Ultrasonic drug delivery - A general review

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 37-56

  Pitt, William G ^a   Husseini, Ghaleb ^b   Staples, Bryant J ^a  

^a BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF SHARJAH   (United Arab Emirates)

Author keywords

Cavitation; Chemopotentiation; Chemotherapy; DNA; Hyperthermia; Liposomes; Micelles; Microbubbles; Protein; Targeted drug delivery; Ultrasound

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; ALBUMIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BETA GALACTOSIDASE; CISPLATIN; COBALAMIN; CYTARABINE; DNA FRAGMENT; DOXORUBICIN; DRUG CARRIER; HORMONE; INSULIN; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 12; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; LIPOSOME; LUCIFERASE; MACROGOL; NAKED DNA; PENETRATION ENHANCING AGENT; PLASMID VECTOR; POLYETHYLENEIMINE; POLYLYSINE; POLYMACON; PROTEIN; STABILIZING AGENT; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; UNINDEXED DRUG; UROKINASE;

AEROSOL; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; ARTERY DISEASE; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BONE TISSUE; BRAIN TISSUE; CANCER INHIBITION; CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CELL PERMEABILIZATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIFFUSION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG SOLUBILITY; DRUG TRANSPORT; DRUG UPTAKE; ECHOGRAPHY; FETUS (ANATOMY); FIBRINOLYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TARGETING; GENETIC TRANSFECTION; HEART; HUMAN; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; LUNG PARENCHYMA; MICELLE; MICROBUBBLE; NEBULIZATION; NONHUMAN; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; OSCILLATION; PROSTATE TUMOR; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; STRATUM CORNEUM; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; THROMBUS; TUMOR; ULTRASOUND; ULTRASOUND THERAPY; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; VIRAL GENE THERAPY;

ANIMALS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES; HUMANS; MICROBUBBLES; PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS; ULTRASONICS;

EID: 14544272807     PISSN: 17425247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425247.1.1.37     Document Type: Review

References (210)

1. DRAPER DO, CASTEL JC, CASTEL D: Rate of temperature increase in human muscle during 1 MHz and 3 MHz continuous ultrasound. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. (1995) 22(4):142-150.
2. TACKER JR, ANDERSON RU: Delivery of antitumor drug to bladder cancer by use of phase transition liposomes and hyperthermia. J. Urol. (1982) 127:1211-1214.
3. KENNEDY JE, TER HAAR GR, CRANSTON D: High intensity focused ultrasound: surgery of the future? Br. J. Radiol. (2003) 76 909):590-599.
4. MADERSBACHER S, MARBERGER M: High-energy shockwaves and extracorporeal high-intensity focused ultrasound. J. Endourol. (2003) 17(8):667-672.
5. HUBER PE, JENNE JW, RASTERT R et al.: A new noninvasive approach in breast cancer therapy using magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound surgery. Cancer Res. (2001) 61:8441-8447.
6. BARNETT SB, TER HAAR GR, ZISKIN MC, NYBORG WL, MAEDA K, BANG J: Current status of research on biophysical effects of ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (1994) 20(3):205-218.
7. MARMOTTANT P, HILGENFELDT S: Controlled vesicle deformation and lysis by single oscillating bubbles. Nature (2003) 423 6936):153-156.
8. ELDER SA: Cavitation microstreaming. J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. (1958) 31(1):54-64.
9. NYBORG WL: Ultrasonic microstreaming and related phenomena. Br. J. Cancer. (1982) 45(Suppl. 5):156-160.
10. ROONEY JA: Hemolysis near an ultrasonically pulsating gas bubble. Science. (1970) 169:869-871.
11. BRENNEN CE: Cavitation and bubble dynamics. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK: (1995).
12. MAY DJ, ALLEN JS, FERRARA KW: Dynamics and fragmentation of thick-shelled microbubbles. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. (2002) 49(10):1400-1410.
13. JENNE J: Kavitation in biologischem Gewebe. Ultraschall. Med. (2001) 22:200-207.
14. URICK RJ: Principles of Underwater Sound (3rd edn). McGraw-Hill Book Company, San Francisco, USA (1983).
15. HILL CR: Ultrasonic exposure thresholds for changes in cells and tissues. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (1971) 52(2):667-672.
16. APFEL RE, HOLLAND CK: Gauging the liklihood of cavitation from short-pulse, low-duty cycle diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (1991) 17(2):179-185.
17. LEIGHTON TG: Transient excitation of insonated bubbles. Ultrasonics (1989) 27:50-53.
18. ALLEN JS, KRUSE DE, DAYTON PA, FERRARA KW: Effect of coupled oscillations on microbubble behavior. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. (2003) 114(3):1678-1690.
19. SOETANTO K, CHAN M: Study on the lifetime and attenuation properties of microbubbles coated with carboxylic acid salts. Ultrasonics (2000) 38(10):969-977.
20. SBOROS V, MORAN CM, PYE SD, MCDICKEN WN: The behaviour of individual contrast agent microbubbles. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2003) 29(5):687-694.
21. KVIKLIENE A, JURKONIS R, RESSNER M et al.: Modelling of nonlinear effects and the response of ultrasound contrast micro bubbles: simulation and experiment. Ultrasonics (2004) 42 1-9):301-307.
22. STARRITT HC, DUCK FA, HUMPHREY VF: An experimental investigation of streaming in pulsed diagnostic ultrasound beams. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (1989) 15(4):363-373.
23. NYBORG WL: Biological effects of ultrasound: development of safety guidelines. Part II: general review. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2001) 27(3):301-333.
24. SUNDARAM J, MELLEIN BR, MITRAGOTRI S: An experimental and theoretical analysis of ultrasound-induced permeabilization of cell membranes. Biophys. J. (2003) 84(5):3087-3101.
25. GUZMAN HR, MCNAMARA AJ, NGUYEN DX, PRAUSNITZ MR: Bioeffects caused by changes in acoustic cavitation bubble density and cell concentration: a unified explanation based on cell-to-bubble ratio and blast radius. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2003) 29(8):1211-1222.
26. KUIJPERS MWA, VAN ECK D, KEMMERE MF, KEURENTJES JTF: Cavitation-induced reactions in high-pressure carbon dioxide. Science (2002) 298(5600):1969-1971.
27. KOST J, LEONG K, LANGER R: Ultrasound-enhanced polymer degradation and release of incorporated substances. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1989) 86:7663-7666.
28. PRITCHARD NJ, HUGHES DE, PEACOCKE AR: The ultrasonic degradation of biological macromolecules under conditions of stable cavitation. I. Theory, methods, and application to deoxyribonucleic acid. Biopolymers. (1966) 4(3):259-273.
29. HOWARD WAJ, BAYOMI A, NATARAJAN E et al.: Sonolysis promotes indirect Co-C bond cleavage of alkylcob(III)alamin bioconjugates. Bioconjug. Chem. (1997) 8(4):498-502.
30. BARNETT SB, ROTT H-D, HAAR GRT, ZISKIN MC, MAEDA K: The sensitivity of biological tissue to ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (1997) 23(6):805-812.
31. ZISKIN MC, BARNETT SB: Ultrasound and the developing central nervous system. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2001) 27(7):875-876.
32. KRUSKAL J, GOLDBERG S, KANE R: Novel in vivo use of conventional ultrasound to guide and enhance molecular delivery and uptake into solid tumors. Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America. Chicago, USA; (2001):804.
33. SONG J, CHAPPELL JC, QI M, VANGIESON EJ, KAUL S, PRICE RJ: Influence of injection site, microvascular pressure and ultrasound variables on microbubble-mediated delivery of microspheres to muscle. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2002) 39(4):726-731.
34. SKYBA DM, PRICE RJ, LINKA AZ, SKALAK TC, KAUL S: Direct in vivo visualization of intravascular destruction of microbubbles by ultrasound and its local effects on tissue. Circulation (1998) 98:290-293.
35. SCHLACHETZKI F, HOLSCHER T, KOCH HJ et al.: Observation on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier after microbubble destruction by diagnostic transcranial color-coded sonography. J. Ultrasound Med. (2002) 21(4):419-429.
36. PITT WG, ROSS SA: Ultrasound increases the rate of bacterial cell growth. Biotechnol. Prog. (2003) 19(3):1038-1044.
37. NING S, MACLEOD K, ABRA R, HUANG AH, HAHN GM: Hyperthermia induces doxorubicin release from long-circulating liposomes and enhances their anti-tumor efficacy. Int. J. Radiation Oncology Phys. (1994) 29(4):827-834.
38. GABIZON A, CATANE R, UZIELY B et al.: Prolonged circulation time and enhanced accumulation in malignant exudates of doxorubicin encapsulated in polyethylene-glycol coated liposomes. Cancer Res. (1994) 54:987-992.
39. HUSSEINI GA, EL-FAYOUMI RI, O'NEILL KL, RAPOPORT NY, PITT WG: DNA damage induced by micellar-delivered doxorubicin and ultrasound: comet assay study. Cancer Lett. (2000) 154:211-216.
40. COUSSIOS CC, HOLLAND CK, JAKUBOWSKA L et al: In vitro characterization of liposomes and optison (R) by acoustic scattering at 3.5 MHz. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2004) 30(2):181-190.
41. HUANG S, HAMILTON AJ, TIUKINHOY SD et al.: Liposomes as ultrasond imaging contrast agents and as ultrasound-sensitive drug delivery agents. Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. (2002) 7(2):233-235.
42. UNGER EC, MCCREERY TP, SWEITZER RH, CALDWELL VE, WU Y: Acoustically active lipospheres containing paclitaxel: a new therapeutic ultrasound contrast agent. Invest. Radiol. (1998) 33 12):886-892.
43. UNGER E, PORTER T, CULP W, LABELL R, MATSUNAGA TO, ZUTSHI R: Therapeutic applications of lipid-coated microbubbles. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (2004) 56(9):1291-1314.
44. STRIDE E, SAFFARI N: The potential for thermal damage posed by microbubble ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasonics (2004) 42 1-9):907-913.
45. SCHUTT EG, KLEIN DH, MATTREY RM, RIESS JG: Injectable microbubbles as contrast agents for diagnostic ultrasound imaging: the key role of perfluorochemicals. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition (2003) 42(28):3218-3235.
46. NIIDOME T, HUANG L: Gene therapy progress and prospects: nonviral vectors. Gene Ther. (2002) 9(24):1647-1652.
47. PRICE RJ, KAUL S: Contrast ultrasound targeted drug and gene delivery: an update on a new therapeutic modality. J. Cardiovasc Pharmascol Therapeut. (2002) 7(3):71-180.
48. LINDNER LH, EICHHORN ME, EIBL H et al.: Novel temperature-sensitive liposomes with prolonged circulation time. Clinical Cancer Res. (2004) 10(6):2168-2178.
49. MILLER DL, PISLARU SV, GREENLEAF JE: Sonoporation: mechanical DNA delivery by ultrasonic cavitation. Somatic Cell Molec Genetics. (2002) 27(1):115-134.
50. SHOHET RV, CHEN S, ZHOU Y-T et al.: Echocardiographic destruction of albumin microbubbles directs gene delivery to the myocardium. Circulation. (2000) 101:2554-2556.
51. LAWRIE A, BRISKEN AF, FRANCIS SE, CUMBERLAND DC, CROSSMAN DC, NEWMAN CM: Microbubble-enhanced ultrasound for vascular gene delivery. Gene Ther. (2000) 7(23):2023-2027.
52. MIURA S, TACHIBANA K, OKAMOTO T, SAKU K: In vitro transfer of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into coronary endothelial cells by ultrasound. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2002) 298 4):587-590.
53. LAWRIE A, BRISKEN AF, FRANCIS SE et al.: Ultrasound-enhanced transgene expression in vascular cells is not dependent upon cavitation-induced free radicals. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2003) 29(10):1453-1461.
54. TEUPE C, RICHTER S, FISSLTHALER B et al.: Vascular gene transfer of phosphomimetic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (S1177D) using ultrasound-enhanced destruction of plasmid-loaded microbubbles improves vasoreactivity. Circulation (2002) 105(9):1104-1109.
55. BEERI R, GUERRERO JL, SUPPLE G, SULLIVAN S, LEVINE RA, HAJJAR RJ: New efficient catheter-based system for myocardial gene delivery. Circulation (2002) 106(14):1756-1759.
56. ENDOH M, KOIBUCHI N, SATO M et al.: Fetal gene transfer by intrauterine injection with microbubble-enhanced ultrasound. Mol. Ther. (2002) 5(5):501-508.
57. KUO JHS, JAN MS, SUNG KC: Evaluation of the stability of polymer-based plasmid DNA delivery systems after ultrasound exposure. Int. J. Pharm. (2003) 257(1-2):75-84.
58. UNGER EC, FRITZ TA, MATSUNAGA T, RAMASWAMI VR, YELLOWHAIR D, WU G: Therapeutic drug delivery systems. In: US Patent Database. ImaRx Pharmaceutical Corp, USA (1996):48.
59. UNGER EC, MCCREERY TP, SWEITZER RH: Ultrasound enhances gene expression of liposomal transfection. Invest. Radiol. (1997) 32 12):723-727.
60. LAWRIE A, BRISKEN AF, FRANCIS SE et al.: Ultrasound enhances reporter gene expression after transfection of vascular cells in vitro. Circulation (1999) 99(20):2617-2620.
61. MCCREERY TP, SWEITZER RH, UNGER EC: DNA delivery to cells in culture using ultrasound. In: Methods Molecular Biology (Vol, 245). Heiser WC (Ed.), Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, USA (2004):287-291.
62. MCCREERY TP, SWEITZER RH, UNGER EC: DNA delivery to cells in vivo by ultrasound. In: Methods Molecular Biology (Vol. 245). Heiser WC (Ed.), Humana Press, Totowa, New Jersey, USA (2004):293-298.
63. KOCH S, POHL P, COBET U, RAINOV NG: Ultrasound enhancement of liposome-mediated cell transfection is caused by cavitation effects. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2000) 26(5):897-903.
64. TANIYAMA Y, TACHIBANA K, HIRAOKA K et al.: Local delivery of plasmid DNA into rat carotid artery using ultrasound. Circulation (2002) 105(10):1233-1239.
65. RIESZ P, KONDO T: Free-radical formation induced by ultrasound and its biological implications. Free Radic. Biol. Med. (1992) 13(3):247-270.
66. ANWER K, KAO G, PROCTOR B et al.: Ultrasound enhancement of cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer to primary tumors following systemic administration. Gene Ther. (2000) 7 21):1833-1839.
67. LINDNER JR: Microbubbles in medical imaging: current applications and future directions. Nat. Rev. Drug Disc. (2004) 3(6):527-532.
68. BEKEREDJIAN R, CHEN SY, GRAYBURN PA, SHOHET RV: Delivery of luciferase enzyme to the heart using ultrasound targeted microbubble destruction. J. Am. Coll Cardiol. (2004) 43(5):374a.
69. BEKEREDJIAN R, CHEN SY, FRENKEL PA, GRAYBURN PA, SHOHET RV: Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction can repeatedly direct highly specific plasmid expression to the heart. Circulation (2003) 108 8):1022-1026.
70. CHEN SY, SHOHET RV, BEKEREDJIAN R, FRENKEL P, GRAYBURN PA: Optimization of ultrasound parameters for cardiac gene delivery of adenoviral or plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2003) 42 2):301-308.
71. BEKEREDJIAN R, CHEN SY, PAN WT, GRAYBURN PA, SHOHET RV: Effects of ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction on cardiac gene expression. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2004) 30(4):539-543.
72. AMABILE PG, WAUGH JM, LEWIS TN, ELKINS CJ, JANAS W, DAKE MD: High-efficiency endovascular gene delivery via therapeutic ultrasound. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. (2001) 37(7):1975-1980.
73. HUBER PE, MANN MJ, MELO LG et al.: Focused ultrasound (HIFU) induces localized enhancement of reporter gene expression in rabbit carotid artery. Gene Ther. (2003) 10(18):1600-1607.
74. DU XY, YANG YS, LE VISAGE C et al.: In vivo US monitoring of catheter-based vascular delivery of gene microspheres in pigs: feasibility. Radiology (2003) 228(2):555-559.
75. MANOME Y, NAKAMURA M, OHNO T, FURUHATA H: Ultrasound facilitates transduction of naked plasmid DNA into colon carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Human Gene Ther. (2000) 11 11):1521-1528.
76. HUBER PE, DEBUS J: Tumor cytotoxicity in vivo and radical formation in vitro depend on the shock wave-induced cavitation dose. Radiat. Res. (2001) 156(3):301-309.
77. HUBER PE, PFISTERER P: In vitro and in vivo transfection of plasmid DNA in the Dunning prostate tumor R3327-AT1 is enhanced by focused ultrasound. Gene Ther. (2000) 7 17):1516-1525.
78. BAO S, THRALL BD, GIES RA, MILLER DL: In vivo transfection of melanoma cells by lithotripter shock waves. Cancer Res. (1998) 58(2):219-221.
79. CHRISTIANSEN JP, FRENCH BA, KLIBANOV AL, KAUL S, LINDNER JR: Targeted tissue transfection with ultrasound destruction of plasmid-bearing cationic microbubbles. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2003) 29(12):1759-1767.
80. TANIYAMA Y, TACHIBANA K, HIRAOKA K et al.: Development of safe and efficient novel nonviral gene transfer using ultrasound: enhancement of transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle. Gene Ther. (2002) 9(6):372-380.
81. LU QL, LIANG HD, PARTRIDGE T, BLOMLEY MJK: Microbubble ultrasound improves the efficiency of gene transduction in skeletal muscle in vivo with reduced tissue damage. Gene Ther. (2003) 10(5):396-405.
82. SCHRATZBERGER P, KRAININ JG, SCHRATZBERGER G et al.: Transcutaneous ultrasound augments naked DNA transfection of skeletal muscle. Mol. Ther. (2002) 6(5):576-583.
83. BARBARESE E, HO S-Y, D'ARRIGO JS, SIMON RH: Internalisation of microbubbles by tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. J. Neurooncol. (1995) 26:25-34.
84. CHO C-W, LIU Y, COBB WN et al.: Ultrasound-induced mild hyperthermia as a novel approach to increase drug uptake in brain microvessel endothelial cells. Pharm. Res. (2002) 19 8):1123-1129.
85. MESIWALA AH, FARRELL L, WENZEL HJ et al.: High-intensity focused ultrasound selectively disrupts the blood-brain barrier in vivo. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2002) 28(3):389-400.
86. CHO CW, LIU Y, COBB WN et al.: Ultrasound-induced mild hyperthermia as a novel approach to increase drug uptake in brain microvessel endothelial cells. Pharm. Res. (2002) 19 8):1123-1129.
87. HYNYNEN K, MCDANNOLD N, MARTIN H, JOLESZ FA, VYKHODTSEVA N: The threshold for brain damage in rabbits induced by bursts of ultrasound in the presence of an ultrasound contrast agent (Optison (R)). Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2003) 29(3):473-481.
88. GUILLAUME C, DELEPINE P, DROAL C, MONTIER T, TYMEN G, CLAUDE F: Aerosolization of cationic lipid-DNA complexes: lipoplex characterization and optimization of aerosol delivery conditions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2001) 286(3):464-471.
89. PILLAI R, PETRAK K, BLEZINGER P et al.: Ultrasonic nebulization of cationic lipid-based gene delivery systems for airway administration. Pharm. Res. (1998) 15(11):1743-1747.
90. MITRAGOTRI S, KOST J: Low-frequency sonophoresis. A review. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (2004) 56:589-601.
91. BARRY BW: Novel mechanisms and devices to enable successful transdermal drug delivery. Euro. J. Pharm. Sci. (2001) 14 101-114.
92. PRAUSNITZ MR: Reversible skin permeabilization for transdermal delivery of macromolecules. Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. (1997) 14(4):455-483.
93. GUY RH: Current status and future prospects of transdermal drug delivery. Pharm. Res. (1996) 13(12):1765-1769.
94. KASSAN DG, LYNCH AM, MILLER DL: Physical enhancement of dermatologic drug delivery - iontophoresis and phonophoresis. J. Amer. Acad. Dermatology. (1996) 34(4):657-666.
95. BYL NN: The use of ultrasound as an enhancer for transcutaneous drug delivery: phonophoresis. Phys. Ther. (1995) 75(6):539-553.
96. TYLE P, AGRAWALA P: Drug delivery by phonophoresis. Pharm. Res. (1989) 6(5):355-361.
97. SKAUEN DM, ZENTNER GM: Phonophoresis. Int. J. Pharmaceutics. (1984) 20:235-245.
98. BOMMANNAN D, OKUYAMA H, STAUFFER P, GUY RH: Sonophoresis. I. The use of high-frequency ultrasound to enhance transdermal drug delivery. Pharm. Res. (1992) 9(4):559-564.
99. BOMMANNAN D, MENON GK, OKUYAMA H, ELIAS PM, GUY RH: Sonophoresis. II. Examination of the mechanism(s) of ultrasound-enhanced transdermal drug delivery. Pharm. Res. (1992) 9(8):1043-1047.
100. MENON GK, BOMMANNAN DB, ELIAS PM: High-frequency sonophoresis: permeation pathways and structural basis for enhanced permeability. Skin Pharmacol. (1994) 7:130-139.
101. VYAS SP, SINGH R, ASATI RK: Liposomally encapsulated diclofenac for sonophoresis induced systemic delivery. J. Microencapsul. (1995) 12(2):149-154.
102. MITRAGOTRI S: Synergistic effect of enhancers for transdermal drug delivery. Pharm. Res. (2000) 17(11):1354-1357.
103. JOHNSON ME, MITRAGOTRI S, PATEL A, BLANKSCHTEIN D, LANGER R: Synergistic effects of chemical enhancers and therapeutic ultrasound on transdermal drug delivery. J. Pharm. Sci. (1996) 85 7):670-677.
104. TEZEL A, SENS A, TUCHSCHERER J, MITRAGOTRI A: Synergistic effect of low-frequency ultrasound and surfactants on skin permeability. J. Pharm. Sci. (2002) 91(1):91-100.
105. MITRAGOTRI S, BLANKSCHTEIN D, LANGER R: Ultrasound-mediated transdermal protein delivery. Science (1995) 269:850-853.
106. MITRAGOTRI S, EDWARDS DA, BLANKSCHTEIN D, LANGER R: A Mechanistic study of ultrasonically-enhanced transdermal drug delivery. J. Pharm. Sci. (1995) 84(6):697-706.
107. MITRAGOTRI S, BLANKSCHTEIN D, LANGER R: Transdermal drug delivery using low-frequency sonophoresis. Pharmaceut. Res. (1996) 13(3):411-420.
108. KOST J, PLIQUETT U, MITRAGOTRI S, YAMAMOTO A, LANGER R, WEAVER J: Synergistic effect of electric field and ultrasound on transdermal transport. Pharm. Res. (1996) 13(4):633-638.
109. MITRAGOTRI S, BLANKSCHTEIN D, LANGER R: An explanation for the variation of the sonophoretic transdermal transport enhancement from drug to drug. J. Pharm. Sci. (1997) 86(10):1190-1192.
110. MITRAGOTRI S, KOST J: Low-frequency sonophoresis: a noninvasive method of drug delivery and diagnostics. Biotechnol. Prog. (2000) 16:488-492.
111. TEZEL A, SENS A, TUCHSCHERER J, MITRAGOTRI S: Frequency dependence of sonophoresis. Pharm. Res. (2001) 18 12):1694-1700.
112. TANG H, MITRAGOTRI S, BLANKSCHTEIN D, LANGER R: Theoretical description of transdermal transport of hydrophilic permeants: application to low-frequency sonophoresis. J. Pharm. Sci. (2001) 90(5):545-568.
113. TERAHARA T, MITRAGOTRI S, KOST J, LANGER R: Dependence of low-frequency sonophoresis on ultrasound parameters; distance of the horn and intensity. Int. J. Pharm. (2002) 235:35-42.
114. TEZEL A, SENS A, MITRAGOTRI S: Incorporation of lipophilic pathways into the porous pathway model for describing skin permeabilization during low-frequency sonophoresis. J. Control. Release (2002) 83:183-188.
115. LANGER R: Biomaterials in drug delivery and tissue engineering: one laboratory's experience. Acc. Chem. Res. (2000) 33:94-101.
116. WU J, CHAPPELOW J, YANG J, WEIMANN L: Defects generated in human stratum corneum specimens by ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (1998) 24(5):705-710.
117. YAMASHITA N, TACHIBANA K, OGAWA K, TSUJITA N, TOMITA A: Scanning electron microscopic evaluation of the skin surface after ultrasound exposure. Anatom. Rec. (1997) 247:455-461.
118. TEZEL A, MITRAGOTRI S: On the origin of size-dependent tortuosity for permeation of hydrophilic solutes across the stratum corneum. J. Control. Release (2003) 86(1):183-186.
119. TEZEL A, SENS A, MITRAGOTRI S: Description of transdermal transport of hydrophilic solutes during low-frequency sonophoresis based on a modified porous pathway model. J. Pharm. Sci. (2003) 92 2):381-393.
120. TEZEL A, MITRAGOTRI S: Interactions of inertial cavitation bubbles with stratum corneum lipid bilayers during low-frequency sonophoresis. Biophys. J. (2003) 85(6):3502-3512.
121. HIPPIUS M, UHLEMANN C, SMOLENSKI U, SCHREIBER U, REIBIG S, HOFFMANN A. In vitro investigations of drug release and penetration - enhancing effect of ultrasound on transmembrane transport of flufenamic acid. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1998) 36:107-111.
122. ASANO J, SUISHA F, TAKADA M, KAWASAKI M, MIYAZAKI S: Effects of pulsed output ultrasound on the transdermal absorption of indomethacin from an ointment in rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. (1997) 20 3):288-291.
123. FANG J-Y, HWANG T-L, HUANG Y-B, TSAI Y-H: Transdermal iontophoresis of sodium nonivamide acetate V. Combined effect of physical enhancement methods. Int. J. Pharm. (2002) 235:95-105.
124. BOUCAUD A, GARRIGUE MA, MACHET L, VAILLANT L, PATAT F: Effect of sonication parameters on transdermal delivery of insulin to hairless rats. J. Control. Release (2002) 81:113-119.
125. LEVY D, KOST J, MESHULAM Y, LANGER R: Effect of ultrasound on transdermal drug delivery to rats and guinea pigs. J. Clin. Invest. (1989) 83:2074-2078.
126. MIYAZAKI S, MIZUOKA H, KOHATA Y, TAKADA M: External control of drug release and penetration. vi. enhancing effect of ultrasound on the transdermal absorption of indomethacin from an ointment in rats. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (1992) 40(10):2826-2830.
127. ZHANG I, SHUNG KK, EDWARDS DA: Hydrogels with enhanced mass transfer for transdermal drug delivery. J. Pharm. Sci. (1996) 85 12):1312-1316.
128. KWOK CS, MOURAD PD, CRUM LA, RATNER BD: Self-assembled molecular structures as ultrasonically-responsive barrier membranes for pulsatile drug delivery. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. (2001) 57 151-164.
129. FRANCIS CW, ONUNDARSON PT, CARSTENSEN EL et al.: Enhancement of fibrinolysis in vitro by ultrasound. J. Clin. Invest. (1992) 90(11):2063-2068.
130. LAUER CG, BURGE R, TANG DB, BASS BG, GOMEZ ER, ALVING BM: Effect of ultrasound on tissue-type plasminogen activator-induced thrombolysis. Circulation (1992) 86:1257-1264.
131. FRANCIS CW, BLINC A, LEE S, COX C: Ultrasound accelerates transport of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator into clots. Ultrasound in Med. Biol. (1995) 21(3):419-424.
132. SUCHKOVA V, CARSTENSEN EL, FRANCIS CW: Ultrasound enhancement of fibrinolysis at frequencies of 27 to 100 kHz. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2002) 28(3):377-382.
133. SIDDIQI F, BLINC A, BRAATEN J, FRANCIS CW: Ultrasound increases flow through fibrin gets. Thromb. Haemostasis. (1995) 73(3):495-498.
134. ROSENSCHEIN U, FURMAN V, KERNER E: Ultrasound imaging-guided noninvasive ultrasound thrombolysis: preclinical results. Circulation (2000) 102(2):238-245.
135. TACHIBANA K, TACHIBANA S: Albumin microbubble echo-contrast material as an enhancer for ultrasound accelerated thrombolysis. Circulation (1995) 92(5):1148-1150.
136. PORTER TR, LEVEEN RF, FOX R, KRICSFELD A, XIE F: Thrombolytic enhancement with perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin microbubbles. Am. Heart J. (1996) 132(5):964-968.
137. WU YQ, UNGER EC, MCCREERY TP et al.: Binding and lysing of blood clots using MRX-408. Invest. Radiol. (1998) 33 12):880-885.
138. SIEGEL RJ, ATAR S, FISHBEIN MC et al.: Noninvasive transcutaneous low frequency ultrasound enhances thrombolysis in peripheral and coronary arteries. Echocardiography (2001) 18 3):247-257.
139. FRANCIS CW: Ultrasound-enhanced thrombolysis. Echocardiography (2001) 18(3):239-246.
140. CULP WC, PORTER TR, LOWERY J, ROBERSON PK, XIE F, MCCOWAN TC: Intracranial clot lysis with intravenous platelet targeted microbubbles and transcranial ultrasound. Circulation (2003) 108 17):604-604.
141. NIVEN RW, WHITCOMB KL, SHANER L, IP AY, KINSTLER OB: The pulmonary absorption of aerosolised and intratracheally instilled rhg-csf and monopegylated Rhg-Csf. Pharm. Res. (1995) 12 9):1343-1349.
142. STECKEL H, ESKANDAR F, WITTHOHN K: Effect of cryoprotectants on the stability and aerosol performance of nebulized aviscumine, a 57-kDa protein. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. (2003) 56(1):11-21.
143. IP AY, ARAKAWA T, SILVERS H, RANSONE CM, NIVEN RW: Stability of recombinant consensus interferon to air-jet and ultrasonic nebulization. J. Pharm. Sci. (1995) 84(10):1210-1214.
144. KOSUGI T, SAITOH S, TAMAKI N, HANASHIRO K, NAKAHODO K, NAKAMURA M: Inhalation of platelet-activating-factor increases respiratory resistance in rats - determination by means of an astograph under nonanesthetized conditions. Laryngoscope (1993) 103 4):428-430.
145. LANGENBACK EG, DAVIS JM, ROBBINS C, SAHGAL N, PERRY RJ, SIMON SR: Improved pulmonary distribution of recombinant human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, using a modified ultrasonic nebulizer. Pediatr. Pulmonol. (1999) 27(2):124-129.
146. FLAMENT MP, LETERME P, GAYOT A: Study of the technological parameters of ultrasonic nebulization. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. (2001) 27(7):643-649.
147. FLAMENT MP, LETERME P, GAYOT A: Influence of the technological parameters of ultrasonic nebulisation on the nebulisation quality of alpha 1 protease inhibitor (alpha 1I). Int. J. Pharm. (1999) 189(2):197-204.
148. MUNSTER AMB, BENDSTRUP E, JENSEN JI, GRAM J: Jet and ultrasonic nebulization of single chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scu-PA). J. Aerosol Med. (2000) 13(4):325-333.
149. KOST J: Ultrasound for controlled delivery of therapeutics. Clin Mater. (1993) 13:155-161.
150. LOVEROCK P, TER HAAR G, ORMEROD MG, IMRIE PR: The effect of ultrasound on the cytoxicity of adriamycin. Br. J. Radiol. (1990) 63:542-546.
151. TACHIBANA K, UCHIDA T, TAMURA K, EGUCHI H, YAMASHITA N, OGAWA K: Enhanced cytotoxic effect of Ara-C by low intensity ultrasound to HL-60 cells. Cancer Lett. (2000) 149:189-194.
152. TACHIBANA K, UCHIDA T, OGAWA K, YAMASHITA N, TAMURA K: Induction of cell-membrane porosity by ultrasound. Lancet (1999) 353:1409.
153. SAITO K, MIYAKE K, MCNEIL PL, KATO K, YAGO K, SUGAI N: Plasma membrane disruption underlies injury of the corneal endothelium by ultrasound. Exp. Eye Res. (1999) 68:421-427.
154. RAPOPORT NY, HERRON JN, PITT WG, PITINA L: Micellar delivery of doxorubicin and its paramagnetic analog, ruboxyl, to HL-60 cells: effect of micelle structure and ultrasound on the intracellular drug uptake. J. Control. Release (1999) 58(2):153-162.
155. MUNSHI N, RAPOPORT N, PITT WG: Ultrasonic activated drug delivery from Pluronic P-105 micelles. Cancer Lett. (1997) 117 1-7.
156. YU TH, HU K, BAI J, WANG ZB: Reversal of adriamycin resistance in ovarian carcinoma cell line by combination of verapamil and low-level ultrasound. Ultrason. Sonochem. (2003) 10(1):37-40.
157. YU T, WANG W, MASON TJ: A review of research into the uses of low level ultrasound in cancer therapy. Ultrasonics Sonochem. (2004) 11: 95-103.
158. SAAD AH, HAHN GM: Ultrasound enhances adriamycin toxicity in vitro. In: Heat tranfer in bioengineering and medicine. (Vol. 7). Chato JC, Diller TE, Diller KR, Roemer RB (Eds). American Society of Mechanical Engineering Press, New York, USA (1987):28-31.
159. SAAD AH, HAHN GM: Ultrasound enhanced drug toxicity on chinese hamster ovary cells in vitro. Cancer Res. (1989) 49 5931-5934.
160. SAAD AH, HAHN GM: Ultrasound-enhanced effects of adriamycin against murine tumors. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (1992) 18 8):715-723.
161. YOKOYAMA M, OKANO T, SAKURAI Y, FUKUSHIMA S, OKAMOTO K, KATAOKA K: Selevtive delivery of adriamycin to solid tumor using a polymeric micelle carrier system. J. Drug Target (1999) 7 3):171-186.
162. KWON G, NAITO M, YOKOYAMA M, OKANO T, SAKURAI Y, KATAOKA K: Block copolymer micelles for drug delivery: loading and release of doxorubicin. J. Control. Release (1997) 48:195-201.
163. KWON GS, NAITO M, YOKOYAMA M, OKANO T, SAKURAI Y, KATAOKA K: Physical entrapment of adriamicin in AB block copolymer micelles. Pharm. Res. (1995) 12:192-195.
164. KWON GS, KATAOKA K: Block copolymer micelles as long circulating drug vehicles. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. (1995) 16 295-309.
165. ALEXANDRIDIS P, HOLZWARTH JF, HATTON TA: Micellization of Poly(ethylene oxide)- poly(propylene oxide)- poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer in aqueous solutions: thermodynamics of copolymer association. Macromolecules (1994) 27(9):2414-2425.
166. ALEXANDRIDIS P, NIVAGGIOLI T, HATTON TA: Temperature effects on structural properties of pluronic P104 and F108 PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer solutions. Langmuir (1995) 11:1468-1476.
167. ALEXANDRIDIS P, ATHANASSIOU V, HATTON TA: Pluronic-P105 PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymer in aqueous urea solutions: micelle formation, structure, and microenvironment. Langmuir (1995) 11 2442-2450.
168. ALEXANDRIDIS P, HATTON TA: Poly(ethyleneoxide)-poly(propyleneoxide)-Poly(ethyleneoxide) block copolymer surfactants in aqueous solutions and at interfaces: thermodynamics, structure, dynamics, and modelling. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects (1995) 96:1-46.
169. RAPOPORT N, CALDWELL K: Structural transitions in micellar solutions of Pluronic P-105 and their effect on the conformation of dissolved cytochrome c: an electron paramagnetic resonance investigation. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces (1994) 3 217-228.
170. YUAN F, LEUNING M, HUANG SK, BERK DA, PAPAHADJOPULOS D, JAIN RK: Microvascular permeability and interstitial penetration of sterically-stabilized (stealth) liposomes in human tumor xenograft. Cancer Res. (1994) 54:3352-3356.
171. RAPOPORT N, PITINA L: Intracellular distribution and intracellular dynamics of a spin-labeled analog of doxorubicin. J. Pharm. Sci. (1998) 87(3):321-325.
172. PECHAR M, ULBRICH K, SUBR V: Poly(ethylene glycol) multiblock copolymer as a carrier of anti-cancer drug doxorubicin. Bioconjug. Chem. (2000) 11(2):131-139.
173. ALAKHOV VY, MOSKALEVA EY, BATRAKOVA E, KABANOV AV: Hypersensitization of multidrug resistant human ovarian carcinoma cells by pluronic P85 block copolymer. Bioconj. Chem. (1996) 7 209-216.
174. VENNE A, LI S, MANDEVILLE R, KABANOV A, ALAKHOV V: Hypersensitizing effect of pluronic L61 on cytotoxic activity, transport, and subcellular distribution of doxorubicin in multiple drug-resistant cells. Cancer Res. (1996) 56:3626-3629.
175. SOMA CE, DUBERNET C, BENTOLILA D, BENITA S, COUVREUR P: Reversion of multidrug resistance by co-encapsulation of doxorubicin and cyclosporin A in polyalkylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. Biomaterials (2000) 21:1-7.
176. HUSSEINI GA, MYRUP GD, PITT WG, CHRISTENSEN DA, RAPOPORT NY: Factors affecting acoustically-triggered release of drugs from polymeric micelles. J. Control. Release (2000) 69:43-52.
177. HUSSEINI GA, RAPOPORT NY, CHRISTENSEN DA, PRUITT JD, PITT WG: Kinetics of ultrasonic release of doxorubin from pluronic P105 micelles. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces (2002) 24:253-264.
178. MARIN A, MUNIRUZZAMAN M, RAPOPORT N: Mechanism of the ultrasonic activation of micellar drug delivery. J. Control. Release (2001) 75:69-81.
179. RAPOPORT N: Combined cancer therapy by micellar-encapsulated drug and ultrasound. Int. J. Pharm. (2004) 227:155-162.
180. RAPOPORT N, MARIN A, LUO Y, PRESTWICH GD, MUNIRZZAMAN M: Intracellular uptake and trafficking of Pluronic micelles in drug-sensitive and MDR cells: effect on the intracellular drug localization. J. Pharm Sci. (2002) 91(1):157-170.
181. MUNIRUZZAMAN MD, MARIN A, LUO Y et al.: Intracellular uptake of Pluronic copolymer: effects of the aggregation state. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces (2002) 25(3):233-241.
182. MARIN A, MUNIRUZZAMAN M, RAPOPORT N: Acoustic activation of drug delivery from polymeric micelles: effect of pulsed ultrasound. J. Control. Release (2001) 71:239-249.
183. HUSSEINI GA, RUNYAN CM, PITT WG: Investigating the mechanism of acoustically activated uptake of drugs from Pluronic micelles. BMC Cancer (2002) 2(20):1-6.
184. PRUITT JD, HUSSEINI G, RAPOPORT N, PITT WG: Stabilization of pluronic P-105 micelles with an interpenetrating network of N,N diethylacrylamide. Macromolecules (2000) 33(25):9306-9309.
185. PRUITT JD, PITT WG: Sequestration and ultrasound-induced release of doxorubicin from stabilised pluronic P105 micelles. Drug Deliv. (2002) 9(4):253-259.
186. HUSSEINI GA, CHRISTENSEN DA, RAPOPORT NY, PITT WG: Ultrasonic release of doxorubicin from pluronic P105 micelles stabilised with an
187. NELSON JL, ROEDER BL, CARMEN JC, ROLOFF F, PITT WG: Ultrasonically activated chemotherapeutic drug delivery in a rat model. Cancer Res. (2002) 62:7280-7283.
188. GAO Z, FAIN HD, RAPOPORT N: Ultrasound-enhanced tumor targeting of polymeric micellar drug carriers. Mol. Pharm. (2004) (In Press)
189. RAPOPORT N, CHRISTENSEN DA, FAIN HD, BARROWS L, GAO Z: Ultrasound-triggered drug targeting of tumors in vitro and in vivo. Ultrasoincs (2004) 42:943-950.
190. HERMAN EH, RAHMAN A, FERRANS VJ, VICK JA, SCHEIN PS: Prevention of chronic doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in beagles by liposomal encapsulation. Cancer Res. (1983) 43:5427-5432.
191. SYMON Z, PEYSER A, TZEMACH D: Selective delivery of doxorubicin to patients with breast carcinoma metastases by stealth liposomes. Cancer (1999) 86:72-78.
192. BEDNARSKI MD, LEE JW, CALLSTROM MR, LI KCP: In vivo target-specific delivery of macromolecular agents with MR-guided focused ultrasound. Radiology. (1997) 204:263-268.
193. KODAMA M, MIYATA T, TAKAICHI Y: Calorimetric investigations of phase transitions of sonicated vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. (1993) 1169(1):90-97.
194. MORSE R, MA LD, MAGIN RL, DUNN F: Ultrasound interaction with large unilamellar vesicles at the phospholipid phase transition: perturbation by phospholipid side chain substitution with deuterium. Chem. Phys. Lipids (1999) 103(1-2):1-10.
195. MAYNARD VM, MAGIN RL, DUNN F: Ultrasonic absorption and permeability for liposomes near phase transition. Chem. Phys. Lipids (1985) 37(1):1-12.
196. REDISKE AM, RAPOPORT N, PITT WG: Reducing bacterial resistance to antibiotics with ultrasound. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. (1999) 28(1):81-84.
197. REDISKE AM, HYMAS WC, WILKINSON R, PITT WG: Ultrasonic enhancement of antibiotic action on several species of bacteria. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. (1998) 44:283-288.
198. QIAN Z, STOODLEY P, PITT WG: The effect of low intensity ultrasound upon biofilm structure from confocal scanning laser microscopy observation. Biomaterials (1996) 17(20):1975-1980.
199. QIAN Z, SAGERS RD, PITT WG: The role of insonation intensity in acoustic-enhanced antibiotic treatment of bacterial biofilms. Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces (1997) 9:239-245.
200. QIAN Z, SAGERS RD, PITT WG: Investigation of the mechanism of the bioacoustic effect. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. (1999) 44 198-205.
201. QIAN Z, SAGERS RD, PITT WG: The effect of ultrasonic frequency upon enhanced killing of P. aeruginosa biofilms. Ann. Biomed. Eng. (1997) 25(1):69-76.
202. JOHNSON LL, PETERSON RV, PITT WG: Treatment of bacterial biofilms on polymeric implants using antibiotics and ultrasound. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. (1998) 9:1177-1185.
203. REDISKE AM, ROEDER BL, BROWN MK et al.: Ultrasonic enhancement of antibiotic action on Escherichia coli biofilms: an in vivo model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1999) 43 5):1211-1214.
204. REDISKE AM, ROEDER BL, NELSON JL et al.: Pulsed ultrasound enhances the killing of E. coli biofilms by aminoglycoside antibiotics in vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2000) 44:771-772.
205. CARMEN JC, ROEDER BL, NELSON JL et al.: The treatment of implanted biofilms with low-frequency ultrasound and gentamicin. Am. J. Infect. Control. (2004) (Accepted).
206. CARMEN JC, ROEDER BL, NELSON JL et al.: Ultrasonically enhanced vancomycin activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis biomilms in vivo. J. Biomater. Appl. (2004) 18(4):237-245.
207. STRIDE E, SAFFARI N: On the destruction of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents. Ultrasound Med. Biol. (2003) 29 4):563-573.
208. LEE JC, BURMUDEZ H, DISCHER BM et al.: Preparation, stability, and in vitro performance of vesicles made with diblock copolymers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. (2001) 73(2):135-135.
209. SCHIFFELERS RM, KONING GA, TEN HAGEN TLM et al.: Anti-tumor efficacy of tumor vasculature-targeted liposomal doxorubicin. J. Control. Release (2003) 91(1-2):115-122.
210. TAKALKAR AM, KLIBANOV AL, RYCHAK JJ, LINDNER JR, LEY K: Binding and detachment dynamics of microbubbles targeted to P-selectin under controlled shear flow. J. Control Release (2004) 96 3):473-482.