Angiogenesis and stem cell transplantation as potential treatments of cerebral ischemic stroke

Pathophysiology

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 47-62

  Wei, Ling ^a   Keogh, Christine L ^a   Whitaker, Vivian Riley ^a   Theus, Michelle Hedrick ^a   Yu, Shan Ping ^a,b  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis; Apoptosis; Ischemic stroke; Stem cell transplantation

Indexed keywords

ANGIOPOIETIN 1; ANGIOPOIETIN 2; ANGIOPOIETIN RECEPTOR; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; PROTEIN KINASE B; TIE 1 RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; VASCULOTROPIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; BEHAVIOR; BLOOD VESSEL; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL DAMAGE; CELL DEATH; CELL SURVIVAL; CELL TYPE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; NECROSIS; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY; NONHUMAN; PARALYSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REGENERATION; REVIEW; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; SURVIVAL; TISSUE REPAIR;

EID: 20344385515     PISSN: 09284680     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2004.11.002     Document Type: Review

References (191)

1. C.B. Thompson Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease Science 267 1995 1456 1462
2. D.W. Choi Ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6 1996 667 672
3. M.D. Linnik, R.H. Zobrist, and M.D. Hatfield Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats Stroke 24 1993 2002 2008 discussion 2008-2009
4. Y. Li, V.G. Sharov, N. Jiang, C. Zaloga, H.N. Sabbah, and M. Chopp Ultrastructural and light microscopic evidence of apoptosis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat Am. J. Pathol. 146 1995 1045 1051
5. C. Du, R. Hu, C.A. Csernansky, C.Y. Hsu, and D.W. Choi Very delayed infarction after mild focal cerebral ischemia: a role for apoptosis? J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16 1996 195 201
6. M. Endres, S. Namura, M. Shimizu-Sasamata, C. Waeber, L. Zhang, T. Gomez-Isla, B.T. Hyman, and M.A. Moskowitz Attenuation of delayed neuronal death after mild focal ischemia in mice by inhibition of the caspase family J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18 1998 238 247
7. M.O. Hengartner, R.E. Ellis, and H.R. Horvitz Caenorhabditis elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death Nature 356 1992 494 499
8. J. Yuan, S. Shaham, S. Ledoux, H.M. Ellis, H.R. Horvitz, and C. The elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme Cell 75 1993 641 652
9. E.M. Johnson Jr., L.J. Greenlund, P.T. Akins, and C.Y. Hsu Neuronal apoptosis: current understanding of molecular mechanisms and potential role in ischemic brain injury J. Neurotrauma 12 1995 843 852
10. D.L. Vaux, I.L. Weissman, and S.K. Kim Prevention of programmed cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans by human bcl-2 Science 258 1992 1955 1957
11. A.Y. Xiao, L. Wei, S. Xia, S. Rothman, and S.P. Yu Ionic mechanism of ouabain-induced concurrent apoptosis and necrosis in individual cultured cortical neurons J. Neurosci. 22 2002 1350 1362
12. L. Wei, D.J. Ying, L. Cui, J. Langsdorf, and S.P. Yu Necrosis, apoptosis and hybrid death in the cortex and thalamus after barrel cortex ischemia in rats Brain Res. 1022 2004 54 61
13. P. Brundin, G. Barbin, O. Isacson, M. Mallat, B. Chamak, A. Prochiantz, F.H. Gage, and A. Bjorklund Survival of intracerebrally grafted rat dopamine neurons previously cultured in vitro Neurosci. Lett. 61 1985 79 84
14. W.M. Zawada, D.J. Zastrow, E.D. Clarkson, F.S. Adams, K.P. Bell, and C.R. Freed Growth factors improve immediate survival of embryonic dopamine neurons after transplantation into rats Brain Res. 786 1998 96 103
15. P.S. Manoonkitiwongsa, C. Jackson-Friedman, P.J. McMillan, R.L. Schultz, and P.D. Lyden Angiogenesis after stroke is correlated with increased numbers of macrophages: the clean-up hypothesis J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21 2001 1223 1231
16. M. Modo, R.P. Stroemer, E. Tang, S. Patel, and H. Hodges Effects of implantation site of dead stem cells in rats with stroke damage Neuroreport 14 2003 39 42
17. D.E. Griffin, B. Levine, W.R. Tyor, P.C. Tucker, and J.M. Hardwick Age-dependent susceptibility to fatal encephalitis: alphavirus infection of neurons Arch. Virol. Suppl. 9 1994 31 39
18. E. Kharlamov, C.M. Cagnoli, C. Atabay, S. Ikonomovic, D.R. Grayson, and H. Manev Opposite effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on potassium deficiency-induced apoptotic cell death in immature and mature neuronal cultures J. Neurochem. 65 1995 1395 1398
19. J.W. McDonald, M.I. Behrens, C. Chung, T. Bhattacharyya, and D.W. Choi Susceptibility to apoptosis is enhanced in immature cortical neurons Brain Res. 759 1997 228 232
20. L.J. Martin, N.A. Al-Abdulla, A.M. Brambrink, J.R. Kirsch, F.E. Sieber, and C. Portera-Cailliau Neurodegeneration in excitotoxicity, global cerebral ischemia, and target deprivation: a perspective on the contributions of apoptosis and necrosis Brain Res. Bull. 46 1998 281 309
21. J.C. Martinou, M. Dubois-Dauphin, J.K. Staple, I. Rodriguez, H. Frankowski, M. Missotten, P. Albertini, D. Talabot, S. Catsicas, and C. Pietra Overexpression of BCL-2 in transgenic mice protects neurons from naturally occurring cell death and experimental ischemia Neuron 13 1994 1017 1030
22. M.D. Linnik, P. Zahos, M.D. Geschwind, and H.J. Federoff Expression of bcl-2 from a defective herpes simplex virus-1 vector limits neuronal death in focal cerebral ischemia Stroke 26 1995 1670 1674 discussion 1675
23. L.L. Rubin Neuronal cell death: when, why and how Br. Med. Bull. 53 1997 617 631
24. F. De Bilbao, E. Guarin, P. Nef, P. Vallet, P. Giannakopoulos, and M. Dubois-Dauphin Cell death is prevented in thalamic fields but not in injured neocortical areas after permanent focal ischaemia in mice overexpressing the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 2000 921 934
25. N.J. Alkayed, S. Goto, N. Sugo, H.D. Joh, J. Klaus, B.J. Crain, O. Bernard, R.J. Traystman, and P.D. Hurn Estrogen and Bcl-2: gene induction and effect of transgene in experimental stroke J. Neurosci. 21 2001 7543 7550
26. M. Hanada, S. Krajewski, S. Tanaka, D. Cazals-Hatem, B.A. Spengler, R.A. Ross, J.L. Biedler, and J.C. Reed Regulation of Bcl-2 oncoprotein levels with differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells Cancer Res. 53 1993 4978 4986
27. N. Sato, K. Hotta, S. Waguri, T. Nitatori, K. Tohyama, Y. Tsujimoto, and Y. Uchiyama Neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells as a result of prevention of cell death by bcl-2 J. Neurobiol. 25 1994 1227 1234
28. D.F. Chen, G.E. Schneider, J.C. Martinou, and S. Tonegawa Bcl-2 promotes regeneration of severed axons in mammalian CNS Nature 385 1997 434 439
29. K.Z. Zhang, J.A. Westberg, E. Holtta, and L.C. Andersson BCL2 regulates neural differentiation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 1996 4504 4508
30. M. Hilton, G. Middleton, and A.M. Davies Bcl-2 influences axonal growth rate in embryonic sensory neurons Curr. Biol. 7 1997 798 800
31. K. Holm, and O. Isacson Factors intrinsic to the neuron can induce and maintain its ability to promote axonal outgrowth: a role for BCL2? Trends Neurosci. 22 1999 269 273
32. D.E. Merry, D.J. Veis, W.F. Hickey, and S.J. Korsmeyer bcl-2 Protein expression is widespread in the developing nervous system and retained in the adult PNS Development 120 1994 301 311
33. Y.J. Oh, B.C. Swarzenski, and K.L. O'Malley Overexpression of Bcl-2 in a murine dopaminergic neuronal cell line leads to neurite outgrowth Neurosci. Lett. 202 1996 161 164
34. G.S. Schierle, M. Leist, J.C. Martinou, H. Widner, P. Nicotera, and P. Brundin Differential effects of Bcl-2 overexpression on fibre outgrowth and survival of embryonic dopaminergic neurons in intracerebral transplants Eur. J. Neurosci. 11 1999 3073 3081
35. J. Folkman, and M. Klagsbrun Angiogenic factors Science 235 1987 442 447
36. L. Wei, J. Brunstrom, C. Rovainen, and T. Woolsey Mirovascular proliferation and remodeling after focal ischemia in rat barrel cortex Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23 1997 1730
37. H.H. Chen, C.H. Chien, and H.M. Liu Correlation between angiogenesis and basic fibroblast growth factor expression in experimental brain infarct Stroke 25 1994 1651 1657
38. L. Wei, J.P. Erinjeri, C.M. Rovainen, and T.A. Woolsey Collateral growth and angiogenesis around cortical stroke Stroke 32 2001 2179 2184
39. L. Wei, S.P. Yu, F. Gottron, B.J. Snider, G.J. Zipfel, and D.W. Choi Potassium channel blockers attenuate hypoxia- and ischemia-induced neuronal death in vitro and in vivo Stroke 34 2003 1281 1286
40. P.C. Brooks, R.A. Clark, and D.A. Cheresh Requirement of vascular integrin alpha v beta 3 for angiogenesis Science 264 1994 569 571
41. L. Wei, L. Cui, J. Snider, D.I. Gottlieb, and D.W. Choi Embryonic stem cell survival, migration and differentiation after transplantation into rats subjected to barrel cortex ischemia Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 27 2001 865.10
42. R.J. Price, and T.C. Skalak A circumferential stress-growth rule predicts arcade arteriole formation in a network model Microcirculation 2 1995 41 51
43. A. Helisch, and J.A. Ware Therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic heart disease Thromb. Haemost. 82 1999 772 780
44. J. Krupinski, J. Kaluza, P. Kumar, S. Kumar, and J.M. Wang Role of angiogenesis in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke Stroke 25 1994 1794 1798
45. J. Krupinski, R. Issa, T. Bujny, M. Slevin, P. Kumar, S. Kumar, and J. Kaluza A putative role for platelet-derived growth factor in angiogenesis and neuroprotection after ischemic stroke in humans Stroke 28 1997 564 573
46. J. Folkman, and M. Klagsbrun Angiogenic factors Science 235 1987 442 447
47. M.K. Lyons, R.E. Anderson, and F.B. Meyer Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes in vivo cerebral angiogenesis in chronic forebrain ischemia Brain Res. 558 1991 315 320
48. D. Shweiki, A. Itin, D. Soffer, and E. Keshet Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis Nature 359 1992 843 845
49. K.H. Plate Mechanisms of angiogenesis in the brain J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 58 1999 313 320
50. K. Maiese, I. Boniece, D. DeMeo, and J.A. Wagner Peptide growth factors protect against ischemia in culture by preventing nitric oxide toxicity J. Neurosci. 13 1993 3034 3040
51. R. Tanaka, Y. Miyasaka, K. Yada, T. Ohwada, and T. Kameya Basic fibroblast growth factor increases regional cerebral blood flow and reduces infarct size after experimental ischemia in a rat model Stroke 26 1995 2154 2158 discussion 2158-2159
52. T. Kawamata, N.E. Alexis, W.D. Dietrich, and S.P. Finklestein Intracisternal basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhances behavioral recovery following focal cerebral infarction in the rat J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 16 1996 542 547
53. T.N. Lin, J. Te, M. Lee, G.Y. Sun, and C.Y. Hsu Induction of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) expression following focal cerebral ischemia Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 49 1997 255 265
54. T. Lin, C. Wang, W. Cheung, and C. Hsu Induction of angiopoietin and Tie receptor mRNA expression after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20 2000 387 395
55. L. Wei, M.P. Boyle, and S.P. Yu Roles of VEGF in angiogenesis and functional recovery after a focal cerebral ischemia in mice J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 21 2001 S315
56. T. Hayashi, K. Abe, H. Suzuki, and Y. Itoyama Rapid induction of vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats Stroke 28 1997 2039 2044
57. Y. Sun, K. Jin, L. Xie, J. Childs, X.O. Mao, A. Logvinova, and D.A. Greenberg VEGF-induced neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia J. Clin. Invest. 111 2003 1843 1851
58. S. Davis, T.H. Aldrich, P.F. Jones, A. Acheson, D.L. Compton, V. Jain, T.E. Ryan, J. Bruno, C. Radziejewski, P.C. Maisonpierre, and G.D. Yancopoulos Isolation of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, by secretion-trap expression cloning Cell 87 1996 1161 1169
59. T.N. Sato, Y. Tozawa, U. Deutsch, K. Wolburg-Buchholz, Y. Fujiwara, M. Gendron-Maguire, T. Gridley, H. Wolburg, W. Risau, and Y. Qin Distinct roles of the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2 in blood vessel formation Nature 376 1995 70 74
60. T.N. Lin, C.K. Wang, W.M. Cheung, and C.Y. Hsu Induction of angiopoietin and Tie receptor mRNA expression after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 20 2000 387 395
61. C. Suri, P.F. Jones, S. Patan, S. Bartunkova, P.C. Maisonpierre, S. Davis, T.N. Sato, and G.D. Yancopoulos Requisite role of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, during embryonic angiogenesis Cell 87 1996 1171 1180
62. T. Mustonen, and K. Alitalo Endothelial receptor tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenesis J. Cell Biol. 129 1995 895 898
63. D.J. Dumont, T.P. Yamaguchi, R.A. Conlon, J. Rossant, and M.L. Breitman tek, A novel tyrosine kinase gene located on mouse chromosome 4, is expressed in endothelial cells and their presumptive precursors Oncogene 7 1992 1471 1480
64. J. Korhonen, A. Polvi, J. Partanen, and K. Alitalo The mouse tie receptor tyrosine kinase gene: expression during embryonic angiogenesis Oncogene 9 1994 395 403
65. Z.G. Zhang, M. Chopp, D. Lu, T. Wayne, R.L. Zhang, and D. Morris Receptor tyrosine kinase tie 1 mRNA is upregulated on cerebral microvessels after embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat Brain Res. 847 1999 338 342
66. J. Zaremba, and J. Losy Early TNF-alpha levels correlate with ischaemic stroke severity Acta Neurol. Scand. 104 2001 288 295
67. R.M. Locksley, N. Killeen, and M.J. Lenardo The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology Cell 104 2001 487 501
68. W.M. Cheung, S.F. Chen, G.M. Nian, and T.N. Lin Induction of angiogenesis related genes in the contralateral cortex with a rat three-vessel occlusion model Chin. J. Physiol. 43 2000 119 124
69. C.A. Smith, T. Davis, D. Anderson, L. Solam, M.P. Beckmann, R. Jerzy, S.K. Dower, D. Cosman, and R.G. Goodwin A receptor for tumor necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins Science 248 1990 1019 1023
70. H. Loetscher, Y.C. Pan, H.W. Lahm, R. Gentz, M. Brockhaus, H. Tabuchi, and W. Lesslauer Molecular cloning and expression of the human 55 kd tumor necrosis factor receptor Cell 61 1990 351 359
71. K. Kinouchi, G. Brown, G. Pasternak, and D.B. Donner Identification and characterization of receptors for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the brain Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181 1991 1532 1538
72. H.T. Idriss, and J.H. Naismith TNF alpha and the TNF receptor superfamily: structure-function relationship(s) Microsc. Res. Tech. 50 2000 184 195
73. Z.G. Zhang, M. Chopp, D. Lu, T. Wayne, R.L. Zhang, and D. Morris Receptor tyrosine kinase tie 1 mRNA is upregulated on cerebral microvessels after embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion in rat Brain Res. 847 1999 338 342
74. R. Kolesnick, and D.W. Golde The sphingomyelin pathway in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signaling Cell 77 1994 325 328
75. E. Shohami, I. Ginis, and J.M. Hallenbeck Dual role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in brain injury Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 10 1999 119 130
76. P.C. Rath, and B.B. Aggarwal TNF-induced signaling in apoptosis J. Clin. Immunol. 19 1999 350 364
77. G.Z. Feuerstein, T. Liu, and F.C. Barone Cytokines, inflammation, and brain injury: role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 6 1994 341 360
78. N.J. Rothwell, and S.J. Hopkins Cytokines and the nervous system II: actions and mechanisms of action Trends Neurosci. 18 1995 130 136
79. B. Arvin, L.F. Neville, F.C. Barone, and G.Z. Feuerstein The role of inflammation and cytokines in brain injury Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 20 1996 445 452
80. T. Sairanen, O. Carpen, M.L. Karjalainen-Lindsberg, A. Paetau, U. Turpeinen, M. Kaste, and P.J. Lindsberg Evolution of cerebral tumor necrosis factor-alpha production during human ischemic stroke Stroke 32 2001 1750 1758
81. S.A. Ross, M.I. Halliday, G.C. Campbell, D.P. Byrnes, and B.J. Rowlands The presence of tumour necrosis factor in CSF and plasma after severe head injury Br. J. Neurosurg. 8 1994 419 425
82. A.J. Grau, M. Aulmann, C. Lichy, H. Meiser, F. Buggle, T. Brandt, and C. Grond-Ginsbach Increased cytokine release by leucocytes in survivors of stroke at young age Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 31 2001 999 1006
83. J. Zaremba, and J. Losy Early TNF-alpha levels correlate with ischaemic stroke severity Acta Neurol. Scand. 104 2001 288 295
84. T. Liu, R.K. Clark, P.C. McDonnell, P.R. Young, R.F. White, F.C. Barone, and G.Z. Feuerstein Tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in ischemic neurons Stroke 25 1994 1481 1488
85. M. Buttini, K. Appel, A. Sauter, P.J. Gebicke-Haerter, and H.W. Boddeke Expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha after focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat Neuroscience 71 1996 1 16
86. L. Fan, P.R. Young, F.C. Barone, G.Z. Feuerstein, D.H. Smith, and T.K. McIntosh Experimental brain injury induces differential expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA in the CNS Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 36 1996 287 291
87. E. Shohami, R. Gallily, R. Mechoulam, R. Bass, and T. Ben-Hur Cytokine production in the brain following closed head injury: dexanabinol (HU-211) is a novel TNF-alpha inhibitor and an effective neuroprotectant J. Neuroimmunol. 72 1997 169 177
88. R.R. Leker, E. Shohami, O. Abramsky, and H. Ovadia Dexanabinol: a novel neuroprotective drug in experimental focal cerebral ischemia J. Neurol. Sci. 162 1999 114 119
89. T. Liu, P.R. Young, P.C. McDonnell, R.F. White, F.C. Barone, and G.Z. Feuerstein Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant mRNA expressed in cerebral ischemia Neurosci. Lett. 164 1993 125 128
90. G. Feuerstein, X. Wang, and F.C. Barone Cytokines in brain ischemia - the role of TNF alpha Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 18 1998 695 701
91. F.C. Barone, B. Arvin, R.F. White, A. Miller, C.L. Webb, R.N. Willette, P.G. Lysko, and G.Z. Feuerstein Tumor necrosis factor-alpha. A mediator of focal ischemic brain injury Stroke 28 1997 1233 1244
92. D.A. Dawson, D. Martin, and J.M. Hallenbeck Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha reduces focal cerebral ischemic injury in the spontaneously hypertensive rat Neurosci. Lett. 218 1996 41 44
93. H. Nawashiro, D. Martin, and J.M. Hallenbeck Neuroprotective effects of TNF binding protein in focal cerebral ischemia Brain Res. 778 1997 265 271
94. S.D. Lavine, F.M. Hofman, and B.V. Zlokovic Circulating antibody against tumor necrosis factor-alpha protects rat brain from reperfusion injury J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18 1998 52 58
95. J. Terrado, D. Monnier, D. Perrelet, D. Vesin, S. Jemelin, W.A. Buurman, L. Mattenberger, B. King, A.C. Kato, and I. Garcia Soluble TNF receptors partially protect injured motoneurons in the postnatal CNS Eur. J. Neurosci. 12 2000 3443 3447
96. S.M. Laster, J.G. Wood, and L.R. Gooding Tumor necrosis factor can induce both apoptic and necrotic forms of cell lysis J. Immunol. 141 1988 2629 2634
97. R. Beyaert, and W. Fiers Molecular mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-induced cytotoxicity. What we do understand and what we do not FEBS Lett. 340 1994 9 16
98. W. Fiers, R. Beyaert, E. Boone, S. Cornelis, W. Declercq, E. Decoster, G. Denecker, B. Depuydt, D. De Valck, G. De Wilde, V. Goossens, J. Grooten, G. Haegeman, K. Heyninck, L. Penning, S. Plaisance, K. Vancompernolle, W. Van Criekinge, P. Vandenabeele, W. Vanden Berghe, M. Van de Craen, V. Vandevoorde, and D. Vercammen TNF-induced intracellular signaling leading to gene induction or to cytotoxicity by necrosis or by apoptosis J. Inflamm. 47 1995 67 75
99. D. Vercammen, G. Brouckaert, G. Denecker, M. Van de Craen, W. Declercq, W. Fiers, and P. Vandenabeele Dual signaling of the Fas receptor: initiation of both apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways J. Exp. Med. 188 1998 919 930
100. B. Cheng, S. Christakos, and M.P. Mattson Tumor necrosis factors protect neurons against metabolic-excitotoxic insults and promote maintenance of calcium homeostasis Neuron 12 1994 139 153
101. S.W. Barger, D. Horster, K. Furukawa, Y. Goodman, J. Krieglstein, and M.P. Mattson Tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta protect neurons against amyloid beta-peptide toxicity: evidence for involvement of a kappa B-binding factor and attenuation of peroxide and Ca2+ accumulation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 1995 9328 9332
102. M.P. Mattson, B. Cheng, S.A. Baldwin, V.L. Smith-Swintosky, J. Keller, J.W. Geddes, S.W. Scheff, and S. Christakos Brain injury and tumor necrosis factors induce calbindin D-28k in astrocytes: evidence for a cytoprotective response J. Neurosci. Res. 42 1995 357 370
103. H. Nawashiro, K. Tasaki, C.A. Ruetzler, and J.M. Hallenbeck TNF-alpha pretreatment induces protective effects against focal cerebral ischemia in mice J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 17 1997 483 490
104. A.J. Bruce, W. Boling, M.S. Kindy, J. Peschon, P.J. Kraemer, M.K. Carpenter, F.W. Holtsberg, and M.P. Mattson Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors Nat. Med. 2 1996 788 794
105. X.H. Liu, H. Xu, and J.D. Barks Tumor necrosis factor-a attenuates N-methyl-d-aspartate-mediated neurotoxicity in neonatal rat hippocampus Brain Res. 851 1999 94 104
106. L.E. Chen, A.V. Seaber, G.H. Wong, and J.R. Urbaniak Tumor necrosis factor promotes motor functional recovery in crushed peripheral nerve Neurochem. Int. 29 1996 197 203
107. D.S. Gary, A.J. Bruce-Keller, M.S. Kindy, and M.P. Mattson Ischemic and excitotoxic brain injury is enhanced in mice lacking the p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18 1998 1283 1287
108. H.M. Gordon, G. Kucera, R. Salvo, and J.M. Boss Tumor necrosis factor induces genes involved in inflammation, cellular and tissue repair, and metabolism in murine fibroblasts J. Immunol. 148 1992 4021 4027
109. M. La Fleur, J.L. Underwood, D.A. Rappolee, and Z. Werb Basement membrane and repair of injury to peripheral nerve: defining a potential role for macrophages, matrix metalloproteinases, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 J. Exp. Med. 184 1996 2311 2326
110. H. Lindner, E. Holler, B. Ertl, G. Multhoff, M. Schreglmann, I. Klauke, S. Schultz-Hector, and G. Eissner Peripheral blood mononuclear cells induce programmed cell death in human endothelial cells and may prevent repair: role of cytokines Blood 89 1997 1931 1938
111. S.J. Hopkins, and N.J. Rothwell Cytokines and the nervous system. I. Expression and recognition Trends Neurosci. 18 1995 83 88
112. J. Liu, M.W. Marino, G. Wong, D. Grail, A. Dunn, J. Bettadapura, A.J. Slavin, L. Old, and C.C. Bernard TNF is a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine in autoimmune-mediated demyelination Nat. Med. 4 1998 78 83
113. V. Fontaine, S. Mohand-Said, N. Hanoteau, C. Fuchs, K. Pfizenmaier, and U. Eisel Neurodegenerative and neuroprotective effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in retinal ischemia: opposite roles of TNF receptor 1 and TNF receptor 2 J. Neurosci. 22 2002 RC216
114. G.M. Kim, J. Xu, S.K. Song, P. Yan, G. Ku, X.M. Xu, and C.Y. Hsu Tumor necrosis factor receptor deletion reduces nuclear factor-kappaB activation, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 expression, and functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury J. Neurosci. 21 2001 6617 6625
115. U. Scherbel, R. Raghupathi, M. Nakamura, K.E. Saatman, J.Q. Trojanowski, E. Neugebauer, M.W. Marino, and T.K. McIntosh Differential acute and chronic responses of tumor necrosis factor-deficient mice to experimental brain injury Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 1999 8721 8726
116. N.J. Rothwell, and P.J. Strijbos Cytokines in neurodegeneration and repair Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 13 1995 179 185
117. B.L. Kagan, R.L. Baldwin, D. Munoz, and B.J. Wisnieski Formation of ion-permeable channels by tumor necrosis factor-alpha Science 255 1992 1427 1430
118. R.L. Baldwin, M.L. Stolowitz, L. Hood, and B.J. Wisnieski Structural changes of tumor necrosis factor alpha associated with membrane insertion and channel formation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 1996 1021 1026
119. B. Beutler, and F. Bazzoni TNF, apoptosis and autoimmunity: a common thread? Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 24 1998 216 230
120. N.G. Carlson, A. Bacchi, S.W. Rogers, and L.C. Gahring Nicotine blocks TNF-alpha-mediated neuroprotection to NMDA by an alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive pathway J. Neurobiol. 35 1998 29 36
121. L.A. Tartaglia, D. Pennica, and D.V. Goeddel Ligand passing: the 75-kDa tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor recruits TNF for signaling by the 55-kDa TNF receptor J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 18542 18548
122. P. Vandenabeele, W. Declercq, B. Vanhaesebroeck, J. Grooten, and W. Fiers Both TNF receptors are required for TNF-mediated induction of apoptosis in PC60 cells J. Immunol. 154 1995 2904 2913
123. W. Declercq, G. Denecker, W. Fiers, and P. Vandenabeele Cooperation of both TNF receptors in inducing apoptosis: involvement of the TNF receptor-associated factor binding domain of the TNF receptor 75 J. Immunol. 161 1998 390 399
124. Y. Shen, R. Li, and K. Shiosaki Inhibition of p75 tumor necrosis factor receptor by antisense oligonucleotides increases hypoxic injury and beta-amyloid toxicity in human neuronal cell line J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 3550 3553
125. K. Norrby TNF-alpha and de novo mammalian angiogenesis Microvasc. Res. 52 1996 79 83
126. L.F. Fajardo, H.H. Kwan, J. Kowalski, S.D. Prionas, and A.C. Allison Dual role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in angiogenesis Am. J. Pathol. 140 1992 539 544
127. G. Montrucchio, E. Lupia, E. Battaglia, G. Passerini, F. Bussolino, G. Emanuelli, and G. Camussi Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced angiogenesis depends on in situ platelet-activating factor biosynthesis J. Exp. Med. 180 1994 377 382
128. I.E. Hoefer, N. van Royen, J.E. Rectenwald, E.J. Bray, Z. Abouhamze, L.L. Moldawer, M. Voskuil, J.J. Piek, I.R. Buschmann, and C.K. Ozaki Direct evidence for tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling in arteriogenesis Circulation 105 2002 1639 1641
129. V.R. Whitaker, L. Cui, and L. Wei Role of TNFR1 in microvascular angiogenesis by whisker stimulation after focal cerebral ischemia Exp. Neurol. 187 2004 227
130. P.C. Maisonpierre, C. Suri, P.F. Jones, S. Bartunkova, S.J. Wiegand, C. Radziejewski, D. Compton, J. McClain, T.H. Aldrich, N. Papadopoulos, T.J. Daly, S. Davis, T.N. Sato, and G.D. Yancopoulos Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis Science 277 1997 55 60
131. N. Ferrara Vascular endothelial growth factor and the regulation of angiogenesis Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 55 2000 15 35
132. T. Asahara, D. Chen, T. Takahashi, K. Fujikawa, M. Kearney, M. Magner, G.D. Yancopoulos, and J.M. Isner Tie2 receptor ligands, angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2, modulate VEGF-induced postnatal neovascularization Circ. Res. 83 1998 233 240
133. S.J. Mandriota, and M.S. Pepper Regulation of angiopoietin-2 mRNA levels in bovine microvascular endothelial cells by cytokines and hypoxia Circ. Res. 83 1998 852 859
134. G. Krikun, F. Schatz, T. Finlay, S. Kadner, A. Mesia, R. Gerrets, and C.J. Lockwood Expression of angiopoietin-2 by human endometrial endothelial cells: regulation by hypoxia and inflammation Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 275 2000 159 163
135. I. Kim, J.H. Kim, Y.S. Ryu, M. Liu, and G.Y. Koh Tumor necrosis factor-alpha upregulates angiopoietin-2 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 269 2000 361 365
136. A. Salminen, P.K. Liu, and C.Y. Hsu Alteration of transcription factor binding activities in the ischemic rat brain Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 212 1995 939 944
137. Y. Rong, and M. Baudry Seizure activity results in a rapid induction of nuclear factor-kappa B in adult but not juvenile rat limbic structures J. Neurochem. 67 1996 662 668
138. J.A. Clemens, D.T. Stephenson, E.B. Smalstig, E.P. Dixon, and S.P. Little Global ischemia activates nuclear factor-kappa B in forebrain neurons of rats Stroke 28 1997 1073 1080 discussion 1080-1071
139. C. Gabriel, C. Justicia, A. Camins, and A.M. Planas Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in the rat brain after transient focal ischemia Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 65 1999 61 69
140. Y. Matsuoka, Y. Kitamura, M. Okazaki, K. Terai, and T. Taniguchi Kainic acid-induced activation of nuclear factor-kappaB in rat hippocampus Exp. Brain Res. 124 1999 215 222
141. A.A. Beg, and D. Baltimore An essential role for NF-kappaB in preventing TNF-alpha-induced cell death Science 274 1996 782 784
142. M.P. Mattson, Y. Goodman, H. Luo, W. Fu, and K. Furukawa Activation of NF-kappaB protects hippocampal neurons against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis: evidence for induction of manganese superoxide dismutase and suppression of peroxynitrite production and protein tyrosine nitration J. Neurosci. Res. 49 1997 681 697
143. M. Tamatani, Y.H. Che, H. Matsuzaki, S. Ogawa, H. Okado, S. Miyake, T. Mizuno, and M. Tohyama Tumor necrosis factor induces Bcl-2 and Bcl-x expression through NFkappaB activation in primary hippocampal neurons J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 8531 8538
144. D. de Moissac, S. Mustapha, A.H. Greenberg, and L.A. Kirshenbaum Bcl-2 activates the transcription factor NFkappaB through the degradation of the cytoplasmic inhibitor IkappaBalpha J. Biol. Chem. 273 1998 23946 23951
145. P.G. Sullivan, A.J. Bruce-Keller, A.G. Rabchevsky, S. Christakos, D.K. Clair, M.P. Mattson, and S.W. Scheff Exacerbation of damage and altered NF-kappaB activation in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor receptors after traumatic brain injury J. Neurosci. 19 1999 6248 6256
146. G. Taglialatela, R. Robinson, and J.R. Perez-Polo Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) activity induces nerve growth factor-resistant apoptosis in PC12 cells J. Neurosci. Res. 47 1997 155 162
147. H. Dudek, S.R. Datta, T.F. Franke, M.J. Birnbaum, R. Yao, G.M. Cooper, R.A. Segal, D.R. Kaplan, and M.E. Greenberg Regulation of neuronal survival by the serine-threonine protein kinase Akt Science 275 1997 661 665
148. Y. Fujio, K. Guo, T. Mano, Y. Mitsuuchi, J.R. Testa, and K. Walsh Cell cycle withdrawal promotes myogenic induction of Akt, a positive modulator of myocyte survival Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 1999 5073 5082
149. S.R. Datta, H. Dudek, X. Tao, S. Masters, H. Fu, Y. Gotoh, and M.E. Greenberg Akt phosphorylation of BAD couples survival signals to the cell-intrinsic death machinery Cell 91 1997 231 241
150. A. Gonzalez-Garcia, I. Merida, A.C. Martinez, and A.C. Carrera Intermediate affinity interleukin-2 receptor mediates survival via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway J. Biol. Chem. 272 1997 10220 10226
151. A. Brunet, A. Bonni, M.J. Zigmond, M.Z. Lin, P. Juo, L.S. Hu, M.J. Anderson, K.C. Arden, J. Blenis, and M.E. Greenberg Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor Cell 96 1999 857 868
152. G.J. Kops, N.D. de Ruiter, A.M. De Vries-Smits, D.R. Powell, J.L. Bos, and B.M. Burgering Direct control of the forkhead transcription factor AFX by protein kinase B Nature 398 1999 630 634
153. E.D. Tang, G. Nunez, F.G. Barr, and K.L. Guan Negative regulation of the forkhead transcription factor FKHR by Akt J. Biol. Chem. 274 1999 16741 16746
154. O.N. Ozes, L.D. Mayo, J.A. Gustin, S.R. Pfeffer, L.M. Pfeffer, and D.B. Donner NF-kappaB activation by tumour necrosis factor requires the Akt serine-threonine kinase Nature 401 1999 82 85
155. J.A. Romashkova, and S.S. Makarov NF-kappaB is a target of AKT in anti-apoptotic PDGF signalling Nature 401 1999 86 90
156. I. Shiojima, and K. Walsh Role of Akt signaling in vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis Circ. Res. 90 2002 1243 1250
157. Y. Kureishi, Z. Luo, I. Shiojima, A. Bialik, D. Fulton, D.J. Lefer, W.C. Sessa, and K. Walsh The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin activates the protein kinase Akt and promotes angiogenesis in normocholesterolemic animals Nat. Med. 6 2000 1004 1010
158. J. Chen, Z.G. Zhang, Y. Li, L. Wang, Y.X. Xu, S.C. Gautam, M. Lu, Z. Zhu, and M. Chopp Intravenous administration of human bone marrow stromal cells induces angiogenesis in the ischemic boundary zone after stroke in rats Circ. Res. 92 2003 692 699
159. C.L. Keogh, V.R. Whitaker, S.P. Yu, and L. Wei Hypoxia preconditioning enhances angiogenesis in the neonatal ischemic rat brain Society for Neuroscience 31st Annual Meeting Abstract 2004
160. A. Taguchi, T. Soma, H. Tanaka, T. Kanda, H. Nishimura, H. Yoshikawa, Y. Tsukamoto, H. Iso, Y. Fujimori, D.M. Stern, H. Naritomi, and T. Matsuyama Administration of CD34+ cells after stroke enhances neurogenesis via angiogenesis in a mouse model J. Clin. Invest. 114 2004 330 338
161. H. Iwaguro, J. Yamaguchi, C. Kalka, S. Murasawa, H. Masuda, S. Hayashi, M. Silver, T. Li, J.M. Isner, and T. Asahara Endothelial progenitor cell vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer for vascular regeneration Circulation 105 2002 732 738
162. J. Chen, Z.G. Zhang, Y. Li, L. Wang, Y.X. Xu, S.C. Gautam, M. Lu, Z. Zhu, and M. Chopp Intravenous administration of human bone marrow stromal cells induces angiogenesis in the ischemic boundary zone after stroke in rats Circ. Res. 92 2003 692 699
163. Z.G. Zhang, L. Zhang, Q. Jiang, and M. Chopp Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells participate in cerebral neovascularization after focal cerebral ischemia in the adult mouse Circ. Res. 90 2002 284 288
164. A. Bjorklund, and O. Lindvall Cell replacement therapies for central nervous system disorders Nat. Neurosci. 3 2000 537 544
165. L.V. Polezhaev, and M.A. Alexandrova Transplantation of embryonic brain tissue into the brain of adult rats after hypoxic hypoxia Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 31 2004 457.2
166. M. Hadani, T. Freeman, A. Munsiff, W. Young, and E. Flamm Fetal cortical cells survive in focal cerebral infarct after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in adult rats J. Neurotrauma 9 1992 107 112
167. C.V. Borlongan, Y. Tajima, J.Q. Trojanowski, V.M. Lee, and P.R. Sanberg Transplantation of cryopreserved human embryonal carcinoma-derived neurons (NT2N
168. T. Masada, T. Itano, M. Fujisawa, O. Miyamoto, M. Tokuda, H. Matsui, S. Nagao, and O. Hatase Embryonic transplantation and ischemic memory deficit Neurosci. Res. 27 1997 249 255
169. N. Tonder, T. Sorensen, F.F. Johansen, and J. Zimmer Neural grafting to ischemic and excitotoxic, hippocampal lesions in the adult rat Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Warsz) 50 1990 367 380
170. D. Kondziolka, L. Wechsler, and C. Achim Neural transplantation for stroke J. Clin. Neurosci. 9 2002 225 230
171. S.I. Savitz, D.M. Rosenbaum, J.H. Dinsmore, L.R. Wechsler, and L.R. Caplan Cell transplantation for stroke Ann. Neurol. 52 2002 266 275
172. B.B. Johansson, and M. Grabowski Functional recovery after brain infarction: plasticity and neural transplantation Brain Pathol. 4 1994 85 95
173. H. Nishino, and C.V. Borlongan Restoration of function by neural transplantation in the ischemic brain Prog. Brain Res. 127 2000 461 476
174. J. Chen, P.R. Sanberg, Y. Li, L. Wang, M. Lu, A.E. Willing, J. Sanchez-Ramos, and M. Chopp Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood reduces behavioral deficits after stroke in rats Stroke 32 2001 2682 2688
175. D.C. Hess, W.D. Hill, A. Martin-Studdard, J. Carroll, J. Brailer, and J. Carothers Bone marrow as a source of endothelial cells and NeuN-expressing cells after stroke Stroke 33 2002 1362 1368
176. L.R. Zhao, W.M. Duan, M. Reyes, C.D. Keene, C.M. Verfaillie, and W.C. Low Human bone marrow stem cells exhibit neural phenotypes and ameliorate neurological deficits after grafting into the ischemic brain of rats Exp. Neurol. 174 2002 11 20
177. Z.G. Zhang, L. Zhang, Q. Jiang, and M. Chopp Bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells participate in cerebral neovascularization after focal cerebral ischemia in the adult mouse Circ. Res. 90 2002 284 288
178. J.W. McDonald, and M.J. Howard Repairing the damaged spinal cord: a summary of our early success with embryonic stem cell transplantation and remyelination Prog. Brain Res. 137 2002 299 309
179. J.Y. Min, Y. Yang, K.L. Converso, L. Liu, Q. Huang, J.P. Morgan, and Y.F. Xiao Transplantation of embryonic stem cells improves cardiac function in postinfarcted rats J. Appl. Physiol. 92 2002 288 296
180. J.H. Kordower, T.B. Fsreeman, B.J. Snow, F.J. Vingerhoets, E.J. Mufson, P.R. Sanberg, R.A. Hauser, D.A. Smith, G.M. Nauert, and D.P. Perl Neuropathological evidence of graft survival and striatal reinnervation after the transplantation of fetal mesencephalic tissue in a patient with Parkinson's disease N. Engl. J. Med. 332 1995 1118 1124
181. D.I. Gottlieb, and J.E. Huettner An in vitro pathway from embryonic stem cells to neurons and glia Cells Tissues Organs 165 1999 165 172
182. S. Liu, Y. Qu, T.J. Stewart, M.J. Howard, S. Chakrabortty, T.F. Holekamp, and J.W. McDonald Embryonic stem cells differentiate into oligodendrocytes and myelinate in culture and after spinal cord transplantation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 2000 6126 6131
183. J.W. McDonald, X.Z. Liu, Y. Qu, S. Liu, S.K. Mickey, D. Turetsky, D.I. Gottlieb, and D.W. Choi Transplanted embryonic stem cells survive, differentiate and promote recovery in injured rat spinal cord Nat. Med. 5 1999 1410 1412
184. L. Wei, L. Cui, B.J. Snider, M. Rivkin, S.S. Yu, C.-S. Lee, L.D. Adams, D.I. Gottlieb, E.J.J. Johnson, S.P. Yu, and D.W. Choi Transplantation of embryonic stem cells overexpressing Bcl-2 promotes functional recovery after transient cerebral ischemia Neurobiol. Dis. 19 2005 183 193
185. C. Sotelo, and R.M. Alvarado-Mallart The reconstruction of cerebellar circuits Trends Neurosci. 14 1991 350 355
186. C.S. Hernit-Grant, and J.D. Macklis Embryonic neurons transplanted to regions of targeted photolytic cell death in adult mouse somatosensory cortex re-form specific callosal projections Exp. Neurol. 139 1996 131 142
187. E.Y. Snyder, C. Yoon, J.D. Flax, and J.D. Macklis Multipotent neural precursors can differentiate toward replacement of neurons undergoing targeted apoptotic degeneration in adult mouse neocortex Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 1997 11663 11668
188. D. Howells Stem cells: do they replace or stimulate? Stroke 34 2003 2082 2083
189. Y. Li, J. Chen, X.G. Chen, L. Wang, S.C. Gautam, Y.X. Xu, M. Katakowski, L.J. Zhang, M. Lu, N. Janakiraman, and M. Chopp Human marrow stromal cell therapy for stroke in rat: neurotrophins and functional recovery Neurology 59 2002 514 523
190. P. Lu, L.L. Jones, E.Y. Snyder, and M.H. Tuszynski Neural stem cells constitutively secrete neurotrophic factors and promote extensive host axonal growth after spinal cord injury Exp. Neurol. 181 2003 115 129
191. L. Wei, C.M. Rovainen, and T.A. Woolsey Ministrokes in rat barrel cortex Stroke 26 1995 1459 1462