauro V.P. A 9-nt segment of a cellular mRNA can function as an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and when present in linked multiple copies greatly enhances IRES activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97:2000;1536-1541
54. Wang Y., Iyer M., Annala A.J., Chappell S.A., Nguyen K., Herschman H.R., Mauro V.P., Gambhir S. New approaches for linking PET and therapeutic reporter gene expression for imaging gene therapy with increased sensitivity. J. Nucl. Med. 42:2001;. (75 pp.)
55. Ray S., Paulmurugan R., Hildebrandt I.J., Iyer M., Wu L., Carey M., Gambhir S. A novel gene therapy vector based on a bi-directional Gal4-VP15 strategy for quantitative imaging of target gene expression. J. Nucl. Med. 44:2003;. (31 pp.)
56. Ray P., Pimenta H., Paulmurugan R., Berger F., Phelps M.E., Iyer M., Gambhir S.S. Noninvasive quantitative imaging of protein-protein interactions in living subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:2002;3105-3110
57. Luker G.D., Sharma V., Pica C.M., Dahlheimer J.L., Li W., Ochesky J., Ryan C.E., Piwnica-Worms H., Piwnica-Worms D. Noninvasive imaging of protein-protein interactions in living animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:2002;6961-6966
58. Luker G.D., Sharma V., Pica C.M., Prior J.L., Li W., Piwnica-Worms D. Molecular imaging of protein-protein interactions: controlled expression of p53 and large T-antigen fusion proteins in vivo. Cancer Res. 63:2003;1780-1788
59. Paulmurugan R., Gambhir S.S. Monitoring protein-protien interactions using split synthetic renilla luciferase protien-fragment-assisted complementation. Anal. Chem. 75:2003;1584-1589
60. Paulmurugan R., Umezawa Y., Gambhir S.S. Noninvasive imaging of protein-protein interactions in living subjects by using reporter protein complementation and reconstitution strategies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:2002;15608-15613
61. Doubrovin M., Ponomarev V., Beresten T., Balatoni J., Bornmann W., Finn R., Humm J., Larson S., Sadelain M., Blasberg R., Gelovani Tjuvajev J. Imaging transcriptional regulation of p53-dependent genes with positron emission tomography in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:2001;9300-9305
62. Ponomarev V., Doubrovin M., Lyddane C., Beresten T., Balatoni J., Bornman W., Finn R., Akhurst T., Larson S., Blasberg R., Sadelain M., Tjuvajev J.G. Imaging TCR-dependent NFAT-mediated T-cell activation with positron emission tomography in vivo. Neoplasia. 3:2001;480-488
63. Adams J.Y., Johnson M., Sato M., Berger F., Gambhir S.S., Carey M., Iruela-Arispe M.L., Wu L. Visualization of advanced human prostate cancer lesions in living mice by a targeted gene transfer vector and optical imaging. Nat. Med. 8:2002;891-897
64. Edinger M., Cao Y.A., Verneris M.R., Bachmann M.H., Contag C.H., Negrin R.S. Revealing lymphoma growth and the efficacy of immune cell therapies using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Blood. 101:2003;640-648
65. 18F]fluorodeoxyglucose labelling and retention for in vivo positron emission tomography imaging of monocyte trafficking. Nucl. Med. Commun. 23:2002;551-577
66. Botti C., Negri D.R.M., Seregni E., Ramakrishna V., Arienti F., Maffioli L., Lombardo C., Bogni A., Pascali C., Crippa F., Massaron S., Remonti F., Nerini Molteni S., Canevari S., Bombardieri E. Comparison of three different methods for radiolabelling human activated T lymphocytes. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 24:1997;497-504
67. Adonai N., Nguyen K.N., Walsh J., Iyer M., Toyokuni T., Phelps M.E., McCarthy T., McCarthy D.W., Gambhir S.S. Ex vivo cell labeling with 64Cu-pyruvaldehyde-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) for imaging cell trafficking in mice with positron-emission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 99:2002;3030-3035
68. Dubey P., Su H., Adonai N., Du S., Rosato A., Braun J., Gambhir S.S., Witte O.N. Quantitative imaging of the T cell antitumor response by positron-emission tomography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:2003;1232-1237
69. Koehne G., Doubrovin M., Doubrovina E., Zanzonico P., Gallardo H.F., Ivanova A., Balatoni J., Teruya-Feldstein J., Heller G., May C., Ponomarev V., Ruan S., Finn R., Blasberg R.G., Bornmann W., Riviere I., Sadelain M., O'Reilly R.J., Larson S.M., Gelovani Tjuvajev J.G. Serial in vivo imaging of the targeted migration of human HSV-TK-transduced antigen-specific lymphocytes. Nat. Biotechnol. 21:2003;405-413
70. Carter P., Merchant A.M. Engineering antibodies for imaging and therapy. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 8:1997;449-454
71. Kortt A.A., Dolezal O., Power B.E., Hudson P.J. Dimeric and trimeric antibodies: high avidity scFvs for cancer targeting. Biomol. Eng. 18:2001;95-108
72. Wu A.M., Yazaki P.J. Designer genes: recombinant antibody fragments for biological imaging. Q. J. Nucl. Med. 44:2000;268-283
73. Wu A.M., Yazaki P.J., Tsai S.W., Nguyen K., Anderson A.L., McCarthy D.W., Welch M.J., Shively J.E., Williams L.E., Raubitschek A.A., Wong J.Y.C., Toyokuni T., Phelps M.E., Gambhir S.S. High-resolution microPET imaging of carcino-embryonic antigen-positive xenografts by using a copper-64-labeled engineered antibody fragment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. V97:2000;8495-8500
74. Lovqvist A., Humm J.L., Sheikh A., Finn R.D., Koziorowski J., Ruan S., Pentlow K.S., Jungbluth A., Welt S., Lee F.T., Brechbiel M.W., Larson S.M. PET imaging of (86)Y-labeled anti-Lewis Y monoclonal antibodies in a nude mouse model: comparison between (86)Y and (111)In radiolabels. J. Nucl. Med. 42:2001;1281-1287
75. 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, hydromagnetic resonance imaging, and granulocyte scintigraphy with labeled antibodies. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 97:2002;1978-1985
76. Willis M., Forssen E. Ligand-targeted liposomes. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 29:1998;249-271
77. Park J.W., Hong K., Kirpotin D.B., Colbern G., Shalaby R., Baselga J., Shao Y., Nielsen U.B., Marks J.D., Moore D., Papahadjopoulos D., Benz C.C. Anti-HER2 immunoliposomes: enhanced efficacy attributable to targeted delivery. Clin. Cancer Res. 8:2002;1172-1181
78. Otsu M., Wada T., Candotti F. Gene therapy for primary immune deficiencies. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1:2001;497-501
79. Blackburn M.R., Volmer J.B., Thrasher J.L., Zhong H., Crosby J.R., Lee J.J., Kellems R.E. Metabolic consequences of adenosine deaminase deficiency in mice are associated with defects in alveogenesis, pulmonary inflammation, and airway obstruction. J. Exp. Med. 192:2000;159-170
80. Parkman R., Weinberg K., Crooks G., Nolta J., Kapoor N., Kohn D. Gene therapy for adenosine deaminase deficiency. Annu. Rev. Med. 51:2000;33-47
81. Bordignon C., Notarangelo L.D., Nobili N., Ferrari G., Casorati G., Panina P., Mazzolari E., Maggioni D., Rossi C., Servida P., et al. Gene therapy in peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow for ADA- immunodeficient patients. Science. 270:1995;470-475
82. Aiuti A., Slavin S., Aker M., Ficara F., Deola S., Mortellaro A., Morecki S., Andolfi G., Tabucchi A., Carlucci F., Marinello E., Cattaneo F., Vai S., Servida P., Miniero R., Roncarolo M.G., Bordignon C. Correction of ADA-SCID by stem cell gene therapy combined with nonmyeloablative conditioning. Science. 296:2002;2410-2413
83. Otsu M., Hershfield M.S., Tuschong L.M., Muul L.M., Onodera M., Ariga T., Sakiyama Y., Candotti F. Flow cytometry analysis of adenosine deaminase (ADA) expression: a simple and reliable tool for the assessment of ADA-deficient patients before and after gene therapy. Hum. Gene Ther. 13:2002;425-432
84. Filippi M., Tortorella C., Rovaris M. Magnetic resonance imaging of multiple sclerosis. J. Neuroimaging. 12:2002;289-301
85. Schillaci O., Lagana B., Danieli R., Gentile R., Tubani L., Baratta L., Scopinaro F. Technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission tomography detects subclinical myocardial perfusion abnormalities in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 26:1999;713-717
86. Huizinga T.W., Steens S.C., van Buchem M.A. Imaging modalities in central nervous system systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 13:2001;383-388
87. Wipke B.T., Wang Z., Kim J., McCarthy T.J., Allen P.M. Dynamic visualization of a joint-specific autoimmune response through positron emission tomography. Nat. Immunol. 3:2002;366-372
88. Banati R.B., Newcombe J., Gunn R.N., Cagnin A., Turkheimer F., Heppner F., Price G., Wegner F., Giovannoni G., Miller D.H., Perkin G.D., Smith T., Hewson A.K., Bydder G., Kreutzberg G.W., Jones T., Cuzner M.L., Myers R. The peripheral benzodiazepine binding site in the brain in multiple sclerosis: quantitative in vivo imaging of microglia as a measure of disease activity. Brain. 123(Pt 11):2000;2321-2337
89. Tarner I.H., Fathman C.G. The potential for gene therapy in the treatment of autoimmune disease. Clin. Immunol. 104:2002;204-216
90. Costa G.L., Sandora M.R., Nakajima A., Nguyen E.V., Taylor-Edwards C., Slavin A.J., Contag C.H., Fathman C.G., Benson J.M. Adoptive immunotherapy of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via T cell delivery of the IL-12 p40 subunit. J. Immunol. 167:2001;2379-2387
91. Rennen H.J., Boerman O.C., Oyen W.J., Corstens F.H. Imaging infection/inflammation in the new millennium. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 28:2001;241-252
92. Coussens L.M., Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature. 420:2002;860-867
93. Tahtis K., Lee F.T., Smyth F.E., Power B.E., Renner C., Brechbiel M.W., Old L.J., Hudson P.J., Scott A.M. Biodistribution properties of (111)indium-labeled C-functionalized trans-cyclohexyl diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid humanized 3S193 diabody and F(ab′)(2) constructs in a breast carcinoma xenograft model. Clin. Cancer Res. 7:2001;1061-1072
94. Kircheis R., Wightman L., Schreiber A., Robitza B., Rossler V., Kursa M., Wagner E. Polyethylenimine/DNA complexes shielded by transferrin target gene expression to tumors after systemic application. Gene Ther. 8:2001;28-40
95. Hildebrandt I.J., Iyer M., Wagner E., Gambhir S. Optical imaging of transferrin targeted PEI/DNA complexes in living subjects. Gene Ther. 10:2003;758-764
96. Le L.Q., Kabarowski J.H., Wong S., Nguyen K., Gambhir S.S., Witte O.N. Positron emission tomography imaging analysis of G2A as a negative modifier of lymphoid leukemogenesis initiated by the BCR-ABL oncogene. Cancer Cell. 1:2002;381-391
97. Labarriere N., Pandolfino M.C., Gervois N., Khammari A., Tessier M.H., Dreno B., Jotereau F. Therapeutic efficacy of melanoma-reactive TIL injected in stage III melanoma patients. Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 51:2002;532-538
98. Chang A.E., Li Q., Jiang G., Sayre D.M., Braun T.M., Redman B.G. Phase II Trial of autologous tumor vaccination, anti-CD3-activated vaccine-primed lymphocytes, and interleukin-2 in stage IV renal cell cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21:2003;884-890
99. Brentjens R.J., Latouche J.B., Santos E., Marti F., Gong M.C., Lyddane C., King P.D., Larson S., Weiss M., Riviere I., Sadelain M. Eradication of systemic B-cell tumors by genetically targeted human T lymphocytes co-stimulated by CD80 and interleukin-15. Nat. Med. 9:2003;279-286
100. Gambhir S.S., Barrio J.R., Herschman H.R., Phelps M.E. Assays for noninvasive imaging of reporter gene expression. Nucl. Med. Biol. 26:1999;481-490
101. Bonini C., Ciceri F., Marktel S., Bordignon C. Suicide-gene-transduced T-cells for the regulation of the graft-versus-leukemia effect. Vox Sang. 74(Suppl. 2):1998;341-343
102. Kolen S., Weijtens M., Hagenbeek A., Van Spronsen A., Smulders S., De Weger R., De Witte T., Dolstra H., Van De Wiel Van Kemenade E., Martens A. Monitoring of developing graft-versus-host disease mediated by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene-transduced T cells. Hum. Gene Ther. 14:2003;341-351
103. Marktel S., Magnani Z., Ciceri F., Cazzaniga S., Riddell S.R., Traversari C., Bordignon C., Bonini C. Immunologic potential of donor lymphocytes expressing a suicide gene for early immune reconstitution after hematopoietic T-cell-depleted stem cell transplantation. Blood. 101:2003;1290-1298
104. Taniguchi H., Yamato E., Tashiro F., Ikegami H., Ogihara T., Miyazaki J. beta-cell neogenesis induced by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of transcription factor pdx-1 into mouse pancreas. Gene Ther. 10:2003;15-23
105. Carlsen H., Moskaug J.O., Fromm S.H., Blomhoff R. In vivo imaging of NF-kappa B activity. J. Immunol. 168:2002;1441-1446
106. Herndon T.M., Juang Y.T., Solomou E.E., Rothwell S.W., Gourley M.F., Tsokos G.C. Direct transfer of p65 into T lymphocytes from systemic lupus erythematosus patients leads to increased levels of interleukin-2 promoter activity. Clin. Immunol. 103:2002;145-153
107. Yung R., Williams R., Johnson K., Phillips C., Stoolman L., Chang S., Richardson B. Mechanisms of drug-induced lupus. III. Sex-specific differences in T cell homing may explain increased disease severity in female mice. Arthritis Rheum. 40:1997;1334-1343
108. Annovazzi A., Biancone L., Caviglia R., Chianelli M., Capriotti G., Mather S.J., Caprilli R., Pallone F., Scopinaro F., Signore A. 99 mTc-interleukin-2 and (99 m)Tc-HMPAO granulocyte scintigraphy in patients with inactive Crohn's disease. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 30:2003;374-382
109. Gross M.D., Shapiro B., Fig L.M., Steventon R., Skinner R.W., Hay R.V. Imaging of human infection with (131)I-labeled recombinant human interleukin-8. J. Nucl. Med. 42:2001;1656-1659
110. Harrison L.H. Jr., Schwarzenberger P.O., Byrne P.S., Marrogi A.J., Kolls J.K., McCarthy K.E. Gene-modified PA1-STK cells home to tumor sites in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 70:2000;407-411
111. Weissleder R., Tung C.H., Mahmood U., Bogdanov A. Jr. In vivo imaging of tumors with protease-activated near-infrared fluorescent probes. Nat. Biotechnol. 17:1999;375-378
112. Kikkawa H., Imafuku H., Tsukada H., Oku N. Possible role of immune surveillance at the initial phase of metastasis produced by B16BL6 melanoma cells. FEBS Lett. 467:2000;211-216
113. Melder R.J., Elmaleh D., Brownell A.L., Brownell G.L., Jain R.K. A method for labeling cells for positron emission tomography (PET) studies. J. Immunol. Methods. 175:1994;79-87
114. Josephson L., Tung C.H., Moore A., Weissleder R. High-efficiency intracellular magnetic labeling with novel superparamagnetic-Tat peptide conjugates. Bioconjug. Chem. 10:1999;186-191
115. Lewin M., Carlesso N., Tung C.H., Tang X.W., Cory D., Scadden D.T., Weissleder R. Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 18:2000;410-414