Nonparenchymal cells, inflammatory macrophages, and hepatotoxicity

Drug-Induced Liver Disease

Volumn , Issue , 2002, Pages 183-212

  Laskin, Debra L ^a   Gardner, Carol R ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0141815976     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (303)

1. Bouwens L, Baekeland M, De Zanger R, Wisse E. Quantitation, tissue distribution and proliferation kinetics of Kupffer cells in normal rat liver. Hepatology 1986; 6:718-722.
2. Caperna TJ, Garvey JS. Antigen handling in aging. II. The role of Kupffer and endothelial cells in antigen processing in Fischer 344 rats. Mech Ageing Dev 1982; 20:205-221.
3. Terpstra V, van Berkel TJ. Scavenger receptors on liver Kupffer cells mediate the in vivo uptake of oxidatively damaged red blood cells in mice. Blood 2000; 95:2157-2163.
4. van Oosten M, van de Bilt E, van Berkel TJ, Kuiper J. New scavenger receptor-like receptors for the binding of lipopolysaccharide to liver endothelial and Kupffer cells. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5107-5112.
5. Sano A, Taylor ME, Leaning MS, Summerfield JA. Uptake and processing of glycoproteins by isolated rat hepatic endothelial and Kupffer cells. J Hepatol 1990; 10:211-216.
6. Ahmad N, Gardner CR, Yurkow EJ, Laskin DL. Inhibition of macrophages with gadolinium chloride alters intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the liver during acute endotox-emia in rats. Hepatology 1999; 29:728-736.
7. Pilaro AM, Laskin DL. Accumulation of activated mononuclear phagocytes in the liver following lipopolysaccharide treatment of rats. J Leukoc Biol 1986; 40:29-41.
8. Gardner CR, Wasserman AJ, Laskin DL. Differential sensitivity of tumor targets to liver macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 1987; 47:6686-6691.
9. Gardner CR, Wasserman AJ, Laskin DL. Liver macrophage mediated cytotoxicity involves phagocytosis of tumor targets. Hepatology 1991; 14:318-324.
10. Lpvdal T, Andersen E, Brech A, Berg T. Fc receptor mediated endocytosis of small soluble immunoglobulin G immune complexes in Kupffer cells and endothelial cells from rat liver. J Cell Sci 2000; 113:3255-3266.
11. Shi J, Fujieda H, Kokubo Y, Wake K. Apoptosis of neutrophils and their elimination by Kupffer cells in rat liver. Hepatology 1996; 24:1256-1263.
12. Mathison JC, Ulevitch RJ. The clearance, tissue distribution, and cellular localization of intravenously injected lipopolysaccharide in rabbits. J Immunol 1979; 123:2133-2143.
13. Nolan J. Endotoxin, reticuloendothelial function and liver injury. Hepatology 1981; 1:458-465.
14. Lukkari TA, Jarvelainen HA, Oinonen T, Kettunen E, Lindros KO. Short-term ethanol exposure increases the expression of Kupffer cell CD14 receptor and lipopolysaccharide binding protein in rat liver. Alcohol Alcohol 1999; 34:311-319.
15. Su GL, Klein RD, Aminlari A, Zhang HY, Steinstraesser L, Alarcon WH, Remick DG, Wang SC. Kupffer cell activation by lipopolysaccharide in rats: role for lipopolysaccharide binding protein and toll-like receptor 4. Hepatology 2000; 31:932-936.
16. Shnyra A, Lindberg AA. Scavenger receptor pathway for lipopolysaccharide binding to Kupffer and endothelial liver cells in vitro. Infect Immun 1995; 63:865-873.
17. McCloskey TW, Todaro JA, Laskin DL. Lipopolysaccharide treatment of rats alters antigen expression and oxidative metabolism in hepatic macrophages and endothelial cells. Hepatology 1992; 16:191-203.
18. Laskin DL, Pilaro AM. Potential role of activated macrophages in acetaminophen hepatotox-icity. I. Isolation and characterization of activated macrophages from rat liver. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1986; 86:204-215.
19. Tanner A, Keyhani A, Reiner R, Holdstock G, Wright R. Proteolytic enzymes released by liver macrophages may promote injury in a rat model of hepatic damage. Gastroenterology 1981; 80:647-654.
20. Liu P, McGuire GM, Fisher MA, Farhood A, Smith CW, Jaeschke H. Activation of Kupffer cells and neutrophils for reactive oxygen formation is responsible for endotoxin-enhanced liver injury after hepatic ischemia. Shock 1995; 3:56-62.
21. Laskin DL, Heck DE, Gardner CR, Feder LS, Laskin JD. Distinct patterns of nitric oxide production in hepatic macrophages and endothelial cells following acute exposure of rats to endotoxin. J Leukoc Biol 1994; 56:751-758.
22. Feder LS, Laskin DL. Regulation of hepatic endothelial cell and macrophage proliferation and nitric oxide production by GM-CSF, M-CSF and IL-1ß following acute endotoxemia. J Leukoc Biol 1994; 55:507-513.
23. Laskin DL. Xenobiotic-induced inflammation and injury in the liver. In: RS McCuskey, DL Earnst, eds. Comprehensive Toxicology. Vol. 9. Hepatic and Gastrointestinal Toxicology. New York: Pergamon, 1997:151-164.
24. Decker K. Biologically active products of stimulated liver macrophages (Kupffer cells). Eur J Biochem 1990; 192:245-261.
25. Feder LS, Todaro JA, Laskin DL. Characterization of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 production by hepatic endothelial cells and macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 1993; 53:126-132.
26. Tsutsui H, Matsui K, Okamura H, Nakanishi K. Pathophysiological roles of interleukin-18 in inflammatory liver diseases. Immunol Rev 2000; 174:192-209.
27. Noji S, Tashiro K, Koyama E, Nohno T, Ohyama K, Taniguchi S, Nakamura T. Expression of hepatocyte growth factor gene in endothelial and Kupffer cells of damaged rat livers, as revealed by in situ hybridization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 173:42-47.
28. Boulton RA, Alison MR, Golding M, Selden C, Hodgson HJ. Augmentation of the early phase of liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy in rats following selective Kupffer cell depletion. J Hepatol 1998; 29:271-280.
29. Takeishi T, Hirano K, Kobayashi T, Hasegawa G, Hatakeyama K, Naito M. The role of Kupffer cells in liver regeneration. Arch Histol Cytol 1999; 62:413-422.
30. Roth S, Gong W, Gressner AM. Expression of different isoforms of TGF-ß and the latent TGF-ß binding protein (LTBP) by rat Kupffer cells. J Hepatol 1998; 29:915-922.
31. Abril ER, Simm WE, Earnest DL. Kupffer cell secretion of cytotoxin cytokines is enhanced by hypervitaminosis A. In: E Wisse, DL Knook, K Decker, eds. Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid. Vol. 2. Rijswijk: Kupffer Cell Foundation, 1989:73-75.
32. Arthur MJP, Bentley IS, Tanner A, Saunders PK, Millward-Sadler GH, Wright R. Oxygen-derived free radicals promote hepatic injury in the rat. Gastroenterology 1985; 89:1114-1122.
33. Shiratori Y, Takikawa H, Kawase T, Sugimoto T. Superoxide anion generating capacity and lysosomal enzyme activities of Kupffer cells in galactosamine-induced hepatitis. Gastroenterol Jpn 1986; 21:135-144.
34. Mochida S, Ogata I, Ohta Y, Yamada S, Fujiwara K. In situ evaluation of the stimulatory state of hepatic macrophages based on their ability to produce superoxide anions in rats. J Pathol 1989; 158:67-71.
35. Bautista AP, Meszaros K, Bojta J, Spitzer JJ. Superoxide anion generation in the liver during the early stages of endotoxemia in rats. J Leukoc Biol 1990; 48:123-128.
36. Bautista AP, Spitzer JJ. Superoxide anion generation by in situ perfused rat liver: effect of in vivo endotoxin. Am J Physiol 1990; 259:G907-G912.
37. Rogoff TM, Lipsky PE. Antigen presentation by isolated guinea pig Kupffer cells. J Immunol 1980; 124:1740-1744.
38. Itoh Y, Okanoue T, Morimoto M, Nagao Y, Mori T, Hori N, Kagawa K, Kashima K. Functional heterogeneity of rat liver macrophages: interleukin-1 secretion and Ia antigen expression in contrast with phagocytic activity. Liver 1992; 12:26-33.
39. Lohse AW, Knolle PA, Bilo K, Uhrig A, Waldmann C, Ibe M, Schmitt E, Gerken G, Meyer Zum Buschenfelde KH. Antigen-presenting function and B7 expression of murine sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. Gastroenterology 1996; 110:1175-1181.
40. Laskin DL, Robertson FM, Pilaro AM, Laskin JD. Activation of liver macrophages following phenobarbital treatment of rats. Hepatology 1988; 8:1051-1055.
41. Shiratori Y, Hai K, Takada H, Kiriyama H, Nagura T, Matsumoto K, Kamii K, Okano K, Tanaka M. Mechanism of accumulation of macrophages in galactosamine-induced liver injury: effect of lipoxygenase inhibitors on chemotaxis of spleen cells. Pathobiology 1992; 60: 316-321.
42. Thompson WD, Jack AS, Patrick RS. Possible role of macrophages in transient hepatic fi-brogenesis induced by acute carbon tetrachloride injury. J Pathol 1980; 130:65-73.
43. Shiratori Y, Tanaka M, Hai K, Kawase T, Shirna S, Sugimoto T. Role of endotoxin-responsive macrophages in hepatic injury. Hepatology 1990; 11:183-192.
44. Jonker AM, Kijkhuis FW, Kroese FG, Hardonk MJ, Grond J. Immunopathology of acute galactosamine hepatitis in rats. Hepatology 1990; 11:622-627.
45. Przybocki JM, Reuhl KR, Thurman RG, Kauffman FC. Involvement of nonparenchymal cells in oxygen-dependent hepatic injury by allyl alcohol. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 115:57-63.
46. Orfila C, Lepert JC, Alric L, Carrera G, Beraud M, Vinel JP, Pipy B. Expression of TNFa and immunohistochemical distribution of hepatic macrophage surface markers in carbon tetrachloride-induced chronic liver injury in rats. Histochem J 1999; 31:677-685.
47. Camandola S, Aragno M, Cutrin JC, Tamagno E, Danni O, Chiarpotto E, Parola M, Leon-arduzzi G, Biasi F, Poli G. Liver AP-1 activation due to carbon tetrachloride is potentiated by 1,2-dibromoethane but is inhibited by alpha-tocopherol or gadolinium chloride. Free Radic Biol Med 1999; 26:1108-1116.
48. Gardner CR, Heck DE, Yang CS, Thomas PE, Zhang X-J, DeGeorge GL, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Role of nitric oxide in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat. Hepatology 1998; 26:748-754.
49. Arthur MJP, Kowalski-Sanders P, Wright R. Corynebacteriumparvum-elicited hepatic macrophages demonstrate enhanced respiratory burst activity compared with resident Kupffer cells in the rat. Gastroenterology 1986; 91:174-181.
50. MacDonald JR, Beckstead JH, Smuckler EA. An ultrastructural and histochemical study of the prominent inflammatory response in D(+)-galactosamine hepatotoxicity. Br J Exp Pathol 1987; 68:189-199.
51. Earnst DL, Brouwer A, Sim W, Horan MA, Hendriks HF, De Leeuw AM, Knook DL. Hyper-vitaminosis A activates Kupffer cells and lowers the threshold for endotoxin liver injury. In: A Kirn, DL Knook, E Wisse, eds. Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid. Vol. 1. Rijswijk: Kupffer Cell Foundation, 1986:277-283.
52. Kamimura S, Tsukamoto H. Cytokine gene expression by Kupffer cells in experimental alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1995; 22:1304-1309.
53. Armendariz-Borunda J, Seyer JM, Postlethwaite AE, Kang AH. Kupffer cells from carbon tetrachloride-injured rat livers produce chemotactic factors for fibroblasts and monocytes: the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Hepatology 1991; 14:895-900.
54. Bukara M, Bautista AP. Acute alcohol intoxication and gadolinium chloride attenuate endotoxin-induced release of CC chemokines in the rat. Alcohol 2000; 20:193-203.
55. elSisi AE, Earnest DL, Sipes IG. Vitamin A potentiation of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: role of liver macrophages and active oxygen species. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993; 119:295-301.
56. Ferluga J, Allison AC. Role of mononuclear infiltrating cells in the pathogenesis of hepatitis. Lancet 1978; 2:610-611.
57. Freudenberg MA, Keppler D, Galanos C. Requirement for lipopolysaccharide-responsive macrophages in galactosamine-induced sensitization to endotoxin. Infect Immun 1986; 51: 891-895.
58. Laskin DL, Pendino KJ. Macrophages and tissue injury. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1995; 35:655-677.
59. 4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1992; 36:127-129.
60. Ben-Zvi Z, Weissman-Teitellman B, Katz S, Dannon A. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: is there a role for prostaglandin synthesis? Arch Toxicol 1990; 64:299-304.
61. Edwards MJ, Keller BJ, Kauffman FC, Thurman RG. The involvement of Kupffer cells in carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993; 119:275-279.
62. Laskin DL, Gardner CR, Price VF, Jollow DJ. Modulation of macrophage functioning abrogates the acute hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. Hepatology 1995; 21:1045-1050.
63. Stenger RJ, Petrelli M, McPath DCP, Segel A. Modification of carbon tetrachloride hepatoxi-city by prior loading of the reticuloendothelial system with carbon particles. Am J Pathol 1969; 57:689-697.
64. Deaciuc IV, Bagby GJ, Niesman MR, Skrepnik N, Spitzer JJ. Modulation of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell function by Kupffer cells: an example of intercellular communication in the liver. Hepatology 1994; 19:464-470.
65. Ishiyama H, Ogino K, Hobara T. Kupffer cells in rat liver injury induced by diethyldithiocar-bamate. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 292:135-141.
66. Iimuro Y, Yamamoto M, Kohno H, Itakura J, Fujii H, Matsumoto Y. Blockade of liver macrophages by gadolinium chloride reduces lethality in endotoxemic rats—analysis of mechanisms of lethality in endotoxemia. J Leukoc Biol 1994; 55:723-728.
67. Hoglen NC, Younis HS, Hartley DP, Gunawardhana L, Lantz RC, Sipes IG. 1,2-dichlorobenzene-induced lipid peroxidation in male Fischer 344 rats is Kupffer cell dependent. Toxicol Sci 1998; 46:376-385.
68. Yamano T, DeCicco LA, Rikans LE. Attenuation of cadmium-induced liver injury in senescent male Fischer 344 rats: role of Kupffer cells and inflammatory cytokines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000; 162:68-75.
69. Sauer JM, Waalkes MP, Hooser SB, Kuester RK, McQueen CA, Sipes IG. Suppression of Kupffer cell function prevents cadmium induced hepatocellular necrosis in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. Toxicology 1997; 121:155-164.
70. Yokoyama H, Fukuda M, Okamura Y, Mizukami T, Ohgo H, Kamegaya Y, Kato S, Ishii H. Superoxide anion release into the hepatic sinusoid after an acute ethanol challenge and its attenuation by Kupffer cell depletion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23:71S-75S.
71. Rikans LE, Yamano T. Mechanisms of cadmium-mediated acute hepatotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2000; 14:110-117.
72. Al-Tuwaijri A, Akdamar K, Di Luzio NR. Modification of galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats by reticuloendothelial system stimulation or depression. Hepatology 1981; 1:107-113.
73. Chamulitrat W, Blazaka ME, Jordan SJ, Luster MI, Mason RP. Tumor necrosis factor-a and nitric oxide production in endotoxin-primed rats administered carbon tetrachloride. Life Sci 1995; 57:2273-2280.
74. Shiratori Y, Kawase T, Shiina S, Okano K, Sugimoto T, Teraoka H, Matano S, Matsumoto K, Kamii K. Modulation of hepatotoxicity by macrophages in the liver. Hepatology 1988; 8:815-821.
75. Chojkier M, Fierer J. D-Galactosamine hepatotoxicity is associated with endotoxin sensitivity and mediated by lymphoreticular cells in mice. Gastroenterology 1985; 88:115-121.
76. Galanos C, Freudenberg MA, Reuter W. Galactosamine-induced sensitization to the lethal effects of endotoxin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76:5939-5943.
77. Nolan JP, Leibowitz AI. Endotoxin and the liver. III. Modification of acute carbon tetrachloride injury by polymyxin B—an antiendotoxin. Gastroenterology 1978; 75:445-449.
78. Sauer JM, Hooser SB, Badger DA, Baines A, Sipes IG. Alterations in chemically induced tissue injury related to all-irans-retinol pretreatment in rodents. Drug Metabol Rev 1995; 27: 299-323.
79. Tiegs G, Wolter M, Wendel A. Tumor necrosis factor is a terminal mediator in galactosamine/endotoxin-induced hepatitis in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 1989; 38:627-631.
80. Sauer JM, Sipes IG. Modulation of chemical-induced lung and liver toxicity by all-iransretinol in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. Toxicology 1995; 105:237-249.
81. Blazka ME, Germolec DR, Simeonova P, Bruccoleri A, Pennypacker KR, Luster MI. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity is associated with early changes in NF-kB and NF-IL6 DNA binding activity. J Inflamm 1996; 47:138-150.
82. Ahmad N, Chen C, Martey CA, Ricketts SG, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Acute endotoxemia is associated with increased STAT1 and NF-kB nuclear binding activity in hepatic macrophages and endothelial cells (abstr). Toxicol Sci 2000; 54:140.
83. Fox ES, Cantrell CH, Leingang KA. Inhibition of the Kupffer cell inflammatory response by acute ethanol: NF-kB activation and subsequent cytokine production. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 225:134-140.
84. Essani NA, McGuire GM, Manning AM, Jaeschke H. Endotoxin-induced activation of the nuclear transcription factor kB and expression of E-selectin messenger RNA in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, and endothelial cells. J Immunol 1996; 156:2956-2963.
85. Gruebele A, Zawaski K, Kaplan D, Novak RF. Cytochrome P4502E1- and cytochrome P4502B1/2B2-catalyzed carbon tetrachloride metabolism: effects on signal transduction as demonstrated by altered immediate-early (c-Fos and c-Jun) gene expression and nuclear AP-1 and NF-kB transcription factor levels. Drug Metab Dispos 1996; 24:15-22.
86. Nanji AA, Jokelainen K, Rahemtulla A, Miao L, Fogt F, Matsumoto H, Tahan SR, Su GL. Activation of nuclear factor kappa B and cytokine imbalance in experimental alcoholic liver disease in the rat. Hepatology 1999; 30:934-943.
87. Miyamoto S, Verma IM. Rel/NF-KB/IKB story. Adv Cancer Res 1995; 66:255-292.
88. 4-induced hepatic injury in mice is associated with inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B binding. Hepatology 1995; 22:1474-1481.
89. Morio LA, Chiu H, Sprowles KA, Zhou P, Heck DE, Gordon MK, Laskin DL. Distinct roles of tumor necrosis factor-a and nitric oxide in acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 172:44-51.
90. Blazka ME, Bruccoleri A, Simeonova P, Germolec DR, Pennypacker KR, Luster MI. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity is associated with early changes in AP-1 DNA binding activity. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1996; 92:259-273.
91. Tran-Thi TA, Decker K, Baeuerle P. Differential activation of transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1 in rat liver macrophages. Hepatology 1995; 22:613-619.
92. Schiaffonati L, Tiberio L. Gene expression in liver after toxic injury: analysis of heat shock response and oxidative stress-inducible genes. Liver 1997; 17:183-191.
93. Hahn E, Wick G, Pencev D, Timpl R. Distribution of basement membrane protein in normal and fibrotic human liver: collagen type IV, laminin, and fibronectin. Gut 1980; 21:63-71.
94. Praaning-van Dalen DP, De Leeuw AM, Brower A, Knook DL. Rat liver endothelial cells have a greater capacity than Kupffer cells to endocytose A-acetylglucosamine- and mannose-terminated glycoproteins. Hepatology 1987; 7:672-679.
95. Dini L, Lentini A, Diez GD, Rocha M, Falasca L, Serafino L, Vidal-Vanaclocha F. Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by liver endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 1995; 108:967-973.
96. Kosugi I, Muro H, Shirasawa H, Ito I. Endocytosis of soluble IgG immune complex and its transport to lysosomes in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. J Hepatol 1992; 16:106-114.
97. Smedsrod B, Pertoft H, Gustanfson S, Laurent TC. Scavenger functions of the liver endothelial cell. Biochem J 1990; 266:313-327.
98. Oynebraten I, Hansen B, Smedsrod B, Uhlin-Hansen L. Serglycin secreted by leukocytes is efficiently eliminated from the circulation by sinusoidal scavenger endothelial cells in the liver. J Leukoc Biol 2000; 67:183-188.
99. Zhou B, Oka JA, Singh A, Weigel PH. Purification and subunit characterization of the rat liver endocytic hyaluronan receptor. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:33831-33834.
100. Yoshioka T, Yamamoto K, Kobashi H, Tomita M, Tsuji T. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of chemically modified albumins by sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells in rat and human liver. Liver 1994; 14:129-137.
101. Esbach S, Stins MF, Brouwer A, Roholl PJ, van Berkel TJ, Knook DL. Morphological characterization of scavenger receptor-mediated processing of modified lipoproteins by rat liver endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 1994; 210:62-70.
102. Smedsrod B, Pertoft H, Gustanfson S, Laurent TC. Scavenger functions of the liver endothelial cell. Biochem J 1990; 266:313-327.
103. Steffan A-M, Gendrault J-L, McCuskey RS, McCuskey PA, Kirn A. Phagocytosis, an unrecognized property of murine endothelial liver cells. Hepatology 1986; 6:830-836.
104. Shiratori Y, Jin’nai H, Teraoka H, Matano S, Matsumoto K, Kamii K, Tanaka M, Okano K. Phagocytic properties of hepatic endothelial cells and splenic macrophages compensating for a decreased phagocytic function of Kupffer cells in the chronically ethanol-fed rats. Exp Cell Biol 1989; 57:300-309.
105. Bogers WMJM, Stad RK, Janssen DJ, Prins FA, Van Rooijen N, Van Es LA, Daha MR. Kupffer cell depletion in vivo results in clearance of large-sized IgA aggregates in rats by liver endothelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 85:128-136.
106. Hashimoto N, Watanabe T, Shiratori Y, Ikeda Y, Kato H, Han K, Yamada H, Toda G, Kuro-kawa K. Prostanoid secretion by rat hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and its regulation by exogenous adenosine triphosphate. Hepatology 1995; 21:1713-1718.
107. Gardner CR, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Platelet-activating factor-induced calcium mobilization and oxidative metabolism in hepatic macrophages and endothelial cells. J Leukoc Biol 1993; 53:190-196.
108. Spolarics Z. Endotoxin stimulates gene expression of ROS-eliminating pathways in rat hepatic endothelial and Kupffer cells. Am J Physiol 1996; 270:G660-G666.
109. Misquith S, Wattiaux-De Coninck S, Wattiaux R. Intracellular degradation by liver endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1989; 91:63-74.
110. Eakes AT, Olson MS. Regulation of endothelin synthesis in hepatic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:G1068-G1076.
111. Mizoguchi Y, Ichikawa Y, Kioka K, Kawada N, Kobayashi K, Yamamoto S. Effects of arachidonic acid metabolites and interleukin-1 on platelet activating factor production by hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells from mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 6:283-288.
112. Arii S, Imamura M. Physiological role of sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells and their implications in the pathogenesis of liver injury. J Hepatobil Pancreat Surg 2000; 7:4048.
113. Komatsu Y, Shiratori Y, Kawase T, Hashimoto N, Han K, Shiina S, Matsumura M, Niwa Y, Kato H, Tada M, et al. Role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in galactosamine hepatitis: mechanism of adherence to hepatic endothelial cells. Hepatology 1994; 20:1548-1556.
114. Scoazec JY, Feldmann G. The cell adhesion molecules of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells. J Hepatol 1994; 20:296-300.
115. Knolle PA, Gerken G. Local control of the immune response in the liver. Immunol Rev 2000; 174:21-34.
116. Leifield L, Trautwein C, Dumoulin FL, Manns MP, Sauerbruch T, Spengler U. Enhanced expression of CD80 (B7-1), CD86 (B7-2), and CD40 and their ligands CD28 and CD154 in fulminant hepatic failure. Am J Pathol 1999; 154:1711-1720.
117. Sarphie G, D’Souza NB, Van Thiel DH, Hill D, McClain CJ, Deaciuc IV. Dose- and time-dependent effects of ethanol on functional and structural aspects of the liver sinusoid in the mouse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1997; 21:1128-1136.
118. Laskin DL. Nonparenchymal cells and hepatotoxicity. Semin Liver Dis 1990; 10:293-304.
119. Deaciuc IV, Alappat JM, D’Souza NB. Effect of acute and chronic alcohol administration to rats on the expression of interleukin-6 cell-surface receptors of hepatic parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1994; 18:1207-1214.
120. Deaciuc IV, D’Souza NB, Spitzer JJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha cell-surface receptors of liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells during acute and chronic alcohol administration to rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19:332-338.
121. Nanji AA, Griniuviene B, Yacoub LK, Fogt F, Tahan SR. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in experimental alcoholic liver disease: relationship to endotoxemia and TNF alpha messenger RNA. Exp Mol Pathol 1995; 62:42-51.
122. Nanji AA, Tahan SR. Association between endothelial cell proliferation and pathologic changes in experimental alcoholic liver disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1996; 140:101-107.
123. Wisse E, Braet F, Luo D, De Zanger R, Jans D, Crabbe E, Vermoesen A. Structure and function of sinusoidal lining cells in the liver. Toxicol Pathol 1996; 24:100-111.
124. van Oosten M, van de Bilt E, de Vries HE, van Berkel TJ, Kunkel SL. Vascular adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on rat liver cells after lipopolysaccharide administration in vivo. Hepatology 1995; 22:1538-1546.
125. Blomhoff R, Wake K. Perisinusoidal stellate cells of the liver: important roles in retinol metabolism and fibrosis. FASEB J 1991; 5:271-277.
126. Hendriks HF, Verhoofstad WA, Brouwer A, De Leeuw AM, Knook DL. Perisinusoidal fatstoring cells are the main vitamin A storage cells in rat liver. Exp Cell Res 1985; 160:138-149.
127. Ogata I, Mochida S, Tomiya T, Fujiwara W. Minor contribution of hepatocytes to collagen production in normal and early fibrotic rat livers. Hepatology 1991; 14:361-367.
128. 4- or vitamin A-treated rats. Dig Dis Sci 1987; 32:1281-1289.
129. Arthur MJ, Stanley A, Iredale JP, Rafferty JA, Hembry RM, Friedman SL. Secretion of 72 kDa type IV collagenase/gelatinase by cultured human lipocytes. Analysis of gene expression, protein synthesis and proteinase activity. Biochem J 1992; 287:701-707.
130. Friedman SL. Cellular sources of collagen and regulation of collagen production in liver. Semin Liver Dis 1990; 10:20-29.
131. Friedman SL, Roll FJ, Boyles JK, Bissell DM. Hepatic lipocytes: the principle collagen-producing cells of normal rat liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82:8681-8685.
132. French SW, Takahashi H, Wong K, Mendenhall CL. Ito cell activation induced by chronic ethanol feeding in the presence of different dietary fats. Alcohol Alcohol 1991; 1(suppl): 357-361.
133. Gressner AM. Transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells) to myofibroblasts: a key event in hepatic fibrogenesis. Kidney Int 1996; 54(suppl):S39-S45.
134. 4-induced fibrogenesis. Mol Cells 2000; 10:289-300.
135. Ikeda K, Wakahara T, Wang YQ, Kadoya H, Kawada N, Kaneda K. In vitro migratory potential of rat quiescent hepatic stellate cells and its augmentation by cell activation. Hepatology 1999; 29:1760-1767.
136. Friedman SL. Molecular mechanisms of hepatic fibrosis and principles of therapy. J Gastroenterol 1997; 32:424-430.
137. Knittel T, Dinter C, Kobold D, Neubauer K, Mehde M, Eichhorst S, Ramadori G. Expression and regulation of cell adhesion molecules by hepatic stellate cells (HSC) of rat liver: involvement of HSC in recruitment of inflammatory cells during hepatic tissue repair. Am J Pathol 1999; 154:153-167.
138. Hellerbrand C, Wang SC, Tsukamoto H, Brenner DA, Rippe RA. Expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 by activated hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 1996; 24:670-676.
139. Schieferdecker HL, Schlaf G, Koleva M, Gotze O, Jungermann K. Induction of functional anaphylatoxin C5a receptors on hepatocytes by in vivo treatment of rats with IL-6. J Immunol 2000; 164:5453-5458.
140. Gandhi CR, Uemura T, Kuddus RH. Endotoxin causes up-regulation of endothelin receptors in cultured hepatic stellate cells via nitric oxide-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:319-327.
141. Fennekohl A, Schieferdecker HL, Jungermann K, Püschel GP. Differential expression of prostanoid receptors in hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells and stellate cells of rat liver. J Hepatol 1999; 30:38-47.
142. Tsukamoto H. Cytokine regulation of hepatic stellate cells in liver fibrosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23:911-916.
143. Wong L, Yamasaki G, Johnson RJ, Friedman SL. Induction of beta-platelet-derived growth factor receptor in rat hepatic lipocytes during cellular activation in vivo and in culture. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:1563-1569.
144. Helyar L, Bundschuh DS, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Hepatic fat storing cells produce nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide in response to bacterially-derived lipopolysaccharide. In: DL Knook, K Decker, eds. Cells of the Hepatic Sinusoid. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: Kupffer Cell Foundation, 1993:394-396.
145. Helyar L, Bundschuh DS, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Induction of hepatic Ito cell nitric oxide production by acute endotoxemia. Hepatology 1994; 12:1509-1515.
146. 2 release from primary Ito cell cultures after stimulation with noradrenaline and ATP but not adenosine. Hepatology 1994; 20:142-148.
147. Xu Y, Rojkind M, Czaja MJ. Regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by cytokines and oxygen free radicals in rat hepatic fat-storing cells. Gastroenterology 1996; 110:1870-1877.
148. Knittel T, Janneck T, Muller L, Fellmer P, Ramadori G. Transforming growth factor beta 1-regulated gene expression of Ito cells. Hepatology 1996; 24:352-360.
149. Ramadori G, Knittel T, Odenthal M, Schwogler S, Neubauer K, Meyer zum Buschenfelde K. Synthesis of cellular fibronectin by rat liver fat-storing (Ito) cells: regulation by cytokines. Gastroenterology 1992; 103:1313-1321.
150. Davis BH, Kramer RT, Davidson NO. Retinoic acid modulates rat Ito cell proliferation, collagen, and transforming growth factor beta production. J Clin Invest 1990; 86:2062-2070.
151. Poli G. Pathogenesis of liver fibrosis: role of oxidative stress. Mol Aspects Med 2000; 21: 49-98.
152. Britton RS, Bacon BR. Intracellular signaling pathways in stellate cell activation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23:922-925.
153. Friedman SL. Stellate cell activation in alcoholic fibrosis—an overview. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23:904-910.
154. Sprenger H, Kaufmann A, Garn H, Lahme B, Gemsa D, Gressner AM. Differential expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in transforming rat hepatic stellate cells. J Hepatol 1999; 30:88-94.
155. Larrick JW, Kunkel SL. The role of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 in the immunoin-flammatory response. Pharmaceut Res 1988; 5:129-139.
156. Whicher JT, Evans SW. Cytokines in disease. Clin Chem 1990; 36/7:1269-1281.
157. Cerami A. Inflammatory cytokines. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992; 62:S3-S10.
158. Punjabi CJ, Laskin JD, Hwang S, MacEachern L, Laskin DL. Enhanced production of nitric oxide by bone marrow cells and increased sensitivity to macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage CSF after benzene treatment of mice. Blood 1994; 83:3255-3262.
159. Lavnikova N, Drapier J-C, Laskin DL. A single exogenous stimulus activates rat macrophages for nitric oxide production and cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol 1993; 54:322-328.
160. Sharma RJ, Macallan DC, Sedgwick P, Remick DG, Griffin GE. Kinetics of endotoxin-induced acute-phase protein gene expression and its modulation by TNF-a monoclonal antibody. Am J Physiol 1992; 262:R786-R793.
161. Sujita K, Okuno F, Tanaka Y, Hirano Y, Inamoto Y, Eto S, Arai M. Effect of interleukin 1 (IL-1) on the level of cytochrome P-450 involving IL-1 receptor on the isolated hepatocytes of rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 168:1217-1222.
162. Curran RD, Billiar TR, Stuehr DJ, Ochoa JB, Harbrecht BG, Flint SG, Simmons RL. Multiple cytokines are required to induce hepatocyte nitric oxide production and inhibit total protein synthesis. Ann Surg 1990; 212:462-469.
163. Wang JH, Redmond HP, Watson RW, Bouchier-Hayes D. Role of lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-a in induction of hepatocyte necrosis. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:G297-G304.
164. Leist M, Gantner F, Bohlinger I, Germann PG, Tiegs G, Wendel A. Murine hepatocyte apoptosis induced in vitro and in vivo by TNF-a requires transcriptional arrest. J Immunol 1994; 153:1778-1788.
165. Blazka ME, Wilmer JL, Holladay SD, Wilson RE, Luster MI. Role of proinflammatory cytokines in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 133:43-52.
166. McClain CJ, Barve S, Deaciuc IV, Kugelmas M. Cytokines in alcoholic liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 1999; 19:205-219.
167. Fang C, Lindros KO, Badger TM, Ronis MJ, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Zonated expression of cytokines in rat liver: effect of chronic ethanol and the cytochrome P450 2E1 inhibitor, chlormethiazole. Hepatology 1998; 27:1304-1310.
168. Aono K, Isobe K, Kiuchi K, Fan ZH, Ito M, Takeuchi A, Miyachi M, Nakashima I, Nimura Y. In vitro and in vivo expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase during experimental endotoxemia: involvement of other cytokines. J Cell Biochem 1997; 65:349-358.
169. Scotte M, Hiron M, Masson S, Lyoumi S, Banine F, Teniere P, Lebreton JP, Daveau M. Differential expression of cytokine genes in monocytes, peritoneal macrophages and liver following endotoxin- or turpentine-induced inflammation in rat. Cytokine 1996; 8:115-120.
170. Horn TL, O’Brien TD, Schook LB, Rutherford MS. Acute hepatotoxicant exposure induces TNFR-mediated hepatic injury and cytokine/apoptotic gene expression. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54:262-273.
171. Wang J, Wendel A. Studies on the hepatotoxicity of galactosamine/endotoxin or galactosamine/TNF in the perfused mouse liver. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39:267-270.
172. Schook LB, Lockwood JF, Yang SD, Myers MJ. Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 inflammatory cytokine expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 116:110-116.
173. Blazka ME, Elwellk MR, Holladay SD, Wilson RE, Luster MI. Histopathology of acetaminophen-induced liver changes: role of interleukin 1 a and tumor necrosis factor a. Toxicol Pathol 1996; 24:181-189.
174. Shedlofsky SI, McClain CJ. Hepatic dysfunction due to cytokines. In: ES Kimball, ed. Cytokines and Inflammation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991:235-273.
175. Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 and its biologically related cytokines. Adv Immunol 1989; 44: 153-205.
176. Tracey KJ, Beutler B, Lowry SF, Merryweather J, Wolpe S, Milsark IW, Hariri RJ, Fahey TJ, Zentella A, Albert JD, et al. Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin. Science 1986; 234:470-474.
177. Fiedler VB, Loof I, Sander E, Voehringer V, Galanos C, Fournel MA. Monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha prevents lethal endotoxin sepsis in adult rhesus monkeys. J Lab Clin Med 1992; 120:574-588.
178. Hishinuma I, Nagakawa J, Hirota K, Miyamoto K, Tsukidate K, Yamanaka T, Katayama K, Yamatsu I. Involvement of tumor necrosis factor-a in development of hepatic injury in galactosamine-sensitized mice. Hepatology 1990; 12:1187-1191.
179. Kayama F, Yoshida T, Elwell MR, Luster MI. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 131:224-234.
180. Czaja MJ, Xu J, Alt E. Prevention of carbon tetrachloride-induced rat liver injury by soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:1849-1854.
181. Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood 1991; 77:1627-1652.
182. Josephs MD, Solorzano CC, Taylor M, Rosenberg JJ, Topping D, Abouhamze A, MacKay SL, Hirsch E, Hirsh D, Labow M, Moldawer LL. Modulation of the acute phase response by altered expression of the IL-1 type 1 receptor or IL-1ra. Am J Physiol 2000; 278:R824-R830.
183. Iimuro Y, Gallucci RM, Luster MI, Kono H, Thurman RG. Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alfa attenuate hepatic necrosis and inflammation caused by chronic exposure to ethanol in the rat. Hepatology 1997; 26:1530-1537.
184. Nowak M, Gaines GG, Rosenberg J, Mintner R, Bahajat FR, Rectenwald J, MacKay SL, Edwards CK, Moldawer LL. LPS-induced liver injury in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice requires secreted TNF-alpha and the TNF-p55 receptor. Am J Physiol 2000; 278:R1202-R1209.
185. Sneed RA, Buchweitz JP, Jean PA, Ganey PE. Pentoxifylline attenuates bacterial lipopoly-saccharide-induced enhancement of allyl alcohol hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2000; 56:203-210.
186. Yamada Y, Fausto N. Deficient liver regeneration after carbon tetrachloride injury in mice lacking type 1 but not type 2 tumor necrosis factor receptor. Am J Pathol 1998; 152:1577-1589.
187. Yin M, Wheeler MD, Kono H, Bradford BU, Gallucci RM, Luster MI, Thurman RG. Essential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:942-952.
188. Cuzzocrea S, de Sarro G, Costantino G, Mazzon E, Laura R, Ciriaco E, de Sarro A, Caputi AP. Role of interleukin-6 in a non-septic shock model induced by zymosan. Eur Cytokine Network 1999; 10:191-203.
189. Dambach DM, Gardner CR, Chiu H, Marion MW, Durham SK, Laskin DL. Increased sensitivity of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) knockout mice to acetaminophen (AA) is mediated by nitric oxide (abstr). Toxicologist 1999; 48:257.
190. Katz A, Chebath J, Friedman J, Revel M. Increased sensitivity of IL-6-deficient mice to carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity and protection with an IL-6 receptor-IL-6 chimera. Cytokines Cell Mol Ther 1998; 4:221-227.
191. Kovalovich K, DeAngelis PA, Li W, Furth EE, Ciliberto G, Taub R. Increased toxin-induced liver injury and fibrosis in interleukin-6-deficient mice. Hepatology 2000; 31:149-159.
192. Saile B, Matthes N, Knittel T, Ramadori G. Transforming growth factor-P and tumor necrosis factor-a inhibit both apoptosis and proliferation of activated rat hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology 1999; 30:196-202.
193. Dooley S, Delvoux B, Lahme B, Mangasser-Stephan K, Gressner AM. Modulation of transforming growth factor beta response and signaling during transdifferentiation of rat hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblasts. Hepatology 2000; 31:1094-1106.
194. 4 treatment. Lab Invest 1993; 69:283-294.
195. Jarvelainen HA, Fang C, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lindros KO. Effect of chronic coadministration of endotoxin and ethanol on rat liver pathology and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Hepatology 1999; 29:1503-1510.
196. Hellerbrand C, Stefanovic B, Giordano F, Burchardt ER, Brenner DA. The role of TGFPj in initiating hepatic stellate cell activation in vivo. J Hepatol 1999; 30:77-87.
197. Feng L. Role of chemokines in inflammation and immunoregulation. Immunol Res 2000; 21:203-210.
198. Czaja MJ, Geerts A, Xu J, Schmiedeberg P, Ju Y. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) expression occurs in toxic liver injury. J Leukoc Biol 1994; 55:120-126.
199. Maher JJ. Rat hepatocytes and Kupffer cells interact to produce interleukin-8 (CINC) in the setting of ethanol. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:G518-G523.
200. Ohkubo K, Masumoto T, Horiike N, Onji M. Induction of CINC (interleukin-8) production in rat liver by non-parenchymal cells. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13:696-702.
201. Bautista AP. Impact of alcohol on the ability of Kupffer cells to produce chemokines and its role in alcoholic liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 15:346-356.
202. Afford SC, Fisher NC, Neil DAH, Fear J, Brun P, Hubscher SG, Adams DH. Distinct patterns of chemokine expression are associated with leukocyte recruitment in alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis. J Pathol 1998; 186:82-89.
203. Lawson JA, Farhood A, Hopper RD, Bajt ML, Jaeschke H. The hepatic inflammatory response after acetaminophen overdose: role of neutrophils. Toxicol Sci 2000; 54:509-516.
204. Kopydlowski KM, Salkowski CA, Cody MJ, Van Rooijen N, Major J, Hamilton TA, Vogel SN. Regulation of macrophage chemokine expression by lipopolysaccharide in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 1999; 163:1537-1544.
205. Zhang P, Xie M, Zagorski J, Spitzer J, Spitzer JA. Attenuation of hepatic neutrophil sequestration by anti-CINC antibody in endotoxic rats. Shock 1995; 4:262-268.
206. Hoagboam CM, Bone-Larson CL, Steinhauser ML, Matsukawa A, Gosling J, Boring L, Charo IF, Simpson KJ, Lukacs NW, Kunkel SL. Exaggerated hepatic injury due to acetaminophen challenge in mice lacking C-C chemokine receptor 2. Am J Pathol 2000; 156:1245-1252.
207. Rai RM, Loffreda S, Karp CL, Yang S-Q, Lin H-Z, Diehl AM. Kupffer cell depletion abolishes induction of interleukin-10 and permits sustained overexpression of tumor necrosis factor alpha messenger RNA in the regenerating rat liver. Hepatology 1997; 25:889-895.
208. Zisman DA, Kunkel SL, Strieter RM, Tsai WC, Wilkowski J, Standiford TJ. MCP-1 protects mice in lethal endotoxemia. J Clin Invest 1997; 99:2832-2836.
209. Gardner CR, Laskin DL. Protective and pathologic roles of nitric oxide in tissue injury. In: JD Laskin, DL Laskin, eds. Cellular and Molecular Biology of Nitric Oxide. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999:225-246.
210. Shiratori Y, Takada H, Hai K, Kiriyama H, Nagura T, Tanaka M, Matsumoto K, Kamii K. Generation of chemotactic factor by hepatocytes isolated from chronically ethanol-fed rats. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37:650-658.
211. Laskin DL, Pilaro AM, Ji S. Potential role of macrophages in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. II. Mechanisms of macrophage accumulation and activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1986; 86:216-226.
212. Mawet E, Shiratori Y, Hikiba Y, Takada H, Yoshida H, Okano K, Komatsu Y, Matsumura M, Niwa Y, Omata M. Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant release from hepatocytes is modulated by Kupffer cells. Hepatology 1996; 23:353-358.
213. Thornton AJ, Ham J, Kunkel SL. Kupffer cell-derived cytokines induce the synthesis of a leukocyte chemotactic peptide, interleukin-8, in human hepatoma and primary hepatocyte cultures. Hepatology 1991; 14:1112-1122.
214. Louis H, Van Laethem J-L, Wu W, Quertinmont E, Degraef C, Van den Berg K, Demols A, Goldman M, Le Moine O, Geerts A, Deviere J. Interleukin-10 controls neutrophilic infiltration, hepatocyte proliferation, and liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice. Hepatology 1998; 28:1607-1615.
215. Matsukawa A, Hoagboam CM, Lukacs NW, Lincoln PM, Evanoff HL, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL. Expression and contribution of endogenous IL-13 in an experimental model of sepsis. J Immunol 2000; 164:2738-2744.
216. Minty RR, Chalon P, Derocq J-M, Dumont X, Cuillemont J-C, Kaghad M, Labit C, Leplatois P, Liauzun P, Milox B, Minty C, Casellas P, Loison G, Lupker J, Shire D, Ferrara P, Caput D. Interleukin-13 is a new human lymphokine regulating inflammatory and immune responses. Nature 1993; 362:248-250.
217. de Waal Malefyt R, Figdor CG, Huijbens RG, Mohan-Peterson S, Benett B, Culpepper J, Dang W, Zurawski G, de Vries JE. Effects of IL-13 on phenotype, cytokine production, and cytotoxic function of human monocytes: comparison with IL-4 and modulation by IFN-y or IL-10. J Immunol 1993; 151:6370-6381.
218. Loyer P, Ilyin G, Abdel-Razzak Z, Banchereau J, Dezier JF, Campion JP, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Guillouzo A. Interleukin 4 inhibits the production of some acute-phase proteins by human hepatocytes in primary culture. FEBS Lett 1993; 336:215-220.
219. Gabay C, Porter B, Guenette D, Billir B, Arend WP. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 enhance the effect of IL-1 beta on production of IL-1 receptor antagonist by human primary hepatocytes and hepatoma HepG2 cells: differential effect on C-reactive protein production. Blood 1999; 93:1299-1307.
220. Babior BM. Oxidants from phagocytes: agents of defense and destruction. Blood 1984; 64: 959-966.
221. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Oxygen toxicity, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. Biochem J 1984; 219:1-14.
222. Rubin R, Farber JL. Mechanisms of the killing of cultured hepatocytes by hydrogen peroxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 1984; 228:450-459.
223. Sevanian A, Hochstein P. Mechanisms and consequences of lipid peroxidation in biological systems. Annu Rev Nutr 1985; 5:365-390.
224. 4-induced liver injury. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991; 283:489-497.
225. 4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1994; 72:441-446.
226. Arai M, Mochida S, Ohno A, Ogata I, Fujiwara K. Sinusoidal endothelial cell damage by activated macrophages in rat liver necrosis. Gastroenterology 1993; 104:466-471.
227. Guanawardhana L, Mobley SA, Sipes IG. Modulation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene hepatotoxicity in the Fischer-344 rat by a scavenger of superoxide anions and an inhibitor of Kupffer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993; 119:205-213.
228. Nakae D, Yamamoto K, Yoshiji H, Kinugasa T, Maruyama H, Farber JL, Konishi Y. Liposome-encapsulated superoxide dismutase prevents liver necrosis induced by acetaminophen. Am J Pathol 1990; 136:787-795.
229. Fujita S, Arai S, Monden K, Adachi Y, Funaki N, Higashitsuji H. Participation of hepatic macrophages and plasma factors in endotoxin-induced liver injury. J Surg Res 1995; 59: 263-270.
230. Amimoto T, Matsura T, Koyama SY, Nakanishi T, Yamada K, Kajiyama G. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury in mice: the role of lipid peroxidation and effects of pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 and alpha-tocopherol. Free Radic Biol Med 1995; 19:169-176.
231. Nagabubu E, Sesikeran B, Lakshmaiah L. The protective effects of eugeol on carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Free Radic Res 1995; 23:617-627.
232. Sugino K, Dohi K, Yamada K, Kawaski T. Changes in the levels of endogenous antioxidants in the liver of mice with experimental endotoxemia and the protective effects of antioxidants. Surgery 1989; 105:200-206.
233. Ghezzi P, Saccardo B, Bianchi M. Role of reactive oxygen intermediates in the hepatotoxicity of endotoxin. Immunopharmacology 1986; 12:241-244.
234. Nussler AK, Beger H-G, Liu ZZ, Billiar TR. Nitric oxide, hepatocytes and inflammation. Res Immunol 1995; 146:671-677.
235. Milbourne EA, Bygrave FL. Does nitric oxide play a role in liver function? Cell Signal 1995; 7:313-318.
236. Losser M-R, Payen D. Mechanisms of liver damage. Semin Liver Dis 1996; 16:357-367.
237. Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: Physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43:109-142.
238. Lavnikova N, Lakhotia A, Patel N, Prokhorova S, Laskin DL. Cytostasis is required for IL-1 induced nitric oxide production in transformed hamster fibroblasts. J Cell Physiol 1996; 169: 532-537.
239. Laskin DL, Rodriguez del Valle M, Heck DE, Hwang S, Ohnishi ST, Durham S, Goller N, Laskin JD. Hepatic nitric oxide production following acute endotoxemia in rats is mediated by increased nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Hepatology 1995; 22:223-234.
240. Gross SS, Wolin MS. Nitric oxide: Pathophysiological mechanisms. Annu Rev Physiol 1995; 57:737-769.
241. Hodgson PD, Renton KW. The role of nitric oxide generation in interferon-evoked cytochrome P450 down-regulation. Int J Immunopharmacol 1995; 17:995-1000.
242. MacMicking J, Xie QW, Nathan C. Nitric oxide and macrophage function. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15:323-350.
243. Lavnikova N, Burdelya L, Lakhotia A, Patel N, Prokhorova S, Laskin DL. Macrophage and interleukin-1 induced nitric oxide production and cytostasis in hamster tumor cells. J Leukoc Biol 1997; 61:452-458.
244. Beckman J. The double-edged role of nitric oxide in brain function and superoxide-mediated injury. J Dev Physiol 1991; 15:53-59.
245. Beckman JS, Crow JP. Pathological implications of nitric, superoxide and peroxynitrite formation. Biochem Soc Trans 1993; 21:330-334.
246. Freeman B. Free radical chemistry of nitric oxide: looking at the dark side. Chest 1994; 105: 79S-84S.
247. Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:C1424-C1437.
248. Radi R, Beckman JS, Bush KM, Freeman B. Peroxynitrite oxidation of sulfhydryls: The cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:4244-4250.
249. Radi R, Beckman JS, Bush KM, Freeman B. Peroxynitrite-induced membrane lipid peroxidation: the cytotoxic potential of superoxide and nitric oxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 1991; 288:481-487.
250. Lin KT, Xue JY, Nomen M, Spur B, Wong PY. Peroxynitrite-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:16487-16490.
251. Ischiropoulos H, Zhu L, Chen J, Tsai M, Martin JC, Smith CD. Peroxynitrite-mediated tyrosine nitration catalyzed by superoxide dismutase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 298:431-437.
252. Matsumoto H, Nishitani Y, Minowa Y, Fukui Y. Role of Kupffer cells in the release of nitric oxide and change of portal pressure after ethanol perfusion in the rat liver. Alcohol Alcohol 2000; 35:31-34.
253. 4-induced acute liver injury of mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29:870-880.
254. Rockey DC, Chung JJ. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide during hepatic injury and fibrogenesis. Am J Physiol 1997; 273:G124-G130.
255. Spitzer JA, Spitzer JJ. Lipopolysaccharide tolerance and ethanol modulate hepatic nitric oxide production in a gender-dependent manner. Alcohol 2000; 21:27-35.
256. Hinson JA, Pike SL, Pumford NR, Mayeux PR. Nitrotyrosine-protein adducts in hepatic centrilobular areas following toxic doses of acetaminophen in mice. Chem Res Toxicol 1998; 11:604-607.
257. Gardner CR, Dambach DM, Durham SK, Cohen SD, Bruno MK, Salzman AL, Southan GJ, Laskin DL. Role of peroxynitrite (PN) in acetaminophen (AA)-induced hepatotoxicity (abstr). Toxicologist 2000; 54:41.
258. Wright CE, Rees DD, Moncada S. Protective and pathological roles of nitric oxide in endotoxin shock. Cardiovasc Res 1992; 26:48-57.
259. Ialenti A, Ianaro A, Moncada S, Di Rosa M. Modulation of acute inflammation by endogenous nitric oxide. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 211:177-182.
260. Tanaka N, Tanaka K, Nagashima Y, Kondo M, Sekihara H. Nitric oxide increases hepatic arterial blood flow in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic injury. Gastroenterology 1999; 117:173-180.
261. Al-Shabanah OA, Alam K, Nagi MN, Al-Rikabi AC, Al-Bekairi AM. Protective effect of aminoguanidine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, against carbon tetrachloride induced hepa-totoxicity in mice. Life Sci 2000; 66:265-270.
262. G-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibits endotoxin-induced nitrite/nitrate biosynthesis while promoting hepatic damage. J Leukoc Biol 1990; 48:565-569.
263. Harbrecht BG, Billiar TR, Stadler J, Demetris AJ, Ochoa JB, Curran RD, Simmons RL. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis during endotoxemia promotes intrahepatic thrombosis and an oxygen radical-mediated hepatic injury. J Leukoc Biol 1992; 52:390-394.
264. Muriel P. Nitric oxide protection of rat liver from lipid peroxidation, collagen accumulation, and liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 56:773-779.
265. Taylor BS, Alarcon LH, Billiar TR. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in the liver: regulation and function. Biochemistry (Mosc) 1998; 63:766-781.
266. Decker K. Eicosanoids, signal molecules of liver cells. Semin Liver Dis 1985; 5:175-190.
267. Keppler D, Hagmann W, Rapp S, Denzlinger C, Koch HK. The relation of leukotrienes to liver injury. Hepatology 1985; 5:883-891.
268. 2+ in cell-volume regulation of rat liver. Eur J Biochem 1991; 198:7383.
269. Ogle CK, Wu JZ, Alexander JW, Fischer JE, Ogle JD. The effects of in vivo administration of endotoxin on the functions and interaction of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Prostaglandins 1991; 41:169-183.
270. Rodriguez de Turco EB, Spitzer JA. Eicosanoid production in nonparenchymal liver cells isolated from rats infused with E. coli endotoxin. J Leukoc Biol 1990; 48:488-494.
271. 2 is involved in alcohol-induced fat accumulation in rat liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000; 279:G100-G106.
272. McClain CJ, Price S, Barve S, Devalarja R, Shedlofsky S. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: an update. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 1999; 1:42-49.
273. 2, cyclooxygenase and thromboxane synthase on paracetamol hepatotoxicity in the rat. Eicosanoids 1989; 2:123-129.
274. Mancuso G, Cusumano V, Cook JA, Smith E, Squadrito F, Blandino G, Teti G. Efficacy of tumor necrosis factor alpha and eicosanoid inhibitors in experimental models of neonatal sepsis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1994; 9:49-54.
275. Shiratori Y, Tanaka M, Umihara J, Kawase T, Shiina S, Sugimoto T. Leukotriene inhibitors modulate hepatic injury induced by lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. J Hepatol 1990; 10:51-61.
276. Tiegs G, Wendel A. Leukotriene-mediated liver injury. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37:2569-2573.
277. Casey LC, Fletcher JR, Zmudka MI, Ramwell PW. The role of thromboxane in primate endotoxin shock. J Surg Res 1985; 39:140-149.
278. Smith EF, Jugus M, Kinter LB. Effect of thromboxane receptor antagonist, BM 13.505, on the sequelae of endotoxemia in the conscious rat. Eicosanoids 1998; 1:27-33.
279. 2 protects against liver injury after Escherichia coli infection but hampers the resolution of the infection in mice. J Immunol 1998; 161:3019-3025.
280. 1 protection against acute liver injury. Gut 2000; 47:553-562.
281. 1-dependent protection against acute D-galactosamine-induced liver injury. Can J Gastroenterol 2000; 14:175-180.
282. Hagmann W, Denzlinger C, Keppler D. Role of peptide leukotrienes and their hepatobilliary elimination in endotoxin action. Circ Shock 1984; 14:223 -235.
283. Henderson WR. The role of leukotrienes in inflammation. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121:684-697.
284. Goetzl EJ, Pickett WC. Novel structural determinants of the human neutrophil chemotactic activity of leukotriene B. J Exp Med 1981; 153:482-487.
285. Shimada K, Navarro J, Goeger DE, Mustafa SB, Weigel PH, Weinman SA. Expression and regulation of leukotriene-synthesis enzymes in rat liver cells. Hepatology 1998; 28:1275-1281.
286. Mustafa SB, Flickinger BD, Olson MS. Suppression of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase expression by platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists in the rat liver and cultured rat Kupffer cells. Hepatology 1999; 30:1206-1214.
287. Dieter P, Schulze-Specking A, Decker K. Differential inhibition of prostaglandin and superoxide production by dexamethasone in primary cultures of rat Kupffer cells. Eur J Biochem 1986; 159:451-457.
288. Sakaguchi T, Nakamura S, Suzuki S, Oda T, Ichiyama A, Baba S, Okamoto T. Participation of platelet-activating factor in the lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury in partially hepa-tectomized rats. Hepatology 1999; 30:959-967.
289. Anderson BO, Bensard DD, Harken AH. The role of platelet activating factor and its antagonists in shock, sepsis and multiple organ failure. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991; 172:415-424.
290. Gardner CR, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Distinct biochemical responses of hepatic macrophages and endothelial cells to platelet-activating factor during endotoxemia. J Leukoc Biol 1995; 57:269-274.
291. Yue TL, Farhat M, Rabinovici R, Perera PY, Vogel SN, Feuerstein G. Protective effect of BN 50739, a new platelet-activating factor antagonist, in endotoxin-treated rabbits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 254:976-981.
292. Tanner A, Keyhani A, Wright R. The influence of endotoxin in vitro on hepatic macrophage lysosomal enzyme release in different models of hepatic injury. Liver 1983; 3:151-160.
293. Magilavy DB, Zhan R, Black DD. Modulation of murine hepatic lipase activity by exogenous and endogenous Kupffer-cell activation. Biochem J 1993; 292:249-252.
294. Winwood PJ, Schuppan D, Iredale JP, Kawser CA, Docherty AJ, Arthur MJP. Kupffer cell-derived 95-kd type IV collagenase/gelatinase B: characterization and expression in cultured cells. Hepatology 1995; 22:304-315.
295. Peinado-Onsurbe J, Soler C, Galan X, Proveda B, Soley M, Llobera M, Ramirez I. Involvement of catecholamines in the effect of fasting on hepatic endothelial lipase activity in the rat. Endocrinology 1991; 129:2599-2606.
296. Hironaka K, Sakaida I, Matsumura Y, Kaino S, Miyamoto K, Okita K. Enhanced interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-13) production of Kupffer cell by gadolinium chloride prevents pig serum-induced rat liver fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 267: 290-295.
297. Knittel T, Mehde M, Kobold D, Saile B, Dinter C, Ramadori G. Expression patterns of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of rat liver: regulation by TNF-a and TGF-01. J Hepatol 1999; 30:48-60.
298. Hamilton JA. Stimulation of macrophage prostaglandin and neutral protease production by phorbol esters as a model for the induction of vascular changes associated with tumor promotion. Cancer Res 1980; 40:2273-2280.
299. Arthur MJ. Degradation of matrix proteins in liver fibrosis. Pathol Res Pract 1994; 190:825-833.
300. Ueno T, Sujaku K, Tamaki S, Ogata R, Kin M, Nakamura T, Sakamoto M, Torimura T, Mitsuyama K, Sakisaka S, Sata M, Tanikawa K. OK-432 treatment increases matrix metalloproteinase-9 production and improves dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Int J Mol Med 1999; 3:497-503.
301. Michael SL, Pumford NR, Mayeux PR, Niesman MR, Hinson JA. Pretreatment of mice with macrophage inactivators decreases acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Hepatology 1999; 30:186-195.
302. Chiu H, Laskin DL. Induction of heme oxygenase (HSP 32) in hepatic macrophages during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity (abstr). Toxicol Sci 2000; 54:42.
303. Thompson K, Maltby J, Fallowfield J, McAulay M, Millward-Sadler H, Sheron N. Interleukin-10 expression and function in experimental murine liver inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatology 1998; 28:1597-1606.