In vivo magnetic resonance methods in pharmaceutical research: Current status and perspectives

NMR in Biomedicine

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 69-97

  Rudin, Markus ^a   Beckmann, Nicolau ^a   Porszasz, Robert ^a   Reese, Torsten ^a   Bochelen, Damien ^a   Sauter, André ^a  

^a NOVARTIS PHARMA AG   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Drug development; Magnetic resonance imaging; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; MRI; MRS; Pharmaceutical research

Indexed keywords

AMPA RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; CALCIUM ANTAGONIST; CONTRAST MEDIUM; GADOLINIUM PENTETATE; GLYCINE RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; GROWTH FACTOR; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR; SCAVENGER; SEROTONIN ANTAGONIST; THROMBOXANE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR;

ANIMAL MODEL; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG TARGETING; HEART VENTRICLE PERFORMANCE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; ONCOLOGY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SKIN DISEASE; STROKE; TRANSGENIC ANIMAL; TREATMENT INDICATION;

ANIMALS; ANIMALS, GENETICALLY MODIFIED; ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; CHEMISTRY, PHARMACEUTICAL; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASMS, EXPERIMENTAL; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE, BIOMOLECULAR; OSTEOARTHRITIS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0032898594     PISSN: 09523480     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199904)12:2<69::AID-NBM548>3.0.CO;2-D     Document Type: Review

References (357)

1. Iles, R. A., Stevens, A. N. and Griffiths, J. R. NMR studies of metabolites in living tissue. Prog NMR Spectrosc. 15, 49-200 (1982).
2. Kaplan, O., van Zijl, P. C. M. and Cohen, J. S. NMR studies of metabolism of cells and perfused organs. In NMR Basic Principles and Progress (Rudin M., and Seelig, J., eds.), Springer, Berlin, Vol. 28, pp.3-52 (1992).
3. Pryor, M. J. W., Maxwell, R. J. and Griffiths, J. R., Fluorine-19F NMR spectroscopy and imaging in vivo. In NMR: Basic Principles and Progress (Rudin, M., and Seelig, J., eds.), Springer, Berlin, Vol. 28, pp.101-130 (1992).
4. Jynge, P., Skjetne, T., Gribbestad, I., Kleinbloesem, C. H., Hoogkamer, H. F., Antonsen, O., Krane, J., Bakoy, O. E., Furuheim, K. M. and Nilsen, O. G. In vivo tissue pharmacokinetics by fluorine magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a study of liver and muscle disposition of fleroxacin in humans. Clin. Pharmac. Ther. 48, 481-489 (1990).
5. Rudin, M., Briner, U. and Doepfner, W. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of estradiol-induced pituitary hyperplasia in rats. Magn. Reson. Med. 7, 285-291 (1988).
6. The National Institue of Neurological Disorders, Stroke: rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. New Engl. J. Med. 333, 1581-1587 (1995).
7. Bailes, D. R., Young, I. R., Thomas, D. J., Straughan, K., Bydder, G. M. and Steiner, R. E. NMR imaging of the brain using spinecho sequences. Clin. Radiol. 33, 395-414 (1982).
8. Bryan, R. N., Willcott, M. R., Schneiders, N. J., Ford, J. J. and Derman, H. S. Nuclear magnetic resonance evaluation of stroke. Radiology 149, 189-192 (1983).
9. Buonanno, F. S., Pykett, I. L., Brady, T. J., Vielma, J., Burt, C. T., Goldman, M. R., Hinshaw, W. S., Pohost, G. M. and Kistler, J. P. Proton NMR imaging in experimental ischemic infarction. Stroke 14, 173-177 (1983).
10. Buonanno, F. S. Pykett, I. L., Kistler, J. P., Vielma, J., Brady, T. J., Hinshaw, W. S., Goldman, M. R., Newhouse, J. H. and Pohost, G. M. Cranial anatomy and detection of ischemic stroke in the cat by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Radiology 143, 187-93 (1982).
11. Tamura, A., Graham, D. I., McGulloch, J. and Teasdale, G. M. Focal cerebral ischemia in the rat: I Description of early neuropathological consequences following middle cerebral artery occlusion. J. Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1, 53-60 (1981).
12. Sauter, A. and Rudin, M. Calcium antagonists reduce the extent of infarction in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion as determined by quantitative magnetic resonance imaging. Stroke 17, 1228-1234 (1986).
13. Germano, I. M., Bartkowsky, H. M., Berry, I., Moseley, M., Brant-Zawadski, M. and Pitts, L. H. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of nimodipine-treated acute experimental focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Radiol. Suppl. Stockh. 369, 49-52 (1986).
14. Sauter, A., Rudin, M. and Wiederhold, K. H. Reduction of neural damage in irreversible cerebral ischemia by calcium antagonists. Neurochem. Pathol. 9, 211-236 (1988).
15. Allegrini, P. R. and Sauer, D. Application of magnetic resonance imaging to the measurement of neurodegeneration in rat brain: MRI data correlate strongly with histology and enzymatic analysis. Mag. Reson. Imag. 10, 773-778 (1992).
16. Sauter, A. and Rudin, M. Calcium antagonists for reduction of brain damage in stroke. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmac. 15 (Suppl. 1): S43-S47 (1990).
17. Sauter, A. and Rudin, M. Treatment of hypertension with isradipine reduces infarct size following stroke in laboratory animals. Am. J. Med. 86, 130-133 (1989).
18. Sauter, A. and Rudin, M. Experimental studies of isradipine in stroke. Drugs 40 (Suppl. 2), 44-51 (1990).
19. Kucharczyk, J., Chew, W., Derugin, N., Moseley, M. E., Rollin, C., Berry, I. and Norman, D. Nicardipine reduces ischemic brain injury. Magnetic resonance imaging/spectroscopy study in cats. Stroke 20, 268-274 (1989).
20. Kucharczyk, J., Mintorovitch, J., Sevick, R., Asgari, H. and Moseley, M. E. MR evaluation of calcium entry blockers with putative cerebroprotective effects in acute cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. Wien 51, 254-255 (1990).
21. Chew, W., Kucharczyk, J., Moseley, M. E., Derugin, N. and Norman, D. Hyperglycemia augments ischemic brain injury: in vivo NMR imaging/spectroscopic study with nicardipine in cats with occluded middle cerebral arteries. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 12, 603-309 (1991).
22. Shiino, A. M., Matsuda, M., Handa, J., Morikawa, S., Kido, C., Inubushi, T. and Susumu, T. Ca antagonists and acute brain ischemia: effects of nivaldipine and nicardipine on middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Nippon Geka Hokan 60, 38-44 (1991).
23. Yenari, M. A., Palmer, J. T., Sun, G. H., de Crespigny, A., Moseley, M. E. and Steinberg, G. K. Time-course and treatment response with SNX-111, an N-type calcium channel blocker, in a rodent model of focal cerebral ischemia using diffusion-weighted MRI. Stroke 28, 639-645 (1997).
24. Sauter, A. and Rudin, M. Strain dependent drug effects in rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke. J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther. 274, 1008-1013 (1995).
25. Sauer, D., Martin, P., Allegrini, P. R., Bernasconi, R., Amacker, H. and Fagg, G. E. Differing effects of alpha-difluoromethylornithin and CGP 40116 on polyamine levels and infarct volume in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia Neurosci. Lett. 141, 131-135 (1992).
26. Sauer, D., Allegrini, P. R., Consenti, A., Pataki, A., Amacker, H. and Fagg, G. E. Characterization of the cerbroprotective efficacy of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CGP40116 in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia: an in vivo magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 13, 595-602 (1993).
27. Sauer, D., Allegrini, P. R. and Fagg, G. E. The competitive NMDA antagonist CGP 40116 is a potent neuroprotectant in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. 43, 81-89 (1994).
28. Sauer, D., Weber, E., Luond, G., Da Silva, F. and Allegrini, P. R. The competitive NMDA antagonist CGP 40116 permanently reduces brain damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 602-610 (1995).
29. Minematsu, K., Fisher, M., Li, L., Davis, M. A., Knapp, A. G., Cotter, R. E., McBurney, R. N. and Sotak, C. H. Effects of a novel NMDA antagonist on stroke rapidly and quantitatively assessed by diffusion weighted MRI. Neurology 43, 397-403 (1993).
30. Urwyler, S., Campbell, E., Fricker, G., Jenner, P., Lemaire, M., McAllister, K., Neijt, H., Park, C. K., Perkins, M., Rudin, M., Sauter, A., Smith, L., Wiederhold, K. H. and Müller, W. Biphenyl derivatives of 2-amino-7-phosphono-heptanoic acid, a novel class of potent NMDA antagonists: II. Pharmacological characterization in vivo. Neuropharm. 35, 655-669 (1996).
31. Lo, E. H., Pierce, A. R., Mandeville, J. B. and Rosen, B. R. Neuroprotection with NBQX in rat focal cerebral ischemia. Effects on ADC probability distribution functions and diffusion-perfusion relationships. Stroke 28, 439-446 (1997).
32. Qiu, H., Hedlund, L. W., Gewalt, S. L., Benveniste, H., Bare, T. M. and Johnson, G. A. Progression of focal i schemic lesion in rat brain during treatment with a novel glycine/NMDA antagonist: an in vivo three-dimensional diffusion-weighted MR microscopy study. J. Mag. Reson. Imag. 7, 739-744 (1997).
33. Takano, K., Tatlisumak, T., Formato, J. E., Carano, R. A., Bergmann, A. G., Pullan, L. M., Bare, T. M., Sotak, C. H. and Fisher, M. Glycine site antagonist attenuates infarct size in experimental focal ischemia. Postmortem and diffusion mapping studies. Stroke 28, 1255-1262 (1997).
34. Kucharczyk, J., Mintorovitch, J., Moseley, M. E., Asgari, H. S., Sevick, R. J., Derugin, N. and Norman, D. Ischemic brain damage: reduction by sodium-calcium ion channel modulator RS-87476. Radiology 179, 221-227 (1991).
35. Hoehn-Berlage, M., Hossmann, K. A., Busch, E., Eis, M., Schmitz, B. and Gyngell, M. L. Inhibition of nonselective cation channels reduces focal ischemic injury of rat brain. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17, 534-542 (1997).
36. Seega, J. and Elger, B. Diffusion and T2-weighted imaging: evaluation of oedema reduction in focal cerebral ischemia by the calcium and serotonin antagonist levemopamil. Mag. Reson. Imaging 11, 401-409 (1993).
37. Elger, B., Seega, J. and Raschack, M. Oedema reduction by levemopamil in focal cerebral ischemia of spontaneously hypertensive rats studied by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur. J. Pharmac. 254, 65-71 (1994).
38. Lo, E. H., Matsumoto, K., Pierce, A. R., Garrido, L. and Luttinger, D. Pharmacological reversal of acute changes in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 14, 597-603 (1994).
39. Muller, T. B., Haraldseth, O., Jones, R. A., Sebastiani, G., Lindboe, C. F., Unsgard, G. and Oksendal, A. N. Perfusion and diffusion-weighted MR imaging for in vivo evaluation of treatment with U74389G in a rat stroke model. Stroke 26, 1453-1458 (1995).
40. Kozniewska, E., Roberts, T. P., Tsuura, M., Mintorovitch, J., Moseley, M. E. and Kucharczyk, J. NG-nitro-L-arginine delays the development of brain injury during focal ischemia in rats. Stroke 26, 282-288 (1995).
41. Imura, Y., Kiyota, Y., Nagai, Y., Nishikawa, K. and Terashita, Z. Beneficial effects of CV-4151 (Isbogrel), a thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor, in rat middle cerebral artery thrombosis model. Thromb. Res. 79, 95-107 (1995).
42. Bochelen, D., Rudin, M. and Sauter, A. The calcineurin inhibitors FK 506 and SDZ ASM 981 alleviate the outcome of focal cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury. J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther. 288, 653-659 (1999).
43. Roberts, T. P., Vexler, Z. S., Derugin, N., Kozniewska, W., Kucharczyk, J. and Emmett, C. J. Evaluation of recombinant human fibroblast growth factor (rhbFGF) as cerebroprotective agent using high speed MR imaging. Brain. Res. 699, 51-61 (1995).
44. Tatlisumak, T., Takano, K., Carano, R. A. and Fisher, M. Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on experimental focal ischemia studied by diffusion-weighted and perfusion imaging. Stroke 27, 2292-2297 (1996).
45. Nishino, H., Aihara, N., Czurko, A., Hashitani, T., Isobe, Y., Ichikawa, O. and Watari, H. Reconstruction of GABAergic transmission and behavior by striatal cell grafts in rats with ischemic infarcts in the middle cerebral artery. J. Neural Transplant. Plast. 33, 875-879 (1993)
46. Kohno, K., Back, T., Hoehn-Berlage, M. and Hossmann, K. A. A modified rat model of middle cerebral artery thread occlusion under electrophysiological control for magnetic resonance investigations. Mag. Reson. Imag. 13, 65-71 (1995).
47. Zhang, Z., Zhang, R. L., Jiang, Q., Raman, S. B., Cantwell, L. and Chopp, M. A new rat model of thrombotic focal cerebral ischemia. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17, 123-135 (1997).
48. Zaharchuk, G., Hara, H., Huang, P. L., Fishman, M. C., Moskowitz, M. A., Jenkins, B. G. and Rosen, B. R. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase mutant mice show smaller infarcts and attenuated apparent diffusion coefficient changes in the periinfarct zone during focal cerebral ischemia. Mag. Reson. Med. 37, 170-175 (1997).
49. Moseley, M. E., Vendland, M. F. and Kucharczyk, J. Magnetic resonance imaging of diffusion and perfusion. Top. Mag. Reson. Imag. 3, 50-67 (1991).
50. Rudin, M. and Sauter, A. Noninvasive determination of regional cerebral blood flow in rats using dynamic imaging with Gd(DTPA). Mag. Reson. Med. 22, 32-46 (1991).
51. Kohno, K., Hoehn-Berlage, M., Mies, G., Back, T. and Hossmann, K. A. Relationship between diffusion-weighted MR images, cerebral blood flow, and energy state in experimental brain infarction. Mag. Reson. Imag. 13, 73-80 (1995).
52. Hoehn-Berlage, M., Norris, D. G., Kohno, K., Mies, G., Leibfritz, D. and Hossmann, K. A. Evolution of regional changes in apparent diffusion coefficient during focal ischemia of rat brain the relationship of quantitative diffusion NMR imaging to reduction of cerebral blood flow metabolic disturbances. J. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 15, 1002-1011 (1995).
53. Rudin, M., Beckmann, N. and Sauter, A. Analysis of tracer transit in rat brain after carotid artery and femoral vein administration using linear system theory. Magn. Reson. Imag. 15, 551-558 (1997).
54. Roussel, S. A., van Bruggen, N., King, M. D. and Gadian, D. G. Identification of collaterally perfused areas following focal cerebral ischemia in the rat by comparison of gradient echo and diffusion-weighted MRI. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 15, 578-586 (1995).
55. Reese, T., Bochelen, D., Beckmann, N., Sauter, A. and Rudin, M. Magnetic resonance angiography of the rat cerebrovascular system without the use of contrast agents. NMR Biomed, (in press).
56. Villringer, A., Rosen, B. R., Belliveau, J. W., Ackerman, J. L., Lauffer, R. B., Buxton, R. B., Chiao, Y. S., Wedeen, V. J. and Brady, T. J. Dynamic imaging with lanthanide chelates in normal brain: contrast due to magnetic susceptibility effects. Magn. Reson. Med. 6, 164-174 (1988).
57. Detre, J., Leigh, J. S., Williams, D. S. and Koretsky, A. P. Perfusion Imaging. Magn. Reson. Med. 23, 37-45 (1992).
58. Weisskoff, R. M., Chesler, D., Boxermann, J. L. and Rosen, B. R. Pitfalls in MR measurement of tissue blood flow with intravascular tracers: which mean transit time? Magn. Reson. Med. 29, 553-559 (1993).
59. Sakurada, O., Kennedy, C., Jehle, H., Borwn, J. D., Carbin, G. L. and Sokoloff, L. Measurement of local cerebral blood flow with iodo [14C] antipyrine. Am. J. Physiol. 234, H59-66 (1978).
60. Rudin, M. and Sauter, A. In vivo NMR in pharmaceutical research. Magn. Reson. Imag. 10, 723-731 (1992).
61. Sauter, A., Rudin, M., Wiederhold, K. H. and Hof, R. P. Cerebrovascular, biochemical and cytoprotective effects of isradipine in laboratory animals. Am. J. Med. 86, 134-146 (1989).
62. van der Toorn, A., Verheul, H. B., van der Sprenkel, J. W., Tulleken, C. A. and Nicolay, K. Changes in metabolites and tissue water status after focal ischemia in cat brain assessed with localized proton MR spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 32, 685-91 (1994).
63. van der Toorn, A., Sykova, E., Dijkhurzen, R. M., Vorisek, I., Vargova, L., Skobisova, E., van Lookeren-Campagne, M., Reese, T. and Nicolay, K. Dynamic changes in water ADC, energy metabolism Magn. Reson. Med. 36, 52-60 (1996).
64. Benveniste, H., Hedlund, L. W. and Johnson, G. A. Mechanism of detection of acute cerebral ischemia in rats by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance microscopy. Stroke 23, 746-754 (1992).
65. Verheul, H. B., Balazs, R., Berkelbach van der Sprenkel, J. W., Tulleken, C. A., Nicolay, K. and van Lookeren-Campagne, M. Temporal evolution of NMDA-induced excitoxicity in the neonatal rat brain measured with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Res. 618, 203-212, (1993).
66. Davis, D., Ulatowski, J., Eleff, S., Izuta, M., Mori, S., Shungu, D. and van Zijl, P. C. Rapid monitoring of changes in water diffusion coefficients during reversible ischemia in cat and rat brain. Magn. Reson. Med. 31, 454-60 (1994).
67. 2-weighted MRI for the early detection of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Magn. Reson. Med. 18, 39-50 (1991).
68. Hasegawa, Y., Fisher, M., Latour, L. L., Dardzinski, B. J. and Sotak, C. H. MRI diffusion mapping of reversible and irreversible ischemic injury in focal brain ischemia. Neurology 44, 1484-1490 (1994).
69. Verheul, H. B., Balazs, R., Berkelbach van der Sprenkel, J. W., Tulleken, C. A. F., Nicolay, K. and Tamminga, K. S. Comparison of diffusion-weighted MRI with changes in cell volume in a rat model of brain injury. NMR Biomed. 7, 96-100 (1994).
70. Busch, E., Gyngell, M. L., Eis, M., Hoehn-Berlage, M. and Hossmann, K. Potassium-induced spreading depressions during focal cerebral ischemia in rats: contribution to lesion growth assessed by diffusion-weighted NMR and biochemical imaging. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 1090-1099 (1996).
71. Rother, J., de Crespigny, A. J., D'Arceuil, H., Iwai, K. and Moseley, M. E. Recovery of apparent diffusion coefficient after ischemia-induced spreading depression relates to cerebral diffusion coefficient. Stroke 27, 980-986 (1996).
72. Rother, J., de Crespigny, A. J., D'Arceuil, H. and Moseley, M. E. MR detection of cortical spreading depression immediately after focal ischemia in the rat. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16, 214-220 (1996).
73. Takano, K., Latour, L. L., Formato, J. E., Carano, R. A., Helmer, K. G., Hasegawa, Y., Sotak, C. H. and Fisher, M. The role of spreading depression in focal ischemia evaluated by diffusion mapping. Ann. Neurol. 39, 308-318 (1996).
74. Latour, L. L., Takano, K., Formato, J. E., Carano, R. A. D., Helmer, K. G., Hasegawa, Y., Fisher, M. and Sotak, C. H. Diffusion mapping indicates spreading depression significantly increases lesion volume in a rat model of focal ischemia. Proc. International Society of Magnetic Resonance Medicine 4th Annual Meeting, p. 317 (1996).
75. Mancuso, A., Karibe, H., Rooney, W. D., Zarow, G. J., Graham, S. H., Weiner, M. W. and Weinstein, P. R. Correlation of early reduction of the apparent diffusion coefficient of water with blood flow reduction during middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Magn. Res. Med. 34, 368-377 (1995).
76. Bottomley, P. A., Kogure, K., Namon, R. and Alonso, O. F. Cerebral energy metabolism in rats studied by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance using surface coils. Magn. Reson. Imag. 1, 81-85 (1982).
77. Sauter, A. and Rudin, M. Effects of calcium antagonists on high energy phosphates in ischemic rat brain measured by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 4, 1-8 (1987).
78. Bottomley, P. A., Drayer, B. P. and Smith, L. S. Chronic adult cerebral infarction studied by phosphorus NMR spectroscopy. Radiology. 160, 763-766 (1986).
79. Sauter, A. and Rudin, M. Determination of creatine kinase kinetic parameters in rat brain by NMR magnetization transfer. Correlation with brain function. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13166-13171 (1993).
80. Rudin, M. and Sauter, A. Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists reduce the consumption of high-energy phosphates in rat brain. A study using combined 31P/1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 31P saturation transfer. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251, 700-706 (1989).
81. Williams, S. R. In vivo proton spectroscopy: Experimental aspects and potential, in NMR Basic Principles and Progress (Rudin, M. and Seelig, J., eds.) Springer, (Heidelberg) 28, pp. 55-72 (1992).
82. Gyngell, M. L., Busch, E., Schmitz, B., Kohno, K., Back, T., Hoehn-Berlage, M. and Hossmann, K. A. Evolution of acute focal cerebral ischemia in rats observed by 1H MRS, diffusion-weighted MRI, and electrophysiological monitoring. Neurol. Res. 17, 449-454 (1995).
83. 1H-containing metabolites in rat brain after focal ischemia. NMR Biomed. 8, 245-252 (1995).
84. Rothman, D. L., Howseman, A. M., Graham, G. D., Petroff, O. A., Lantos, G., Fayad, P. B., Brass, L. M., Shulman, G. I., Shulman, R. G. and Prichard, J. W. Localized proton NMR observation of [3-13C] lactate in stroke after [1-13C]glucose infusion. Magn. Reson. Med. 21, 302-307 (1991).
85. Gill, S. S., Small, R. K., Thomas, D. G. T., Patel, P., Porteous, R., Van Bruggen, N., Gadian, D. G., Kaupinnen, R. A. and Williams, S. R. Brain metabolites as 1H NMR markers of neuronal and glial disorders. NMR Biomed. 2, 196-200 (1989).
86. Higuchi, T., Fernandez, E. J., Maudsley, A. A., Shinizu, H., Weiner, M. W. and Weinstein, P. R. Mapping of lactate and N-acetyl-L-aspartate predicts infarction during acute focal ischemia: in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy in rats. Neurosurgery 38, 121-129 (1996).
87. Peres, M., Bourgeois, D., Roussel, S., Lefur, Y., Devoulon, P., Remy, C., Barrere, B., Decorps, M., Pinard, E., Riche, D., Benabid, A. L. and Seylaz, J. Two-dimensional 1H spectroscopic imaging for evaluating the local metabolic response to focal ischemia in the conscious rat. NMR Biomed. 5, 11-19 (1992).
88. Jiang, Q., Chopp, M., Zhang, Z. G., Knight, R. A., Jacobs, M., Windham, J. P., Peck, D., Ewing, J. R. and Welch, K. M. The temporal evolution of MRI tissue signatures after transient middle cerbral artery occlusion in rat. J. Neurol. Sci. 145, 15-23 (1997).
89. Warach, S., Gaa, J., Siewert, B., Wielopowski, P. and Edelman, R. R. Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echoplanar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Ann. Neurol. 37, 231-241 (1995).
90. Schlaug, G., Siewert, B., Benfield, A., Edelman, R. R. and Warach, S. Time course of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) abnormality in human stroke. Neurology 49, 113-119 (1997).
91. Cramer, S. C., Nelles, G., Benson, R. R., Kaplan, J. D., Parker, R. A., Kwong, K. K., Kennedy, D. N., Finklestein, S. P. and Rosen, B. R. A functional MRI study of subjects recovered from hemiparetic stroke. Stroke 28, 2518-2527 (1997).
92. Borah, B., Francis, M. D., Hovancik, K., Boyce, J. T. and Szeverenyi, N. M. A quantitative one-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging technique in adjuvant arthritis: The assessment of disease progression and indomethacin efficacy. J. Rheumatol. 22, 855-862 (1995).
93. Baba, A., Kawamura, N., Makino, H., Ohta, Y., Taketomi, S. and Sohda, T. Studies on diesease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: Synthesis of novel quinoline and quinazoline derivatives and their antiinflammatory effect. J. Med. Chem. 39, 5176-5182 (1996).
94. Bradbeer, J. N., Kapadia, R. D., Sarkar, S. K., Zhao, H., Stroup, G. B., Swift, B. A., Rieman, D. J. and Badger, A. M. Disease-modifying activity of SK&F 106615 in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis. Multiparameter analysis of disease magnetic resonance imaging and bone mineral density measurements. Arthrit. Rheum. 39, 504-514 (1996).
95. Li, J. J., Norton, M. B., Reinhard, E. J., Anderson, G. D., Gregory, S. A., Isakson, P. C., Koboldt, C. M., Masferrer, J. L., Perkins, W. E., Seibert, K., Zhang, Y., Zweifel, B. S. and Reitz, D. B. Novel terphenyls as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and orally anti-inflammatory agents. J. Med. Chem. 39, 1846-1856 (1996).
96. Carpenter, T. A., Everett, J. R., Hall, L. D., Harper, G. P., Hodgson, R. J., James, M. F. and Watson, P. J. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of arthritic pathology in the rat knee. Skeletal Radiol. 23, 429-437 (1994).
97. Carpenter, T. A., Everett, J. R., Hall, L. D., Harper, G. P., Hodgson, R. J. and James, M. F. Visualisation of subchondral erosion in rat manoarticuar arthritis by magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 24, 341-349 (1995).
98. Checkley, D., Johnstone, D., Taylor, K. and Waterton, J. C. High-resolution NMR imaging of an antigen-induced arthritis in the rabbit knee. Magn. Reson. Med. 13, 221-235 (1990).
99. Wilson, D., Paul, P. K., Roberts, E. D., Blancuzzi, V., Gronlund-Jacob, J., Vosbeck, K., DiPasquale, G. and O'Byrne, E. M. Magnetic resonance imaging and morphometric quantitation of cartilage histology after chronic infusion of interleukin-1 in rabbit knees. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 203, 30-37 (1993).
100. Gillet, P., Fener, P., Escanye, J. M., Bannwarth, B., Jouzeau, J. Y., Drelon, E., Floquet, J., Netter, P. and Robert, J. et al. Autoimmune spondylodiscitis associated with collagen induced arthritis in the rat: high field MRI findings. Agents Actions Suppl. 32, 185-189 (1991).
101. Beckmann, N., Bruttel, K., Mir, A. and Rudin, M. Noninvasive 3D MR microscopy as a tool in pharmaceutical research: Application to a model of rheumatoid arthritis. Magn. Reson. Imag. 13, 1013-1017 (1997).
102. Trentham, D. E., Townes, A. S. and Kang, A. H. Autoimmunity to type II collagen: an experimental model of arthritis. J. Exp. Med. 77, 857-868 (1977).
103. Beckmann, N., Bruttel, K., Schuurman, H. J. and Mir, A. Effects of Sandimmune Neoral on collagen-induced arthritis in DA rats: characterization by high resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging and histology. J. Magn. Reson. 131, 8-13 (1998).
104. O'Byrne, E. M., Paul, P. K., Roberts, E D., Blancuzzi, V., Wilson, D., Goldberg, R. L. and DiPasquale, G. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathology in rabbit models of osteoarthritis and immune arthritis. Agents Actions 39, C157-159 (1993).
105. Watson, P. J., Hall, L. D., Carpenter, T. A. and Tyler, J. A. A magnetic resonance imaging study of joint degeneration in the guinea pig knee. Agents Actions Suppl. 39, 261-265 (1993).
106. Gahunia, H. K., Lemaire, C., Babyn, P. S., Cross, A. R., Kessler, M. J. and Pritzker, K. P. Osteoarthritis in rhesus macaque knee joint: quantitative magnetic resonance imaging tissue characterization of articular cartilage. J. Rheumatol. 22, 1747-1756 (1995).
107. Ostergaard, M., Stoltenberg, M., Henriksen, O and Lorenzen, I. Quantitative assessment of synovial inflammation by dynamic gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. A study of the effect of intra-articular methylprednisolone on the rate of early synovial enhancement. Br. J. Rheumatol. 35, 50-59 (1996).
108. Burstein, D. Monitoring disease progression through MRI of cartilage biophysical properties. Proc International Society of Magnetic Resonance Medicine 5th Annual Meeting, Vancouver, p. 250 (1997).
109. Peterfy, C. G. Cartilage MRI: pulse sequences and quantitative techniques for clinical studies. Proc. International Society of Magnetic Resonance Medicine 5th Annual Meeting, Vancouver, p. 249 (1997).
110. 1-weighted sequences. Radiology 191, 413-419 (1994).
111. Kim, D. K., Ceckler, T. L., Hascall, V. C., Calabro, A. and Balaban, R. S. Analysis of water-macromolecule proton transfer in articular cartilage. Magn. Reson. Med. 29, 211-215 (1993).
112. Gray, M. L., Burstein, D., Lesperance, L. M. and Gehrke, L. Magnetization transfer in cartilage and its constituent macromolecules. Magn. Reson. Med. 34, 319-324 (1995).
113. Wachsmuth, L., Juretschke, P. and Raiss, R. X. Can magnetization transfer magnetic resonance imaging follow proteoglycan depletion in articular cartilage? MAGMA 5, 71-78 (1997).
114. Gold, G. E., Pauly, J. M., Macovski, A. and Herfkens, R. J. MR spectroscopic imaging of collagen: tendons and knee menisci. Magn. Reson. Med. 34, 647-654 (1995).
115. Burstein, D., Gray, M. L., Hartman, A. L., Gipe, R. and Foy, B. D. Diffusion of small solutes in cartilage as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and imaging. J. Orthop. Res. 11, 465-478 (1993).
116. Lesperance, L. M., Gray, M. L. and Burstein, D. Determination of fixed charge density in cartilage using nuclear magnetic resonance. J. Orthop. Res. 10, 1-13 (1992).
117. Kusake, Y., Gründer, W., Rumpel, H., Dannhauer, K. H. and Gersonde, K. MR microimaging of articular cartilage and contrast enhancement by manganese ions. Magn. Reson. Med. 24, 137-148 (1992).
118. Bacic, G., Liu, K. J., Goda, F., Hoopes, J. and Swartz, H. M. MRI contrast enhanced study of cartilage proteoglycan degradation in the rabbit knee. Magn. Reson. Med. 37, 764-768 (1997).
119. 2- as a measure of cartilage degradation. Magn. Reson. Med. 36, 665-673 (1996).
120. Damadian, R. Tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance. Science 111, 1151-1153 (1971).
121. Kaiser, W. A. MR mammography. Radiologie 33, 292-299 (1993).
122. Hulka, C. A., Smith, B. L., Sgroi, D. C., Tan, L., Edmister, W. B., Semple, J. P., Campbell, T., Kopmans, D. B., Brady, T. J. and Weiskoff, R. M. Benign and malignant breast lesions: differentiation with echo-planar MR imaging. Radiology 197, 33-38 (1995).
123. 31P magnetic resonance tumour spectra obtained in vivo. NMR Biomed. 6, 237-241 (1993).
124. 1H NMR spectra by pattern recognition. NMR Biomed. 5, 59-64 (1992).
125. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra by the application of chemometric techniques. Magn. Reson. Med. 28, 214-236 (1992).
126. Preul, M. C., Caramanos, Z., Collins, D. L., Villemure, J. G., Leblanc, R., Olivier, A., Pokrupa, R. and Arnold, D. L. Accurate, noninvasive diagnosis of human brain tumors by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Nature Med. 2, 323-325 (1996).
127. Ernst, T., Hennig, J., Ott, D. and Friedburg, H. The importance of voxel size in clinical 1H spectroscopy of the human brain. NMR Biomed. 2, 261-224 (1989).
128. Siegel, R., Tolesvai, L. and Rudin, M. Partial inhibition of the growth of transplanted Dunning rat prostate tumors with the longacting somatostatin analogue sandostatin (SMS 201-995) Cancer Res. 48, 4651-4655 (1988).
129. Furr, B. J. The development of Casodex (bicalutamide): preclinical studies. Eur. Urol. 29 (Suppl 2), 83-95 (1996).
130. Cohen, S. M., Werrmann, J. G., Rasmusson, G. H., Tanaka, W. K., Malatesta, P. F., Prahalada, S., Jacobs, J. G., Harris, G. and Nett, T. M. Comparison of the effects of a new specific azasteroid inhibitors of 5α-reductase on canione hyperplastic prostate: Suppression of prostatic DHT correlated with prostate regression. Prostate 26, 55-71 (1995).
131. Häusler, A., Allegrini, P., Biollaz, M., Batzl, C., Scheidegger, E. and Bhatnagar, A. S. CGP 53153: a new potent inhibitor of 5α-reductase. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol, Biol. 58, 187-195 (1996).
132. Qin, Y., Van Cauteren, M., Osteaux, M., Schally, A. V. and Willems, G. Inhibitory effect of somatostatin analogue RC-160 on the growth of hepatic metastases of colon cancer in rats: a study with magnetic resonance imaging. Cancer Res. 51, 6025-6030 (1992).
133. van Dijke, C. F., Brasch, R. C., Roberts, T. P., Weidner, N., Mathur, A., Shames, D. M., Mann, J. S., Demsar, F., Lang, P. and Schwickert, H. C. Mammary carcinoma model: correlation of macromolecular contrast-enhanced MR imaging characterizations of tumor microvasculature and histologic capillary density. Radiology 198, 813-818 (1996).
134. Frouge, C., Guinebretiere, J. M., Contesso, G., Di Paola, R. and Blery, M. Correlations between contrast enhancement in dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the breast and tumor angiogenesis. Invest. Radiol. 29, 104-3-1049 (1994).
135. Furman-Haran, E., Margalit, R., Grongeld, D. and Degani, H. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging reveals stress-induced angiogenesis in MCF7 human breast tumors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 6247-6251 (1996).
136. Furman-Haran, E., Margalit, R., Martzek, A. F. and Degani, H. Angiogenic response of MCF7 human breast cancer to hormonal treatment: assessment by dynamic GdDTPA-enhanced MRI at high spatial resolution. J. Magn. Reson. Imag. 6, 195-202 (1996).
137. Haran, E. F., Maretzek, A. F., Glodberg, I., Horowitz, A. and Degani, H. Tamoxifen enhances cell death in implanted MCF7 breast cancer by inhibiting eridothelium growth. Cancer Res. 54, 5511-5514 (1994).
138. Brasch, R., Pham, C., Shames, D., Roberts, T., van Dijke, K., van Bruggen, N, Mann, J., Ostrowitzki, S. and Melnyk, O. Assessing tumor angiogenesis using macromolecular MR imaging contrast media. J. Magn. Reson. Imag. 7, 68-74 (1997).
139. Kamm, V. J., Rietjens, I. M., Verwoort, J., Heerschap, A., Rosenbusch, G., Hofs, H. P. and Wagener, D. J. Effect of modulators on fluorouracil metabolite patterns in murine colon carcinoma determined by in vitro 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Cancer Res. 54, 4321-4326 (1994).
140. Street, J. C., Alfieri, A. A., Traganos, F. and Koutcher, J. A. In vivo and ex vivo study of metabolic and cellular effects of 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in a mouse mammary carcinoma. Magn. Reson. Imag. 15, 587-596 (1997).
141. Scheiber, C., Kiss, R., De Launoit, Y. and Fruhling, J. MXT mammary tumor treated by low dose chemotherapy. A 31P-NMR and 1H-MRI study. Anticancer Res. 8, 403-407 (1988).
142. Street, J. C., Mahmood, U., Matei, C. and Koutcher, J. A. In vivo and in vitro studies of cyclo-phosphamide chemotherapy in mouse mammary carcinoma by 31P NMR spectroscopy. NMR Biomed. 8, 149-158 (1995).
143. Rodrigues, L. M., Maxwell, R. J., McSheehy, P. M., Pinkerton, C. R., Robinson, S. P., Stubbs, M. and Griffiths, J. R. In vivo detection of ifofsamide by 31P-MRS in rat tumors: increased uptake and cytotoxicity induced by carbogen breathing in GH3 prolactinomas. Br. J. Cancer 75, 62-68 (1997).
144. Hoffer, F. A., Taylor, G. A., Spevak, M., Ingber, D. and Fenton, T. Metabolism of tumor regression from angiogenesis inhibition: 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Med. 11, 202-208 (1989).
145. Gibson, S. L., Ceckler, T. L., Bryant, T. G. and Hilf, R. Effects of phophodynamic therapy on tumor phosphate levels and pH assessed by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Cancer Biochem. Biophys. 10, 319-328 (1989).
146. Chopp, M., Hetzel, F. W. and Jiang, Q. Dose-dependent metabolic response of mammary carcinoma to photodynamic therapy. Radiat. Res. 121, 288-294 (1990).
147. Jiang, Q., Chopp, M. and Hetzel, F. W. In vivo 31P NMR study of combined hyperthermia and photodynamic therapies of mammary carcinoma in the mouse. Photochem. Photobiol. 54, 795-799 (1991).
148. Hua, Z., Gibson, S. L., Foster, T. H. and Hilf, R. Effectiveness of delta-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin as photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy in vivo. Cancer Res. 55, 1723-1731 (1995).
149. Rodrigues, L. M., Midwood, C. J., Coombes, R. C., Stevens, A. N., Stubbs, M. and Griffiths, J. R. 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the response of rat mammary tumors to endocrine therapy. Cancer Res. 48, 89-93 (1988).
150. Okunieff, P., Dois, S., Lee, J., Singer, S., Vaupel, P., Neuringer, L. J. and Beshah, K. Angiogenesis determines blood flow, metabolism, geowth rate and ATPase kinetics of tumors in an irradiated bed: 31P and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Cancer Res. 51, 3289-3295 (1991).
151. Evanochko, W. T., Ng, T. C. and Glickson, J. D. Application of in vivo NMR spectroscopy to cancer. Magn. Reson. Med. 1, 508-534 (1984).
152. Evelhoch, J. L., Keller, N. A. and Corbett, Y. H. Response-specific adriamycin sensitivity markers provided by in vivo 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in murine mammary adenocarcinomas. Cancer Res., 47, 3396-3401 (1987).
153. Semmler, W., Bachert-Baumann, P., Guckel, F., Ermark, F., Schlag, P., Lorenz, W. J. and van Kaick, G. Real-time follow-up of 5-fluorouracil metabolism in the liver of tumor patients by means of F-19 MR spectroscopy. Radiology 174, 141-145 (1990).
154. Wolf, W., Presant, C. A., Servis, K. L., el Tahtawy, A., Albright, M. J., Braker, P. B., Ring, R., Atkinson, D., Ong, R., King, M. et al. Tumor trapping of 5-fluorouracil: in vivo 19F NMR spectroscopic pharmacokinetics in tumor-bearing humans and rabbits. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 87, 492-496 (1990).
155. Mansfield, P. Multi-planar image formation using NMR spin echoes. J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 10, L55-L58 (1977).
156. Manning, W. J., Wei, J. Y., Fossel, E. T. and Burstein, D. Measurement of left ventricular mass in rats using electrocardiogramm-gated magnetic resonance imaging. Am. J. Physiol. 258, H1181-1186 (1990).
157. Rudin, M., Pedersen, B., Umemura, K. and Zierhut, W. Determination of rat heart morphology and function in vivo in two models of cardiac hypertrophy by means of magnetic resonance imaging. Basic Res. Cardiol. 86, 165-174 (1991).
158. Umemura, K., Zierhut, W., Rudin, M., Novosel, D., Robertson, R., Pedersen, B. and Hof, R. P. Effect of spirapril on left ventricular hypertrophy due to volume overload in rats. J. Cardovasc. Pharmac. 19, 375-381 (1992).
159. 1-receptor blockade. Cardiovasc Res. 31, 758-768 (1996).
160. Bottomley, P. A., Herfkens, R. J., Smith, L. S. and Bashore, T. M. Altered phosphate metabolism in myocardial infarction: P-31 MR spectroscopy. Radiology 165, 703-7 (1987).
161. Hardy, C. J., Weiss, R. G., Bottomley, P. A. and Gerstenblith, G. Altered myocardial high-energy phosphate metabolites in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Am. Heart J. 122, 795-801 (1991).
162. Neubauer, S., Horn, M., Pabst, T., Godde, M., Lubke, D., Jilling, B., Hahn, D. and Ertl, G. Contributions of 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the understanding of dilated heart muscle disease. Eur. Heart J. 16 (Suppl O), 115-118 (1995)
163. McNamara, M. T., Higgins, C. B., Schechtmann, N., Botvinick, E., Lipton, M. J., Chatterjee, K. and Amparo, E. G. Detection and characterization of acute myocardial infarction in man with use of gated magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 71, 717-724 (1985).
164. McNamara, M. T., Higgins, C. B., Ehman, R. L., Revel, D., Sievers, R. and Brasch, R. C. Acute myocardial ischemia: magnetic resonance contrast enhancement with gadolinium-DTPA. Radiology 153, 157-163 (1984).
165. Nunnally, R. L. and Bottomley, P. A. Assessment of pharmacological treatment of myocardial infarction by phosphorus-31 NMR with surface coils. Science 211, 177-180 (1981).
166. Depre, C., Vanoverschelde, J. L., Goudemant, J. F., Mottet, I. and Hue, L. Protection against ischemic injury by nonvasoactive concentrations of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in the perfused rabbit heart. Circulation 92, 1911-1918 (1995).
167. Lange, R., Ingwall, J. S., Hale, S. L., Alker, K. J., Braunwald, E. and Kloner, R. A. Preservation of high-energy phosphates by verapamil in reperfused myocardium. Circulation 70, 734-41 (1984).
168. Neubauer, S. and Ingwall, J. S. Verapamil attenuates ATP depletion during hypoxia: 31P NMR studies of the isolated rat heart. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 21, 1163-78 (1989).
169. Ischikawa, M., Mori, T., Itoh, S., Fujiki, H., Koga, K., Tominaga, M. and Yabuuchi, Y. Effects of OPC-18790, a new positive inotropic agent, on energetics in the ischaemic canine heart: a 31P-study. Cardiovasc. Res. 30, 299-306 (1995).
170. Hendrikx, M., Mubagwa, K., Verdonck, F., Overloop, K., Van Hecke, P., Vanstapel, F., Van Lommel, A., Verbecken, E., Lauweryns, J. and Flameng, W. New Na(+)-H(+) exchange inhibitor HOE 694 improves postischemic function and high-energy phosphate resynthesis and reduces Ca(2+) overload in isolated perfused rabbit heart. Circulation 89, 2787-2798 (1994).
171. Tosaki, A. and Hellegouarch, A. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocking agent ameliorates, but the opening agent aggrevates, ischemic/reperfusion-induced injury. Heart function studies in nonfibrillating isolated hearts. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 23, 487-496 (1994).
172. Bittl, J. A. and Ingwall, J. S. Intracellular high-energy phosphate transfer in normal and hypertrophied myocardium. Circulation 75, 196-1101 (1987).
173. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance investigations. Arzneimittelforschung 43, 425-432 (1993).
174. Matsumoto, Y., Kaneko, M., Kobayashi, A., Fujise, Y. and Yamazaki, N. Creatine kinase in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Physiol. 268, E1070-1076 (1995).
175. Neubauer, S., Horn, M., Naumann, A., Tian, R., Hu, K., Laser, M., Friedrich, J., Gaudron, P., Schnackerz, K. and Ingwall, J. S. Impairement of energy metabolism in intact residual myocardium or rat hearts with chronic myocardial infarction. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 1092-1100 (1995).
176. Gross, W. L., Bak, M. I., Ingwall, J. S., Arstall, M. A., Smith, T. W., Balligand, J. L. and Kelly, R. A. Nitric oxide inhibits creatine kinase and regulates rat heart contractile reserve. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 5604-5609 (1996).
177. 13C isotope isomers. Am. J. Physiol. 259, H987-H995 (1990).
178. 31P NMR analyses. Am. J. Physiol. 258, H1357-H1365 (1990).
179. Jeffrey, F. M., Diczku, V., Sherry, A. D. and Malloy, C. R. Substrate selection in the isolated working rat heart: effects of reperfusion, afterload and concentration. Basic. Res. Cardiol 90, 388-396 (1995).
180. McNulty, P. H., Sinusas, A. J., Shi, C. Q., Dione, D., Young, L. H., Cline, G. C. and Shulman, G. I. Glucose metabolism distal to a critical coronary stenosis in a canine model of low-flow myocardial ischemia. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 62-69 (1996)
181. Solomon, M. A., Jeffrey, F. M., Storey, C. J., Sherry, A. D. and Malloy, G. R. Substrate selection early after reperfusion of ischemic regions in the working rabbit heart. Magn. Reson. Med. 35, 820-826 (1996).
182. Wei, H., Merkle, H., Xu, Y., Ellermann, J., Sipprell, K. and Ugurbil, K. Detection of 13C-labeled metabolites in the in vivo canine heart by B1 insensitive heteronuclear coherent polarization transfer and comparison of signal enhancement with NOE. Magn. Reson. Med. 37, 327-330 (1997).
183. 19F NMR. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 85, 9017-9021 (1988).
184. Kirschenlohr, H. L., Grace, A. A., Clarke, S. D., Shachar-Hill, Y., Metaclfe, J. C., Morris, P. G. and Smith, G. A. Calcium measurements with a new high-affinity n.m.r. indicator in the isolated perfused heart. Biochem. J. 293, 407-411 (1993).
185. Weiss, J. L., Shapiro, E. P., Buchalter, M. B. and Beyar, R. Magnetic resonance imaging as a noninvasive standard for the quantitative evaluation of left ventricular mass, ischemia and infarction. Ann. Ny Acad. Sci. 601, 95-106.
186. Kramer, C. M., Rogers, W. J., Geskin, G., Power, T. P., Theobald, T. M., Hu, Y. L. and Reichek, N. Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging early after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 80, 690-695 (1997).
187. Wolfe, C. L., Moseley, M. E., Wikstrom, M. G., Sievers, R. E., Wendland, M. F., Dupon, J. W., Finkbeiner, W. E., Lipton, M. J., Parmley, W. W. and Brasch, R. C. Assessment of myocardial salvage after ischemia and reperfusion using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Circulation 80, 969-982 (1989).
188. Muhler, A. Assesment of myocardial perfusion using contrast-enhanced MR imaging:current status and future developements. MAGMA 3, 21-33 (1995).
189. Wilke, N., Jerosch-Herold, M., Wamg, Y., Huang, Y., Christensen, B. V., Stillman, A. E., Ugurbil, K., McDonald, K. and Wilson, R. F. Myocardial perfusion reserve: assessment with multisection, quantitative, first pass MR imaging. Radiology 204, 373-384 (1997).
190. Kramer, C. M., Rogers, W. J., Theobald, T. M., Power, T. P., Petruolo, S. and Reichek, N. Remote noninfarcted region dysfunction soon after first myocardial infarction. A magnetic resonance study. Circulation 94, 660-066 (1996).
191. van der Wall, E. E., van Rugge, F. P., Vliegen, H. W., Reiber, J. H., de Roos, A. and Bruschke, A. V. Ischemic heart disease: value of MR techniques Int. J. Card. Imag. 13, 179-189 (1997).
192. 31P-MRS study. Circulation 94, 1089-1100 (1996).
193. Zierhut, W., Rudin, M., Robertson, E., Zerwes, H. G., Novosel, D., Evenou, J. P., Stirnimann, R. and Hof, R. P. Time course of spirapril-induced structural and functional changes after myocardial infarction in rats followed with magnetic resonance imaging. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmac. 21, 937-946 (1993).
194. Shaw, L., Rudin, M. and Cook, N. Pharmacological inhibition of restenosis: learning from experience. Trends Pharm. Sci. 16, 401-404 (1996).
195. Cook, N. S., Zerwes, H. G., Pally, C., Rudin, M. and Hof, R. P. Spirapril and cilazapril inhibit neointimal lesion development but cause no detectable inhibition of lumen narrowing after carotid artery balloon catheter injury in the rat Blood Pressure 2, 322-331 (1993).
196. Cook, N. S., Zerwes, H. G., Pally, C., Rudin, M. and Hof, R. P. Decreased lumen size after balloon injury despite inhibition of neointimal thickening and antivasospastic treatment. Cardiovasc. Res. 28, 215-220 (1994).
197. Keller, U., Oberhänsli, R., Huber, P., Aue, W. P. and Seelig, J. Phosphocreatine content and intracellular pH of calf muscle measured by phosphorus NMR spectroscopy in occlusive arterial disease of the legs. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 15, 382-388 (1985).
198. 31P-NMR spectroscopy. J. Vasc. Med. Biol. 4, 14-22 (1993).
199. Ross, B. D., Radda, G. K., Gadian, D. G., Rocker, G., Esiri, M. and Falconer-Smith, J. Examination of a Case of Suspected McArdle's Disease by 31P Nuclear Magnetic Resonance New Engl. J. Med. 304, 1338-1342 (1981).
200. Radda, G. K. The use of NMR spectroscopy for the understanding of disease. Science 233, 640-645 (1986).
201. Beckmann, N. Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy of Biological Systems (N. Beckmann, ed.) Chapters 5 and 6 Academic Press, San Diego, CA (1995).
202. 13C NMR Spectrum of Glycogen in Humans. Magn. Reson. Med. 3, 377-3 (1987).
203. Rothman, D. L., Magnusson, I., Katz, L. D., Shulman, R. G. and Shulman, G. I. Quantification of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in fasting humans with 13C NMR. Science 254, 573-576 (1991).
204. Beckmann, N., Fried, R., Turkalj, I., Seelig, J., Keller, U. and Stalder, G. Noninvasive observation of hepatic glycogen formation in man by 13C MRS after oral and intravenous glucose administration. Magn. Reson. Med. 29, 583-590 (1993).
205. Fried, R., Beckmann, N., Keller, U., Ninnis, R., Stalder, G. and Seelig, J. Early glycogenolysis and late gluconeogenesis in human liver after intravenous administration of galactose. Am. J. Physiol. 270, G14-G19 (1996).
206. Nilsson, L. H. Liver glycogen content in man in the postabsorptive state. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 32, 317-322 (1973).
207. Hers, H.-G., Hoof, F. V. and de Barsy, T., In The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease (C. R. Scriver, A. L. Beaudet, W. L. Sly and D. Valle, eds.), Vol. I, p. 425, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (1989).
208. Roser, W., Beckmann, N., Wiesmann, U. and Seelig, J. Absolute quantification of the hepatic glycogen content in a patient with glycogen storage disease by 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Magn. Reson. Imag. 14, 1217-1220 (1996).
209. Beckmann, N., Seelig, J. and Wick, H. Analysis of glycogen storage disease by in vivo 13C NMR: Comparison of normal volunteers with a patient. Magn. Reson. Med. 16, 150-160 (1990).
210. Hwang, J. H., Perseghin, G., Rothman, D. L., Cline, G. W., Magnusson, I., Petersen, K. F. and Shulman, G. I. Impaired net hepatic glycogen synthesis in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects during mixed meal ingestion. A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 783-787 (1995).
211. Rothman, D. L., Magnusson, I., Cline, G., Gerard, D., Kahn, C. R., Shulman, R. G. and Shulman G. I. Decreased muscle glucose transport/phosphorylation is an early defect in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 983-987 (1995).
212. Cline, G. W., Magnusson, I., Rothman, D. L., Petersen, K. F., Laurent, D. and Shulman, G. I. Mechanism of impaired insulin-stimulated muscle glucose metabolism in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus J. Clin. Invest. 99, 2219-2224 (1997).
213. Shulman, R. G., Rothman, D. L. and Price, T. B. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of muscle and applications to exercise and diabetes. Diabetes 45 (Suppl 1), S93-98 (1996).
214. Gilberto-Gonzalez, R. Molecular and functional magnetic resonance neuroimaging for the study of dementia. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 777, 37-48 (1996).
215. Brooks, D. J. Functional imaging techniques in the diagnosis of non-Alzheimer dementias. J. Neural. Transm. Suppl. 47, 155-567 (1996).
216. Passe, T. J., Charles, H. C., Rajagopalan, P. and Krishnan, K. R. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: a review of neuropsychiatric applications. Prog. Neuropsychopharmac. Biol. Psychiat. 19, 541-63 (1995).
217. Helpern, J. A. and Huang, N. Diffusion-weighted imaging in epilepsy. Magn. Reson. Imag. 13, 1227-1231 (1995).
218. Mechtler, L. L. and Kinkel, P. R. Magnetic resonance imaging in demyelinating, infectious, metabolic and congenital diseases. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 6, 912-918 (1993).
219. Riederer, S. J., Jack, C. R., Grimm, R., Rydberg, J. N. and Slavin, G. S. New technical developments in magnetic resonance imaging of epilepsy. Magn. Reson. Imag. 13, 1095-1098 (1995).
220. Evans, A. C., Frank, J. A., Antel, J. and Miller, D. H. The role of MRI in clinical trials of multiple sclerosis: comparison of image processing techniques. Ann. Neurol. 41, 125-132 (1997).
221. Castillo, M. Brain infections in human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Top. Magn. Reson. Imag. 6, 3-10 (1994).
222. Runge, V. M., Wells, J. W., Williams, N. M., Lee, C., Timoney, J. F. and Young, A. B. Detectability of early brain meningitis with magnetic resonance imaging. Invest. Radiol. 30, 484-95 (1995).
223. Beckmann, N., Schuurman, H. J., Hof, R. P. and Rudin, M. The role of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in transplantation: from animal models to man J. Magn. Reson. Anal. (in press).
224. Anthony, M. L., Sweatman, B. C., Beddell, C. R., Lindon, J. C. and Nicholson, J. K. Pattern recognition classification of the site to nephrotoxicity based on metabolic data derived from proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of urine. Mol Pharmacol. 46, 199-211 (1994).
225. Ailion, D. C., Case, T. A., Blatter, D. D., Morris, A. H., Cutillo, A. G., Durney, C. H. and Johnson, S. A. Bull. Magn. Reson. 6, 130-138 (1984).
226. Kveder, M., Zupancic, I., Lahajnar, G., Blinc, R., Suput., D., Ailion, D. C., Ganesan, K. and Goodrich, C. Water proton NMR relaxation mechanisms in lung tissue Magn. Reson. Med. 7, 432-41 (1988).
227. Schmidt, H. C., McNamara, M. T., Brasch, R. C. and Higgins, C. B. Assessment of experimental pulmonary edema with magnetic resonance imaging. Effect of relaxation enhancement with Gd-DTPA. Invest. Radiol. 20, 687-692 (1985).
228. Carr, D. H. Paramagnetic contrast media for magnetic resonance imaging of the mediastinum and lungs. J. Thorac. Imag. 1, 74-78 (1985).
229. Taylor, G. G., Towner, R. A., Janzen, E. G. and Bray, T. M. MRI detection of hyperoxia-induced lung edema in Zn-deficient rats. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 9, 229-233 (1990).
230. Mayo, J. R., Muller, N. L., Forster, B. B., Okazawa, M. and Pare, P. D. Magnetic resonance imaging of hydrostatic pulmonary edema in isolated dog lungs: comparison with computed tomography. Can. Assoc. Radiol. J. 41, 281-286 (1990).
231. Caruthers, S. D., Paschal, C. B., Pou, N. A. and Harris, T. R. Relative quantification of pulmonary edema with noncontrast-enhanced MRI. J. Magn. Res. Imag. 7, 544-550 (1997).
232. Glazer, G. M. Radiologie staging of lung cancer using CT and MRI. Chest 96(1 Suppl), 44S-47S (1989).
233. Glazer, W. B. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of lung cancer. Semin. Roentgenol. 25, 73-84 (1990).
234. Lauterbur, P. C. Image formation by induced local interactions: Examples of employing nuclear magnetic resonance. Nature, 242, 190-192 (1973).
235. Bergin, C. J., Pauly, J. M. and Macovski, A. Lung parenchyma: projection reconstruction MR imaging. Radiology 179, 777-781 (1991).
236. Bergin, C. J., Noll, D. C., Pauly, J. M., Glover, G. H. and Macovski, A. MR imaging of lung parenchyma: a solution to susceptibility. Radiology 183, 673-676 (1992).
237. Hedlund, L. W., Gewalt, S., Cofer, G. P. and Johnson, G. A., MR microscopy of the lung, in Application of magnetic resonance to the study of lung. (Cutillo, A. G. and Armonk, M. D., eds.) Futura, New York, pp. 401-415 (1996).
238. Gewalt, S., Glover, G. H., Hedlund, L. W., Cofer, G. P., MacFall, J. R. and Johnson, G. A. MR microscopy of the rat lung using projection reconstruction. Magn. Reson. Med. 29, 99-106 (1993).
239. Aslop, S. C., Hatabu, H., Bonnet, M., Listerud, J. and Gefter, W. Multislice, breathhold imaging of the lung with submillisecond echo times Magn. Reson. Med. 33, 678-682 (1995).
240. Edelman, R. R., Hatabu, H., Tadamura, E., Li, W. and Prasad, V. Noninvasive assessment of regional ventilation in the human lung using oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Nature Med. 2, 1236-1239 (1996).
241. Johnson, G. A., Cates, G., Chen, X. J., Cofer, G. P., Driehuys, B., Happer, W., Hedlund, L. W., Saam, B., Shattuck, M. D. and Swartz, J. Dynamics of magnetization in hyperpolarized gas MRI of the lung. Magn. Reson. Med. 38, 66-71 (1997).
242. Alben, M. S., Schepkin, V. D. and Budinger, T. F. Measurement of 129Xe T1 in blood to explore the feasibility of hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr 19, 975-978 (1995).
243. Albert, M. S., Cates, G. D., Driehuys, B., Happer, W., Saam, B., Springer, C. S. Jr. and Wishnia, A. Biological magnetic resonance imaging using laser-polarized 129Xe. Nature 370, 199-201 (1994).
244. Wagshul, M. E., Button, T. M., Li, H. F., Liang, Z., Springer, C. S., Zhong, K. and Wishnia, A. In vivo MR imaging and spectroscopy using hyperpolarized 129Xe. Magn. Reson. Med. 36, 183-191 (1996).
245. Black, R. D., Middleton, H. L., Cates, G. D., Cofer, G. P., Driehuys, B., Happer, W., Hedlund, L. W., Johnson, G. A., Shattuck, M. D. and Swartz, J. C. In vivo He-3 MR images of guinea pig lungs. Radiology 199, 867-870 (1996).
246. Sakai, K., Bilek, A. M., Oteiza, E., Walsworth, R. L., Balamore, D., Jolesz, F. A. and Albert, M. S. Temporal dynamics of hyperpolarized 129Xe resonances in living rats. J. Magn. Reson. B 111, 300-304 (1996).
247. Kauczor, H. U., Hofmann, D.; Kreitner, K. F., Nilgens, H., Surkau, R., Heil, W., Potthast, A., Knopp, M. V., Otten, E. W. and Thelen, M. Normal and abnormal pulmonary ventilation: visualization at hyperpolarized He-3 MR imaging. Radiology 201, 564-568 (1996).
248. MacFall, J. R., Charles, H. C., Black, R. D., Middleton, H., Swartz, J. C., Saam, B., Driehuys, B., Erickson, C., Happer, W., Cates, G. D. and Johnson, G. A. and Ravin, C. E. Human lung air spaces: potential for MR imaging with hyperpolarized He-3 Radiology 200, 553-558 (1996).
249. 3He MRI: preliminary clinical experience in 18 patients with and without lung disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imag. 7, 538-543 (1997).
250. 129Xe gas: preliminary human results. Magn. Reson. Med. 37, 809-815 (1997).
251. Marti-Bonmati, L., Graells, M. and Ronchera-Oms, C. L. Reduction of peristaltic artifacts on magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen: a comparative evaluation of three drugs. Abdom. Imag. 21, 309-313 (1996).
252. Beall, D. P. and Regan, F. MRI of bowel obstruction using the HASTE sequence. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 20, 823-825 (1996).
253. Low, R. N. and Francis, I. R. MR imaging of the gastrointestinal tract with i.v. gadolinium and diluted barium oral contrast media compared with unenhanced MR imaging and CT. Am. J. Roentgenol. 169, 1051-1059 (1997).
254. Johnson, W. K., Stoupis, C., Torres, G. M., Rosenberg, E. B. and Ros, P. R. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) as an oral contrast agent in gastrointestinal (GI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): comparison with state-of-the-art computed tomography (CT). Magn. Reson. Imag. 14, 43-49 (1996).
255. Burton, S. S., Liebig, T., Frazier, S. D. and Ros, P. R. High-density oral barium sulfate in abdominal MRI: efficacy and tolerance in a clinical setting. Magn. Reson. Imag. 15, 147-153 (1997).
256. Ernst, O., Sergent, G. and L'Hermine, C. Oral administration of a low-cost negative contrast agent: a three-year experience in routine practice. J. Magn. Reson. Imag. 7, 495-498 (1997).
257. Briggs, R. W., Wu, Z., Mladinich, C. R., Stoupis, C., Gauger, J., Liebig, T., Ros, P. R., Ballinger, J. R. and Kubilis, P. In vivo animal tests of an artifact-free contrast agent for gastrointestinal MRI. Magn. Reson. Imag. 15, 559-566 (1997).
258. Tervahartiala, P., Kivisaari, L., Lamminen, A., Maschek, A., Wohling, H. and Standertskjold-Nordenstam, C. G. Dynamic fast-gradient echo MR imaging of pancreatic tumors. Eur. J. Radiol. 25, 74-80 (1997).
259. Schwizer, W., Fraser, R., Borovicka, J., Crelier, G., Boesiger, P. and Fried, M. Measurement of gastric emptying and gastric motility by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dig. Dis. Sci. 39 (suppl 12), 1018-1035 (1994).
260. Schwizer, W., Fraser, R., Maecke, H., Siebold, K., Funck, R. and Fried, M. Gd-DOTA as a gastrointestinal contrast agent for gastric emptying measurements with MRI. Magn. Reson. Med. 31, 388-393 (1994).
261. Schwizer, W., Fraser, R., Borovicka, J., Asal, K., Crelier, G., Kunz, P., Boesiger, P. and Fried, M. Measurement of proximal and distal gastric motility with magnetic resonance imaging. Am. J. Physiol. 271, G217-G222 (1996).
262. Fraser, R., Schwizer, W., Borovicka, J., Asal, K. and Fried, M. Gastric motility measurement by MRI. Dig. Dis. Sci. 39 (suppl 12), 20S-23S (1994).
263. Lehmann, R., Borovicka, J., Kunz, P., Crelier, G., Boesiger, P., Fried, M., Schwizer, W. and Spinas, G. A. Evaluation of delayed gastric emptying in diabetic patients with autonomie neuropathy by a new magnetic resonance imaging technique and radioopaque markers. Diabetes Care 19, 1075-1082 (1996).
264. Kaspar, A., Bilecen, D., Scheffler, K. and Seelig, J. Aluminium-27 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging of the Human Gastric Lumen. Magn. Reson. Med. 36, 177-182 (1996).
265. Kokot, Z. Studies of neutralizing properties, of antacid preparations. Pharmazie 44, 828-830 (1989).
266. Christmann, V., Rosenberg, J., Seega, J. and Lehr, C. M. Simultaneous in vivo visualization and localization of solid oral dosage forms in the rat gastrointestinal tract by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Pharmac. Res. 14, 1066-1072 (1997).
267. Serup, j., Keiding, J., Fullerton, A., Gniadecka, M. and Gniadecka, R., In: Handbook of Non-invasive Methods and the Skin (Serup, J. and Jemec, G. B. E., eds ) CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL p. 239 (1995).
268. Richard, S. B., Querleux, B., Bittoun, J., Idy-Peretti, I., Jolivet, O., Cermakova, E. and Leveque, J. L. In-vivo proton relaxation times analysis of the skin layers by magnetic resonance imaging. J. Invest. Dermatol. 97, 120-125 (1991).
269. Querleux, B., Richard, S. B., Bittoun, J., Jolivet, O., Idy-Peretti, I., Bazin, J. L. and Leveque, J. L. In vivo hydration profile in skin layers by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Skin Pharmac. 7, 210-217 (1994).
270. Richard, S. B., Querleux, B., Bittoun, J. Jolivet O., Idy-Peretti, I., de Lacharriere, J. L. and Leveque, J. L. Characterization of skin in vivo by high resolution magnetic resonance imaging: water behavior and age-related effects. J. Invest. Dermatol. 100, 705-709 (1993).
271. Song, H. K., Wehrli, F. W. and Ma, J. In vivo MR microscopy of the human skin. Magn. Reson. Med. 37, 185-191 (1997).
272. Maurer, J., Knollmann, F. D., Schlums, D., Garbe, C., Vog, T. J., Bier, J. and Felix, R. Role of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging for differentiating melanin-containing skin tumors. Invest. Radiol. 30, 638-643 (1995).
273. Maurer, J., Schlums, D., Knollmann, F. D., Garbe, C., Vogl, T. J., Bier, J. and Felix, R. Failure of gadopentetate dimeglumine-enhanced, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate among melanin-containing skin tumors. Acad. Radiol. 3, 186-191 (1996).
274. Heinritz, H., Benzel, W., Hoffmann, K. and Iro, H. Imaging superficial skin tumors of the ENT area. High frequency ultrasound in comparison with computerized tomography and magnetic resonance tomography. HNO 43, 6-11 (1995).
275. Tang, W. Y., Lo, J. Y., Yuen, M. K. and Lam, W. Y. Herpers simplex virus type 2 infection in a 5 year old boy presenting with recurrent chest wall vesicles and possibly a history of herpes encephalitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 137, 440-444 (1997).
276. Byrd, S. E., Reyes-Mugica, M., Darling, C. F., Chou, P. and Tomita, T. Mr of leptomeningeal melanosis in children. Eur. J. Radiol. 20, 93-99 (1995).
277. Garrison, M. and Nathanson, L. Prognosis and staging in melanoma. Semin. Oncol. 23, 725-733 (1996).
278. Gamarra, F., Naegele, M., Lumper, W. and Goetz, A. E. Acute effects of shock waves on tumors assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Possible role of blood flow reduction. Invest. Radiol. 28, 611-618 (1993).
279. Trevithick, J. R., Xiong, H., Lee, S., Shum, D. T., Sanford, S. E., Karlik, S. J., Norley, C. and Dilworth, G. R. Topical tocopheral acetate reduces post-UVB, sunburn-associated erythema, edema and skin sensitivity in hairless mice. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 296, 575-582 (1992).
280. Kim, Y. H., Orenberg, E. K., Faull, K. F., Wade-Jardetzky, N. G. and Jardetzky, O. 1H NMR spectroscopy an approach to evaluation of diseased skin in vivo. J. Invest. Dermatol. 92, 210-216 (1989).
281. 31P spectroscopy of the skin: potentially a powerful tool for noninvasive study of metabolism in a cutaneous tissue. J. Dermatol. Surg. Oncol. 15, 1207-1211 (1989).
282. Zmetsov, A., Dixon, L. and Cameron, G. Human in vivo phosphorus 31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of psoriasis. A noninvasive tool to monitor response to treatment and to study pathophysiology of the disease. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 30, 959-965 (1994).
283. Zerhouni, E. A., Parish, D. M., Rogers, W. J., Yang, A. and Shapiro, E. P. Human heart: tagging with MR imaging - a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion. Radiology 169, 59-63 (1988).
284. Bolster, B. D., McVeigh, E. R. and Zerhouni, E. A. Myocardial tagging in polar coordinates with use of striped tags. Radiology 180, 677-683 (1990).
285. Fischer, S. E., McKinnon, G. C., Scheidegger, M. B., Prins, W., Meier, D. and Boesiger, P. True myocardial motion tracking. Magn. Reson. Med. 31, 401-413 (1994).
286. McVeigh, E. R. MRI of myocardial function: Motion tracking techniques. Magn. Reson. Imag. 14, 137-150 (1996).
287. Rademakers, F. E., Rogers, W. J., Guier, W. H., Hutchins, G. M., Siu, C. O., Weisfeldt, M. L., Weiss, J. L. and Shapiro, E. P. Relation of cross-fiber shortening to wall thickening in the intact heart: three-dimensional strain analysis by NMR tagging. Circulation 89, 1174-1182 (1994).
288. Azhari, H, Weiss, J. L., Rogers, W. J., Siu, C. O. and Shapiro, E. P. A noninvasive comparative study of myocardial wall strains in ischemic canine hearts using tagged MRI in 3-D. Am. J. Physiol. 268, H1918-1926 (1995).
289. Schopp, D., Krause, T. and Hennig, J. The visualization of heart wall motion using MR-interferography. Radiologe 31, 378-381 (1991).
290. Maier, S. E., Fischer, S. E., McKinnon, G. C., Hess, O. M., Krayenbühl, H. P. and Boesiger, P. Evaluation of left vetricular segmental wall motion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with myocardial tagging. Circulation 86, 1919-1928 (1992).
291. Young, A. A., Kramer, C. M., Ferrari, V. A., Axel, L. and Reichek, N. Three-dimensional left ventricular deformation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 90, 854-867 (1994).
292. Kramer, C. M., Rogers, W. J., Geskin, G., Power, T. P., Theonald, T. M., Hu, Y. L. and Reichek, N. Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging early after acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. 80, 690-695 (1997).
293. deCrespigny, A. J. S., Carpenter, T. A. and Hall, L. D. Cardiac tagging in the rat using a DANTE sequence. Magn. Reson. Med. 21, 151-156 (1991).
294. Rehwald, W. G., Reeder, S. B., McVeigh, E. R. and Judd, R. M. Techniques for high-speed cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in rats and rabbits. Magn. Reson. Med. 37, 124-130 (1997).
295. Buchalter, M. B., Rademakers, F. E., Weiss, J. L., Rogers, W. J., Weisfeldt, M. L. and Shapiro, E. P. Rotational deformation of canine left ventricle measured by magnetic resonance tagging: effects of catecholamines, ischemia and pacing. Cardiovasc. Res. 28, 629-635 (1994).
296. Beckmann, N., Joergenson, J., Bruttel, K., Rudin, M. and Schuurman, H. J. Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of rejection of a kidney allograft in the rat. Transpl. Int. 9, 175-183 (1996).
297. Frank, I. A., Choyke, P. L., Austin, H. A. and Girton, M. E. Functional MR of the kidney Magn. Reson. Med. 22, 319-323 (1991).
298. Krestin, G. P. Magnetic resonance imaging of the kidneys: current status. Magn. Reson. Q. 10, 2-21 (1994).
299. Taylor, J., Summers, P. E., Keevil, S. F., Saks, A. M., Diskin, J., Hilton, P. J. and Ayers, A. B. Magnetic resonance renography: optimisation of pulse sequence parameters and Gd-DTPA dose and comparison with radionuclide therapy. Magn. Reson. Imag. 15, 637-645 (1997).
300. Szolar, D. H., Preidler, K., Ebner, F., Kammerhuber, F., Horn, S., Ratschek, M., Ranner, G., Petritsch, P. and Horina, J. H. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human renal allografts during the post-transplant period: Preliminary observations. Magn. Reson. Imag. 15, 725-735 (1997).
301. Berg, K. J., Lundby, B., Reinton, V., Nordal, K. P., Rootwelt, K. and Smith, H. J. Gadodiamide in renal transplants: Effects on renal function and usefulness as a glomerular filtration rate marker. Nephron 72, 212-217 (1996).
302. Fransen, R., Muller, H. J., Boer, W. H., Nicolay, K. and Koomans, H. A. Contrast-enhanced dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the rat kidney. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol 7, 424-430 (1996).
303. Fichter, J., Spielman, D., Herfkens, R., Biuneau, F. G., Lewy, J. W. and Shortliffe, L. M. Ultrafast contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of congenital hydronephrosis in a rat model. J. Urol. 152, 682-687 (1994).
304. Bosch, C. S., Ackerman, J. J., Tilton, R. G. and Shalwitz, R. A. In vivo NMR imaging and spectroscopic investigation of renal pathology in lean and obes rat kidneys. Magn. Reson. Med. 29, 335-344 (1993).
305. Fox, P. T. and Raichle, M. E. Focal physiological uncoupling of cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism during somatosensory stimulation in human subjects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 1140-1144 (1986).
306. Fox, P. T., Raichle, M. E., Mintun, M. A. and Dence, C. Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal physiologic neural activity. Science 241, 462-464 (1988).
307. Ogawa, S., Lee, T. M., Kay, A. R. and Tank, D. W. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 9868-9872 (1990).
308. Belliveau, J. W., Kennedy, D. N., McKinstry, R. C., Buchbinder, B. R., Weisskoff, R. M., Cohen, M. S., Vevea, J. M., Brady, T. J. and Rosen, B. R. Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging. Science 254, 716-719 (1991).
309. Ogawa, S., Tank, D. M., Menon, R., Ellermann, J., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H. and Ugurbil, K. Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation: Functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5951-5955 (1992).
310. Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S. and Turner, R. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5575-5679 (1992).
311. Turner, R., Jezzard, P., Kwong, K. K., LeBihan, D., Zeffiro, T. and Balaban, R. S. Functional mapping of the human visual cortex at 4 and 1.5 Tesla using deoxygenation contrast EPI. Magn. Reson. Med. 29, 277-279 (1993).
312. Connelly, A., Jackson, G. D., Grackowiak, R. S. J., Belliveau, J. W., Vargha-Khadem, F. and Gadian, D. G. Functional mapping of activated human primary cortex with a clinical MR imaging system. Radiology 188, 125-130 (1993).
313. Kim, S. G., Ashe, J., Georgopoulos, A. P., Merkle, H., Ellermann, J. M., Menon, R. S., Ogawa, S. and Ugurbil, K. Functional imaging of the human motor cortex at high magnetic field. J. Neurophysiol. 69, 297-302 (1993).
314. McCarthy, G., Blamire, A. M., Rothman, D. L., Gruetter, R. and Shulman, R. G. Echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging studies of frontal cortex activation during word generation in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4952-4965 (1993).
315. Hinke, R. M., Hu, X., Stillman, A. E., Kim, S. G., Merkle, H., Salmi, R. and Ugurbil, K. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of Broca's area during internal speech. Neuroreport 4, 675-678 (1993).
316. Buoncore, M. H., Maddock, R. J., Gao, L. and Nordahl, T. E. Cortical activation response to the semantic and emotional components of words. Radiology 193, 136 (1994).
317. Morris, G. L., Mueller, W. M., Yetkin, F. Z., Haughton, V. M., Hammeke, T. A., Swanson, S., Rao, S. M., Jesmanowicz, A., Estkowski, L. D. and Bandettini, P. A. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in partial epilepsy. Epilepsia 35, 1194-1198 (1994).
318. Jackson, G. D. New techniques in magnetic resonance and epilepsy. Epilepsia 35 (Suppl 6), S2-13 (1994).
319. Schroder, J., Wenz, F., Schad, L. R., Baudendistel, K. and Knopp, M. V. Sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area changes in schizophrenia. A study with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Br. J. Psychiatr. 167, 197-201 (1995).
320. Gyngell, M. L., Bock, C., Schmitz, B., Hoehn-Berlage, M. and Hossmann, K. A. Variation of functional MRI signal in response to frequency of somatosensory stimulation in α-chloralose anesthetized rats. Magn. Reson. Med. 36, 13-15 (1996).
321. Yang, X., Hyder, F. and Shulman, R. G. Activation of single whisker barrel in rat brain localized by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 475-478 (1996).
322. Porszasz, R., Beckmann, N., Bruttel, K., Urban, L. and Rudin, M. Signal changes in the spinal cord of the rat after injection of formalin into the hindpaw: Characterization using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5034-5039 (1997).
323. Taylor, B. K., Peterson, M. A. and Basbaum, A. I. Persistent cardiovascular and behavioural nociceptive responses to subcutaneous formalin require peripheral nerve input. J. Neurosci. 15, 7575-7584 (1995).
324. 2-weighted MRI. NMR Biomed. 9, 20-23 (1996).
325. Mandeville, B., Marota, J., Keltner, J. R., Kosovsky, B., Burke, J., Hyman, S., LaPointe, L., Reese, T., Kwong, K., Rosen, B., Weissleder, R. and Weisskoff, R. CBV functional imaging of rat brain using iron oxide agent at steadystate concentration. Proc. International Society of Magnetic Resonance Medicine, 5th Scientific Meeting, p. 292 (1996).
326. 2*-sensitized gradient-echo method. Magn. Reson. Imag. 12, 379-385 (1994).
327. Chen, Y. I., Brownell, A. L., Galpern, W., Keltner, J. R., Matthews, R. T., Chen, A., Nguyen, V., Isaacson, O., Beal, M. F., Rosen, B. R. and Jenkins, B. G. Detection of dopaminergic neurotransmitter activity using pharmacological MRI (phMRI): correlation with PET and behavioral data. Proc. International Society of Magnetic Resonance Medicine, 5th Scientific Meeting, p. 229 (1997).
328. Mendonca-Diaz, M. H. and Lauterbur, P. C. Ferromagnetic particles as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging of liver and spleen. Magn. Reson. Med. 3, 328-330 (1986).
329. Weissleder, R. Target-specific superparamagnetic MR contrast agents. Magn. Reson. Med. 22, 209-212 (1991).
330. Gupta, H. and Weissleder, R. Targeted contrast agents in MR imaging. Magn. Reson. Imag. Clin. N. Am. 4, 171-184 (1996).
331. Reimer, P., Weissleder, R., Lee, A. S., Buettner, S., Wittenberg, J. and Brady, T. J. Asialoglycoprotein receptor function in benign liver disease: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology, 178, 769-774 (1991).
332. Weissleder, R., Wang, Y. M., Papisov, M., Bogdanov, A., Schaffer, B., Brady, T. J. and Wittenberg, J. Polymeric contrast agents for MR imaging of the adrenal glands. J. Magn. Reson. Imag. 3, 83-97 (1993).
333. Weissleder, R., Heautot, J. F., Schaffer, B. K., Nossiff, N., Papisov, M. I., Bogdanov, A. and Brady, T. J. MR lymphography: study of a high efficiency lymphotrophic agent. Radiology 191, 225-230 (1994).
334. Harika, L., Weissleder, R., Poss, K. and Papisov, M. I. Macromolecular intravenous contrast agent for MR lymphography: characterization and efficacy studies. Radiology 198, 365-370 (1996).
335. 1-type MR contrast agent: Gd-DTPA-PGM. Magn. Reson. Med. 33, 88-92 (1995).
336. Kosmas, C., Linardou, H. and Epenetos, A. A. Review: advances in monoclonal antibody tumor imaging. J. Drug Target 1, 81-91 (1993).
337. Curtet, C., Telier, C., Bohny, J., Conty, M. L., Saccavini, J. C., Thedrez, P., Douillard, J. Y., Chatal, J. F. and Koprowsky, H. Selective modifications of NMR relaxation times in human colorectal carcinoma by using gadoliniuin-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetatic acid conjugated with the monoclonal antibody 19-9. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 4277-4281 (1986).
338. Renshaw, P. F., Owen, C. S., Frey, T. G. and Leigh, J. S. Ferromagnetic contrast agents: a new appoach. Magn. Reson. Med. 3, 217-226 (1986).
339. Renshaw, P. F., Owen, C. S., Evans, A. E. and Leigh, J. S. Immunospecific NMR contrast agents Magn. Reson. Imaging 4, 351-357 (1986).
340. Cerdan, S., Lötscher, H. R., Künnecke, B. and Seelig, J. Monoclonal antibody-coated magnetite particles as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging of tumors. Magn. Reson. Med. 12, 151-163 (1989).
341. Weissleder, R., Lee, A. S., Khaw, B. A., Shen, T. and Brady, T. Antimysin-labeled monocrystalline iron oxide allows detection of myocardial infarct: MR antibody imaging. Radiology 182, 381-385 (1992).
342. Frank, H., Weissleder, R. and Papisov, M. Presentation and quantification of acute myocardial infarct using antibody-bound MR contrast medium. Z. Kardiol. 84, 311-315 (1995).
343. Weissleder, R., Lee, A. S., Fischman, A. J., Reimer, P., Shen, T., Wilkinson, R., Callahan, R. J. and Brady, T. J. Polyclonal human immunoglobulin G labeled with polymeric iron oxide: antibody MR imaging. Radiology 181, 245-249 (1991).
344. Schaffer, B. K., Linker, C., Papisov, M., Tsai, E., Nossiff, N., Shibata, T., Bogdanov, A., Brady, T. J. and Weissleder, R. MION-ASF: biokinetics of an MR receptor agent. Magn. Reson. Imaging 11, 411-417 (1993).
345. Shen, T. T., Bogdanov, A., Bogdanova, A., Poss, K., Brady, T. J. and Weissleder, R. Magnetically labeled secretin retians receptor affinity to pancreas acinar cells. Bioconjug. Chem. 7, 311-316 (1996).
346. Reimer, O., Weissleder, R., Shen, T., Knoefel, W. T. and Brady, T. J. Pancreatic receptors: initial feasibility studies with a targeted contrast agent for MR imaging. Radiology 193, 527-531 (1994).
347. Moats, R. A., Fraser, S. E. and Meade, T. J. A 'smart' magnetic resonance imaging agent that reports on specific enzymatic activity. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 36, 726-728 (1997).
348. Roman, B. B., Foley, J. M., Meyer, R. A. and Koretsky, A. P. Contractile and metabolic: effects of increased creatine kinase activity in mouse skeletal muscle. Am. J. Phvsiol. 270, C1236-1245 (1996).
349. van Deursen, J., Heerschap, A., Oerlemans, F., Ruitenbecj, W., Jap, P., ter Laak, H. and Wieringa, B. Skeletal muscles of mice deficient in muscle creatine kinase lack burst activity. Cell, 74, 621-631 (1993).
350. Koretsky, A. P., Brosnan, M. J., Chen, L., Chen, J. and Van Dyke, T. NMR determination of creatine kinase expressed in liver of transgenic mice: Determination of free ADP levels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 3112-3116 (1990).
351. Miller, K., Halow, J. and Koretsky, A. P. Phosphocreatine protects transgenic mouse liver expressing creatine kinase from hypoxia and ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. 265, C1544-1551 (1993).
352. Brosnan, M. J., Raman, S. P., Chen, L. and Koretsky, A. P. Altering creatine kinase isoenzymes in transgenic mouse muscle by overexpressing the B subunit. Am. J. Physiol. 264, C151-160 (1993).
353. Radford, N. B., Fina, M., Benjamin, I. J., Moreadith, R. W., Graves, K. H., Zhao, P., Gavva, S., Wiethoff, A., Sherry, A. D. and Malloy, G. R. Cardioprotective effects of 70 kDA heat shock protein in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 1339, 1342 (1996).
354. Lukkarainen, J., Kauppinen, R. A., Koistinaho, J., Halmekytö, M., Alhonen, L. and Jänne, J. Cerebral energy metabolism and immediate early gene induction following severe incomplete schaemia in transgenic mice overexpressing the human ornithine decarboxylase gene: evidence that putrescine is not neurotoxic in vivo. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1840-1849 (1995).
355. Lukkarinen, J., Gröhn, O. H. J., Sinervirta, R., Järvinen, A., Kauppinen, R. A., Jänne, J. and Alhonen, L. I. Transgenic rats as models for studying the role of ornithin decarboxylase in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 28, 639-645 (1997).
356. Lloyd, R. V., Jin, L, Chang, A., Kulig, E., Camper, S. A., Ross, B. D., Downs, T. R. and Frohman, A. Morphologic effects of hGRH gene expression on the pituitary, liver and pancreas of MT-hGRH transgenic mice. An in situ hybridization analysis. Am. J. Pathol. 141, 895-906. (1992).
357. s-and α-globins in transgenic mice: erythrocyte abnormalities, organ damage, and the effect of hypoxia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 89, 12155-12159 (1992).