Ionic liquid-promoted, highly regioselective Heck arylation of electron-rich olefins by aryl halides

Journal of the American Chemical Society

Volumn 127, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 751-760

  Mo, Jun ^a   Xu, Lijin ^a   Xiao, Jianliang ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATALYSIS; ETHERS; HALIDE MINERALS; IONIC CONDUCTION; MOLECULES; PALLADIUM; SOLVENTS;

ARYLATED OLEFINS; ELECTRON-RICH OLEFINS; MOLECULAR SOLVENTS; STERIC PROPERTIES;

OLEFINS;

(2 PHENYLALLYL)TRIMETHYLSILANE; 1 (2 BUTOXYETHENYL)NAPHTHALENE; 1 [4 (1 TRIMETHYLSILANYLMETHYLVINYL)PHENYL]ETHANONE; 1 BUTOXY 2 (4 ACETYLPHENYL)ETHYLENE; 1 BUTYL 3 METHYLIMIDAZOLIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE; 4 (1 TRIMETHYLSILANYLMETHYLVINYL)BENZALDEHYDE; 4 (1 TRIMETHYLSILANYLMETHYLVINYL)BENZONITRILE; 4 (2 BUTOXYETHENYL)BENZALDEHYDE; 4 (2 BUTOXYETHENYL)BENZONITRILE; [2 (4 FLUOROPHENYL)ALLYL]TRIMETHYLSILANE; ALKENE DERIVATIVE; ALLYLTRIMETHYLSILANE; BROMIDE; HALIDE; IMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; IODIDE; KETONE; PALLADIUM; SOLVENT; TRIMETHYL(2 PARA TOLYLALLYL)SILANE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VINYL DERIVATIVE; VINYL ETHER;

ARTICLE; ARYLATION; CATALYSIS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTRON; HECK REACTION; STEREOSPECIFICITY; SYNTHESIS;

EID: 12944304643     PISSN: 00027863     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ja0450861     Document Type: Article

References (230)

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19. For some recent examples of regioisomer formation, see: (a) Park, S. B.; Alper, H. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3209. (b) Xu, L.; Mo, J.; Baillie, C.; Xiao, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 687, 301. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Hierso, J. C.; Fihri, A.; Amardeil, R.; Meunier, P.; Doucet, H.; Santelli, M.; Donnadieu, B. Organometallics 2003, 22, 4490. (e) Maeda, K.; Farrington, E. J.; Galardon, E.; John, B. D.; Brown, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 104. (f) Schnyder, A.; Aemmer, T.; Indolese, A. F.; Pittelkow, U.; Studer, M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 495. (g) Feuerstein, M.; Doucet, H.; Santellic, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 2191. (h) Littke, A. F.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6989. (i) Djakovitch, L.; Koehler, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5990. (j) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Osburn, P. L.; Wilson, A.; Sink, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9058. (k) Ludwig, M.; Stromberg, S.; Svesson, M.; Akermark, B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 970. (l) Wright, S. W.; Hageman, D. L.; McClure, L. D. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1998, 35, 717. (m) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Reisinger, C. P.; Riermeier, T. H.; Öfele, K.; Beller, M. Chem.-Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1357.
20. For some recent examples of regioisomer formation, see: (a) Park, S. B.; Alper, H. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3209. (b) Xu, L.; Mo, J.; Baillie, C.; Xiao, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 687, 301. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Hierso, J. C.; Fihri, A.; Amardeil, R.; Meunier, P.; Doucet, H.; Santelli, M.; Donnadieu, B. Organometallics 2003, 22, 4490. (e) Maeda, K.; Farrington, E. J.; Galardon, E.; John, B. D.; Brown, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 104. (f) Schnyder, A.; Aemmer, T.; Indolese, A. F.; Pittelkow, U.; Studer, M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 495. (g) Feuerstein, M.; Doucet, H.; Santellic, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 2191. (h) Littke, A. F.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6989. (i) Djakovitch, L.; Koehler, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5990. (j) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Osburn, P. L.; Wilson, A.; Sink, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9058. (k) Ludwig, M.; Stromberg, S.; Svesson, M.; Akermark, B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 970. (l) Wright, S. W.; Hageman, D. L.; McClure, L. D. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1998, 35, 717. (m) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Reisinger, C. P.; Riermeier, T. H.; Öfele, K.; Beller, M. Chem.-Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1357.
21. For some recent examples of regioisomer formation, see: (a) Park, S. B.; Alper, H. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3209. (b) Xu, L.; Mo, J.; Baillie, C.; Xiao, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 687, 301. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Hierso, J. C.; Fihri, A.; Amardeil, R.; Meunier, P.; Doucet, H.; Santelli, M.; Donnadieu, B. Organometallics 2003, 22, 4490. (e) Maeda, K.; Farrington, E. J.; Galardon, E.; John, B. D.; Brown, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 104. (f) Schnyder, A.; Aemmer, T.; Indolese, A. F.; Pittelkow, U.; Studer, M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 495. (g) Feuerstein, M.; Doucet, H.; Santellic, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 2191. (h) Littke, A. F.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6989. (i) Djakovitch, L.; Koehler, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5990. (j) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Osburn, P. L.; Wilson, A.; Sink, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9058. (k) Ludwig, M.; Stromberg, S.; Svesson, M.; Akermark, B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 970. (l) Wright, S. W.; Hageman, D. L.; McClure, L. D. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1998, 35, 717. (m) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Reisinger, C. P.; Riermeier, T. H.; Öfele, K.; Beller, M. Chem.-Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1357.
22. For some recent examples of regioisomer formation, see: (a) Park, S. B.; Alper, H. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3209. (b) Xu, L.; Mo, J.; Baillie, C.; Xiao, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 687, 301. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Hierso, J. C.; Fihri, A.; Amardeil, R.; Meunier, P.; Doucet, H.; Santelli, M.; Donnadieu, B. Organometallics 2003, 22, 4490. (e) Maeda, K.; Farrington, E. J.; Galardon, E.; John, B. D.; Brown, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 104. (f) Schnyder, A.; Aemmer, T.; Indolese, A. F.; Pittelkow, U.; Studer, M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 495. (g) Feuerstein, M.; Doucet, H.; Santellic, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 2191. (h) Littke, A. F.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6989. (i) Djakovitch, L.; Koehler, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5990. (j) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Osburn, P. L.; Wilson, A.; Sink, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9058. (k) Ludwig, M.; Stromberg, S.; Svesson, M.; Akermark, B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 970. (l) Wright, S. W.; Hageman, D. L.; McClure, L. D. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1998, 35, 717. (m) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Reisinger, C. P.; Riermeier, T. H.; Öfele, K.; Beller, M. Chem.-Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1357.
23. For some recent examples of regioisomer formation, see: (a) Park, S. B.; Alper, H. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3209. (b) Xu, L.; Mo, J.; Baillie, C.; Xiao, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 687, 301. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Hierso, J. C.; Fihri, A.; Amardeil, R.; Meunier, P.; Doucet, H.; Santelli, M.; Donnadieu, B. Organometallics 2003, 22, 4490. (e) Maeda, K.; Farrington, E. J.; Galardon, E.; John, B. D.; Brown, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 104. (f) Schnyder, A.; Aemmer, T.; Indolese, A. F.; Pittelkow, U.; Studer, M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 495. (g) Feuerstein, M.; Doucet, H.; Santellic, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 2191. (h) Littke, A. F.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6989. (i) Djakovitch, L.; Koehler, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5990. (j) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Osburn, P. L.; Wilson, A.; Sink, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9058. (k) Ludwig, M.; Stromberg, S.; Svesson, M.; Akermark, B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 970. (l) Wright, S. W.; Hageman, D. L.; McClure, L. D. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1998, 35, 717. (m) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Reisinger, C. P.; Riermeier, T. H.; Öfele, K.; Beller, M. Chem.-Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1357.
24. For some recent examples of regioisomer formation, see: (a) Park, S. B.; Alper, H. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3209. (b) Xu, L.; Mo, J.; Baillie, C.; Xiao, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 687, 301. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Hierso, J. C.; Fihri, A.; Amardeil, R.; Meunier, P.; Doucet, H.; Santelli, M.; Donnadieu, B. Organometallics 2003, 22, 4490. (e) Maeda, K.; Farrington, E. J.; Galardon, E.; John, B. D.; Brown, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 104. (f) Schnyder, A.; Aemmer, T.; Indolese, A. F.; Pittelkow, U.; Studer, M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 495. (g) Feuerstein, M.; Doucet, H.; Santellic, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 2191. (h) Littke, A. F.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6989. (i) Djakovitch, L.; Koehler, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5990. (j) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Osburn, P. L.; Wilson, A.; Sink, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9058. (k) Ludwig, M.; Stromberg, S.; Svesson, M.; Akermark, B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 970. (l) Wright, S. W.; Hageman, D. L.; McClure, L. D. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1998, 35, 717. (m) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Reisinger, C. P.; Riermeier, T. H.; Öfele, K.; Beller, M. Chem.-Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1357.
25. For some recent examples of regioisomer formation, see: (a) Park, S. B.; Alper, H. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3209. (b) Xu, L.; Mo, J.; Baillie, C.; Xiao, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 687, 301. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Hierso, J. C.; Fihri, A.; Amardeil, R.; Meunier, P.; Doucet, H.; Santelli, M.; Donnadieu, B. Organometallics 2003, 22, 4490. (e) Maeda, K.; Farrington, E. J.; Galardon, E.; John, B. D.; Brown, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 104. (f) Schnyder, A.; Aemmer, T.; Indolese, A. F.; Pittelkow, U.; Studer, M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 495. (g) Feuerstein, M.; Doucet, H.; Santellic, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 2191. (h) Littke, A. F.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6989. (i) Djakovitch, L.; Koehler, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5990. (j) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Osburn, P. L.; Wilson, A.; Sink, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9058. (k) Ludwig, M.; Stromberg, S.; Svesson, M.; Akermark, B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 970. (l) Wright, S. W.; Hageman, D. L.; McClure, L. D. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1998, 35, 717. (m) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Reisinger, C. P.; Riermeier, T. H.; Öfele, K.; Beller, M. Chem.-Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1357.
26. For some recent examples of regioisomer formation, see: (a) Park, S. B.; Alper, H. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3209. (b) Xu, L.; Mo, J.; Baillie, C.; Xiao, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 687, 301. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Hierso, J. C.; Fihri, A.; Amardeil, R.; Meunier, P.; Doucet, H.; Santelli, M.; Donnadieu, B. Organometallics 2003, 22, 4490. (e) Maeda, K.; Farrington, E. J.; Galardon, E.; John, B. D.; Brown, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 104. (f) Schnyder, A.; Aemmer, T.; Indolese, A. F.; Pittelkow, U.; Studer, M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 495. (g) Feuerstein, M.; Doucet, H.; Santellic, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 2191. (h) Littke, A. F.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6989. (i) Djakovitch, L.; Koehler, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5990. (j) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Osburn, P. L.; Wilson, A.; Sink, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9058. (k) Ludwig, M.; Stromberg, S.; Svesson, M.; Akermark, B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 970. (l) Wright, S. W.; Hageman, D. L.; McClure, L. D. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1998, 35, 717. (m) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Reisinger, C. P.; Riermeier, T. H.; Öfele, K.; Beller, M. Chem.-Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1357.
27. For some recent examples of regioisomer formation, see: (a) Park, S. B.; Alper, H. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3209. (b) Xu, L.; Mo, J.; Baillie, C.; Xiao, J. J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 687, 301. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Hierso, J. C.; Fihri, A.; Amardeil, R.; Meunier, P.; Doucet, H.; Santelli, M.; Donnadieu, B. Organometallics 2003, 22, 4490. (e) Maeda, K.; Farrington, E. J.; Galardon, E.; John, B. D.; Brown, J. M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 104. (f) Schnyder, A.; Aemmer, T.; Indolese, A. F.; Pittelkow, U.; Studer, M. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2002, 344, 495. (g) Feuerstein, M.; Doucet, H.; Santellic, M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 2191. (h) Littke, A. F.; Fu, G. C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6989. (i) Djakovitch, L.; Koehler, K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 5990. (j) Bergbreiter, D. E.; Osburn, P. L.; Wilson, A.; Sink, E. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9058. (k) Ludwig, M.; Stromberg, S.; Svesson, M.; Akermark, B. Organometallics 1999, 18, 970. (l) Wright, S. W.; Hageman, D. L.; McClure, L. D. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1998, 35, 717. (m) Herrmann, W. A.; Brossmer, C.; Reisinger, C. P.; Riermeier, T. H.; Öfele, K.; Beller, M. Chem.-Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1357.
28. Regiocontrol is possible for coupling partners containing functionalities capable of chelating to palladium. For examples, see: (a) Svennebring, A.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3345. (b) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3430. (c) Glorius, F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5751. (d) Barcia, J. C.; Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Estevez, R. J.; Castedo, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5141. (e) Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Castedo, L.; Estevez, R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4825. (f) Crisp, G. T.; Gebauer, M. G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12465. (g) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 285. (h) Badone, D.; Guzzi, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3603. (i) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 212. (j) Andersson, C. M.; Larsson, J.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5757.
29. Regiocontrol is possible for coupling partners containing functionalities capable of chelating to palladium. For examples, see: (a) Svennebring, A.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3345. (b) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3430. (c) Glorius, F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5751. (d) Barcia, J. C.; Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Estevez, R. J.; Castedo, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5141. (e) Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Castedo, L.; Estevez, R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4825. (f) Crisp, G. T.; Gebauer, M. G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12465. (g) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 285. (h) Badone, D.; Guzzi, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3603. (i) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 212. (j) Andersson, C. M.; Larsson, J.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5757.
30. Regiocontrol is possible for coupling partners containing functionalities capable of chelating to palladium. For examples, see: (a) Svennebring, A.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3345. (b) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3430. (c) Glorius, F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5751. (d) Barcia, J. C.; Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Estevez, R. J.; Castedo, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5141. (e) Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Castedo, L.; Estevez, R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4825. (f) Crisp, G. T.; Gebauer, M. G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12465. (g) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 285. (h) Badone, D.; Guzzi, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3603. (i) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 212. (j) Andersson, C. M.; Larsson, J.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5757.
31. Regiocontrol is possible for coupling partners containing functionalities capable of chelating to palladium. For examples, see: (a) Svennebring, A.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3345. (b) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3430. (c) Glorius, F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5751. (d) Barcia, J. C.; Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Estevez, R. J.; Castedo, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5141. (e) Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Castedo, L.; Estevez, R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4825. (f) Crisp, G. T.; Gebauer, M. G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12465. (g) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 285. (h) Badone, D.; Guzzi, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3603. (i) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 212. (j) Andersson, C. M.; Larsson, J.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5757.
32. Regiocontrol is possible for coupling partners containing functionalities capable of chelating to palladium. For examples, see: (a) Svennebring, A.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3345. (b) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3430. (c) Glorius, F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5751. (d) Barcia, J. C.; Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Estevez, R. J.; Castedo, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5141. (e) Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Castedo, L.; Estevez, R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4825. (f) Crisp, G. T.; Gebauer, M. G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12465. (g) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 285. (h) Badone, D.; Guzzi, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3603. (i) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 212. (j) Andersson, C. M.; Larsson, J.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5757.
33. Regiocontrol is possible for coupling partners containing functionalities capable of chelating to palladium. For examples, see: (a) Svennebring, A.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3345. (b) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3430. (c) Glorius, F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5751. (d) Barcia, J. C.; Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Estevez, R. J.; Castedo, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5141. (e) Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Castedo, L.; Estevez, R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4825. (f) Crisp, G. T.; Gebauer, M. G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12465. (g) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 285. (h) Badone, D.; Guzzi, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3603. (i) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 212. (j) Andersson, C. M.; Larsson, J.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5757.
34. Regiocontrol is possible for coupling partners containing functionalities capable of chelating to palladium. For examples, see: (a) Svennebring, A.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3345. (b) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3430. (c) Glorius, F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5751. (d) Barcia, J. C.; Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Estevez, R. J.; Castedo, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5141. (e) Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Castedo, L.; Estevez, R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4825. (f) Crisp, G. T.; Gebauer, M. G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12465. (g) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 285. (h) Badone, D.; Guzzi, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3603. (i) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 212. (j) Andersson, C. M.; Larsson, J.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5757.
35. Regiocontrol is possible for coupling partners containing functionalities capable of chelating to palladium. For examples, see: (a) Svennebring, A.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3345. (b) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3430. (c) Glorius, F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5751. (d) Barcia, J. C.; Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Estevez, R. J.; Castedo, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5141. (e) Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Castedo, L.; Estevez, R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4825. (f) Crisp, G. T.; Gebauer, M. G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12465. (g) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 285. (h) Badone, D.; Guzzi, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3603. (i) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 212. (j) Andersson, C. M.; Larsson, J.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5757.
36. Regiocontrol is possible for coupling partners containing functionalities capable of chelating to palladium. For examples, see: (a) Svennebring, A.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3345. (b) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3430. (c) Glorius, F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5751. (d) Barcia, J. C.; Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Estevez, R. J.; Castedo, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5141. (e) Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Castedo, L.; Estevez, R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4825. (f) Crisp, G. T.; Gebauer, M. G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12465. (g) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 285. (h) Badone, D.; Guzzi, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3603. (i) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 212. (j) Andersson, C. M.; Larsson, J.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5757.
37. Regiocontrol is possible for coupling partners containing functionalities capable of chelating to palladium. For examples, see: (a) Svennebring, A.; Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 3345. (b) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3430. (c) Glorius, F. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5751. (d) Barcia, J. C.; Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Estevez, R. J.; Castedo, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 5141. (e) Cruces, J.; Estevez, J. C.; Castedo, L.; Estevez, R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4825. (f) Crisp, G. T.; Gebauer, M. G. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 12465. (g) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Tetrahedron 1994, 50, 285. (h) Badone, D.; Guzzi, U. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 3603. (i) Larhed, M.; Andersson, C. M.; Hallberg, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1993, 47, 212. (j) Andersson, C. M.; Larsson, J.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5757.
38. Aldimines and aldehydes have recently been shown to undergo coupling with Ar-I to give products similar to the branched olefins under question: (k) Ishiyama, T.; Hartwig, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12043. (l) Huang, Y. C.; Majumdar, K. K.; Cheng, C. H. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 1682.
39. Aldimines and aldehydes have recently been shown to undergo coupling with Ar-I to give products similar to the branched olefins under question: (k) Ishiyama, T.; Hartwig, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 12043. (l) Huang, Y. C.; Majumdar, K. K.; Cheng, C. H. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 1682.
40. Regiocontrol is also possible with intramolecular coupling of iodides, where intramolecular coordination of the olefin may facilitate dissociation of the iodide anion to form the cationic palladium intermediate (Scheme 1): Ashimori, A.; Bachand, B.; Calter, M. A.; Govek, S. P.; Overman, L. E.; Poon, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 6488.
41. Heck, R. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1979, 12, 146.
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47. Cabri, W.; Candiani, I.; Bedeschi, A. J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 7421.
48. (b) Cabri, W.; Candiani, I.; Bedeschi, A. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 3558.
49. (c) Cabri, W.; Candiani, I.; Bedeschi, A.; Penco, S. J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 1481.
50. (d) Cabri, W.; Candiani, I.; Bedeschi, A.; Santi, R. Tetrahedron Lett. 1991, 32, 1753.
51. (e) Cabri, W.; Candiani, I.; Bedeschi, A.; Santi, R. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 3654.
52. For examples from Hallberg and co-workers, see: (a) Vallin, K. S. A.; Zhang, Q.; Larhed, M.; Curran, D. P.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 6639. (b) Bengtson, A.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5854. (c) Olofsson, K.; Sahlin, H.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 544. (d) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8217. (e) Vallin, K. S. A.; Larhed, M.; Johansson, K.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 4537. (f) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7235. (g) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5076. (h) Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9582.
53. For examples from Hallberg and co-workers, see: (a) Vallin, K. S. A.; Zhang, Q.; Larhed, M.; Curran, D. P.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 6639. (b) Bengtson, A.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5854. (c) Olofsson, K.; Sahlin, H.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 544. (d) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8217. (e) Vallin, K. S. A.; Larhed, M.; Johansson, K.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 4537. (f) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7235. (g) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5076. (h) Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9582.
54. For examples from Hallberg and co-workers, see: (a) Vallin, K. S. A.; Zhang, Q.; Larhed, M.; Curran, D. P.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 6639. (b) Bengtson, A.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5854. (c) Olofsson, K.; Sahlin, H.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 544. (d) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8217. (e) Vallin, K. S. A.; Larhed, M.; Johansson, K.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 4537. (f) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7235. (g) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5076. (h) Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9582.
55. For examples from Hallberg and co-workers, see: (a) Vallin, K. S. A.; Zhang, Q.; Larhed, M.; Curran, D. P.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 6639. (b) Bengtson, A.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5854. (c) Olofsson, K.; Sahlin, H.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 544. (d) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8217. (e) Vallin, K. S. A.; Larhed, M.; Johansson, K.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 4537. (f) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7235. (g) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5076. (h) Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9582.
56. For examples from Hallberg and co-workers, see: (a) Vallin, K. S. A.; Zhang, Q.; Larhed, M.; Curran, D. P.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 6639. (b) Bengtson, A.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5854. (c) Olofsson, K.; Sahlin, H.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 544. (d) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8217. (e) Vallin, K. S. A.; Larhed, M.; Johansson, K.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 4537. (f) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7235. (g) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5076. (h) Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9582.
57. For examples from Hallberg and co-workers, see: (a) Vallin, K. S. A.; Zhang, Q.; Larhed, M.; Curran, D. P.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 6639. (b) Bengtson, A.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5854. (c) Olofsson, K.; Sahlin, H.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 544. (d) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8217. (e) Vallin, K. S. A.; Larhed, M.; Johansson, K.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 4537. (f) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7235. (g) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5076. (h) Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9582.
58. For examples from Hallberg and co-workers, see: (a) Vallin, K. S. A.; Zhang, Q.; Larhed, M.; Curran, D. P.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 6639. (b) Bengtson, A.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5854. (c) Olofsson, K.; Sahlin, H.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 544. (d) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8217. (e) Vallin, K. S. A.; Larhed, M.; Johansson, K.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 4537. (f) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7235. (g) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5076. (h) Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9582.
59. For examples from Hallberg and co-workers, see: (a) Vallin, K. S. A.; Zhang, Q.; Larhed, M.; Curran, D. P.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 6639. (b) Bengtson, A.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5854. (c) Olofsson, K.; Sahlin, H.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 544. (d) Nilsson, P.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 8217. (e) Vallin, K. S. A.; Larhed, M.; Johansson, K.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 4537. (f) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 65, 7235. (g) Olofsson, K.; Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 5076. (h) Larhed, M.; Hallberg, A. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 9582.
60. For recent examples, see: (a) Tu, T.; Hou, X. L.; Dai, L. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3651. (b) Legros, J.-Y.; Primault, G.; Fiaud, J.-C. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 2507. (c) Sakagami, H.; Ogasawara, K. Heterocycles 2001, 54, 43. (d) Wu, J.; Marcoux, J. F.; Davies, I. W.; Reider, P. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 159. (e) Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; Seitz, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 1405. (f) Homan, E. J.; Tulp, M. Th. M.; Nilsson, J. E.; Wikstrom, H. V.; Grol, C. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 2541. (g) Savelon, L.; Bizot-Espiard, J. G.; Caignard, D. H.; Pfeiffer, B.; Renard, P.; Viaud, M. C.; Guillaumet, G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 1963. (h) Subramanyam, C.; Chattarjee, S.; Mallamo, J. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 459. (i) Pendrak, I.; Chambers, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3249. (j) Liljebris, C.; Selen, G.; Resul, B.; Stjernschantz, J.; Hacksell, U. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 289. (k) Refs 4k and 5d,e.
61. For recent examples, see: (a) Tu, T.; Hou, X. L.; Dai, L. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3651. (b) Legros, J.-Y.; Primault, G.; Fiaud, J.-C. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 2507. (c) Sakagami, H.; Ogasawara, K. Heterocycles 2001, 54, 43. (d) Wu, J.; Marcoux, J. F.; Davies, I. W.; Reider, P. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 159. (e) Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; Seitz, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 1405. (f) Homan, E. J.; Tulp, M. Th. M.; Nilsson, J. E.; Wikstrom, H. V.; Grol, C. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 2541. (g) Savelon, L.; Bizot-Espiard, J. G.; Caignard, D. H.; Pfeiffer, B.; Renard, P.; Viaud, M. C.; Guillaumet, G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 1963. (h) Subramanyam, C.; Chattarjee, S.; Mallamo, J. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 459. (i) Pendrak, I.; Chambers, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3249. (j) Liljebris, C.; Selen, G.; Resul, B.; Stjernschantz, J.; Hacksell, U. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 289. (k) Refs 4k and 5d,e.
62. For recent examples, see: (a) Tu, T.; Hou, X. L.; Dai, L. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3651. (b) Legros, J.-Y.; Primault, G.; Fiaud, J.-C. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 2507. (c) Sakagami, H.; Ogasawara, K. Heterocycles 2001, 54, 43. (d) Wu, J.; Marcoux, J. F.; Davies, I. W.; Reider, P. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 159. (e) Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; Seitz, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 1405. (f) Homan, E. J.; Tulp, M. Th. M.; Nilsson, J. E.; Wikstrom, H. V.; Grol, C. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 2541. (g) Savelon, L.; Bizot-Espiard, J. G.; Caignard, D. H.; Pfeiffer, B.; Renard, P.; Viaud, M. C.; Guillaumet, G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 1963. (h) Subramanyam, C.; Chattarjee, S.; Mallamo, J. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 459. (i) Pendrak, I.; Chambers, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3249. (j) Liljebris, C.; Selen, G.; Resul, B.; Stjernschantz, J.; Hacksell, U. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 289. (k) Refs 4k and 5d,e.
63. For recent examples, see: (a) Tu, T.; Hou, X. L.; Dai, L. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3651. (b) Legros, J.-Y.; Primault, G.; Fiaud, J.-C. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 2507. (c) Sakagami, H.; Ogasawara, K. Heterocycles 2001, 54, 43. (d) Wu, J.; Marcoux, J. F.; Davies, I. W.; Reider, P. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 159. (e) Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; Seitz, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 1405. (f) Homan, E. J.; Tulp, M. Th. M.; Nilsson, J. E.; Wikstrom, H. V.; Grol, C. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 2541. (g) Savelon, L.; Bizot-Espiard, J. G.; Caignard, D. H.; Pfeiffer, B.; Renard, P.; Viaud, M. C.; Guillaumet, G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 1963. (h) Subramanyam, C.; Chattarjee, S.; Mallamo, J. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 459. (i) Pendrak, I.; Chambers, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3249. (j) Liljebris, C.; Selen, G.; Resul, B.; Stjernschantz, J.; Hacksell, U. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 289. (k) Refs 4k and 5d,e.
64. For recent examples, see: (a) Tu, T.; Hou, X. L.; Dai, L. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3651. (b) Legros, J.-Y.; Primault, G.; Fiaud, J.-C. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 2507. (c) Sakagami, H.; Ogasawara, K. Heterocycles 2001, 54, 43. (d) Wu, J.; Marcoux, J. F.; Davies, I. W.; Reider, P. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 159. (e) Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; Seitz, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 1405. (f) Homan, E. J.; Tulp, M. Th. M.; Nilsson, J. E.; Wikstrom, H. V.; Grol, C. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 2541. (g) Savelon, L.; Bizot-Espiard, J. G.; Caignard, D. H.; Pfeiffer, B.; Renard, P.; Viaud, M. C.; Guillaumet, G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 1963. (h) Subramanyam, C.; Chattarjee, S.; Mallamo, J. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 459. (i) Pendrak, I.; Chambers, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3249. (j) Liljebris, C.; Selen, G.; Resul, B.; Stjernschantz, J.; Hacksell, U. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 289. (k) Refs 4k and 5d,e.
65. For recent examples, see: (a) Tu, T.; Hou, X. L.; Dai, L. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3651. (b) Legros, J.-Y.; Primault, G.; Fiaud, J.-C. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 2507. (c) Sakagami, H.; Ogasawara, K. Heterocycles 2001, 54, 43. (d) Wu, J.; Marcoux, J. F.; Davies, I. W.; Reider, P. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 159. (e) Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; Seitz, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 1405. (f) Homan, E. J.; Tulp, M. Th. M.; Nilsson, J. E.; Wikstrom, H. V.; Grol, C. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 2541. (g) Savelon, L.; Bizot-Espiard, J. G.; Caignard, D. H.; Pfeiffer, B.; Renard, P.; Viaud, M. C.; Guillaumet, G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 1963. (h) Subramanyam, C.; Chattarjee, S.; Mallamo, J. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 459. (i) Pendrak, I.; Chambers, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3249. (j) Liljebris, C.; Selen, G.; Resul, B.; Stjernschantz, J.; Hacksell, U. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 289. (k) Refs 4k and 5d,e.
66. For recent examples, see: (a) Tu, T.; Hou, X. L.; Dai, L. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3651. (b) Legros, J.-Y.; Primault, G.; Fiaud, J.-C. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 2507. (c) Sakagami, H.; Ogasawara, K. Heterocycles 2001, 54, 43. (d) Wu, J.; Marcoux, J. F.; Davies, I. W.; Reider, P. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 159. (e) Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; Seitz, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 1405. (f) Homan, E. J.; Tulp, M. Th. M.; Nilsson, J. E.; Wikstrom, H. V.; Grol, C. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 2541. (g) Savelon, L.; Bizot-Espiard, J. G.; Caignard, D. H.; Pfeiffer, B.; Renard, P.; Viaud, M. C.; Guillaumet, G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 1963. (h) Subramanyam, C.; Chattarjee, S.; Mallamo, J. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 459. (i) Pendrak, I.; Chambers, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3249. (j) Liljebris, C.; Selen, G.; Resul, B.; Stjernschantz, J.; Hacksell, U. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 289. (k) Refs 4k and 5d,e.
67. For recent examples, see: (a) Tu, T.; Hou, X. L.; Dai, L. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3651. (b) Legros, J.-Y.; Primault, G.; Fiaud, J.-C. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 2507. (c) Sakagami, H.; Ogasawara, K. Heterocycles 2001, 54, 43. (d) Wu, J.; Marcoux, J. F.; Davies, I. W.; Reider, P. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 159. (e) Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; Seitz, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 1405. (f) Homan, E. J.; Tulp, M. Th. M.; Nilsson, J. E.; Wikstrom, H. V.; Grol, C. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 2541. (g) Savelon, L.; Bizot-Espiard, J. G.; Caignard, D. H.; Pfeiffer, B.; Renard, P.; Viaud, M. C.; Guillaumet, G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 1963. (h) Subramanyam, C.; Chattarjee, S.; Mallamo, J. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 459. (i) Pendrak, I.; Chambers, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3249. (j) Liljebris, C.; Selen, G.; Resul, B.; Stjernschantz, J.; Hacksell, U. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 289. (k) Refs 4k and 5d,e.
68. For recent examples, see: (a) Tu, T.; Hou, X. L.; Dai, L. X. Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 3651. (b) Legros, J.-Y.; Primault, G.; Fiaud, J.-C. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 2507. (c) Sakagami, H.; Ogasawara, K. Heterocycles 2001, 54, 43. (d) Wu, J.; Marcoux, J. F.; Davies, I. W.; Reider, P. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 159. (e) Wegge, T.; Schwarz, S.; Seitz, G. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2000, 11, 1405. (f) Homan, E. J.; Tulp, M. Th. M.; Nilsson, J. E.; Wikstrom, H. V.; Grol, C. J. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 2541. (g) Savelon, L.; Bizot-Espiard, J. G.; Caignard, D. H.; Pfeiffer, B.; Renard, P.; Viaud, M. C.; Guillaumet, G. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 1963. (h) Subramanyam, C.; Chattarjee, S.; Mallamo, J. P. Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 459. (i) Pendrak, I.; Chambers, P. A. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3249. (j) Liljebris, C.; Selen, G.; Resul, B.; Stjernschantz, J.; Hacksell, U. J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 289. (k) Refs 4k and 5d,e.
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73. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
74. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
75. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
76. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
77. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7,
78. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
79. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
80. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
81. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
82. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
83. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
84. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
85. For examples of mechanistic studies of the Heck reaction with bidentate ligands, see: (a) Deeth, R. J.; Smith, A.; Brown, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 7144. (b) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 3503. (c) von Schenck, H.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2002, 21, 2248. (d) Alcazar-Roman, L. M.; Hartwig, J. F. Organometallics 2002, 21, 491. (e) Hii, K. K.; Claridge, T. D. W.; Brown, J. M.; Smith, A.; Deeth, R. J. Helv. Chim. Acta 2001, 84, 3043. (f) von Schenck, H.; Stromberg, S.; Zetterberg, K.; Ludwig, M.; Akermark, B.; Svensson, M. Organometallics 2001, 20, 2813. (g) Sundermann, A.; Uzan, O.; Martin, J. M. L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 1703. (h) Casey, M.; Lawless, J.; Shirran, C. Polyhedron 2000, 19, 517. (i) Amatore, C.; Jutand, A. J. Organomet. Chem. 1999, 576, 254. (j) Shaw, B. L. New, J. Chem. 1998, 77. (k) Albert, K.; Gisdakis, P.; Rösch, N. Organometallics 1998, 17, 1608. (l) Brown, J. M.; Hii, K. K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1996, 35, 657. (m) Refs 4k and 6.
86. For some related studies, see: (n) Rosner, T.; Bars, J. L.; Pfaltz, A.; Blackmond, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1848. (o) Böhm, V. P. W.; Herrmann, W. A. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 4191. (p) van Strijdonck, G. P. F.; Boele, M. D. K.; Kamer, P. C. J.; de Vries, J. G.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 1073. (q) Beller, M.; Riermeier, T. H. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 29.
87. For some related studies, see: (n) Rosner, T.; Bars, J. L.; Pfaltz, A.; Blackmond, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1848. (o) Böhm, V. P. W.; Herrmann, W. A. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 4191. (p) van Strijdonck, G. P. F.; Boele, M. D. K.; Kamer, P. C. J.; de Vries, J. G.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 1073. (q) Beller, M.; Riermeier, T. H. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 29.
88. For some related studies, see: (n) Rosner, T.; Bars, J. L.; Pfaltz, A.; Blackmond, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1848. (o) Böhm, V. P. W.; Herrmann, W. A. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 4191. (p) van Strijdonck, G. P. F.; Boele, M. D. K.; Kamer, P. C. J.; de Vries, J. G.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 1073. (q) Beller, M.; Riermeier, T. H. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 29.
89. For some related studies, see: (n) Rosner, T.; Bars, J. L.; Pfaltz, A.; Blackmond, D. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 1848. (o) Böhm, V. P. W.; Herrmann, W. A. Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 4191. (p) van Strijdonck, G. P. F.; Boele, M. D. K.; Kamer, P. C. J.; de Vries, J. G.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 1073. (q) Beller, M.; Riermeier, T. H. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 29.
90. Henry, P. M. Palladium Catalyzed Oxidation of Hydrocarbons; D. Riedel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1980; p 11.
91. + took place in DMF but not in the less-polar THF: (a) Amatore, C.; Carre, E.; Jutand, A. Acta Chem. Scand. 1998, 52, 100.
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128. For reviews, see: (a) Wilkes, J. S. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004 214, 11. (b) Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Science 2003, 299, 1702. (c) Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 856; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. (d) Baudequin, C.; Baucoux, J.; Levillain, J.; Cahard, D.; Gaumon, A.-C.; Plaquevent, J.-C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081. (e) Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. (f) Dupont, J.; de Souza, R. F.; Suarez, P. A. Z. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3367. (g) Olivier-Bourbigou, H.; Magna, L. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2002, 182-183, 419. (h) Zhao, D.; Wu, M.; Kou, Y.; Min, E. Catal. Today 2002, 74, 157. (i) Tzschucke, C. C.; Marken, C.; Bannwarth, M.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964. (j) Zhao, H.; Malhotra, S. V. Aldrichimica Acta 2002, 35, 75. (k) Sheldon, R. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399. (l) Gordon, C. M. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 222, 101. (m) Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772. (n) Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071. (o) Seddon, K. R. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351. (p) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier, H. CHEMTECH 1995, 25, 26. (q) Carlin, R. T.; Wilkes, J. S. In Advances in Nonaqueous Chemistry; Mamantov, G., Popov, A., Eds.; VCH; New York, 1994.
129. For reviews, see: (a) Wilkes, J. S. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004 214, 11. (b) Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Science 2003, 299, 1702. (c) Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 856; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. (d) Baudequin, C.; Baucoux, J.; Levillain, J.; Cahard, D.; Gaumon, A.-C.; Plaquevent, J.-C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081. (e) Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. (f) Dupont, J.; de Souza, R. F.; Suarez, P. A. Z. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3367. (g) Olivier-Bourbigou, H.; Magna, L. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2002, 182-183, 419. (h) Zhao, D.; Wu, M.; Kou, Y.; Min, E. Catal. Today 2002, 74, 157. (i) Tzschucke, C. C.; Marken, C.; Bannwarth, M.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964. (j) Zhao, H.; Malhotra, S. V. Aldrichimica Acta 2002, 35, 75. (k) Sheldon, R. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399. (l) Gordon, C. M. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 222, 101. (m) Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772. (n) Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071. (o) Seddon, K. R. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351. (p) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier, H. CHEMTECH 1995, 25, 26. (q) Carlin, R. T.; Wilkes, J. S. In Advances in Nonaqueous Chemistry; Mamantov, G., Popov, A., Eds.; VCH; New York, 1994.
130. For reviews, see: (a) Wilkes, J. S. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004 214, 11. (b) Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Science 2003, 299, 1702. (c) Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 856; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. (d) Baudequin, C.; Baucoux, J.; Levillain, J.; Cahard, D.; Gaumon, A.-C.; Plaquevent, J.-C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081. (e) Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. (f) Dupont, J.; de Souza, R. F.; Suarez, P. A. Z. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3367. (g) Olivier-Bourbigou, H.; Magna, L. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2002, 182-183, 419. (h) Zhao, D.; Wu, M.; Kou, Y.; Min, E. Catal. Today 2002, 74, 157. (i) Tzschucke, C. C.; Marken, C.; Bannwarth, M.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964. (j) Zhao, H.; Malhotra, S. V. Aldrichimica Acta 2002, 35, 75. (k) Sheldon, R. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399. (l) Gordon, C. M. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 222, 101. (m) Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772. (n) Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071. (o) Seddon, K. R. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351. (p) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier, H. CHEMTECH 1995, 25, 26. (q) Carlin, R. T.; Wilkes, J. S. In Advances in Nonaqueous Chemistry; Mamantov, G., Popov, A., Eds.; VCH; New York, 1994.
131. For reviews, see: (a) Wilkes, J. S. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004 214, 11. (b) Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Science 2003, 299, 1702. (c) Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 856; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. (d) Baudequin, C.; Baucoux, J.; Levillain, J.; Cahard, D.; Gaumon, A.-C.; Plaquevent, J.-C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081. (e) Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. (f) Dupont, J.; de Souza, R. F.; Suarez, P. A. Z. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3367. (g) Olivier-Bourbigou, H.; Magna, L. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2002, 182-183, 419. (h) Zhao, D.; Wu, M.; Kou, Y.; Min, E. Catal. Today 2002, 74, 157. (i) Tzschucke, C. C.; Marken, C.; Bannwarth, M.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964. (j) Zhao, H.; Malhotra, S. V. Aldrichimica Acta 2002, 35, 75. (k) Sheldon, R. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399. (l) Gordon, C. M. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 222, 101. (m) Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772. (n) Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071. (o) Seddon, K. R. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351. (p) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier, H. CHEMTECH 1995, 25, 26. (q) Carlin, R. T.; Wilkes, J. S. In Advances in Nonaqueous Chemistry; Mamantov, G., Popov, A., Eds.; VCH; New York, 1994.
132. For reviews, see: (a) Wilkes, J. S. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004 214, 11. (b) Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Science 2003, 299, 1702. (c) Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 856; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. (d) Baudequin, C.; Baucoux, J.; Levillain, J.; Cahard, D.; Gaumon, A.-C.; Plaquevent, J.-C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081. (e) Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. (f) Dupont, J.; de Souza, R. F.; Suarez, P. A. Z. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3367. (g) Olivier-Bourbigou, H.; Magna, L. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2002, 182-183, 419. (h) Zhao, D.; Wu, M.; Kou, Y.; Min, E. Catal. Today 2002, 74, 157. (i) Tzschucke, C. C.; Marken, C.; Bannwarth, M.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964. (j) Zhao, H.; Malhotra, S. V. Aldrichimica Acta 2002, 35, 75. (k) Sheldon, R. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399. (l) Gordon, C. M. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 222, 101. (m) Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772. (n) Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071. (o) Seddon, K. R. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351. (p) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier, H. CHEMTECH 1995, 25, 26. (q) Carlin, R. T.; Wilkes, J. S. In Advances in Nonaqueous Chemistry; Mamantov, G., Popov, A., Eds.; VCH; New York, 1994.
133. For reviews, see: (a) Wilkes, J. S. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004 214, 11. (b) Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Science 2003, 299, 1702. (c) Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 856; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. (d) Baudequin, C.; Baucoux, J.; Levillain, J.; Cahard, D.; Gaumon, A.-C.; Plaquevent, J.-C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081. (e) Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. (f) Dupont, J.; de Souza, R. F.; Suarez, P. A. Z. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3367. (g) Olivier-Bourbigou, H.; Magna, L. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2002, 182-183, 419. (h) Zhao, D.; Wu, M.; Kou, Y.; Min, E. Catal. Today 2002, 74, 157. (i) Tzschucke, C. C.; Marken, C.; Bannwarth, M.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964. (j) Zhao, H.; Malhotra, S. V. Aldrichimica Acta 2002, 35, 75. (k) Sheldon, R. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399. (l) Gordon, C. M. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 222, 101. (m) Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772. (n) Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071. (o) Seddon, K. R. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351. (p) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier, H. CHEMTECH 1995, 25, 26. (q) Carlin, R. T.; Wilkes, J. S. In Advances in Nonaqueous Chemistry; Mamantov, G., Popov, A., Eds.; VCH; New York, 1994.
134. For reviews, see: (a) Wilkes, J. S. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004 214, 11. (b) Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Science 2003, 299, 1702. (c) Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 856; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. (d) Baudequin, C.; Baucoux, J.; Levillain, J.; Cahard, D.; Gaumon, A.-C.; Plaquevent, J.-C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081. (e) Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. (f) Dupont, J.; de Souza, R. F.; Suarez, P. A. Z. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3367. (g) Olivier-Bourbigou, H.; Magna, L. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2002, 182-183, 419. (h) Zhao, D.; Wu, M.; Kou, Y.; Min, E. Catal. Today 2002, 74, 157. (i) Tzschucke, C. C.; Marken, C.; Bannwarth, M.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964. (j) Zhao, H.; Malhotra, S. V. Aldrichimica Acta 2002, 35, 75. (k) Sheldon, R. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399. (l) Gordon, C. M. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 222, 101. (m) Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772. (n) Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071. (o) Seddon, K. R. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351. (p) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier, H. CHEMTECH 1995, 25, 26. (q) Carlin, R. T.; Wilkes, J. S. In Advances in Nonaqueous Chemistry; Mamantov, G., Popov, A., Eds.; VCH; New York, 1994.
135. For reviews, see: (a) Wilkes, J. S. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004 214, 11. (b) Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Science 2003, 299, 1702. (c) Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 856; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. (d) Baudequin, C.; Baucoux, J.; Levillain, J.; Cahard, D.; Gaumon, A.-C.; Plaquevent, J.-C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081. (e) Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. (f) Dupont, J.; de Souza, R. F.; Suarez, P. A. Z. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3367. (g) Olivier-Bourbigou, H.; Magna, L. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2002, 182-183, 419. (h) Zhao, D.; Wu, M.; Kou, Y.; Min, E. Catal. Today 2002, 74, 157. (i) Tzschucke, C. C.; Marken, C.; Bannwarth, M.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964. (j) Zhao, H.; Malhotra, S. V. Aldrichimica Acta 2002, 35, 75. (k) Sheldon, R. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399. (l) Gordon, C. M. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 222, 101. (m) Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772. (n) Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071. (o) Seddon, K. R. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351. (p) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier, H. CHEMTECH 1995, 25, 26. (q) Carlin, R. T.; Wilkes, J. S. In Advances in Nonaqueous Chemistry; Mamantov, G., Popov, A., Eds.; VCH; New York, 1994.
136. For reviews, see: (a) Wilkes, J. S. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004 214, 11. (b) Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Science 2003, 299, 1702. (c) Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 856; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. (d) Baudequin, C.; Baucoux, J.; Levillain, J.; Cahard, D.; Gaumon, A.-C.; Plaquevent, J.-C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081. (e) Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. (f) Dupont, J.; de Souza, R. F.; Suarez, P. A. Z. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3367. (g) Olivier-Bourbigou, H.; Magna, L. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2002, 182-183, 419. (h) Zhao, D.; Wu, M.; Kou, Y.; Min, E. Catal. Today 2002, 74, 157. (i) Tzschucke, C. C.; Marken, C.; Bannwarth, M.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964. (j) Zhao, H.; Malhotra, S. V. Aldrichimica Acta 2002, 35, 75. (k) Sheldon, R. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399. (l) Gordon, C. M. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 222, 101. (m) Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772. (n) Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071. (o) Seddon, K. R. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351. (p) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier, H. CHEMTECH 1995, 25, 26. (q) Carlin, R. T.; Wilkes, J. S. In Advances in Nonaqueous Chemistry; Mamantov, G., Popov, A., Eds.; VCH; New York, 1994.
137. For reviews, see: (a) Wilkes, J. S. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004 214, 11. (b) Cole-Hamilton, D. J. Science 2003, 299, 1702. (c) Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents; Rogers, R. D., Seddon, K. R., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 856; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2003. (d) Baudequin, C.; Baucoux, J.; Levillain, J.; Cahard, D.; Gaumon, A.-C.; Plaquevent, J.-C. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 3081. (e) Ionic Liquids in Synthesis; Wasserscheid, P., Welton, T., Eds.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2003. (f) Dupont, J.; de Souza, R. F.; Suarez, P. A. Z. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3367. (g) Olivier-Bourbigou, H.; Magna, L. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2002, 182-183, 419. (h) Zhao, D.; Wu, M.; Kou, Y.; Min, E. Catal. Today 2002, 74, 157. (i) Tzschucke, C. C.; Marken, C.; Bannwarth, M.; Roller, S.; Hebel, A.; Haag, R. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3964. (j) Zhao, H.; Malhotra, S. V. Aldrichimica Acta 2002, 35, 75. (k) Sheldon, R. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2399. (l) Gordon, C. M. Appl. Catal., A 2001, 222, 101. (m) Wasserscheid, P.; Keim, W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 3772. (n) Welton, T. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071. (o) Seddon, K. R. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 1997, 68, 351. (p) Chauvin, Y.; Olivier, H. CHEMTECH 1995, 25, 26. (q) Carlin, R. T.; Wilkes, J. S. In Advances in Nonaqueous Chemistry; Mamantov, G., Popov, A., Eds.; VCH; New York, 1994.
138. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
139. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
140. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
141. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
142. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
143. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
144. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
145. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
146. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
147. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
148. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
149. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E.
150. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
151. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
152. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
153. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
154. For recent references reporting unusual catalytic activities and/or selectivities in ionic liquids, see: (a) Earle, M. J.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Chem. Commun. 1998, 2245. (b) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2000, 1695. (c) Song, C. E.; Shim, W. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Choi, J. H. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1122. (d) Guernik, S.; Wolfson, A.; Herskowitz, M.; Greenspoon, N.; Geresh, S. Chem. Commun. 2001, 2314. (e) Boxwell, C. J.; Dyson, P. J.; Ellis, D. J.; Welton, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9334. (f) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 10278. (g) Mehnert, C. P.; Dispenziere, N. C.; Cook, R. A. Chem. Cmmun. 2002, 1610. (h) Bronger, R. P. J.; Silva, S. M.; Kamer, P. C. J.; van Leeuwen, P. W. N. M. Chem. Commun. 2002, 3044. (i) Dupont, J.; Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4228. (j) Oh, C. R.; Choo, D. J.; Shim, W. H.; Lee, D. H.; Roh, E. J.; Lee, S.; Song, C. E. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1100. (k) Ngo, H. L.; Hu, A.; Lin, W. Chem. Commun. 2003, 1912. (l) Fonseca, G. S.; Umpierre, A. P.; Fichtner, P. F. P.; Teixeira, S. R.; Dupont, J. Chem.-Eur. J. 2003, 9, 3263. (m) Kim, D. W.; Song, C. E.; Chi, D. Y. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 4281. (n) Shi, F.; Deng, Y.; SiMa, T.; Peng, J.; Gu, Y.; Qiao, B. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 42, 3257. (o) Chowdari, N. S.; Ramachary, D. B.; Barbas, C. F., III. Synlett 2003, 1906. (p) Earle, M. J.; Katdare, S. P.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 2004, 6, 707. (q) Doherty, S.; Goodrich, P.; Hardacre, C.; Luo, H. K.; Rooney, D. W.; Seddon, K. R.; Styring, P. Green Chem. 2004, 6, 63.
155. For recent references on Heck reactions in ionic liquids, see: (a) Calò, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004, 214, 45. (b) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Laera, S.; Cioffi, N. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 2929. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Zou, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, J.; Tang, J.; He, M. Y. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2003, 206, 193. (e) Choudary, B. M.; Madhi, S.; Chowdari, N. S.; Kantam, M. L.; Sreedhar, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14127. (f) Selvakumar, K.; Zapf, A., Beller, M. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3031. (g) Okubo, K.; Shiraib, M.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7115. (h) Deshmukli, R. R.; Rajagopal, R.; Srinivasan, K. V. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1544. (i) Hagiwara, H.; Shimizu, Y.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T.; Ando, M.; Ohkubo, K.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4349. (j) Bohm, V. P. W.; Herrmann, W. A. Chem.-Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1017. (k) Carmichael, A. J.; Earle, M. J.; Holbrey, J. D.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 997. (1) Ref 19d,f.
156. For recent references on Heck reactions in ionic liquids, see: (a) Calò, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004, 214, 45. (b) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Laera, S.; Cioffi, N. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 2929. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Zou, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, J.; Tang, J.; He, M. Y. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2003, 206, 193. (e) Choudary, B. M.; Madhi, S.; Chowdari, N. S.; Kantam, M. L.; Sreedhar, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14127. (f) Selvakumar, K.; Zapf, A., Beller, M. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3031. (g) Okubo, K.; Shiraib, M.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7115. (h) Deshmukli, R. R.; Rajagopal, R.; Srinivasan, K. V. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1544. (i) Hagiwara, H.; Shimizu, Y.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T.; Ando, M.; Ohkubo, K.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4349. (j) Bohm, V. P. W.; Herrmann, W. A. Chem.-Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1017. (k) Carmichael, A. J.; Earle, M. J.; Holbrey, J. D.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 997. (1) Ref 19d,f.
157. For recent references on Heck reactions in ionic liquids, see: (a) Calò, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004, 214, 45. (b) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Laera, S.; Cioffi, N. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 2929. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Zou, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, J.; Tang, J.; He, M. Y. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2003, 206, 193. (e) Choudary, B. M.; Madhi, S.; Chowdari, N. S.; Kantam, M. L.; Sreedhar, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14127. (f) Selvakumar, K.; Zapf, A., Beller, M. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3031. (g) Okubo, K.; Shiraib, M.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7115. (h) Deshmukli, R. R.; Rajagopal, R.; Srinivasan, K. V. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1544. (i) Hagiwara, H.; Shimizu, Y.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T.; Ando, M.; Ohkubo, K.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4349. (j) Bohm, V. P. W.; Herrmann, W. A. Chem.-Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1017. (k) Carmichael, A. J.; Earle, M. J.; Holbrey, J. D.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 997. (1) Ref 19d,f.
158. For recent references on Heck reactions in ionic liquids, see: (a) Calò, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004, 214, 45. (b) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Laera, S.; Cioffi, N. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 2929. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Zou, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, J.; Tang, J.; He, M. Y. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2003, 206, 193. (e) Choudary, B. M.; Madhi, S.; Chowdari, N. S.; Kantam, M. L.; Sreedhar, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14127. (f) Selvakumar, K.; Zapf, A., Beller, M. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3031. (g) Okubo, K.; Shiraib, M.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7115. (h) Deshmukli, R. R.; Rajagopal, R.; Srinivasan, K. V. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1544. (i) Hagiwara, H.; Shimizu, Y.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T.; Ando, M.; Ohkubo, K.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4349. (j) Bohm, V. P. W.; Herrmann, W. A. Chem.-Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1017. (k) Carmichael, A. J.; Earle, M. J.; Holbrey, J. D.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 997. (1) Ref 19d,f.
159. For recent references on Heck reactions in ionic liquids, see: (a) Calò, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004, 214, 45. (b) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Laera, S.; Cioffi, N. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 2929. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Zou, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, J.; Tang, J.; He, M. Y. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2003, 206, 193. (e) Choudary, B. M.; Madhi, S.; Chowdari, N. S.; Kantam, M. L.; Sreedhar, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14127. (f) Selvakumar, K.; Zapf, A., Beller, M. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3031. (g) Okubo, K.; Shiraib, M.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7115. (h) Deshmukli, R. R.; Rajagopal, R.; Srinivasan, K. V. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1544. (i) Hagiwara, H.; Shimizu, Y.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T.; Ando, M.; Ohkubo, K.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4349. (j) Bohm, V. P. W.; Herrmann, W. A. Chem.-Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1017. (k) Carmichael, A. J.; Earle, M. J.; Holbrey, J. D.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 997. (1) Ref 19d,f.
160. For recent references on Heck reactions in ionic liquids, see: (a) Calò, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2004, 214, 45. (b) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Laera, S.; Cioffi, N. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 2929. (c) Calo, V.; Nacci, A.; Monopoli, A.; Spinelli, M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2003, 1382. (d) Zou, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, J.; Tang, J.; He, M. Y. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 2003, 206, 193. (e) Choudary, B. M.; Madhi, S.; Chowdari, N. S.; Kantam, M. L.; Sreedhar, B. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 14127. (f) Selvakumar, K.; Zapf, A., Beller, M. Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3031. (g) Okubo, K.; Shiraib, M.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 7115. (h) Deshmukli, R. R.; Rajagopal, R.; Srinivasan, K. V. Chem. Commun. 2001, 1544. (i) Hagiwara, H.; Shimizu, Y.; Hoshi, T.; Suzuki, T.; Ando, M.; Ohkubo, K.; Yokoyama, C. Tetrahedron Lett. 2001, 42, 4349. (j) Bohm, V. P. W.; Herrmann, W. A. Chem.-Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1017. (k) Carmichael, A. J.; Earle, M. J.; Holbrey, J. D.; McCormac, P. B.; Seddon, K. R. Org. Lett. 1999, 1, 997. (1) Ref 19d,f.
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