Innate immunity and toll-like receptors: Clinical implications of basic science research

Journal of Pediatrics

Volumn 144, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 421-429

  Abreu, Maria T ^a   Arditi, Moshe ^a,b  

^a BURNS AND ALLEN RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b CEDARS SINAI MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 1; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 10; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 5; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 6; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 7; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 8; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 9; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALLERGY; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; B LYMPHOCYTE; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOREGULATION; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEPSIS; T LYMPHOCYTE; TH1 CELL;

EID: 1842607467     PISSN: 00223476     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.01.057     Document Type: Note

References (83)

1. Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA Jr. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 1997;388:394-7.
2. Barton GM, Medzhitov R. Control of adaptive immune responses by Toll-like receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 2002;14:380-3.
3. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nature reviews. Immunology 2001;1:135-45.
4. Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr. How does the immune system distinguish self from nonself? Semin Immunol 2000;12:185-8; discussion 257-344.
5. Medzhitov R, Janeway C Jr. Innate immunity. N Engl J Med 2000;343:338-44.
6. Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 1996;86:973-83.
7. Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, Liu MY, Huffel CV, Du X, et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 1998;282:2085-8.
8. Beutler B. Tlr4: central component of the sole mammalian LPS sensor. Curr Opin Immunol 2000;12:20-6.
9. Hoshino K, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Ogawa T, Takeda Y, et al. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: evidence for TLR4 as the LPS gene product. J Immunol 1999;162:3749-52.
10. Zarember KA, Godowski PJ. Tissue expression of human Toll-like receptors and differential regulation of Toll-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines. J Immunol 2002;168:554-61.
11. Ozinsky A, Underhill DM, Fontenot JD, Hajjar AM, Smith KD, Wilson CB, et al. The repertoire for pattern recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between toll-like receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:13766-71.
12. Hajjar AM, O'Mahony DS, Ozinsky A, Underhill DM, Aderem A, Klebanoff SJ, et al. Cutting edge: functional interactions between toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR1 or TLR6 in response to phenol-soluble modulin. J Immunol 2001;166:15-9.
13. Lien E, Sellati TJ, Yoshimura A, Flo TH, Rawadi G, Finberg RW, et al. Toll-like receptor 2 functions as a pattern recognition receptor for diverse bacterial products. J Biol Chem 1999;274:33419-25.
14. Underhill DM, Ozinsky A, Hajjar AM, Stevens A, Wilson CB, Bassetti M, et al. The Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited to macrophage phagosomes and discriminates between pathogens. Nature 1999;401:811-5.
15. Hornef MW, Frisan T, Vandewalle A, Normark S, Richter-Dahlfors A. Toll-like receptor 4 resides in the Golgi apparatus and colocalizes with internalized lipopolysaccharide in intestinal epithelial cells. J Exp Med 2002;195:559-70.
16. Means TK, Golenbock DT, Fenton MJ. Structure and function of Toll-like receptor proteins. Life Sciences 2000;68:241-58.
17. Beutler B, Rehli M. Evolution of the TIR, tolls and TLRs: functional inferences from computational biology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2002;270:1-21.
18. Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Kopp E, Stadlen A, Chen C, Ghosh S, et al. MyD88 is an adaptor protein in the hToll/IL-1 receptor family signaling pathways. Mol Cell 1998;2:253-8.
19. Fitzgerald KA, Palsson-McDermott EM, Bowie AG, Jefferies CA, Mansell AS, Brady G, et al. Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) is required for Toll-like receptor-4 signal transduction. Nature 2001;413:79-83.
20. Qureshi ST, Lariviere L, Leveque G, Clermont S, Moore KJ, Gros P, et al. Endotoxin-tolerant mice have mutations in Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4). J Exp Med 1999;189:615-25.
21. Shimazu R, Akashi S, Ogata H, Nagai Y, Fukudome K, Miyake K, et al. MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med 1999;189:1777-82.
22. Visintin A, Mazzoni A, Spitzer JA, Segal DM. Secreted MD-2 is a large polymeric protein that efficiently confers lipopolysaccharide sensitivity to Toll-like receptor 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:12156-61.
23. Viriyakosol S, Tobias PS, Kitchens RL, Kirkland TN. MD-2 binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Biol Chem 2001;276:38044-51.
24. Dunne A, O'Neill LA. The interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor superfamily: signal transduction during inflammation and host defense. Science's STKE: Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment. 2003;2003:re3. Available at http://stke.sciencemag.org.
25. Yoshimura A, Lien E, Ingalls RR, Tuomanen E, Dziarski R, Golenbock D. Cutting edge: recognition of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune system occurs via Toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol 1999;163:1-5.
26. Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, et al. TLR6: a novel member of an expanding toll-like receptor family. Gene 1999;231:59-65.
27. Chuang T, Ulevitch RJ. Identification of hTLR10: a novel human Toll-like receptor preferentially expressed in immune cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2001;1518:157-61.
28. Means TK, Wang S, Lien E, Yoshimura A, Golenbock DT, Fenton MJ. Human toll-like receptors mediate cellular activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 1999;163:3920-7.
29. Underhill DM, Ozinsky A, Smith KD, Aderem A. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates mycobacteria-induced proinflammatory signaling in macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:14459-63.
30. Werts C, Tapping RI, Mathison JC, Chuang TH, Kravchenko V, Saint Girons I, et al. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism. Nat Immunol 2001;2:346-52.
31. Pridmore AC, Wyllie DH, Abdillahi F, Steeghs L, van der Ley P, Dower SK, et al. A lipopolysaccharide-deficient mutant of Neisseria meningitidis elicits attenuated cytokine release by human macrophages and signals via toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 but not via TLR4/MD2. J Infect Dis 2001;183:89-96.
32. Wyllie DH, Kiss-Toth E, Visintin A, Smith SC, Boussouf S, Segal DM, et al. Evidence for an accessory protein function for Toll-like receptor 1 in anti-bacterial responses. J Immunol 2000;165:7125-32.
33. Alexopoulou L, Thomas V, Schnare M, Lobet Y, Anguita J, Schoen RT, et al. Hyporesponsiveness to vaccination with Borrelia burgdorferi OspA in humans and in TLR1-and TLR2-deficient mice. Nat Med 2002;8: 878-84.
34. Thoma-Uszynski S, Stenger S, Takeuchi O, Ochoa MT, Engele M, Sieling PA, et al. Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors. Science 2001;291:1544-7.
35. Reiling N, Holscher C, Fehrenbach A, Kroger S, Kirschning CJ, Goyert S, et al. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-and TLR4-mediated pathogen recognition in resistance to airborne infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Immunol 2002;169:3480-4.
36. Heldwein KA, Fenton MJ. The role of Toll-like receptors in immunity against mycobacterial infection. Microbes Infect 2002;4:937-44.
37. Tabeta K, Yamazaki K, Akashi S, Miyake K, Kumada H, Umemoto T, et al. Toll-like receptors confer responsiveness to lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis in human gingival fibroblasts. Infect Immun 2000;68:3731-5.
38. Hayashi F, Smith KD, Ozinsky A, Hawn TR, Yi EC, Goodlett DR, et al. The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5. Nature 2001;410:1099-103.
39. Eaves-Pyles T, Murthy K, Liaudet L, Virag L, Ross G, Soriano FG, et al. Flagellin, a novel mediator of Salmonella-induced epithelial activation and systemic inflammation: I kappa B alpha degradation, induction of nitric oxide synthase, induction of proinflammatory mediators, and cardiovascular dysfunction. J Immunol 2001;166:1248-60.
40. Katze MG, He Y, Gale M Jr. Viruses and interferon: a fight for supremacy. Nature reviews. Immunology 2002;2:675-87.
41. Der SD, Lau AS. Involvement of the double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase PKR in interferon expression and interferon-mediated antiviral activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:8841-5.
42. Alexopoulou L, Holt AC, Medzhitov R, Flavell RA. Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature 2001;413:732-8.
43. Doyle SE, O'Connell R, Vaidya SA, Chow EK, Yee K, Cheng G. Toll-like receptor 3 mediates a more potent antiviral response than toll-like receptor 4. J Immunol 2003;170:3565-71.
44. Kurt-Jones EA, Popova L, Kwinn L, Haynes LM, Jones LP, Tripp RA, et al. Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat Immunol 2000;1:398-401.
45. ComptonT, Kurt-Jones EA, Boehme KW, Belko J, Latz E, Golenbock DT, et al. Human cytomegalovirus activates inflammatory cytokine responses via CD14 and toll-like receptor 2. J Virol 2003;77:4588-96.
46. Bieback K, Lien E, Klagge IM, Avota E, Schneider-Schaulies J, Duprex WP, et al. Hemagglutinin protein of wild-type measles virus activates toll-like receptor 2 signaling. J Virol 2002;76:8729-36.
47. Bowie A, Kiss-Toth E, Symons JA, Smith GL, Dower SK, O'Neill LA. A46R and A52R from vaccinia virus are antagonists of host IL-1 and toll-like receptor signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:10162-7.
48. Harte MT, Haga IR, Maloney G, Gray P, Reading PC, Bartlett NW, et al. The poxvirus protein A52R targets Toll-like receptor signaling complexes to suppress host defense. J Exp Med 2003;197:343-51.
49. Krieg AM. CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and their immune effects. Ann Rev Immunol 2002;20:709-60.
50. Bauer S, Kirschning CJ, Hacker H, Redecke V, Hausmann S, Akira S, et al. Human TLR9 confers responsiveness to bacterial DNA via species-specific CpG motif recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:9237-42.
51. Zheng M, Klinman DM, Gierynska M, Rouse BT. DNA containing CpG motifs induces angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:8944-9.
52. Kaisho T, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Hoshino K, Akira S. Endotoxin-induced maturation of Myd88-deficient dendritic cells. J Immunol 2001; 166:5688-94.
53. Asseman C, Fowler S, Powrie F. Control of experimental inflammatory bowel disease by regulatory T cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:5185-9.
54. Pasare C, Medzhitov R. Toll pathway-dependent blockade of CD4+CD25+ T cell-mediated suppression by dendritic cells [comment]. Science 2003;99:1033-6.
55. Caramalho I, Lopes-Carvalho T, Ostler D, Zelenay S, Haury M, Demengeot J. Regulatory T cells selectively express toll-like receptors and are activated by lipopolysaccharide [comment]. J Exp Med 2003;197:403-11.
56. Lorenz E, Mira JP, Frees KL, Schwartz DA. Relevance of mutations in the TLR4 receptor in patients with gram-negative septic shock. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1028-32.
57. Kiechl S, Lorenz E, Reindl M, Wiedermann CJ, Oberhollenzer F, Bonora E, et al. Toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms and atherogenesis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:185-92.
58. Kang TJ, Chae GT. Detection of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mutation in the lepromatous leprosy patients. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2001;31:53-8.
59. Sorensen TI, Nielsen GG, Andersen PK, Teasdale TW. Genetic and environmental influences on premature death in adult adoptees. N Engl J Med 1988;318:727-32.
60. Arbour NC, Lorenz E, Schutte BC, Zabner J, Kline JN, Jones M, et al. TLR4 mutations are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans. Nat Genet 2000;25:187-91.
61. Smirnova I, Mann N, Dois A, Derkx HH, Hibberd ML, Levin M, Beutler B. Assay of locus-specific genetic load implicates rare Toll-like receptor 4 mutations in meningococcal susceptibility. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:6075-80.
62. Leveque G, Forgetta V, Morroll S, Smith AL, Bumstead N, Barrow P, et al. Allelic variation in TLR4 is linked to susceptibility to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection in chickens. Infect Immun 2003;71: 1116-24.
63. Bochud PY, Hawn TR, Aderem A. Cutting edge: a toll-like receptor 2 polymorphism that is associated with lepromatous leprosy is unable to mediate mycobacterial signaling. J Immunol 2003;170:3451-4.
64. Lorenz E, Mira JP, Cornish KL, Arbour NC, Schwartz DA. A novel polymorphism in the toll-like receptor 2 gene and its potential association with staphylococcal infection. Infect Immun 2000;68:6398-401.
65. Malley R, Henneke P, Morse SC, Cieslewicz MJ, Lipsitch M, Thompson CM, et al. Recognition of pneumolysin by Toll-like receptor 4 confers resistance to pneumococcal infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:1966-71.
66. Kuhns DB, Priel L, Gallin JI. Endotoxin and IL-1 hyporesponsiveness in a patient with recurrent bacterial infections. J Immunol 1997;158:3959-64.
67. Medvedev AE, Lentschat A, Kuhns DB, Blanco JCG, Salkowski C, Zhang S, et al. Distinct mutations in IRAK-4 confer hyporesponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1 in a patient with recurrent infections. J Exp Med 2003;198:521-31.
68. Picard C, Puel A, Bonnet M, Ku CL, Bustamante J, Yang K, et al. Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with IRAK-4 deficiency. Science 2003;299:2076-9.
69. Calandra T. Pathogenesis of septic shock: implications for prevention and treatment. J Chemother 2001;13 Spec No 1:173-80.
70. Beutler B, Poltorak A. Sepsis and evolution of the innate immune response. Crit Care Med 2001;29(7 Suppl):S2-6; discussion S-7.
71. Brandtzaeg P, van Deuren M. Current concepts in the role of the host response in Neisseria meningitidis septic shock. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2002;15:247-52.
72. Iwami KI, Matsuguchi T, Masuda A, Kikuchi T, Musikacharoen T, Yoshikai Y. Cutting edge: naturally occurring soluble form of mouse Toll-like receptor 4 inhibits LPS signaling. J Immunol 2001;165:6682-6.
73. Bartfai T, Behrens MM, Gaidarova S, Pemberton J, Shivanyuk A, RebekJ Jr. A low molecular weight mimic of the Toll/IL-1 receptor/resistance domain inhibits IL-1 receptor-mediated responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:7971-6.
74. Rutgeerts P, Goboes K, Peeters M, Hiele M, Penninckx F, Aerts R, et al. Effect of faecal stream diversion on recurrence of Crohn's disease in the neoterminal ileum. Lancet 1991;338:771-4.
75. Sutton CL, Kim J, Yamane A, Dalwadi H, Wei B, Landers C, et al. Identification of a novel bacterial sequence associated with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2000;119:23-31.
76. Abreu MT, Vora P, Faure E, Thomas LS, Arnold ET, Arditi M. Decreased expression of Toll-like receptor-4 and MD-2 correlates with intestinal epithelial cell protection against deregulated proinflammatory gene expression in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol 2001; 167:1609-16.
77. Abreu MT, Arnold ET, Thomas LS, Gonsky R, Zhou Y, Hu B, et al. TLR4 and MD-2 expression is regulated by immune-mediated signals in human intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2002;277:20431-7.
78. Hausmann M, Kiessling S, Mestermann S, Webb G, Spottl T, Andus T, et al. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are up-regulated during intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1987-2000.
79. Cario E, Podolsky DK. Differential alteration in intestinal epithelial cell expression of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4 in inflammatory bowel disease. Infect Immun 2000;68:7010-7.
80. Kobayashi M, Kweon MN, Kuwata H, Schreiber RD, Kiyono H, Takeda K, et al. Toll-like receptor-dependent production of IL-12p40 causes chronic enterocolitis in myeloid cell-specific Stat3-deficient mice. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1297-308.
81. Ogura Y, Bonen DK, Inohara N, Nicolae DL, Chen FF, Ramos R, et al. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001;411:603-6.
82. Hugot JP, Chamaillard M, Zouali H, Lesage S, Cezard JP, Belaiche J, et al. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature 2001;411:599-603.
83. Inohara N, Ogura Y, Fontalba A, Gutierrez O, Pons F, Crespo J, et al. Host recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide mediated through NOD2. Implications for Crohn's disease. J Biol Chem 2003;278:5509-12.